‫] ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻨﺪى وﺑﻞ اﻟﺼﺪى [‬

‫‪761–708‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺣﺮﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻝ ﻛـ) ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞﹺ ( ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦﹺ ﻛـ) ﺭﺟﻞﹴ ( ﻭﺑﺎﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺀِ ) ﺿﺮﺑﺖ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻐ‪‬ﲑ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ‪‬ﻩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﹺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛـ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪( ‬؛ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻨﹺﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲞﻼﻓﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛـ) ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ( ﰲ ﻟﹸﺰ‪‬ﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺬﺍﻡﹺ ﻭﺃﻣﺲﹺ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺯﻳ‪‬ﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـ) ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ‬ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ( ‬ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻘﺒﻞﹸ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗ‪‬ﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣ‪‬ﺬ‪‬ﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻧ‪‬ﻮﹺﻱ‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻛﻢ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺽﹴ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﺑﺘﺎﺀِ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻛﻀﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻭﹺ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻴ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑ‪‬ﻮﺍ‬
‫(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑﹺ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉﹺ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ‬ﻓﻴ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻜﱠﻦ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑ‪‬ﺖ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﹺﻌﻢ ﻭﺑﹺﺌﺲ ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎﺀَ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﹶﺒ‪‬ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛـ) ﺍﺿﺮﺏ‪ ،( ‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞﱠ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻛـ) ﺍﻏﺰ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺧﺶ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺭﻡﹺ (‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﻭﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﻠﻢ‪ ‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﲤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻝﹶ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣ‪‬ﻪ ﲝﺮﻑ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﻧ‪‬ﺄﹶﻳ‪‬ﺖ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻟﹸﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﺭ‪‬ﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﻛـ) ﻳ‪‬ﺪﺣﺮﺝ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻜﺮﻡ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻛـ) ﻳ‪‬ﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ (‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺼﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻔﻮ‪‬ﻥﹶ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻔﹾﺘ‪‬ﺢ‪ ‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻟﻔﻈﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﹰ ﳓﻮ ﻟﻴﻨﺒﺬﹶﻥﱠ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻥﹶ ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺴﻮﺓ ﳓﻮ ﻳﺘﺮﺑ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳓﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﺎﻥﱢ ﻟﺘﺒﻠﹶﻮ‪‬ﻥﱠ ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺗﺮ‪‬ﻳﹺﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺼﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ‪ ‬ﻫﻞ ﻭﺑﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﻣﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔﹸ ﻭﳌﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔﹸ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲰﲔﹺ ﻛـ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،( ‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﻛـ) ﻗﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺭﻓﻊ‪ ‬ﻭﻧﺼﺐ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﳓﻮ ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﺇﻥ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﺟﺮ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﳓﻮ ) ﺑﺰﻳﺪ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﺟﺰﻡ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﱂ ﻳﻘﻢ‪.( ‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﹶﻴ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊ‪ ‬ﺑﻀﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺮ ﺑﻜﺴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺰﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀَ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺑﻮﻩ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﻩ ﻭﲪﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﻫ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮﻩ ﻭﻓﻮﻩ ﻭﺫﻭ ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺐ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺼﺢ‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﹸ ﻫ‪‬ﻦﹴ ﻛﹶﻐ‪‬ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﲎ ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﲑﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥﹶ ﻓﲑﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ‪ ‬ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻼ ﻭﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻛﺎﳌﺜﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺭ‪‬ﻛﱢﺒ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻭ‪‬ﻟﹸﻮ ﻭﻋ‪‬ﺸ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﹶﻤﻮﻥﹶ‬
‫ﻭﺃﹶﻫ‪‬ﻠﹸﻮﻥﹶ ﻭﻭﺍﺑﹺﻠﻮﻥﹶ ﻭﺃﹶﺭ‪‬ﺿ‪‬ﻮﻥﹶ ﻭﺳ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮﻥﹶ ﻭﺑﺎﺑ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﺑ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮﻥﹶ ﻭﻋ‪‬ﻠﱢـﻴ‪‬ﻮﻥﹶ ﻭﺷ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﳉﻤﻊﹺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﻻﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺟ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻊ‪ ‬ﺑﺄﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﺎﺀ ﻣ‪‬ﺰﹺﻳﺪ‪‬ﺗ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺳ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻲ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺻﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﺠﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞﹶ ﻣﻨﻪ (‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻝﹾ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻀﻞﹺ ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳓﻮ‪) ‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻠ‪‬ﻜﻢ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔﹶ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔﹶ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗ‪‬ﻔﻌﻼﻥ‪ ‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥﹶ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﺰﻡ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ‬
‫ﲝﺬﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻓﺈﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞﹶ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞﱠ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﹺ ﻓﻴﺠﺰﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﱂ ﻳﻐﺰ‪ ‬ﻭﱂ ﳜﺶ‪ ‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮﻡﹺ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪ :‬ﺗ‪‬ﻘﹶﺪ‪‬ﺭ‪ ‬ﲨﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓﹸ ﰲ ﳓﻮ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺻﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔﹸ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﳜﺸﻰ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔﹸ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻭﻳﻘﻀﻲ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔﹸ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺇﻥﱠ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‪ ‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ‪ ‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪ :‬ﻳ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ‬ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺑـ) ﻟﻦ‪ ( ‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻟﻦ ﻧﱪﺡ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﺑـ) ﻛﹶﻲ‪ ( ‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻟﻜﹶﻴ‪‬ﻼ ﺗﺄﺳﻮﺍ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑـ) ﺇﹺﺫﹶﻥﹾ ( ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺓﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞﹲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞﹲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞﹲ ﺑﻘﹶﺴ‪‬ﻢﹴ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻛﺮﻣ‪‬ﻚ ( ﻭ ) ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﷲ ‪ -‬ﻧﺮﻣﻴ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﲝﺮﺏ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑـ)‬
‫ﺃﹶﻥﹾ ( ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓﹰ ﳓﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻔﺮ‪ ‬ﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺑﻌ‪‬ﻠﹾﻢﹴ ﳓﻮ ) ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥﹸ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ (‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺳ‪‬ﺒﹺﻘﹶﺖ‪ ‬ﺑﹺﻈﹶﻦ‪ ‬ﻓﻮﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﺣﺴﺒﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥﹶ ﻓﺘﻨﺔﹲ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓﹰ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻃﻒ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕﹴ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻟﹸﺒ‪‬ﺲ‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﺮ‪ ‬ﻋﻴﲏ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﻡﹺ ﳓﻮ ) ﻟ‪‬ﺘﺒﲔ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ( ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﳓﻮﹺ ) ِﻟﺌﹶﻼ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ( ) ﻟ‪‬ﺌﹶﻼ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥﹶ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ( ﻓﹶﺘ‪‬ﻈﹾﻬ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻻ ﻏﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﷲ ﻟ‪‬ﻴﻌﺬﺑ‪‬ﻬﻢ ( ﻓﺘ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻻ ﻏﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﺈﺿﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ﳓﻮ ) ﺣﱴ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ) ﻷَﺳ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻬﹺﻠﹶﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺭ ﻙ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﲎ ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻛﻨﺖ‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻏﹶﻤ‪‬ﺰ‪‬ﺕ‪ ‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓﹶ ﻗﻮﻡﹴ ﻛﹶﺴ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺕ‪ ‬ﻛﹸﻌ‪‬ﻮﺑ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ‪‬ﺎ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﺀِ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‪‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﻭﹺ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﹶﺘ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﺑﻨﻔﻲ ﻣ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺾﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻠﺐﹴ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻘﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﹶﻴﻤﻮﺗﻮﺍ ( ) ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ (‬
‫) ﻭﻻ ﺗﻄﻐﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﺤﻞﱠ ( ﻭ ) ﻻ ﺗﺄﻛﻞﹺ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳ‪ ‬ﹶﻘﻄﹶﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀُ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﹸﺼ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀُ ﺟ‪‬ﺰﹺﻡ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﻟ‪‬ﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ) :‬ﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺃﺗﻞﹸ (‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﻁﹸ ﺍﳉﺰﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲﹺ ﺻﺤﺔﹸ ﺣﻠﻮﻝﹺ ﺇﹺﻥﹾ ﻻ ﳏﻠﱠﻪ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻻ ﺗﺪﻥﹸ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ‪ ،( ‬ﲞﻼﻑ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﹸﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺰﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﻠﹶﻢ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﱂ ﻳﻠﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﻟﹶﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﳓﻮ ) ﳌﺎ ﻳﻘﺾﹺ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﹺﻴ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻟ‪‬ﻴﻨﻔﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟ‪‬ﻴﻘﺾﹺ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺸﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺆﺍﺧﺬﹾﻧﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺰﹺﻡ‪ ‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﹺﻦ ﺇﻥﹾ ﻭﺇﺫﹾ ﻭﺇﺫﹾﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ‪ ‬ﻭﺃﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﺃﱏ ﻭﺃﻳﺎﻥﹶ ﻭﻣﱴ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺣ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺜﹸﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﳓﻮ ) ﺇﹺﻥﹾ ﻳﺸﺄﹾ ﻳ‪‬ﺬﻫﺒ‪‬ﻜﻢ (‬
‫) ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞﹾ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﹰ ﻳ‪‬ﺠﺰ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ ( ) ﻣﺎ ﻧﻨﺴﺦ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺁﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻨﺴِﻬﺎ ﻧﺄﺕ‪ ‬ﲞﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺷﺮﻃﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﺎﹰَ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺀً‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﻠﹸﺢ ﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﹸﺮﹺﻥﹶ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﳝﺴﺴ‪‬ﻚ‬
‫ﲞﲑ ﻓﹶﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻗﺪﻳﺮ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﹸﺠ‪‬ﺎﺋ‪‬ﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺗ‪‬ﺼﺒ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﺳﻴﺌﺔﹲ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻨ‪‬ﻄﻮﻥ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲﹴ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺭﺟﻞ ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﹴ ﻛـ) ﴰﺲ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔﹲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺳﺘﺔﹲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢﹴ ﺃﻭ ﳐﺎﻃﺐﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺋﺐﹴ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﳌﻘﺪﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎﹰ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﻗﻮﻡ‪ ( ‬ﻭ )‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍﹰ ﰲ ﳓﻮﹺ ) ﺯﻳﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻞﹲ ﻛـ) ﺗﺎﺀ ( ) ﻗﻤﺖ‪ ( ‬ﻭﻛﺎﻑ‪ ) ‬ﺃﻛﺮﻣ‪‬ﻚ‪( ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺎﺀِ ) ﻏﻼﻣ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،( ‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞﹲ ﻛـ) ﺃﻧﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ‪ ‬ﻭﺇﻳﺎﻱ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻻ ﻓﺼﻞﹶ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞﹺ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﳓﻮﹺ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ )‬
‫ﺳ‪‬ﻠﹾﻨﹺﻴﻪ‪ ( ‬ﺑﹺﻤ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺟ‪‬ﻮﺣ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ) ﻇﻨ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ـﺘ‪‬ﻜﹶﻪ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻛﹸﻨ‪‬ـﺘ‪‬ﻪ‪ ( ‬ﺑﺮﺟﺤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﻠﹶﻢ‪ ‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔﹶ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻘﺐ ﻛـ) ﺯﻳﻦﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻗﹸﻔﱠﺔﹶ ( ﺃﻭ ﻛﹸﻨ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺔﹲ ﻛـ) ﺃﰊ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ( ﻭ ) ﺃﻡ‪ ‬ﻛﻠﺜﻮﻡﹴ (‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺆ‪‬ﺧ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺐ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳐﻔﻮﺿﺎﹰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺃﹸﻓﹾﺮﹺﺩ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺳ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴﺪ‪ ‬ﻛﹸﺮ‪‬ﺯﹴ (‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓﹸ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﹶﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫ‪‬ﻱ ﻭﺫ‪‬ﻩ‪ ‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻲ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﺍﻥ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻤﺜﲎ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻓﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺟ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﹰ ﻭﻧﺼﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹸﻭ‪‬ﻻﺀِ ﳉﻤﻌ‪‬ﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﳎﺮﺩﺓﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔﹰ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﲎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪ‪‬ﻩ‪ ‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﻫ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﰒ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝﹸ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﺭﻓﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺟﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﻧﺼﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻷﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﰐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻝﹾ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ‪ ‬ﺻﺮﻳﺢﹴ ﻟﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞﹴ ﻛﺎﻟﻀﺎﺭﺏﹺ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺮﻭﺏﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪ .‬ﻭﺻ‪‬ﻠﺔﹸ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺻ‪‬ﻠﹶﺔ ﻏﲑﹺﻫﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﲨﻠﺔﹲ ﺧﱪﻳﺔﹲ ﺫﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺿﻤﲑﹴ ﻃﺒﻖﹴ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺬﻑ ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﻳ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﺷ‪‬ﺪ‪) ( ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻠﹶﺘﻪ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ( ) ﻓﺎﻗﺾﹺ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺽﹴ ( ) ﻭﻳﺸﺮﺏ ﳑﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﺑﻮﻥ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻇﺮﻑ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ‪ ‬ﺗﺎﻣﺎﻥ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺑـ) ﺍ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻘﹶﺮ‪ ( ‬ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺳ‪‬ﻴﺒ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺪ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻸﺧﻔﺶ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻌ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﰲ‬
‫ﺯﺟﺎﺟﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔﹸ ( ﻭ ) ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﻛـ) ﺃﹶﻫ‪‬ﻠﹶﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻫﻢ‪ ) ( ‬ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀِ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﻲ‪ ،( ‬ﺃﻭ ﻻﺳﺘﻐﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪‬ﻩ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﺧ‪‬ﻠ‪‬ﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥﹸ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺎﹰ ( ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺎﺗ‪‬ﻪ ﳓﻮ ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞﹸ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝﹸ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻣﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻟﻐﺔﹲ ﺣ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺮﹺﻳ‪‬ﺔﹲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻓﻜﺎﻟﻌ‪‬ﻠﹶﻢﹺ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃﹸ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺍﷲُ ﺭﺑ‪‬ﻨﺎ ( ﻭ ) ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ‬ﻧﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃﹸ ﻧﻜﺮﺓﹰ ﺇﻥ ﻋﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﺺ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻣﺎ ﺭﺟﻞﹲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ( ﻭ ) ﺃﹶﺇﹺﻟﹶﻪ‪ ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﷲ ( ) ﻭﻟﹶﻌ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‪ ‬ﺧﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻙ ( ﻭ ) ﲬﺲ‪ ‬ﺻﻠﻮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﻛﺘﺒﻬ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﷲ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﲨﻠﺔﹰ ﳍﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻂﹲ ﻛـ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺃﺑﻮﻩ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻟﺒﺎﺱ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﲑ ( ﻭ ) ﺍﳊﺎﻗﺔﹸ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻗﺔﹸ ( ﻭ ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞﹸ (‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠـﻪ‪ ‬ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﺮﻓﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺐ‪ ‬ﺃﺳﻔﻞﹶ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ( ﻭﺟﺎﺭﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻛـ) ﺍﳊﻤﺪ‪ ‬ﷲ ﺭﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ( ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻘﹸﻬﻤﺎ ﺑـ) ﻣﺴﺘﻘ‪‬ﺮ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻭ ) ﺍﺳﺘﻘﹶﺮ‪ ( ‬ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺘﲔﹺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳜﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔﹸ ﻭﺍﳍﻼﻝﹸ ﻣﺘﺄﻭﻝﹲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻐﲏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ‪ ‬ﻭﺻﻒ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡﹴ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﻲﹴ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﻗﺎﻃﻦ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﺳﻠﻤﻰ ( ﻭ ) ﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﻮﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻭﺩ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﺃﻳﻦ ﺯﻳﺪ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳ‪‬ﺤﺬﹶﻑ ﻛﻞﱞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺇ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ ﳓﻮ ) ﺳﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻜﺮﻭﻥﹶ ( ﺃﹶﻱ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﻧﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﳋﱪ ﻗﺒﻞﹶ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺑ‪‬ﻲ‪ ‬ﻟﹶﻮ‪‬ﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢﹺ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢﹺ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝﹺ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻨﻊﹺ ﻛﻮﻧ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺧﱪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻟﻮﻻ ﺃﻧﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻜﹸـﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﲔ ( ﻭ ) ﻟﹶﻌ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻙ‪ ‬ﻷﻓﻌﻠﹶﻦ‪ ) ( ‬ﻭﺿ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺑﹺﻲ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﻛﻞﱡ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺿ‪‬ﻴﻌ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻪ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺳﺦ ﻟ‪‬ﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺇ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔﹸ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺴﻰ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻭﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﻭﻇﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﹶﺘ‪‬ﺊﹶ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻧ‪‬ﻔﹶﻚ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑ‪‬ﺮﹺﺡ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﲑﻓﹶﻌ‪‬ﻦ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃﹶ ﺍﲰﺎﹰ ﳍﻦ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺒ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﺧﱪﺍﹰ ﳍﻦ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺑ‪‬ﻚ ﻗﺪﻳﺮﺍﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‪ ‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﻋﺎﱂﹲ ﻭﺟﻬﻮﻝﹲ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﺇﻻ ﺧﱪ‪ ‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﺺ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔﹸ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﲟﺮﺍﺩ‪‬ﻓﹶﺔ‪ ‬ﺻﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﻓﹶﺘ‪‬ﺊﹶ ﻭﺯﺍﻝ ﲜﻮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡﹺ ‪ -‬ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀِ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﱪ ‪ -‬ﳓﻮ‬
‫) ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻋﺴﺮﺓ ﻓﻨﻈﺮﺓﹲ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺴﺮﺓ ( ) ﻓﺴﺒﺤﺎﻥﹶ ﺍﷲِ ﺣﲔ ﲤﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﲔ ﺗﺼﺒﺤﻮﻥ ( ) ﺧﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﲜﻮﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔﹰ ﳓﻮ ) ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﻭﺣﺬﻑ‪ ‬ﻧﻮﻥ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺰﻭﻡﹺ ﻭﺻ‪‬ﻼﹰ ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻠﻘﹶﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻻ ﺿﻤﲑ‪ ‬ﻧﺼﺐﹴ ﻣﺘﺼﻞﹲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺬﻓ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻮ‪‬ﺿﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﺃﹶﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺫﺍ ﻧﻔﺮ ( ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﺇﹺﻥﹾ ﺧﲑﺍﹰ ﻓﺨﲑ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺲ‪ ‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺧﺎﺗ‪‬ﻤﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔﹸ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺯﻳ‪‬ﲔ‪ ‬ﻛﻠﻴﺲ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻖ‪ ‬ﺑـ) ﺇﻥ ( ﻭﻻ ﲟﻌﻤﻮﻝﹺ ﺍﳋﱪ ﺇﻻ ﻇﺮﻓﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﺭﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻥﹶ ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﺑﺈﻻ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻣﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔﹸ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﹶﻴ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ) ﺗ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺰ‪ ‬ﻓﻼ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻭ‪‬ﺯ‪‬ﺭ‪ ‬ﲟﺎ ﻗﻀﻰ‬
‫ﺍﷲُ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺎﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺕ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﺃﹶﻳ‪‬ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪ ‬ﺣﺬﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻻﺕ‪ ‬ﺣﲔ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺎﺹﹴ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﻥﹼ ﻭﺃﻥﹼ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺄﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﺘ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺟ‪‬ﻲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺼ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃﹶ ﺍﲰﺎﹰ ﳍﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻌ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ‬ﺧﱪﺍﹰ ﳍﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔﹸ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺇﳕﺎ‬
‫ﺍﷲُ ﺇﻟﻪ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ( ‬ﺇﻻ ﻟﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺈﻥﹾ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﳐﻔﻔﺔﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﳐﻔﻔﺔﹰ ﻓﺘ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻥﹾ ﻓﺘ‪‬ﻌﻤ‪‬ﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺬﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﲑﹺ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻮﻥﹸ ﺧﱪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔﹰ ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔﹰ ‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺑ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﺋﹶﺖ‪ ‬ﺑﻔﻌﻞﹴ ﻣ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻑ‪ ‬ﻏﲑﹺ ﺩﻋﺎﺀٍ – ﺑـ) ﻗﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮ (‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﺄﻥﱠ‬
‫ﻓﺘ‪‬ﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻘ‪‬ﻞ ﺫﻛﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﲰﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻔﺼ‪‬ﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑـ) ﱂ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﺳﻂ ﺧﱪ‪‬ﻫﻦ ﺇﻻ ﻇﺮﻓﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺇﻥﹼ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﱪﺓﹰ ( ) ﺇﻥﹼ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻜﺎﻻﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻜﹾﺴ‪‬ﺮ ﺇﹺﻥﱠ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﳓﻮ ) ﺇﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺇﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﺰﻟﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ) ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﱐ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﺍﷲ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻧﻚ ﻟﹶﺮﺳﻮﻟﻪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺩﺧﻮﻝﹸ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﱪ ﺇﻥﱠ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﱪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻔﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺃﹸﻫ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻠﹶﺖ‪ ‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞﹸ ﺇﹺﻥﱠ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔﹸ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﹸﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﳌﹸﻨ‪‬ﻜﱠﺮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻻ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻢﹴ ﳑﻘﻮﺕ‪ ( ‬ﻭ )‬
‫ﻻ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ‬ﺩﺭﳘﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﲰ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻻ ﺷ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﺑ‪‬ﻨﹺﻲ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻻ ﺭﺟﻞﹶ ( ﻭ ) ﻻ ﺭﺟﺎﻝﹶ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻻ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻻ ﺭﺟﻠﹶﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ ( ﻭ ) ﻻ ﻣﺴﻠﻤ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻟﻚ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻻ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝﹶ ﻭﻻ ﻗﻮﺓﹶ ( ﻓﺘﺢ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻻ ﺭﺟﻞﹶ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ‪ ( ‬ﻭﺭﻓﻌ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗ‪‬ﻜﹶﺮ‪‬ﺭ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﹸﺼ‪‬ﻠﹶﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔﹸ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﺘﻨﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚﹸ ﻇﹶﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﻭﺣ‪‬ﺴِﺐ ﻭﺩ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﻯ ﻭﺧﺎﻝ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﻋ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻨﺼﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﹶﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺭﺃﻳﺖ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠـﻪ‪ ‬ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ‬ﻛﻞﱢ ﺷﻲﺀٍ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻠﻐ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺑﺮﺟﺤﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‪‬ﻥﹶ ﳓﻮ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺃﹶﺛﹶﺮﻱ ﻇﻨﻨﺖ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﲟﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻄﻦ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺟﻴﺰﹺ ﺧ‪‬ﻠﺖ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺆﻡ‪ ‬ﻭ ﺍﳋﹶﻮ‪‬ﺭ‪‬ﺍ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ﻬﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﻥﹾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻻﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀِ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺑﻄﹶﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﹸﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺳ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻲ‪ ‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻟ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻠﹶﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺍﳊﺰﺑﲔﹺ ﺃﹶﺣ‪‬ﺼﻰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﻗﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺮ‪‬ﻭ (‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﹸﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔﹸ ﺗﺜﻨﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻻ ﲨﻊﹴ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ) ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﺟﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝﹲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺎﺀٌ ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ) ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﺟﻞﹲ (‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺬ‬
‫) ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻢ ﻣﻼﺋﻜﺔﹲ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﻞﹺ ( ) ﺃﹶﻭ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﺨ‪‬ﺮﹺﺟﹺﻲ‪ ‬ﻫ‪‬ﻢ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔﹸ ﺗﺄﻧﻴﺚ‪ ‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺎﹰ ﻛـ) ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ ‬ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻃﻠﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .( ‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﺯﻱ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﹺ ﳓﻮ ) ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺀﺗﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﻋﻈﺔﹲ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺑﻜﻢ (‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞﹺ ﳓﻮ ) ﺣ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓﹲ‬
‫( ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞﹺ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻧﻌﻢ ﻭﺑﺌﺲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻧﹺﻌ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓﹸ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﳓﻮ ) ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺏ‪ ( ‬ﺇﻻ ﲨﻌ‪‬ﻲﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢﹺ ﻓﹶﻜﹶﻤ‪‬ﻔﺮﺩ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻬﻤﺎ ﳓﻮ ) ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ ( ﻭ ) ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﺕ‪ .( ‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ) ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ ‬ﺇﻻ ﻫﻨﺪ‪‬‬
‫( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞﹶ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‪ ‬ﳏﺬﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﺬﻓﻪ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﻭ ﺇﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺫﻱ ﻣﺴﻐﺒﺔ‪ ‬ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺎﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﻗﻀﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ( ﻭ‬
‫) ﺃﲰﻊ ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺃﺑﺼﺮ (‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻫﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ ‬ﻋﺎﻣ‪‬ﻠﹶﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍﹰ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺁﻝﹶ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥﹶ ﺍﻟﻨﺬﺭ‪ ( ‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺭﺑ‪‬ﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎﹰ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﺇﺫ ﺍﺑﺘﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺭﺑ‪‬ﻪ ( ﻭ ) ﺿﺮﺑﲏ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ (‪ ،‬ﲞﻼﻑ‪ ) ‬ﺃﺭﺿ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ (‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍﹰ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﹰ ﻫﺪﻯ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺑﺎﹰ ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ (‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺌﺲ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻑ‪ ‬ﺑﺄﻝ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﳌﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﻟﹶﻨﹺﻌ‪‬ﻢ ﺩﺍﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺘﻘﲔ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﻔﹶﺴ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖﹴ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺑﺌﺲ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﳌﲔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺬﹶﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞﹸ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻠﱢﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝﹲ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‪ ‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺺ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻑ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﻭﻝﹸ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﹺﻲ ﳓﻮﹺ ﺗ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻠﱢﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺚﹸ ﳓﻮﹺ ﺍﹸﻧ‪‬ﻄﹸﻠ‪‬ﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻔﹾﺘ‪‬ﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞﹶ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻜﹾﺴ‪‬ﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻚ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﺨ‪‬ﻠﹶﺼﺎﹰ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺸ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎﹰ ﺿ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻢ‪ ‬ﳐﻠﺼﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﺿﺮﺑﺘ‪‬ﻪ ( ﺃﻭ ) ﺿﺮﺑﺖ‪ ‬ﺃﺧﺎﻩ ( ﺃﻭ ) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ (‪ :‬ﺭﻓﻊ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ؛‬
‫ﻓﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔﹸ ﺑﻌﺪ‪‬ﻩ ﺧﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺼﺒ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﺈﺿﻤﺎﺭ ) ﺿﺮﺑﺖ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﺃﹶﻫ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺖ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﺟﺎﻭﺯﺕ ( ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔﹶ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ‪‬؛ ﻓﻼ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‪‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺟﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﰲ ﳓﻮﹺ ) ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﺍﺿ‪‬ﺮﹺﺑ‪‬ﻪ‪ ( ‬ﻟ‪ ‬ﹾﻠﻄﱠﻠﹶﺐﹺ ‪ -‬ﻭﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻕ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻗﺔﹸ ﻓﺎﻗﻄﻌﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺪﻳ‪‬ﻬﻤﺎ ( ﻣ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺄﹶﻭ‪‬ﻝﹲ ‪ -‬ﻭﰲ ﳓﻮﹺ ) ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻢ ( ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮﹺ ) ﺃﺑﺸﺮﺍﹰ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻧ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺒﹺﻌ‪‬ﻪ ( ) ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﺭﺃﻳﺘ‪‬ﻪ ( ﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺇﹺﻥﹾ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﹶﻘ‪‬ﻴﺘ‪‬ﻪ ﻓﺄﻛﺮﻣ‪‬ﻪ ( ﻭ ) ﻫ‪‬ﻠﱠﺎ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺘﻪ ( ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ‪ ‬ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺧﺮﺟ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻓﹶﺈﺫﺍ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ‪‬ﻭ ( ﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﰲ ﳓﻮﹺ ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺑﻮﻩ ( ﻭ ) ﻋﻤﺮ‪‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺮﻣ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻪ ( ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ) ﻭﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺮ ( ﻭ ) ﺃﹶﺯ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﺫﻫﺐ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ‪ :‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺿﺮﺑﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺮﺑ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﻓﻴﻀﻤﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﻓﻴ‪‬ﻀﻤ‪‬ﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋ‪‬ﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺟ‪‬ﻔﹶﻮ‪‬ﻧﹺﻲ ﻭﱂ‬
‫ﺃﹶﺟ‪‬ﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺧ‪‬ﻼﺀَ (‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ) ﻛﹶﻔﹶﺎﱐ ‪ -‬ﻭﻟﹶﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻃﻠﺐ ‪ -‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞﹲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ( ﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹸ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲬﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﹸﻨﺎﺩ‪‬ﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺐ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﻛـ) ﻳﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻛـ) ﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ( ﻭ ) ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻟﻌﺎﹰ ﺟﺒﻼﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﻳﺎ ﺭﻓﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻜﺮﺓﹰ ﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ‪ ‬ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﻰ‪ ) :‬ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟﻼﹰ ﺧﺬ ﺑﻴﺪﻱ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔﹸ ﻳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪﻭﻥﹶ ( ﻭ ) ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟﻞﹸ ( ﻟ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹴ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪ ) :‬ﻳﺎ ﻏﻼﻡ‪ ( ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﹰ ﻭﺇﺳﻜﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ ) :‬ﻳﺎ ﺃﹶﺑ‪‬ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺎ ﺃﹸﻣ‪‬ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺃﹸﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ‪ ‬ﻋﻢ‪ ( ‬ﺑﹺﻔﹶﺘ‪‬ﺢﹴ ﻭﻛﹶﺴ‪‬ﺮﹴ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳊﺎﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﲔﹺ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻶﺧ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪ :‬ﻭﳚﺮﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﻓﺮﹺﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﹸﺿ‪‬ﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺎﹰ ﺑﺄﻝ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﻧﻌﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺒﲏ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‪‬ﻩ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﹺﻪ ﻭﻧ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻘ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﺑﺄﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﳏﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﳎﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻔﻈﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﹸﺠ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺩ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞﱢ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻚ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﹾﻴ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻼﺕ‪ ( ‬ﻓﺘﺤ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪ :‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺗ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺧ‪‬ﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﺬﻑ‪ ‬ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﲣﻔﻴﻔﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻓﺬﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻛـ) ﻳﺎ ﻃﻠﺢ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺛﹸﺐ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺿ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋ‪‬ﻠﹶﻤ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳎﺎﻭﺯﺗﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔﹶ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﻳﺎ ﺟﻌﻒ‪ ( ‬ﺿﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺤﺬﹶﻑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﳓﻮ ) ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥﹶ ﻭﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﹴ ﻭﻣﺴﻜﲔﹴ ( ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﳓﻮ ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻜﹶﺮﹺﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔﹸ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻐﻴﺚﹸ‪ ) :‬ﻳ‪‬ﺎﻟﹶـﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ‪ ( ‬ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﻻﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻐ‪‬ﺎﺙ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﻻﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﻤﺮﹴﻭ ( ﻭ ) ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﻡﹺ ﻟﻠﻌﺠﺐﹺ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﺐﹺ (‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺏ‪ ) :‬ﻭﺍ ﺯﻳﺪ‪‬ﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ ﺃﻣﲑ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﻴﻨ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﺃﺳ‪‬ﺎ ( ﻭﻟﻚ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻔﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹸ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﹶﻀ‪‬ﻠﹶﺔﹸ ﺍﳌﹸﺘ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﱢﻠﻂﹸ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞﹲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻈﻪ ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎﹰ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻛـ)‬
‫ﻗﻌﺪﺕ ﺟﻠﻮﺳﺎﹰ (‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑﺘ‪‬ﻪ ﺳﻮﻃﺎﹰ ( ) ﻓﺎﺟﻠﺪﻭﻫﻢ ﲦﺎﻧﲔ‪ ‬ﺟﻠﺪﺓﹰ ( ) ﻓﻼ ﲤﻴﻠﻮﺍ ﻛﻞﱠ‬
‫ﺍﳌﹶﻴ‪‬ﻞ ( ) ﻭﻟﻮ ﺗ‪‬ﻘﹶﻮ‪‬ﻝﹶ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ) ﻓﻜﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻏﺪﺍﹰ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹸ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﹸﻌ‪‬ﻠﱢﻞﹸ ﻟ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﺙ‪ ‬ﺷﺎﺭﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﻗﻤ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺇﺟﻼﻻﹰ ﻟﻚ (‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﹶﻘﹶﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﹸﻌ‪‬ﻠﱢﻞﹸ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻃﺎﹰ ﺟ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞﹺ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺧ‪‬ﹶﻠﻖ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻢ ( ) ﻭﺇﱐ ﻟﹶﺘ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺮﻭﻧﹺﻲ ﻟ‪‬ﺬ‪‬ﻛﹾﺮﺍﻙ‪ ‬ﻫ‪‬ﺰ‪‬ﺓﹲ ( ﻭ ) ﻓﹶﺠﹺﺌﹾﺖ‪ ‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻟ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮﻡﹴ‬
‫ﺛﻴﺎﺑ‪‬ﻬﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹸ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳ‪‬ﻠﱢﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞﹲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﺳﻢﹺ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺻ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻳﻮﻡ‪ ‬ﺍﳋﻤﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣ‪‬ﻴﻨﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﺎﹰ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻢﹺ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﻬﻢﹴ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻷَﻣﺎﻡﹺ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﻋﻜﺴِﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮﹺﻫﻦ‪‬‬
‫ﻛـ) ﻋﻨﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﻟﺪﻯ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‪ ‬ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺮﺳﺦﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹺ ﻋﺎﻣﻠ‪‬ﻪ ﻛـ) ﻗﻌﺪﺕ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﻘﹾﻌ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹸ ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﻓﹶﻀ‪‬ﻠﹶﺔﹲ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻭﹴ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺺ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﻔﻌﻞﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﹸﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺳﺮﺕ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞﹶ ( ﻭ ) ﺃﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞﹶ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ‪ ) :‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﻪ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ ﻭﺇﺗﻴﺎﻧ‪‬ﻪ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ) ﻗﻤﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﻚ ﻭﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ (‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺟﺢ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ ) :‬ﻛﻦ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻛﺎﻷﺥ (‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﺮ‪‬ﻭ (‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻭ‪‬ﺻﻒ‪ ‬ﻓﹶﻀ‪‬ﻠﹶﺔﹲ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﹺ ﻛﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺺ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﻓﺎﹰ (‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﻃﹸﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺒﹺﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺧ‪‬ﺸ‪‬ﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪‬ﻫﻢ ﳜﺮﺟﻮﻥ ( ) ﰲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀً ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻠﲔ ( ) ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻫﻠﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﺬﺭﻭﻥ ( ) ﻟ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺔﹶ ﻣﻮﺣ‪‬ﺸﺎﹰ ﻃﹶﻠﹶﻞﹲ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﻓﻀﻠﺔﹲ ﻧﻜﺮﺓﹲ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﻔﹶﺴ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﳌﺎ ﺍﻧ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻗﻮﻋ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﹺ ﻛـ) ﺟ‪‬ﺮﹺﻳﺐﹴ‬
‫ﳔﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺎﻉﹴ ﲤﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﻋﺴﻼﹰ ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ‬ﳓﻮﹺ ) ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ‬ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ‬ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺎﹰ ( ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻊﹴ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ‬ﻛﹶﻢﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻛﹶﻢ‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻠﻜﺖ‪‬؟ (‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﱪﻳﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻤﺠﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‪ ‬ﻛﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺌﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻗﹶﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ‪ ‬ﻛﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﻭ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻚ ﰲ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍ‪‬ﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻑ‪ ‬ﺟﺮ‪ ‬ﻭﻧﺼﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ‬ﻣﻔﺴ‪‬ﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻻﹰ ﻛـ) ﺍﺷﺘﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺷﻴﺒﺎﹰ ( ) ﻭﻓﺠﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻴﻮﻧﺎﹰ ( ) ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺤﻮ‪‬ﻝﹴ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﺍﻣﺘﻸ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ ﻣﺎﺀً (‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻚ ﻣﺎﻻﹰ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻣ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﻛﱢﺪﺍﻥ ﳓﻮ‪ ) ‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺜﹶﻮ‪‬ﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻔﺴﺪﻳﻦ ( ﻭﻗﻮﻟ‪‬ﻪ‪ ) :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﹰ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ) ﺑﺌﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻞﹸ ﻓﺤﻠﹸﻬﻢ ﻓﺤﻼﹰ ( ﺧﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻟ‪‬ﺴِﻴﺒ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺑـ) ﺇﻻ ( ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼﻡﹴ ﺗﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺟ‪‬ﺐﹴ ﳓﻮ ) ﻓﺸﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ (‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺏ ﺗ‪‬ﺮﺟ‪‬ﺢ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝﹸ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﳓﻮ ) ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﻩ ﺇﻻ ﻗﻠﻴﻞﹲ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﲏ ﲤﻴﻢﹴ ‪ -‬ﻭﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺯﻳﲔ ‪ -‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻣﺎ ﳍﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻈﻦ (‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ‪ ‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ ) :‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﱄ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺁﻝﹶ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺷﻴﻌﺔﹲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﱄ ﺇﻻ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‪ ‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،( ‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻣ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﹲ ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣ‪‬ﻔﹶﺮ‪‬ﻏﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺑـ) ﻏﲑ ﻭﺳﻮﻯ ( ﺧﺎﻓ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺑ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﺑﺈﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﺑـ) ﺧﻼ ﻭﻋﺪﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺎﺷﺎ ( ﻧﻮﺍﺻﺐ‪ ‬ﻭﺧﻮﺍﻓﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺑـ) ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼ ( ﻭﺑـ) ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ( ﻭ ) ﻟﻴﺲ ( ﻭ ) ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ( ﻧﻮﺍﺻﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﳜﻔﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺇﻣﺎ ﲝﺮﻑ‪ ‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ - ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀُ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢ ﻭﻏﲑﹺﻩ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳐﺘﺺ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺭ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺬﹾ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺬﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻭﻭﺍﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢﹺ ﻭﺗﺎﺅ‪‬ﻩ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﻢﹴ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻛـ) ﻏﻼﻡﹺ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻭ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ﻛـ) ﺧﺎﰎﹺ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻛـ) ﻣﻜﺮﹺ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞﹺ ( ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔﹰ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻛـ) ﺑﺎﻟﻎﹶ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻣﻌﻤﻮﺭﹺ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﹺ ( ﻭ )‬
‫ﺣﺴﻦﹺ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‪ ( ‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔﹰ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗ‪‬ﺠﺎﻣ‪‬ﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﹸ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻧﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﺗﺎﻟﻴﺔﹰ ﻟﻺﻋﺮﺍﺏﹺ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﻝ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ) ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺑﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺑﻮ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺏ‪ ‬ﺭﺃﺱﹺ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻞﹺ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺏﹺ ﻏﻼﻣ‪‬ﻪ‪.( ‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞﹸ ﻋ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻞﹶ ﻓﻌﻠ‪‬ﻪ ﺳﺒﻌﺔﹲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛـ) ﻫﻴﻬﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭ‪‬ﻱ‪ ( ‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺑ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﺳﻜﺖ ﻭﺃﹶﻋ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺬﹶﻑ‪ ‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺄﹶﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭ) ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﷲِ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ( ﻣ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺄﹶﻭ‪‬ﻝﹲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﱪﺯ ﺿﻤﲑ‪‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺰ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏﹺ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﹺﻲ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﳓﻮ )‬
‫ﺤﻤ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﳛﻲ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ‪ ‬ﺗ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ ‬ﻛﻀ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺏﹴ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻛﺮﺍﻡﹴ ﺇﹺﻥﹾ ﺣ‪‬ﻞﱠ ﻣ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﻠﱠﻪ‪ ‬ﻓﻌﻞﹲ ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻥﹾ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﻐ‪‬ﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻣ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻣ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻌﻮﺗﺎﹰ ﻗﺒﻞﹶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞﹺ ﻭﻻ ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝﹺ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻋﻤﺎﻟﹸﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﺩ‪‬ﻓﹾﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻠـﻪ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ( ‬ﻭﻗﻮﻝﹺ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪ ) :‬ﺃﻻ ﺇﻥ ﻇﹸﻠﹾﻢ‪ ‬ﻧﻔﺴِﻪ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺮﺀُ ﺑ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻧﺎﹰ ﺃﹶﻗﹾﻴ‪‬ﺲ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﻭ ﺇﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺫﻱ ﻣ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻐ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺔ‪‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺎﹰ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﹺﺄﹶﻝﹾ ﺷﺎﺫﱞ ﳓﻮ ) ﻋﺠ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻕﹺ ﺍﳌﺴﻲﺀَ ﺇﻟﹶﻬ‪‬ﻪ‪ ) ( ‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻗﱢﻲ‪ ‬ﻇﹶﻬ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﻛﺒ‪‬ﻪ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞﹺ ﻛﻀﺎﺭﺏﹴ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻜﹾﺮﹺﻡﹴ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻝ ﻋ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻞﹶ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳎﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﺒﺸﺮﻃﲔﹺ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺣﺎﻻﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻻﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‪‬ﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﻲﹴ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻣ‪‬ﺨ‪‬ـﺒ‪‬ﺮﹴ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭ ) ﺑﺎﺳﻂﹲ ﺫﺭﺍﻋ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻪ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝﹺ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻜ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﺎﺋ‪‬ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ) ﺧ‪‬ﺒﹺـﲑ‪ ‬ﺑ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻮ ﻟﹶﻬ‪‬ﺐﹴ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘﹺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑﹺ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪‬ﻩ ﺧﺒﲑ‪ ‬ﻛﻈﻬﲑﹴ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻸَﺧ‪‬ﻔﹶﺶﹺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝﹸ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺣ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻝﹶ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞﹴ ﺇﱃ ﻓﹶﻌ‪‬ﺎﻝﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻓﹶﻌ‪‬ﻮﻝﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻣ‪‬ﻔﹾﻌ‪‬ﺎﻝﹴ ﺑﹺﻜﹶﺜﹾﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﹶﻌ‪‬ﻴﻞﹴ ﺃﻭ ﻓﹶﻌ‪‬ﻞﹴ ﺑﻘ‪‬ﻠﱠﺔ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ )‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﻓﺄﻧﺎ ﺷ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﺏ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﹾﻤ‪‬ﻔﹾﻌ‪‬ﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻭﺏﹴ ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻜﹾﺮ‪‬ﻡﹴ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻠ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﹾﻤ‪‬ﺸ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻬ‪‬ﺔﹸ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﹾﻤ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺪ‪ِ‬ﻱ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﹾﻤ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﻮﻏﹶﺔﹸ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﺴ‪‬ﻦﹴ ﻭﻇﹶﺮﹺﻳﻒ‪ ‬ﻭﻃﺎﻫ‪‬ﺮﹴ ﻭﺿﺎﻣ‪‬ﺮﹴ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﹸﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺮﻓﹶﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋ‪‬ﻠ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻹِﺑ‪‬ﺪﺍﻝﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻨﺼ‪‬ﺐ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﹺﻴﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹺ ﺑﻪ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺘﻌﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ ،-‬ﻭﳜﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﹶﻛﹾﺮ‪‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺴﺘ‪‬ﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﹺﻤ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﹶﻴ‪‬ﻔﹾﺮ‪‬ﺩ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺬﹶﻛﱠﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﻝ ﻓﻴﻄﺎﺑﹺﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﳌﻌ‪‬ﺮﹺﻓﹶﺔ‪ ‬ﻓﻮﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝﹶ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍﹰ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺤ‪‬ﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊﹺ‪ :‬ﻳ‪‬ﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﲬﺴﺔﹲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﻭﻝﹸ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻳﹺﻦ‪ ‬ﻟ‪‬ﻠﹶﻔﻆ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﺡ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺫﻡ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺣ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻨﻌﻮﺗ‪‬ﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺇﻥ ﺭ‪‬ﻓﹶﻊ‪ ‬ﺿﻤﲑﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮﺍﹰ ﺗ‪‬ﺒﹺﻊ‪ ‬ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻓﺮﻋ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻛﺎﻟﻔ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺴﻦ )‬
‫ﺟﺎﺀﱐ ﺭﺟﻞﹲ ﻗﻌﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﻏﻠﻤﺎﻧ‪‬ﻪ ( ﰒ ) ﻗﺎﻋﺪ‪ ( ‬ﰒ ) ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥﹶ (‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﻗﻄﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡﹺ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻓﹸﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺩ‪‬ﻋﺎﺀً‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﻌﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺼﺒﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﺪﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﹶﺫﹸﻡ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﻈﻲ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺃﺧﺎﻙ‪ ‬ﺃﺧﺎﻙ‪ ‬ﺇﻥﱠ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ﻻ ﺃﺧﺎ ﻟﻪ ( ﻭﳓﻮ ) ﺃﺗﺎﻙ‪ ‬ﺃﺗﺎﻙ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﻮﻥﹶ ﺍ‪‬ﺣﺒﺲ‪ ‬ﺍ‪‬ﺣﺒﺲ‪‬‬
‫( ﻭﳓﻮ ) ﻻ ﻻ ﺃﺑﻮﺡ ﺑﹺﺤ‪‬ﺐ ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔﹶ ﺇ‪‬ﺎ (‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ) ﺩﻛﺎﹰ ﺩﻛﺎﹰ ( ﻭ) ﺻﻔﺎﹰ ﺻﻔﺎﹰ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺓﹰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺟ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻌﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻓﹾﻌ‪‬ﻞﹴ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﹺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﹺﻜﹸﻞﱢ ﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺜﲎ‪ ‬ﺇﻥ ﲡﺰﺃ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻜﻼ ﻭﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺻﺢ‪ ‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﺍﲢﺪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺴﻨ‪‬ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻀ‪‬ﻔﹾﻦ‪ ‬ﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﱠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﲨﻊ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﲨﻌﺎﺀَ ﻭﲨﻌ‪‬ﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﱢﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﻧﻜﺮﺓﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺪﺭ ) ﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﺖ‪ ‬ﻋﺪﺓﹶ ﺣﻮﻝﹴ ﻛﻠﱢﻪ ﺭﺟﺐ‪.( ‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻄﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﳐﺼ‪‬ﺺ‪ ‬ﺟﺎﻣ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﻏﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﺆﻭﻝﹴ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺃﹸﻗﹾﺴِﻢ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﷲ ﺃﺑﻮ‬
‫ﺤﻞﱠ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﺺ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ( ‬ﻭ ) ﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﺎﺗ‪‬ﻢ‪ ‬ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‪ .( ‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌﺮ‪‬ﺏ ﺑﺪﻝﹶ ﻛﻞﱟ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞﱟ ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﳝﺘﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﺣﻼﻟﹸﻪ ﻣ‪ ‬‬
‫) ﺃﻧﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻙ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﻱ‪ ‬ﺑﺸﺮﹴ ( ﻭﻗﻮﻟ‪‬ﻪ‪ ) :‬ﺃﹶﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﹶﺧ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ‪ ‬ﴰﺲﹴ ﻭﻧﻮﻓﻼ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻄﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭﹺ ﻭﻫﻲ ﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀِ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﰒ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐﹺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﲔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻻ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭ‪ ‬ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐﹺ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﲑ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔﹶ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﳋﱪﹺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻚ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻡ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳘﺰﺓ‪ ‬ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳ‪‬ـﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺮ‪‬ﺩ‪ ‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺈ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‬
‫) ﻻ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﳚﺎﺏ ﻭ ) ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺑﻞ ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻔﹾﻲﹴ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ) ﺑﻞﹾ ( ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﺇﳚﺎﺏﹴ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝﹸ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﻼ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺘﺔﹲ‪ :‬ﺑﺪﻝﹸ ﻛﻞﱟ ﳓﻮ ) ﻣﻔﺎﺯﺍﹰ ﺣﺪﺍﺋﻖ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾﹴ ﳓﻮ )‬
‫ﻣ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻤﺎﻝﹴ ﳓﻮ ) ﻗﺘﺎﻝﹴ ﻓﻴﻪ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏﹴ ﻭﻏﻠﻂ‪ ‬ﻧﺴﻴﺎﻥ‪ ‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺗ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﻗﹾﺖ‪ ‬ﺑﺪﺭﻫﻢﹴ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭﹴ ( ﲝﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ـﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﺍﳋﻄﺈ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ‪ ‬ﻳ‪‬ﺆ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ﺚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺬﹶﻛﱠﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ) ﺳﺒﻊ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺎﻝﹴ ﻭﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔﹶ ﺃﻳﺎﻡﹴ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺸ‪‬ﺮﺓﹸ ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥﹶ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞﹲ ﻛﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ‬ﻭﺭﺍﺑﻊﹴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻔﹾﺮﺩ ﻓﺎﻋﻞﹲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳ‪‬ﻀﺎﻑ ﳌﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺷ‪‬ـﺘ‪‬ﻖ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﳌﺎ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺐ‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻧ‪‬ﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ‪ ‬ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺗﺴﻌﺔﹲ‪ ،‬ﳚﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ ) :‬ﻭﺯﻥﹸ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﱠﺐﹺ ﻋ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺔﹲ ﺗ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺮﹺﻳﻔﹸﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﻝﹲ ﻭ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺻ‪‬ﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﳉﻤﻊﹺ ﺯﹺﺩ‪ ‬ﺗﺄﻧﻴﺜﺎﹰ‬
‫( ﻛﺄﲪﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺃﲪﺮ‪ ‬ﻭﺑ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻠﹶﺒ‪‬ﻚ‪ ‬ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‪ ‬ﻭﻋ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻭﺃﹸﺧ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻭﺃﹸﺣﺎﺩ‪ ‬ﻭ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﻮﺣ‪‬ﺪ‪ ‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺩﻧﺎﻧﻴ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻭﺳﻠﻤﺎ ﻥﹶ‬
‫ﻭﺳ‪‬ﻜﹾﺮﺍﻥﹶ ﻭﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔﹶ ﻭﻃﻠﺤﺔﹶ ﻭﺯﻳﻨﺐ‪ ‬ﻭﺳ‪‬ﻠﹾﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﻭﺻﺤﺮﺍﺀَ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻓﺄﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻧﻈﲑ‪ ‬ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺣﺎﺩ‪ ‬ﻛﻞﹲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﺄﹾﺛ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﻗﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻞﱢ‬
‫ﻋ‪‬ﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻦ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔﹸ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐﹺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺠﻤﺔ ﻋ‪‬ﻠﹶﻤ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺔﹲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓﹲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ‬ﺃﺻﺎﻟﺘ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‪ ‬ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀَ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺮﻳﺎﻥﹲ ﻭﺃﺭﻣﻞﹲ ﻭﺻﻔﻮﺍﻥﹲ ﻭﺃﺭﻧﺐ‪ ‬ﺑﹺﻤ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺱﹴ ﻭﺫﻟﻴﻞﹴ ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺔﹲ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﰲ ﳓﻮ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼﻑ ﺯﻳﻨﺐ‪ ‬ﻭﺳ‪‬ﻘﹶﺮ‪ ‬ﻭﺑ‪‬ﻠﹾﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻌ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﲤﻴﻢﹴ ﺑﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﺣﺬﺍﻡﹺ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﳜﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺀٍ ﻛﺴ‪‬ﻔﹶﺎﺭﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺲﹺ ﻟ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹴ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﱂ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻇﺮﻓﺎﹰ ﻣ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻨﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺐ‪ ‬ﻟﻪ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﺎﻥ‪ ) :‬ﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﹾﻌ‪‬ﻞﹶ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃﹲ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻓﹾﻌ‪‬ﻞﹶ ﻓﻌﻞﹲ ﻣﺎﺽﹴ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﹸﻪ‬
‫ﺿﻤﲑ‪ ‬ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔﹸ ﺧﱪ‪ ‬ﻣﺎ؛ ﻭ ) ﺃﹶﻓﹾﻌ‪‬ﻞﹾ ﺑﹺﻪ‪ ( ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﹾﻌ‪‬ﻠﹶﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﻠﹸﻪ ﺃﹶﻓﹾﻌ‪‬ﻞﹶ ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺻﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺃﹶﻏﹶﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﲑ‪ ( ‬ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺻﺎﺭ ﺫﺍ ﻏﹸﺪ‪‬ﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆﹸ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﹺﻳﺪ‪‬ﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀُ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻓﹶﻤ‪‬ﻦ‪ ‬ﺛﹶﻢ‪‬‬
‫ﻟﺰﻣﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻔﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳ‪‬ـﺒ‪‬ﲎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐﹺ ﻭﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ﻓﻌﻞﹴ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﺜﹾﺒ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﹺﺕ‪ ‬ﺗﺎﻡ‪ ‬ﻣﺒﲏ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞﹺ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﻢ‪ ‬ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻌﻞﹶ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪ ‬ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺼﺢﹺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮﹺ ﺭﲪﺔ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﳍﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮﹺ ﻗﺎﺽﹴ ﺭﻓﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﺟﺮﺍﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺬﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮﹺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ( ﻭﳓﻮﹺ ) ﻟﹶﻨ‪‬ﺴ‪‬ﻔﹶﻌﺎﹰ ( ﻭ ) ﺭﺃﻳﺖ‪ ‬ﺯﻳﺪﺍﹰ ( ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ‪‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻜﺘ‪‬ﱭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗ‪‬ﻜﺘ‪‬ﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻭﹺ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻛـ) ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ (‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﻛـ) ﺯﻳﺪ‪ ‬ﻳﺪﻋﻮ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺮﺳ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﻳﺎﺀً ﺇﻥ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔﹶ ﻛـ) ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻄﻔﻰ ( ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻠﹸﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀُ ﻛـ) ﺭﻣﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ‬
‫(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻟﻔﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻛـ) ﻋﻔﺎ ( ﻭ ) ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻜﺸﻒ ﺃﻣﺮ‪ ‬ﺃﻟﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻛـ) ﺭﻣﻴ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﻭﻋﻔﻮ‪‬ﺕ‪ ،( ‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢﹺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔﹶ ﻛﻌ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﻮ‪‬ﻳ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﻭﻓﹶﺘ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ـﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞﹲ‪ :‬ﳘﺰﺓﹸ ﺍﺳﻢﹴ ﺑﹺﻜﹶﺴ‪‬ﺮﹴ ﻭﺿ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺳ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺍ‪‬ﺑﻦﹴ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺑ‪‬ﻨﹺﻢﹴ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺑﻨﺔ‪ ‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻣﺮﺉﹴ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻣﺮﺃﺓ‪ ‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺜﹾﻨﹺﻴ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻬﹺﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺛﹾﻨ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺛﹾﻨ‪‬ﺘ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﹶﻟﻐﻼﻡﹺ‬
‫ﻭﺍﹶﻳ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻦﹺ ﺍﷲِ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﰲ ﺍﹶﻳ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﻦﹺ‪ :‬ﳘﺰﺓﹸ ﻭﺻﻞﹴ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ ‬ﺗﺜﺒ‪‬ﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀً ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺬﹶﻑ ﻭﺻﻼﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﳘﺰﺓﹸ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﹺﺯﹺ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔﹶ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺍ‪‬ﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣ‪‬ﺮﹺﻩ‪ ‬ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭﹺﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺮﹺ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛـ) ﺍﹸﻗﺘ‪‬ﻞﹾ‬
‫ﻭﺍﹸﻏﹾﺰ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﹸﻏﹾﺰﹺﻱ ( ﺑﻀﻤﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ) ﺍ‪‬ﺿﺮﹺﺏ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻣﺸ‪‬ﻮﺍ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺫﻫ‪‬ﺐ‪ ( ‬ﺑﻜﺴﺮﹴ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍﻗﻲ‪.‬‬
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