Unit-3
Pose
T q c y 'Ocderd sets Consîde a relatuon R on aLet
S satieting ihe folouirg. properties
ie xR% for Kes
R1s qlexive ever
K ' s antisymme tr'c , îie 4 %Ry and y Rx ahen z=}
8) R 1s tvansitive. ie xRy and yRe then zkz.
nen R i called a pqual ovclen velatio and the sets
0gethes wth paztiab ovcder called a pialut oydered
Ser or POSET and s clenotiol by (S,)
EX-The SetN o nalurau no. kovm a poset wnde
zhoelalion ' beeaueo rsty 1s*, secondly
s y Cuno y $ Ahern ue kave i - ¢ arnol eas
and for alb X}, zEN
sy ye 2, ?t implie& d_z
Element P5E
) maxinia olcrnent An element a eA calued a
maximat elemont on A there le
no elemons a CnA ucH th ad ag C
s-
beA a mnimau
2) minimal elemd 4n elemont fe called.
elomon A ls no elornont
eh 1 dhoe
csb.
CnA such
O
maxinal- b,d
.mininal - e,f
maximal- 4
minimal-
COnyunable. eltnmcnt
Considen an ovdeed sed A Tuwo elomon alb A
ne called. y SO
tompqcuble ih
asb er bs a
Relatien Relation
NO Conpccuble elcmo/ns
consiolw an ovreo set A. Tuw elemantt alb e
ane caled nan sat
a <b or
comparable {neitner b< a.
ex Considur A
,2,3,5,6,10, 15, 30s odecol b
divisibi.doimîno Qll
the comparable, and
non-Lompozüble pais oh elemonTi oh A.
Compurobleelomonts
$L21,3) (L5)
(1,6)(Lio)
C2,6) (2,10) ( 2,30)} (1,i5)U,30)}
(3,6) Cs,5) (330)
45,10) C5,'5)(S,30) f
(6,30) 0,36) (1S,3o) }
NOn connpenahle eloman g-
SC2,3) C2, s) (2,15) 3,5}
(6,15) ( 10,15) (310X 5,6)C6,) o)
Hasse dYanau
mepre2ntiuon The
is a gcphica
dsse diagram Cet ( poset)
elaments on a pasiallt odertd
atOn c daaun
oentation. A Point ts
n împlied upoard. wMh
for 0ch eomend e he
(poset) and. jotna
D
2n n0. Segmornt accovding To tho Follouwing niles 3-
poset, inan h o poïnt cYrespondmg
Ps în tha he
ower în t h e than poins
TO
p ape0s drawîng
COYespordng. to G
Line s9rman
The tuwo poini pand 9 wft befoînco by
t is velatacl to
Ser must
Nole - O drauw aa HaSe diag vam, p»ovicled
be a POSET.
DCLL
Hasse liaqaaoo({3,4, 12, 211, 48,72 }, )
fncd Poset for t h e operatien 7/', divisiblit.
A (3,12)( 24) ( 3482( 3 72) (4, 12) (, 24)C, 18)
(,12) C12, 24) ( 12,48) (12,72) (24,48)( 24, 72) jg
24
Daw Hasse roY
df agrag (Di2,/)
Hene Da means s o Pos7tie. fntegers diisors of 12.
DI2 ,,3,4,6, 127
(2,1(2,)
Poset A
,2) (L3) ( 1,4),06)Cyn2)
(2,10) ( 3,6)C 3,12)(i,12)(6,9J
12
Minimal - 1
Maximal- 12
Rst elemont t2 C)reatst)
Last L e a s r - 1
8,212,18 o lalon
Su s=,2,34,6, /9
18
minimal- 1
Maximal - 8&12,18
rst-
LAst NO elemont,
n d Louer Boundg
Upper 8ouno
bo a poset. 4Lo 4CS, An elmt
Ler (S S)
bue A w
1es 9s aaLo uPper b0Luna o ?f
A Or 1f eveny elunenr
-re eds een eL
VeA.
towe bound
LeS s called h e
"uay an elomenr
A he y vy EA.
A 4 prececlos evong elomanr în
NO upper bound
for Suhset A- $3,1 1lowe bound
foT Subsed A = 6upper bourd
$1,2,3 1 l0wen b0Lnd
l0uer
boncl (Supremum) and Gg realest
Least upper
bound C intmum)
a Suubset a odertd. sek S,thon
A Ts oh patua lly
9h
eleont s calleo a teast upper beund ( Aub))
aun g eS
OY up emum A1
kound
1s an upper o A
) ie f
w s an yppes bound oA
s w whenever
bounol o A. 9 fs denokd
othr upper
preCeds vent
Callec a lower
an elument ?ES 2 9reatiut
Cimilar
bouind.gtb or nmurn oA
f6 a lauer ounc eA
l) s i uhenevtr i s a lLower beuhd ch a t.e isucceds
cueny ohor douks teurd oj A. elenottel by înfCA)
POet s =S1,2,3,'),5, 6,7,8} and poatial ovder
elatib dofineel as (less than or cqual to)
ACS and. A= 2,,5,6} Knd 2
'uppes 10uer bounc
SupCA) and. 9nhA).
3
2
upper bound =
6, 2,8
uuer b0und- 1,2.
= 6
SupCA) 9nA) -2
C FHno Un uppUs 2 l0uer
Ound n bunola , Suupremmum
um c a st A
a $ 4,6, 12 hich is
suubstd c c poscF S =
, re relaun R 234,9, 6,8,1, 12, 18, 24
Also dhaw Ts
9ven bu
Hase meang ly
cliagva.
poser s
0,2)0,3) C,4)
CyS)U,6)CL6)C°)C12)
CL18C24) C2,4) (2,6) ( 2,8)C2, 12) C2,18
(4,6) (2,249(,YO,12)18)(3,24)
C6 lb) C6,249& (4, 12) (4,21)
2)C18)C 12,21)}
8
A-,6,2
tupper buund = 12,2
OueboLund 2
bouund =
freilesr loue onh lA)
= 1 12
east uppes büund, Sup(A)
abouc Cxam plt. has 1he subse A 3,4,6
s 12
ae 12,29 Supt A)
p e b0Lund
louer bOLund Qe 1
A= 2,6}
Fo sth su 12 SupA )= 6
bound va 6, 8,21
uphe
o e r b0LLnd Sh(A)
Daau Ho sse. cdiag h POsc ( S,<) where.
i4
,36224,36} anou xsy X|
n ACNa)
(avb) ACb VC)
bvc) nC C VaJ j v b ALC bvt) ACCaa)]}
anlt
a CbvJ v [CbnCbV) nCCva)J
ACCva)
bs ovpuGn
tanCbVo)J VL baCcvaj
C(anbv (anc) v [Cbanc) v(bA))
C a a ) v (aAc) v( bAc)
Latticeg
Un Tem3 poscd- A eatlte Y2
a posat (L<)
whlch u b s a, b}
a
COnsistirg e tuo elomori hca even
cot
L
C pdemum and a uppor bcund ( ut)
loues
mmunm. Supremum ealut
ov lub
koune(glb) G
o The Subst
dunoteol by avb anel Ys called (a,b) i
mum or
he
join oh a and b.
dno gtb en ihe subse
nb and,
Sa,b} e denesc ay
a
4s catled The moes and b.
(10 tems q
algcalc shmuctuoc2 Led L bo a non
undir Two empt ser clca@d
binar oporattons donoleol v
and by calladujo0)
a(calued, meok). Then L 0r
(L,^, v) 2 C
the oxtoma atte
fotlowirg are
. COmmuutive.
sat'sfed. e,b,cEL
a vb bva
CAAb = bna
2. Associ ative. avb-Lumob
avCbvc) Cawb) vcb= Gco(96
anbac) a b ) nc
Absopion a
aav b) = a
a vCa Ab) = a
NOa Latfce
a Aattice
mplalc Latuce- Atl Subsets on a posos have ajun
and meed, Such as The divisi bi u
TeLauon for i n naluYa no. os t h e pouwer set* i t h ho
9ubset selalion
A partially ovctoyed. set L , S) L called. a compla lo
Letute L has a bound
heert Substt M eh Aeast upfper
and a toues
9veatest bund
~
L f8 Calleda bounded
BOtLndecl lattice A Latlu'ce
elument 1
Lattice if f+ hae greatist
ound a lecgt elomené O.
REX-
Le a E L hO)
= 1
Aa aAI =a |Va - qvi
Complenuitecd Lattice suppoLe. (L, $ ) tA a boundad
Lattice qveatost elenmont1
elomons b is called
Qnd least elomond O. es a b e L, An
a it
a commplLmernt o
and. a vb:
aAb O
safd to be omplemened
A bouncle.o Latifice (L,<) i2
a complemoi.
elomont mL hag
ever
E-D30)
15 22,30>1
596, 6>b, l03,
30, 2>1SP>10,
2VIS LCm(2,15) : 30 sV6 =Cm (5,6)
30
2A1S C,DC 2,15) 1 SA6 GCO ES,6)
a
1atHice. (L, S) is Cal ed
Lattkc -A elernont
Moculay for any
modu tar i
sause
L the folowng popry
a,b andc. in v)nb
a v(cAb)= a
aSb implies
ana
SO
elominli a. 1,
compgrable
CUnider Awo
elenent
takingthivd
S I , by
sIav(bA1)=
aVb)n 2
distibutie
butñe jattte - A latlice L fs called
DYst eltrrenTe ab,c eL
fer any
1
he dRtribulie proposuies ave, satish'a.
foilouing.
y anlbve) = (an)vCan)
2)vCbnc) =@vb) A(avc)
net these properiies Lhen Yd i2
Ih L oLCLs satishy
dfstibïuve.
a L c to be non
boc lean Agebru
A Goolean aigebr ig an alpbrCHC Shncuure whih
oensists c non ernpy gut6, equipped, wth wo binay
rOCAations ( denoltol by V and A ey t cund o *and o)
ne wnamt eporauor (deroltd by /) wnih sa ticfy The
Calloin4 SIA
LLS FOT alvaue oa,b,c ¬B.
cloEU re e- avb o a+b e V a,bE 8
o
N
a +Ca.b) = a
Absoptien lauo
Catb) =a
Involution law (a''a
5) De-mogans lauw a +b)= a ' . b
(a.b)' = a'+b'
hce a eoolcay
thrd in alqcbacu C* )
b+ b. c+ C.a (at (6tC) C t )
a tb)Cb+c) .CC+a)
(a+b) LC c+).(c+a)J (comm utcative)
atb)L C+ b.
Cdistibutive)
aC+b.c +a.Cb a)+ b(bia) C
a C+b.c + (a a).b + (b.b).a commututive
CAssod t i ve)
CC+ b:C +Q b+ b.a
O b.C + C a
Cabtb.a= a.b)
(a+b).(a'+c) =a'.b +a.c
(a+b)(a'tC)
(a+b) o+a tb) c CDtbutåe)
q.a+oa'.b+ a.C tb.
Ota'b+a.Ctb.c
alb taC+ bic 1
abtact bic(at a)
a'b+a.Ctb.cC.a t b.c.q
C tbC.a +a'btb. Ca agcociative)
+
6
=
1,X2, 13, xu) * +(a2.Cartr4)+
3 (+a))
EStCn ogiven eoolean
equlvten: DiSLnctive No
ExPrezsTo
or
htduuc Canonical tom mal Ferm Sun
(2+y') (7+z)
s +a':z) (y*z)
T. tx.z' +y'z +zz
7 . t z.z' t z.y:y'+.z.z
2.t X.2 + z.0 +'o 0)
tz'+0+ o
) + z.z',
=
7.CzTz') +
.z'C}+})
2y2' +tz+y.z
+
Z 7.y.z + y'.z
prentaton easlean edpre2sion Uogh SurtChy
CvcuuG
Here or A shall lenala a connoction eh susttch
m safes and +
V ¢hau
repre2er ihe connectien
Suftche în pavcullel. The stpmbel / denotis muerson
r Cormplemen taton i.e if dendlts en C+ati -ihen
x Shal olonot stat ch tha soitth z and vice
versa
Ex DYaw Tho civcut
veprLUTEol oy the potynomiab.
albtctd) + clet+)J
tom
d c e i t ndo a siplifed
erNalan o a gien
îrso a smAUfed
the f e l a 2 9 cceiYtr
nepescns
crruit can he eprsenleod ca-
) z + (aty) -(zt)
4ter simpLifRcatian:
z + (y.z)»z t 2 t z Cay ldernporne
and asso cYatihe
laud)
Xz +y z t * a z a ta= a)
.2 t .|
ty Z
-(zt) +4 zZ
+2
LCge ales
A AND gole
V OR gde
to wpresend tha. follouirg
D r a w the tagic chcait
epyeLsion
lagie
avdvc)JAb
an[(bvd)v( cn(
f(a,bc,d)=
C Cav dvc an
vd')vCcacavdul
1,2,5,7,,9,10, 13,1
=
Sm(o, we dhaw
KmapP F(A,B,c,D) vgiables so
has 4
boolean enpr¬adom
aven
4x4Kmcy (Ab+A) (e'D +cD)
A oO 01 +(+A'etAe+ A
c'D
oo T(AlB'+Aa')
Ce'pltcb)
D t c'o +p'D
