GASEOUS

STATE
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 Introduction

 Any matter can be physically classified as solid, liquid or gas which are most common
physical states of matter on earth.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STATES OF MATTER

S.No. Property Solid Liquid Gas

Intermolecular
1. Negligible Moderate Very large
distance

Intermolecular
2. Very high Moderate Very low
attraction

3. K.E. of particles Zero Low Very high

4. Shape Definite Indefinite Indefinite

5. Volume Definite Definite Indefinite

6. Density High Moderate Very low

7. Di usion Negligible Yes/No Always yes

Gaseous State

8. Compressibility Negligible Negligible Compressibl

1.
 S.No. Property Solid Liquid Gas

Always
9. Type of mixture Both Both
homogenous

GASEOUS STATE
To describe a gas, minimum four parameters are required which are as following:

1. Amount of gas: Moles =

  =
 
2. Temperature of gas: T(in Kelvin) = T (°C) + 273
3. Occupied volume of gas: Every gas occupies the entire volume of the container in which
it is kept (ideal gas case).
Hence, Vgas = Volume of container
4. Pressure of gas :
In a gas sample present in a vessel, all particles move with high speeds and hence
collide continuously with each other as well as with walls of container.
⬥ Hence it is considered that gas particles apply a uniform force on each point of the
wall.

⬥ Since  so at each point on the wall of container, the pressure is

same which is known as pressure of gas.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PATM

 The force applied by atmospheric gases per unit area of earth’s surface is known as
atmospheric pressure.
Standard Patm = 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 = 1 atm
 Standard Patm is defined at sea-level and as height from sea level increases, Patm decreases.
Note: In an apparatus, from every open end, Patm is applied.
Gaseous State

2.
 Calculation of pressure

 At any point, the pressure is due to all substances present above that point.
 Since all present at same horizontal level, pressure is same.
i.e. PA = PB = PC = P [Pvaccum = 0]

   
 
∵  
  

       
   
 


Note: In above relation, all values must be put in S.I units only
i.e. (density) = kg/m3
g(gravitational constant) = 9.8 m/s2
h(height) = meter
P(Pressure) = N/m2 or Pascal

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 Calculate the pressure at point A in mercury column of given figure.

A1 PA = Pcolumn + Pvacuum
PA = gh + 0
= (13.6 × 103 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2) (76/100 m)
= 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 = 1 atm
= 76 cm of Hg = 760 mm of Hg

Q2 Calculate height of water column which exerts 1 atm pressure at the bottom.

A2 P = gh +0
= (1.01325 × 105 N/m2) = (1 × 103 kg/m3) (9.8 m/s2) h
  h = 10.33 m = 1033 cm
Gaseous State

Note: If same pressure is applied at the bottom of di erent columns:

3.
 If P1 = P2 = P3 = P4

 (r1h1) = (r2h2) = (r3h3) = (r4h4)

i.e For previous question
    
13.6 × 76 cm= 1×h
h = 1033 cm

Q3 Calculate the pressure at A and B in the given figure (1) and figure(2).

A3
(i) PA = (.g.h) + Patm = (114 cm of Hg) + (1 atm)
= (1.5 atm) + 1 atm = 2.5 atm
PB = (gh) + Patm
= (0.5 atm) + 1 atm
= 1.5 atm

(ii) PA = (1.g.h1) + Patm

Gaseous State

and PB = (2gh2) + (1gh1) + Patm

or PB = (2gh2) + PA

4.
 BAROMETER
A device used to measure atmospheric pressure.
PA = .g.h + 0
PB = Patm
 A and B same level i.e. PA = PB
Patm = .g.h
i.e. at sea level, h = 76 cm

PA = (.g.h) + Pgas
PB = Patm
 PA = PB
gh + Pgas = Patm

 

MANOMETER
 It is used to measure pressure of gas sample present in a vessel.
 It is a ‘J’ shaped glass tube filled with Hg(l).
 Smaller tube is called inner tube which will be connected to gas
sample.
 Larger tube is called outer tube which may be open or closed.
 Before connecting to the gas, Hg level in both tubes is same, but after
connecting the liquid moves and then a stable height di erence of
Hg levels in both columns is observed. Using that, pressure of gas is
calculated.
Gaseous State

5.
  Depending upon the outer tube, there are two types of
monometer as following:

1. CLOSED END MANOMETER

 Outer tube is closed.
 After connecting to the gas sample, liquid always
moves inner to outer tube side.
P1 = Pgas and P2 = (.g.h) + 0
Since 1 and 2 are at same level
P1 = P2
 

2. OPEN END MANOMETER

 Open tube remains opened hence Patm is applied.
 After connecting to the gas, there can be any of
the following three possibilities.

CASE 1
PA = Pgas and PB = (.g.h) + Patm
PA = PB
i.e. Pgas > Patm

CASE 2
PA = (gh) + Pgas
PB = PAtm  PA = PB
 Pgas = Patm – (gh)
i.e. Pgas < Patm

CASE 3
PA = PGas
PB= Patm
Gaseous State

6.
 PA= PB
 PA = Patm  Pgas =Patm

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 From the following set-up, calculate moles of the gas present in the container of
volume 24.63 L at 600 K if the level of mercury in the open tube of the manometer
is 38 cm higher.
(Given: Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of mercury)

A1 Pgas = Patm + Pgh

= (76 cm of Hg) + (38 cm of Hg)
= 114 cm of Hg
PV = nRT
 
        n = 3/4 moles
 

Gaseous State

7.
 Q2 Calculate the number of moles of gas present in the container of volume = 10 litre at
300 K. If the manometer containing glycerine shows 5 m di erence in level as shown
in diagram.
(Given: dglycerin = 2.72 gm/ml, dmercury = 13.6 gm/ml)

A2 Height di erence by glycerine = 5 m = 500 cm

Let height of mercury = h cm

5 m of glycerine  Hg
(.h)glycerine = (.h)Hg
2.72 × 500 cm = 13.6×h
h = 100 cm of Hg
Now, Pgas = Patm + gh = 76 cm +100 cm = 176 cm of Hg
PV = nRT
    

  n=  
Gaseous State

8.
 Ideal Gas Law
IDEAL GAS
 The gas which obeys each and every point of kinetic theory of gases.
Or
 The gas which obeys all gas laws is known as Ideal gas.
 Various gas laws are as following:

1. BOYLE’S LAW

It states that volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely

proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.

 (At constant n and T)

PV = constant

2. CHARLES LAW
It states that volume of given mass of gas at constant pressure
is directly proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.
 (At constant n and P)

i.e. 

3. GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

It states that the pressure of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature at constant volume.
P  T (Kelvin) (At constant n and V)

 = constant

4. AVOGADRO’S LAW
It states that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules.
n  V (At constant P and T)

 constant

Note: When all gas laws are combined together then Ideal gas equation is formed which is
as following:
Gaseous State

9.
 Where R = Universal gas constant
= 0.0821 atm. lit. / mol. K
= 8.314 J /mol. K
= 2 cal / mol. K

GRAPHS
(A vs B)
By default, A  y  axis
B  x  axis
Equation between A and B in given condition.
Put A= y and B = x
 Equation in terms of x and y

STRAIGHT LINE
General equation: y = mx + c
Gaseous State

10.
PARABOLA:

RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA:

EXPONENTIAL:

Gaseous State

11.
 GRAPHS FOR BOYLE’S LAW PV = CONSTANT
i) P vs V

II PV V V

III PV2 Vs V

   
IV)    
   
Gaseous State

12.
 log (P) vs log (V) for Boyle’s law

  

 

 
  


V vs T(Kelvin) for Charles’s Law :

Gaseous State

13.
 V vs T(°C) for Charles’s Law:

VT Vs T2 FOR CHARLES’S LAW

log V vs log T for Charles’s Law

Gaseous State

14.
P vs T K FOR GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

(P/T) vs T for Gay Lussac’s law

PT Vs T FOR GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

Gaseous State

15.
 log P vs log T for Gay Lussac’s Law

EQUATION OF STATE
An ideal gas present in a state, if subjected to another state:
Gaseous State

16.
Dalton’s Law
TYPES OF CONTAINER
1. Open Container
Atleast one wall must be open e.g. Drinking glass, Jug, Test Tube, Bucket etc.
Pgas = Patm (by default constant)
Also
Vcontainer = Constant
  PV = nRT

If T  (n)gas  gas escapes out and vice  versa.

If temperature increases then number of moles inside decreases.
  Gas escapes out.

2. CLOSED RIGID CONTAINER

It is surrounded by rigid walls.
e.g. gas cylinder, closed room etc.
i.e.,

Note: If the gas takes part in a reaction then moles may be changed.

3. Closed non−rigid container

Atleast one wall must be movable e.g. pistonfitted vessel, balloon, bubble etc.
 If massless piston, Pgas= Patm (by default constant)
 If piston has mass, Pgas = Patm + Ppiston

i.e. 
 

 

 

 
Gaseous State

17.
 ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 An amount of CO2(g) occupies 30 L at 27C and 1 atm pressure. What would be

the volume of same amount of CO2(g) collected at 227C and 0.8 atm.

A1 

 


   V2 = 62.5 L

Q2 A gas is present at a pressure of Patm. Calculate the % increases in pressure,

which should be done so that the volume of the gas can be decreased to
 of the initial volume if the temperature is maintained constant.

A2 

P×V = 

   P2 = 4P

   % increase in pressure =    

Q3 Pressure of ideal gas contained in a closed rigid vessel is increased by 20%

when it is heated by 60 K. Calculate its final temperature.

A3 Closed rigid vessel  V = constant, n=constant (by default)

Gaseous State

18.
  
  
   T = 1.2(T60)

T = 1.2T  72

   72 = 1.2T  T

72 = 0.2T

   T=   

If T2 TT T-60 360-60 = 300 K

Q4 At a constant temperature what should be the percentage increase in pressure

for 10% decrease in the volume of gas.

A4 Given 10% decrease in volume of gas.

P1V1=P2V2

P×V = P2×(0.9V) (P1 = P)




 
  
% increase in pressure=   

Q5 A certain amount of H2 gas occupies a volume of 5 L at 2 atm pressure and 27C.

Now the temperature is changed to 327C at constant pressure where all H2
molecules are dissociated into H(g). Calculate the final volume of container
Gaseous State

19.
 A5 H2(g)  2H(g)

If x mole dissociates then 2x mole formed (1 : 2)

 [ Pressure is constant, R = constant]


 
 
 = 20 L

H2(g)  2H(g)

Dalton’s Law
In a gaseous mixture containing two or more gases, the total pressure of the mixture is
equal to the algebraic sum of partial pressure of all gases present. (Gases should be inert
to each other).







So,

Proof :
PA.V= nART …(1)
PBV = nBRT …(2)
PCV = nCRT …(3)
Also
 …(4)
On dividing (1) by (4), we get

 
 

 
Gaseous State

i.e. PA = A.PTotal

20.
Similarly
PB=BPTotal
PC=CPTotal
Now,
 PA + PB + PC = PTotal (A+B + C)
 = PA + PB + PC= PTotal as A + B + C = 1
Hence proved
So,

   
ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 A nonreacting mixture of gases A,B and C is kept into 8.21 litre container
at 27C. If mixture consists 12.5 gm A, 0.5 moles of B and 88 gm of C, then
calculate total pressure and partial pressure of each gas in the container.
(Molar mass A and C be 25 and 88 g/mol respectively).

A1 Given:

Mass of gas A = 12.5 gm

Molar Mass of A = 25

Moles of gas A = 

Moles of gas B = 0.5 mole

Mass of gas C = 88 gm

Molar mass of gas C = 44 g/mol


Moles of gas C =

Total moles = (0.5 + 0.5 + 2) mole = 3 mole

Gaseous State

21.
  
Using Ptotal =  = 9 atm

i.e. PA =   

PC=  

Vapour pressure of volatile liquid:

At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by vapour of the substance when an
equilibrium is present between liquid and gaseous phases of the substance is known as
vapour pressure of that liquid at that temperature.
At T Kelvin

 For a particular volatile liquid, the vapour pressure depends upon temperature.
As. T  V.P increases
T   V.P decreases
 Vapour pressure of water is also known as aqueous Tension.
Examples:
(i) At T Kelvin
Gaseous State

22.
 ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 To an evacuated vessel with movable piston under external pressure of 1 atm,

0.1 mol of He and 1.0 mol of an unknown compound (vapour pressure 0.68 atm,
at 0C) are introduced. Considering the ideal gas behavior, the total volume
(in litre) of the gases at 0C is close to:

A1 For piston  fitted vessel

Pin = Pext
   
 

For He
PV = nRT
0.32×V = 0.1×22.4
V=7L

RELATIVE HUMIDITY R.H

 It is a measure of moisture present in the atmosphere.

 
 
 

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 Calculate the weight of water in grams per lite of air at 27C and 50% relative
humidity. Vapour pressure of water at 27C is 19 mm of Hg.
(Given R = 0.08 atm  litre / mole  K)

A1 Given Relative humidity = 50%

Vapour pressure of water at 27C = 19 mm of Hg

 


 For H2O(g) , PV = nRT
Gaseous State

23.
    



  


EFFUSION:
The process in which a gas comes out of the vessel
through a small opening or hole.

DIFFUSION:

The natural tendency of gases to be intermixed with each other thoroughly.

 Both e usion and di usion of gas involve travelling of the gas.

 A gas travels due to pressure di erence of that gas only.
RATE OF DIFFUSION / EFFUSION R
It can be defined as the following:
















Note: Rate of e usion of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure di erence of that
gas only.
(r)  (P)x only
Gaseous State

i.e.
  
24.
Graham’s Law
For di erent gases, in same conditions of T and P, the rate of e usion of a gas into
vacuum is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the gas.

Case − I : For di erent gases in similar conditions

For a gas,
PM = dRT

 

d  M [For same P and T]

So,  

CASE − II: FOR DIFFERENT GASES IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

Also,

 
Gaseous State

 

But Pout = 0

25.
 

 

Also,
 

So, 

 

Note: Until given specifically, consider conditions to be identical.

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 The ratio of the rate of di usion of helium and methane under identical
condition of pressure and temperature will be
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 0.5

A1 (B)
Given: Identical condition of P and T

We know that 



Or
Gaseous State

 

26.
  
 
So,   
 
 
 
If time is same
 
  
 
 
i.e. In a given time if one mole CH4 is e used then in same time 2 mole

He will be e used.

Note: E used molar ratio = Ratio of rates of e usion (In same time)

Q2 32 ml of He e uses through a fine orifice in 1 minute then what volume of

(CH4 will e use in 30 seconds under the similar condition.

A2 Given 32 ml of He e uses through a fine orifice in 1 minute.

 
     
 

 

  

 


 


Gaseous State

27.
 Q3 A mixture of H2 and O2 in 2:1 molar ratio is allowed to e use through an orifice.
Calculate the composition of gases coming out initially.

A3 We know that

 
  
 
 

 

 

 

A4 Compare the rate of di usion for CO and a mixture of He and CH4 in 3:1 mole ratio
under similar condition

A4 Given:

 

We know that


Gaseous State

28.
Q5 Two di erent bottles containing NH3(M.M=18) gas and HCl (M.M=36) gas are
connected to two ends of a 100 cm long narrow tube. Determine the position
of first white ring of NH4Cl formed, if both bottles are opened simultaneously.

A5 When both gases meet first time, first ring of NH4Cl will be formed.
Similar conditions (by default)

  

 


Q6 A classroom consist 13 equidistant rows of benches. From first bench the

teacher releases, laughing gas (N2O) and simultaneously the student from last
bench releases weeping gas (C3H5OBr). Calculate at which bench students will
laugh and weep simultaneously?

 
A7


29.
  
  
  
 
  


 

 
  i.e., 9th bench from first
Gaseous State

30.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Note: Successive e usion

 E used molar ratio =ratio of rates


Also 

In any step,

  



  
 
 
1st step   
 
 

2nd step 

 
  
 
So, nth step :

 
  
 
Gaseous State

31.
 ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 A mixture of H2 and N2 gases in 1:14 molar ratio is being separated by successive

e usion. Calculate after how many steps the molar ratio becomes 14:1?

A1 Given

Mixture of H2 and N2 gases in 1:14 molar ratio.

     
     
     
     
 
  
 
    
 
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:
 Applicable only and only for ideal gases.
 Main postulates of Kinetic theory of gases are as following:
i) A gas is the collection of very large number of particles (Bulk amount).
ii) Volume of particle is negligible as compared to volume of container.
iii) There is no force of attraction between the particles of a gas at ordinary temperature
and pressure.
iv) All particles travel in straight line with high speed and continuously stroke with
walls of container.
v) All collisions are perfectly elastic. Hence no change in total kinetic energy of gas
particles.
vi) The average kinetic energy per molecule depends upon temperature only.
vii) The pressure of gas is due to collisions by particles with walls of container.

As per kinetic theory of gases, the pressure exerted by one particle of mass ‘m’ in a
container of volume ‘V’ is given as following: (u speed of particle)

 For a gas sample containing ‘N’ particles in a container of volume ‘V’ and having speeds
u1, u2, u3 ……….. un,
Gaseous State

32.
      
 

  
 
 For one mole gas
i.e. N = NA

So, 

Where ‘m’ is mass of one particle.

(mNA) is mass of NA particles or molar mass of gas (M).

So, 

CALCULATION OF K.E:
For one particle,

For gas sample containing ‘N’ particles:

K.E =    
  
For 1 mole gas

  

     
  

For ‘n’ mole gas

 
Gaseous State

  
  

33.
 AVERAGE K.E PER MOLECULE:

  

  

    
Also:
k is Boltzmann’s constant
 
k=  

 

k= 

k = 1.38×1023 J/K

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 As the temperature is raised from 20C to 40C, the average kinetic energy of
neon atoms changes by a factor:

(A) (B) (C) (D) 2

A1 (C)
Temperature is raised from
20C to 40C
We know that
(K.E)avg  T(Kelvin)


Gaseous State

34.
Q2 Two flasks A and B have equal volumes, A is maintained at 300 K and B at 600 K,
while A contains H2 gas, B has an equal mass of CO2 gas. Find the ratio of total to
translational kinetic energy of gases in flaks A to that of B.
(A) 1:2 (B) 11:1 (C) 33:2 (D) 55:7

A2 A is maintained at 300 K and B is at 600 K. A contains H2 gas and B has mass

equal mass of CO2 gas

We know that (K.E)Total  n.T

  

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

DIFFERENT SPEEDS OF A GAS

For a gas sample containing 'N' particles having speeds u1, u 2, u 3 ………… uN, there are
following three types of speeds.
i) Average / Mean speed (uavg)
  


ii) Root mean square speed (urms)

 


    
Gaseous State

35.
 iii) Most probable speed (ump)
The speed corresponding to maximum number of particles.


 

For ‘n’ mole gas

  

  
  

  

Note: In above relations put all values in S.I units only.

R = 8.314 J/mol.K
T in Kelvin
P in N/m2 or Pascal
V = Volume of container (in m3)
d = density of gas (in kg/m3)
n = moles of gas
M = Molar mass of gas (kg/mol)
For a particular gas at constant temperature:




i.e.,
Gaseous State

36.
 ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 The ratio between the root mean square velocity of H2 at 50 K and that of O2 at
800 K is:

(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D)

A1 (C)
  



 





Q2 At 400 K, the root mean square (rms) speed of a gas ‘x’ ( molecular weight = 40)
is equal to the most probable speed of gas y at 60 K. The molecular weight of gas
y is:

A2 At 400 K, rms of gas x is equal to most probable speed of gas y at 60K.

    
   
    
   
 



 
 
 

 
  Molar mass of gas y = 4
Gaseous State

37.
 Q3 Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the root mean
square speed (urms) and average translational K.E (Eav) of a molecule in a gas at
equilibrium.
(A) Urms is doubled when its temperature is increased four times
(B) Urms is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass
(C) Eav at a given temperature does not depend on its molecular mass
(D) Eav is doubled when its temperature is increased four times

A3 A,B,C
Relation of Urms and Eav

 

Eav does not depend on its molecular mass.

According to the relation given above Eav get doubled when the temperature is
increased 2 times. Thus option (D) is incorrect.
  Statements A , B and C are correct regarding the root mean square speed (Urms)
and average translational kinetic energy (Eav) of a molecule if gas at equilibrium.

Maxwell’s distribution of molecular speeds

 In a gas sample, at a certain temperature all particles do not have same speed but they
posses a wide range of molecular speed.
i.e., At T Kelvin

Range of Speed

 According to Maxwell, in a gas sample at a certain temperature, the number of particles

corresponding to a particular speed remains constant which can be given by following
equation:

    
     
   
 
Gaseous State

where:

38.
  
 

 
 

 

 No. of particles corresponding to speed ‘u’.

 
 
Also   = Fraction of particles corresponding to speed ‘u’

For a particular gas at a certain temperature:

 At any speed, the height of the curve represents no. of particles corresponding to that
speed.
 So, the peak represents maximum number of particles and hence the corresponding speed
is

For , put  in the equation, if  

       
       
     
Gaseous State

  
  
 

39.
  In a gas sample, particles having very low and very high speeds are very less means most
particles have speeds near to .

 Total area under the curve =N

 
Note: If   is taken on y-axis, area under the curve=1 (sum of fraction)
 

CASE 1 : FOR SAME GAS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

On increasing temperature, the curve become broader and vice-versa with same area
under the curve.

CASE 2 : FOR DIFFERENT GASES AT SAME TEMPERATURE

If molar mass is more then curve becomes steeper and vice-versa with same number
of particles.
Gaseous State

40.
 ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 According to kinetic theory of gases:

(A) Collisions are always elastic
(B) Heavier molecules transfer more momentum to the wall of the container.
(C) Only a small number of molecules have very high velocity.
(D) Between collisions, the molecules move in straight lines with constant
velocities.

A1 A,C,D
Theory Based

Q2 Which one of the following statements is NOT true about the e ect of an
increase in temperature on the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas?
(A) The fraction of the molecules with the most probable speed increases.
(B) The most probable speed increases
(C) The area under the distribution curve remains the same as under the
lower temperature.
(D) The distribution becomes broader.

A2 A
The fraction of the molecules with the most probable speed decreases.

Q3 If the distribution of molecular speeds of a gas is as per the figure shown

below, then the ratio of the most probable, the average and the root mean square
speed respectively is

Gaseous State

(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 1 : 1.224 (C) 1 : 1.128 : 1.224 (D)1 : 1.128 : 1

41.
 A3 (B) 1 : 1 : 1.224
Graph represents symmetrical distribution of speed and hence, the most probable
and the average speed should be same, but the root mean square speed must be
greater than the average speed.

Q4 Two glass bulbs A and B are connected by a very small tube having a
stopcock. Bulb A has a volume of 100 cm3 and on contained the gas, while
bulb B was empty before opening the stopcock. The pressure fell down to
40% at constant temperature in container A. Calculate volume of the bulb
B(in cm3).

A4

For X(g), 
So, 

 
    
  
 


 

 


Gaseous State

42.
Q5 Two closed bulbs of equal volume (V) containing an ideal gas initially at
pressure Pi and temperature are connected through a narrow tube of

negligible volume as shown in the figure below. The temperature of one of the
bulbs is then raised to . The final pressure is:

       
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
           

A5 (D)
Initially
Let ‘x’ moles of gas in first bulbs 

and ‘y’ moles of gas in bulb second, 

After the temperature of second bulb is raised to T2, then the number of moles of gas
in both the bulbs are:

 

Total no. of moles of gas in both bulbs remains same in both the cases.
  

 

 
   
 
  
  
 
 
    
  

Gaseous State


Hence, option (D) is correct.

43.
Q6 A closed tank has two compartments A and B, both filled with oxygen
(assumed to be ideal gas). The partition separating the two compartments is
fixed and is a perfect heat insulator (Figure 1). If the old partition is replaced
by a new partition which can slide and conduct heat but does NOT allow the
gas to leak across (Figure 2), the volume (in m3) of the compartment A after
the system attains equilibrium is:

A6 For compartment A,    Let   

. ‘ ’ is constant.

So: 

 
 

  
For compartment B:
  
Let      

44.
 

   


 
  
    

On comparing (1) & (2) we get

  
  

  




    
 
 

 

 

Gaseous State

45.
 Collision Parameter
In a gas sample, since particle collide continuously with each other so there are some
properties related to these collisions.

i) Z1 (Collision frequency)
The average number of collisions made by one particle per unit time, per unit volume.
For a gas,
 

where:  is collision diameter    



  
 no. of particles per unit volume  
 
Since, 


  
  
 
ii) Z11 [Collision frequency (or ZAA)]
The average number of biomolecular collision (between two particles) for same gas per
unit-time, per unit volume.
For a gas,

 


i.e. 

iii) Z12 or ZAB (Collision frequency)

The average no. of bimolecular collisions between particles of di erent gases per unit
time, per unit volume.
Gaseous State

46.
MEAN FREE PATH 
The average distance travelled by particle between two successive collisions.

Average of such distances= 

For a gas:





NOTE:
If collision frequency is more, then distance travelled will be lesser  
 and vice
versa.

EFFECT OF T AND P

  
     
   
 
 


ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are two volatile liquids with molar weights of 
and

respectively. Two cotton plugs, one soaked in ‘X’ and other soaked
in ‘Y’, are simultaneously placed at the ends of a tube of length ‘L’ (24cm), as
shown in the figure. The tube is filled with an inert gas at 1 atm pressure and
a temperature of 300 K. Vapours ‘X’ and ‘Y’ react to form a product which is
first observed at distance ‘d’ cm from the plug soaked in X. Take X and Y to
have molecular diameters and assume ideal behaviour for the inert gas and the
Gaseous State

two vapours.

47.
 The value of d (in cm) shown in figure, as estimated from Graham’s law, is:
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 20

A1 A :



    
 

Q2 The experimental value of 'd' is found to be smaller than the estimate obtained
using Graham’s law. This is due to:
(A) Larger mean free path for X as compared to that of Y.
(B) Larger mean free path for Y as compared to that of X.
(C) Increased collision frequency of Y with the inert gas as compared to that of
X with the inert gas.
(D) Increased collision frequency of X with inert gas as compared to that of Y
with the inert gas.

48.
 A2 (D)
With increase in collision frequency, the molecular speed decreases than the
expected so the distance covered will be less.

Q3 The di usion coe cient of an ideal gas is proportional to its mean free path
and mean speed. The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is increased 4 times
and its pressure is increased 2 times. As a result, the di usion coe cient of
this gas increase x times, then value of ‘x’ is:
Given: di usion coe cient   

A3 Also,  







 



    
    
    

    
    
    

REAL GASES:
 No gas is always ideal means all are real gases which just can show ideal behaviour
under certain conditions.


  

 For real gas: -

(i) Volume of gas particles is not negligible as compared to volume of container.
Gaseous State

(ii) Intermolecular forces are present (Both attractive and repulsive forces).
 Due to above reasons there are some changes (corrections) in pressure of gas and free

49.
 volume of gas, which are as following: -
 Volume Correction (VI)
⚪ Free volume of gas:
The volume available for gas particles to move freely (Vgas).

but for a real gas

  

 

Where is e ective volume of gas particles.

For a gas:
 e ective volume of 1 mole particles
So for n-mole gas:
E ective volume  
 
Where is free volume
'nb' is e ective volume of particles.
'V' is volume of container
 Since gas particles collide continuously with very high frequency (106 per sec), they
acquire some extra volume around themselves in which no other particle can enter.
Gaseous State

 So the actual volume of particle and this extra acquired volume are collectively known
as e ective volume.

50.
 CALCULATION OF ‘b’
 Gas particles continuously collide with each other in which bimolecular collisions are
maximum   .
 So due to high collision frequency particles appear as pairs.

 If all above collisions are superimposed with common centre of mass, then a sphere is
formed which will contain, all these collisions.
If radius of particle = r
 radius of sphere =m 2r
In this sphere, since no other particle can enter, so e ective volume of 2 particles
   
 

E ective volume of one particle  

So, for b (1 mole = NA Particle)

 
   
 
NOTE: FOR A GAS
(E ective volume = 4  actual volume of particle)
Gaseous State

51.
 ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. Estimate the ‘b’ value of Hg(g). (Atomic mass
of Hg = 200).

A1 58.82 cm 3

Given: density of mercury = 13.6 g/cm3

‘b’ is e ective volume of one mole particles.
Mass of 1 mole Hg = 200 grams

Volume of 1 mole Hg(l) = cm3

= actual volume of 1 mole particles.

E ective volume = 4 × actual value of particles

b=  

PRESSURE CORRECTION P′
 The pressure of a gas is due to collisions by particles with walls of container.

 There are no forces among particles of an ideal gas, so its particles strike on the wall
with same speed as they possess.
But in a real gas, the particle which is going to strike on the wall is being attracted by
other particles. Hence it will strike on the wall with lesser speed as compared to an ideal
gas under similar conditions.
 Hence the pressure exerted by a real gas in similar conditions of n, V and T is lesser as
compared to an ideal gas.

IN SIMILAR CONDITIONS

 
Gaseous State

52.
 where Pgas = Pressure of gas, Pideal = Pressure of ideal gas, P = Pressure correction

FOR A REAL GAS,

P =

 

where, n = moles of gas, V = volume of container, a = (+) constant for gas

VANDER WAAL EQUATION

 To describe behaviour of a real gas, many equations were proposed out of them, most
used equation is Vander Waal equation which is as
following:
For ‘n’ mole,

 
   
 
For 1 mole,

 
    
 
Where P is pressure of gas
volume of container (Vm = volume for 1 mole gas)
n = moles of gas
R = 0.0821 L atm/mole.K
T = Kelvin temperature
a, b = Vander Waal constant for gas

NOTE: For a particular gas, a and b have certain fixed values.

CONSTANT ‘a’
 For a gas ‘a’ is the measure of intermolecular attractive forces (IMAF).
  
Gaseous State

53.
 e.g.

Types of molecule IMAF

Polar Dipole-dipole (Strong)

Non Polar London Forces (Weak)

London < dipole dipole < H -bonding

If type of IMAF is same then,
|IMAF|  Size of molecule  (surface area)
e.g. H2 (non polar) and CO2 (Non polar)
London forces exist in both but size of CO2 is greater than size of H2.
 

i.e.     
CONSTANT ‘b’
For a gas, ‘b’ is the measure of size of molecule.
More molecular size  More value of ‘b’.
Less molecular size  Less value of ‘b’
Gaseous State

Since b = 

54.
 UNITS OF a AND b

  


i.e. 
V = nb  b = V/n
i.e. b = L mol–1
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR Z
It gives information about the behaviour of a gas in given conditions.

 

 For ideal
P.Videal = nRT

(Z)Real = VReal / (nRT/P) = 

   

Where
P is pressure of gas
V, Vm is volume of container (l)
n is mole of gas
R = 0.0821 L atm/mol.K
T = Kelvin Temperature
M = Molar mass (g/mol)
d = density (g/L)
C = Molarity of gas (Mol/L)
Gaseous State

55.
 Compressibility factor & Related
Graphs
 The value of Z gives information about the behaviour of gas as following:-
If Z = 1  PV = nRT i.e. Ideal behaviour
Also, VReal = VIdeal

i.e. Both attractive and repulsive forces are mutually balanced with each other (Fnet = 0).
If  then PV  nRT  Non-Ideal behaviour

 

 VReal > Videal

i.e. Repulsive force dominantes
i.e. Attractive forces dominantes.
(+ve deviation from ideal behaviour
(-ve deviation from ideal behaviour)

Behaviour in some standard conditions

For 1 mole gas,

 
      …(i)
 

Also 

1. For H2 and He gas:

These are lightest gases present on earth (Mass of one particle ~ negligible)
Type of IMAF  London forces (Weakest)
Also |IMAF|  size ~ very very small
i.e. a  0, put in equation (i)
(P + 0) (Vm – b) = RT
PVm – Pb = RT

  i.e Z > 1 (always)  repulsive forces dominantes.

2. For typical real gases: The behaviour of such gases varies with pressure.
(i) At very low pressure (P  0)
Gaseous State

56.
  
i.e. very high Vm  very very high    very very low
 

  
   
   Put in equation (i)

   

   
   ideal behaviour
(ii) In low pressure range (P ~ 1 atm)
 
As,    
  

 
 
  
 

 
   

 

     
   

          
    
     
So,         
     
 
 
     
 
Low pressure  High Vm

   
     negligible
   

 
So,     in low pressure range.
 
Gaseous State

57.
 Always 

 

If b is negligible then  

(iii) In high pressure range

 
   
 
 
So,    
  

e.g. H2/He only

 

Other

Low pressure
 
   
 
High pressure

 

GRAPHS
1. P vs V at constant temperature
For ideal gas at constant temperature, PV = constant
For Typical Real Gas
Gaseous State

58.
 In low P, Z < 1
 Vreal < Videal
In high P, Z > 1
 VReal > VIdeal

2. ‘Z’ vs ‘P’ graphs (at constant temperature)

Case-I:
For di erent gases at same temperature
(i) For H2 and He gases

 

Comparing equation (1) with line equations

we get:
 
 
slope =  
 
Intercept = 1
    
    
i.e.    
Gaseous State

(ii) For typical real gas at very low pressure, Z = 1

59.
 (iii) At low pressure, Z < 1
   
     
   

Note: For typical real gas, if Z vs P graph is given, then to solve, use high pressure range.

For same gas at di erent temperature

At high pressure, Z > 1

 

(i) For H2 or He gas

 
  
 
For a particular gas (b = constant)

i.e. if  
  
 
(ii) For a typical real gas
In high pressure range
 
  
 
 
 
 
For same gas (b = constant)


  

  

Also, in low pressure range, as temperature increases, slope of curve also increases.
So, at a certain temperature, the slope will become zero. This temperature is known as
Boyle’s temperature.
Gaseous State

60.
Boyle’s Temperature & Liquefaction
of gases
BOYLE’S TEMPERATURE
 The temperature at which a gas behaves ideally for considerable low pressure range.
In low pressure,
 
    
 
At T = TB  Z = 1
 
1=1+   

 

 

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 A gas will deviate most from ideal behaviour at

(A) low temperature and low pressure.
(B) low temperature and high pressure.
(C) low pressure and high temperature.
(D) high temperature and high pressure.

A1 B
At high pressure and low temperature, a gas deviates most from its ideal behaviour.

Q2 For a real gas obeying Vander Waal’s equation, a graph is plotted between PVm
(y-axis) and P(x-axis) where Vm is molar volume. Find y-intercept of the graph.
 
A2  


    for n moles, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are Vander Waal’s constants.
 
For

n=1
   

On comparing above equation with equation of straight line:

 
Gaseous State

y-intercept:  

61.
 Q3 For one mole of a vander Waal’s gas when b= 0 and T = 300 K, the PV vs 1/V plot
is shown below. The value of the vander Waal’s constant a (atm. litre2 mol–2) is:
(A) 1.0
B) 4.5
(C) 1.5
(D) 3.0

A3 C
Vander Waal’s equation:
 
 

 

  …(i)
 
Given b = 0 and n = 1 mole
 
  



 
 

 

  
 
    

Slope =


   

 


Gaseous State

62.
Q4 One way of writing the equation for state for real gases is,

 
     where B is a constant .
 

Derive an approximate expression for ‘B’ in terms of vander Waal’s constant ‘a’ and
‘b’.

A4 Vander Waal’s equation:

 
 


   
 
 
For 1 mole:      
 
 
  
    

  
   

 
  
 
 
  
 

 
 
  
 

 
    
 
 
     
 
   
       
   
Gaseous State

On comparing equation with

   
       
   

63.
 LIQUIFICATION OF GAS
 To liquify a gas, there must be attraction among particles hence an ideal gas can never
be liquified.
 A gas can be liquified at constant temperature just by applying pressure on it.
 At a constant temperature, a certain minimum pressure is required for liquification.
 At higher temperature, the minimum required pressure for liquification will be higher,
which can be explained by Andrew’s Isotherms.

ANDREW’S ISOTHERMS
These are graphs for a gas at di erent constant temperatures like T1, T2, T3 and
T4 where T1 < T2 < T3 < T4

For 1 mole real gas

 At point A, gas is present at low pressure.

From A to B,
Gaseous State

P  V  Compression of gas
 At point B liquification starts means minimum required pressure for liquification at T =

64.
 21.5°C is P2.
 From B to C gas liquifies at constant pressure P2.
 After point C, no change in volume on pressure change means liquification is completed
at C.
 At higher temperature, the minimum required pressure is higher than P2 and also the
horizontal segment becomes shorter due to more compression.
 At temperature TC = 30.98°C, the gas liquifies at high pressure but liquid and gas phases
cannot be distinguished at this pressure and temperature.
 Above temperature TC, the gas cannot be liquified irrespective of any pressure hence TC
is known as critical temperature.

CRITICAL PRESSURE PC
The minimum required pressure for liquification at TC.
 The maximum temperature above which gas cannot be liquified at any pressure.
 Di erent gases have di erent values of their TC.
 More value of TC means more tendency to be liquified.

CRITICAL VOLUME VC
The molar volume corresponding to TC and PC.
For gas

Note: 
Gaseous State

65.