g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; M ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx?

-
s[i0f 1 jfnL
!= ljifo k|j]z
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng u/L
pTkflbt dfn;fdfgsf] 3/]n' ahf/df ul/g] cf];f/–k;f/ tyf laqmL–ljt/0f / afXo ahf/df
ul/g] lgof{taf6 ;/sf/sf] s/ tyf u}/s/ /fh:jdf j[l4, ljb]zL d'b|fsf] cfh{g tyf ;l~rlt,
/f]huf/L ;[hgf / hgtfsf] cfDbfgLdf clej[l4 eO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] lj:tf/df ;3fp
k'Ub5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf] v'b /fli6«o cfDbfgL a9\g uO{ cfGtl/s art b/df j[l4 x'g hfG5
/ ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf yk sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n]
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] rrf{ ubf{ b'O{j6f kIfdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .
klxnf], lghL If]qsf] ;lqmotf / cu'jfOdf 7"nf tyf demf}nf k|s[ltsf pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf /
;~rfng, h;df ;/sf/n] gLltut, sfg'gL, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;xhLs/0f u5{ . bf];|f],
;/sf/sf] ;lqmo kxn / nufgL ;d]tdf ;fgf, 3/]n' tyf n3' pBd Joj;fosf] k|j4{g,
:yfkgf / lj:tf/ h;df ænlIft ju{Æ -u/La, c;xfo, ljkGg, pk]lIft, lk5l8Psf / k5fl8
kfl/Psf ;LdfGtLs[t, ljz]iftM dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / dw]zL ;d'bfo_ sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf
/xG5 . g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 cfly{s–;dflhs–/fhgLlts kl/j]zsf k[i7e"lddf s'/f ubf{ g]kfnsf]
pBf]u If]q oL b'O{j6f v'§fdf pleP/ lx8\g ;Sof] eg] dfq ;dtfd"ns cfly{s ;d[l4sf]
uGtJodf k'Ug ;kmn x'g]5, gq eg] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; c;dfg, PsfËL / lje]bd"ns
x'g]5 / wgL / u/La, zxl/of / ufpFn], 7"nf / ;fgf, ;DkGg / ljkGg, lzlIft / clzlIft
larsf] vf8n emg\–emg\ ulxl/+b} hfg]5 .
g]kfn d"ntM kj{tLo b]z ePsfn] oxfFsf] e"–w/ftn 7"nf–7"nf pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
cg's"n 5}g eGg] ;'lgG5 . s]xL xb;Dd Tof] ;xL klg 5 . sl7g / cgltqmDo kj{tdfnf
Pjd\ ljifd w/ftnsf sf/0f Psftkm{ ;8s, ljB't\, b"/;+rf/, kfgL h:tf pBf]u ;~rfngsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fylds ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;xh 5}g eg] csf{lt/ g]kfnsf]
ef}uf]lns agf]6 dfq geO{ oxfFsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f, kof{j/0fLo ljlzi6tf / h}ljs
ljljwtfsf sf/0f jg, jg:klt tyf jGohGt'sf] hu]gf{, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug'{klg TolQs}
h?/L 5 . pBf]u–wGbfsf nflu pko'Qm hdLgsf] pknAwtf Pp6f 68\sf/f] ;d:ofsf ?kdf
b]vf k/]sf] 5 / To;sf/0f w]/}h;f] pBf]ux¿ dw]z–t/fOsf ;dy/ hdLgdf hËn kmfF8]/ jf
ktL{ jf s[lifof]Uo hdLg g} df;]/ ePklg vf]Ng / rnfpgkg]{ afWotf 5 . pTkfbg;Fu
hf]l8Psf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf] pknAwtfsf ;d:of t 5Fb}5g\, c;xh >d ;DaGw,
/fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f nufgL–cd}qL jftfj/0f, cfGtl/s ahf/sf] ckof{Kttf, afXo
ahf/df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cefj, u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fdf ;d:of, pTkfbgsf] dxFuf] nfut
h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf 7"N7"nf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]uwGbfx?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf]
cj:yf vf; pT;fxhgs 5}g .

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;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
1
 ;d:of / r'gf}tL lar klg g]kfndf pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;sf k|jn ;Defjgfx¿ g/x]sf eg]
xf]Ogg\ . g]kfn k|fs[lts tyf h}ljs ;Dkbfdf cToGt wgL 5 . hn;|f]t, jg tyf jg:klt,
vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{ / s[lifhGo j:t'x?sf] k|r'/tf g]kfndf 5 . hnjfo'sf] ljljwtf
oxfFsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . Psfw 306fsf] 8«fOesf] b"/Ldf oxfF ;dzLtf]i0faf6 zLt jf
pi0f hnjfo' km]nf kb{5 . To;}u/L oxfFFsf] ;fdflhs /xg–;xg Pjd\ lzi6tf, ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbf / P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf sf/0fn];d]t g]kfn ko{6sx?sf nflu cfsif{s
/ lk|o uGtJo:ynsf ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . oL ;a} cj;/x?n] g]kfndf pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;sf]
;Defjgfsf] åf/ vf]Ng ;lsg] tYonfO{ phfu/ ub{5g\ .
;Defjgf / cj;/x?nfO{ oyfy{df ;fsf/ kfg{sf nflu ;/sf/, lghL If]q / ;d'bfo oL
tLg}y/L ldn]/ ;xsfo{ ug{ h?/L 5 . o;lglDt /fHosf] gLlt tbg'?k nlIot x'g'k5{,
;/sf/n] To;sf] s8f / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ / lghL If]q / ;d'bfon] To;df
;3fpg'k5{ .
@= /fli6«o cy{tGqdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg
x'gt s]xL ;dootf d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf qmlds pknlAwsf s]xL ;sf/fTds ;+s]tx¿ b]vf
k/]sf 5g\, t/ pknlAwsf] :t/ / ult eg] ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . vf;u/L pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg
lbgfg'lbg vl:sbf] 5 . s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg (GDP) df pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg ljut Ps
bzsdf psfnf] nfUg'sf] ;§f qmdzM cf]/fnf] nfUb} uPsf] 5 . -x]g'{xf];\ tnsf] tflnsf_ .
s"n ufX{:Yo pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg
cfly{s jif{ of]ubfg -k|ltztdf_
@)^)÷^! !^=*
@)^!÷^@ !^=^
@)^@÷^# !^=@
@)^#÷^$ !^=!
@)^$÷^% !^=@
@)^%÷^^ !%=#
@)^^÷^& !$=^
@)^&÷^* !$=(
@)^*÷^( !$=#
@)^(÷&) !$=$
@)&)÷&! !$=!
;|f]t M ljleGg jif{sf cfly{s ;j]{If0fx?, cy{ dGqfno .

ptf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] j[l4b/ klg ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . cf=j= )^(.&) df #=&@Ü /x]sf] of] j[l4b/
cf=j= )&).&! df @=&Ü df cf]n]{sf] 5 . o;df ljB't,\ UofF;, kfgL, vfgL, lgdf{0f If]q ;a} ;dfj]z
ePsfn] olt;Dd b]lvPsf] xf] . o; cGtu{tsf] pTkfbgd"ns If]q -Manufacturing Sector) sf]
dfq j[l4b/sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] t emg} bogLo 5 -dfq !=*^Ü_ .
2
s'g}klg d'n'sdf pBf]u If]qsf] OHht wfGg] eg]sf] pTkfbgd"ns If]qn] xf], h;sf sf/0f
/f]huf/L l;h{gf, cfDbfgL j[l4, gfkmf cfh{g / lgof{t j[l4 eO{ cfly{s j[l4df of]ubfg k'U5 .
t/ r'lnFbf] pmhf{ ;+s6sf sf/0f pTkfbg nfutdf j[l4, c;xh >d ;DaGw, k"jf{wf/
ljsf;sf] ckof{Kttf, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;/sf/sf] lg/Gt/ km]/abn, l;l08s]6 /
sf6]{ln+usf ;d:of, gLltut, sfg'gL, ;+:yfut, k|lqmofut Pjd\ sd{rf/Lsf cfr/0fut /
dgf]j[lQsf ;d:ofsf sf/0f pTkfbgd"ns If]q kmi6fpg kfO/x]sf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ Jofkf/
3f6f eofjx ?kdf csfl;+bf] 5 . cf=j= )&).&! sf] k|yd cf7 dlxgfsf] tYof°nfO{ cfwf/
dfGbf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f ?= #=(& va{ k'u]sf] 5 . pQm cjlwdf xfdLn] hDdf ?= ^)=(
ca{sf] dfq lgof{t u¥of}+ eg] ?= $=%* va{sf] cfoft u¥of}+, h;dWo] em08} ?= ! va{sf] t
xfdLn] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{dfq} cfoft u¥of}+ . ha pTkfbg g} x'Fb}g eg] lgof{t s;/L x'g] <
g]kfnsf] cy{tGq l5d]sL b]zx¿ ef/t / rLgsf] t'ngfdf s]/fpsf] u]8fhq} 5 . cf=j= )^(.&)
df g]kfnsf] s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] /sd ?= !&=%& va{ lyof] eg] clxn] -cf=j= )&).&! df_
@ va{ ylkO{ ?= !(=^& va{ k'u]sf] 5, hals ef/tsf] Ps cf=j=sf] ah]6 dfq} ef=?= !&( va{
-cd]l/sL 8n/ #)! lalnog_ 5 . ljZj a}+ssf] kl5Nnf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ef/t cd]l/sf /
rLgkl5 hfkfgnfO{;d]t pl5Gb} ljZjs} t];|f] 7"nf] cy{tGq -:yfgLo qmozlQm cyf{t
Purchasing Power Parity – PPP sf cfwf/df) sf ?kdf :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . rLgsf] t
emg\ s] s'/f ug'{, cd]l/sfkl5 ljZjs} bf];|f] 7"nf] / Plzofsf] klxnf] 7"nf] cy{tGqsf ?kdf
rLg :yflkt eO;s]s} 5 .
olt 7'nf] cfsf/ / kl/df0fsf] cy{tGq af]s]sf l5d]sLx?sf aLrdf a;]/ klg To;sf] ;d'lrt
nfe p7fpg g;Sg' g]kfnsf] b'ef{Uo xf] . g]kfnsf] pTkfbg u'0f:t/Lo / k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g
;Sof] eg] ahf/ vf]Hg cGt st} hfg} gkg]{ ;f}efUo g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt 5 . rLg / ef/tsf
em08} # cj{ pkef]Qmfdfem xfd|f j:t' / ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ x'g ;Sof] eg] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqn]
l5d]sLx?sf] ;d[l4sf] ;xL cy{df nfef+z k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf s]xL cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfTds sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ . k|rlnt ahf/ d"Nodf
aNnaNn ? &!,#)%.–-cd]/sL 8n/ &!&_ k|ltJolQm cf};t jflif{s cfDbfgL k'u]sf] g]kfndf
cfkm} klg @#=* k|ltzt hgtf -s/La ^) nfv_ sf] af:tljs cfDbfgL eg] jif{sf] @) xhf/
klg 5}g . To;}n] pgLx¿ æu/Lasf] /]vfd'lgÆ afFr]sf 5g\ . ljZj a}+sn] cfDbfgLdf cfwfl/t
u/LaLsf] kl/efiff ubf{ Ps lbgdf cd]l/sL 8n/ !=@% eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] AolQmnfO{ æclt
u/LaÆ eg]sf] 5, h;nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf b]zut d'b|fsf] qmozlQm (PPP) sf cfwf/df
g]kfndf jflif{s s/La ?= @) xhf/sf] /]vf sf]l/Psf] 5, h'g cfkm}df xf:o:kb 5 . To;}u/L,
u/La / wgLsf aLrsf] vf8n, h;nfO{ dfkg ug]{ ;"qnfO{ Gini Coefficient elgG5, Tof] emg\–
emg\ a9]sf] 5 . -kl5Nnf] tYof° cg';f/ xfn g]kfnsf] Gini Coefficient pkef]usf] vr{
cfwf/df )=#@* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5, h'g ;+;f/s} pRrtddf k5{_
g]kfndf art b/ Hofb} Go"g 5, h;n] ubf{ cfDbfgLsf] clwstd lx:;f pkef]udf uPsf] 5,
art / nufgLdf uPsf] 5}g . cf=j= )&).&! sf] cfFs8fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf s"n ufX{:Yo
pTkfbgsf] hDdf *=( k|ltzt dfq g]kfnsf] cf};t artb/ 5, h;sf] cy{ g]kfnLx¿ ?= !))
cfDbfgLdf ?= *=() dfq art u5{g\, afFsL ?= (!=!) pkef]udf vr{ u/]/ l;WofpF5g\ eGg]
x'G5 . o;af6 nufgLdf k"FhL k'Ub}g, / nufgLsf nflu k"FhL lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g .

3
 nufgLsf nflu cfjZos k"FhLsf] of] Go"gtfnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ Psftkm{ g]kfnLx?sf] art b/df j[l4
ug'{, pgLx?nfO{ pkef]udf eGbf pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfkdf nufgL ug{ k|]l/t ug'{, a}+sdf
/x]sf] lgIf]k -art_ nfO{ a9LeGbf j9L cfly{s a[l4 / /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf sf/s pBd–
Joj;fox?sf] ljsf;df kl/rfng ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' h:tf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ x'G5
eg] csf{tkm{ ljb]zL nufgLstf{x?nfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ x/t/xaf6 pTk|]l/t / k|f]T;flxt
ug'{k5{ . o;lglDt ljb]zL nufgL gLltnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfO{ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
tT;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;fdlos kl/dfh{g, nufgLd}qL ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, k|lsofsf] ;/nLs/0f /
;+If]kLs/0f, sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]j[lQ / cfr/0fdf ;'wf/, lgofds lgsfox?sf] ;lqmotf h:tf
pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfn ;|f]t–;fwg / ;+efjgfsf b[li6n] ;d[4d"ns xf] eGg]df s'g} b'ljwf 5}g . ;fy}, ef/t /
rLg b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL d'n'sx?sf] aLrdf cjl:yt ePsf gftfn] tL d'n'sx?df x'Fb} u/]sf]
pRr cfly{s a[l4sf] cj;/sf] g]kfnn] ;b'kof]u ug'{k5{ / ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf klg ljjfb
5}g, t/ Tof] ;+efjgf / cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg]df rfFlx xfdL k|i6 5}gf}+ .
clxn]sf] pbf/ cy{tGqsf] o'udf /fHo jf ;/sf/sf] sfd cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?df l;w}
x:tIf]k jf lgoGq0f ug]{ geO{ lgodg ;Dd ug]{ xf], tfls u/Lj, lgd'vf / c;xfo ju{nfO{
ahf/ cy{tGqsf] s7f]/ lgodn] dsf{ gkf/f];\ . gq eg], ;/sf/sf] sfd lghL If]q -h;df
;–;fgf pBdL, Joj;foL, s[ifs, dhb"/, ;xsf/L ;a} k5{g\_ nfO{ cu|;/ agfP/ cfly{s
ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf tof/ ul/lbg] xf] . t/ xfd|f]h:tf] em08} Ps rf}yfO{ hg;+Vof æclt
u/LaÆ ePsf] / r/d cfly{s c;dfgtf ePsf] d'n'sdf ;/sf/ k|a4{s / ;xhstf{ dfq eP/
a:g ldNb}g, k|efjsf/L lgofds klg x'g}k5{ . ;fy}, u/LaL / c;dfgtfsf] cGTosf nflu
nlIft ju{ / ;d'bfo;Dd l;w} k'Ug] / pgLx?nfO{ nfeflGjt t'Nofpg] sfo{qmd klg k'¥ofpg}
k5{ .
#= efjL sfo{ lbzf
g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGo ljsl;t d'n'sx?s} 9fFrfdf ;f]+r (Vision) /
/0fgLlt (Strategy) agfP/ cl3 a9\g plrt x'Fb}g . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns, k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs,
cfly{s / /fhgLlts ljlzi6tfsf sf/0f oxfFsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf qmddf s[lif, jg tyf
jg:klt, vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{ / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?nfO{ g} sRrf kbfy{ agfP/ k"FhL /
k|ljlw dfq aflx/ jf leq}af6 NofP/, h'6fP/ pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5, sRrf
kbfy{ aflx/af6 cfoft ubf{ pTkflbt a:t'sf] nfut j9L k5{ / k|lt:kwf{Tds klg x'Fb}g .
g]kfndf pknAw k|r"/ k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ kl/rfng ub}{ ul/g] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f g} g]kfnsf
nflu u|fXo xf] . o;af6 :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L, pTkfbgdf sd nfut / bIftf, pTkflbt
a:t'sf] ljlzi6tf / u'0f:t/ / pTkfbg k|0ffnL / k|lqmofsf] lbuf]kg ;Dej x'g hfG5 . t/
o; qmddf jftfj/0fLo kIfdfly eg] ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5, lsgeg] g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 e"–
k|fs[lts agf]6sf sf/0f oxfFsf] jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd / ;+j]bgzLntf cGoqsf] eGbf pRr 5 .
To;}n] ;hfutf / ;ts{tf klg a9L g} ckgfpg' kg]{x'G5 .
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbgsf nflu h;/L gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x¿
cfjZos k5{g\, To;/L g} kfgL, af6f], lah'nL, hUuf, >lds, ahf/, sRrf kbfy{, j:t'sf]
u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ klg Tolts} cfjZos k5{g\ . To;}n] oL b'a}
4
kIfpk/ Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 . hUufsf] pknAwtf clxn] pBf]uLx?sf nflu Pp6f sl7g
;d:of g} ePsfn] ;/sf/n] g} e"–pkof]u gLlt / sfg'g;d]tsf cfwf/df cf}Bf]lus If]q,
cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/ jf Sn:6/, cf}Bf]lus u|fd, ljz]if cfly{s If]q, lgof{t k|a4{g jf k|zf]wg
If]q h:tf lgwf{l/t ef}uf]lns If]qsf] Joj:yf u/L pBf]ux?sf] e"–Joj:yfkg ug'{ h?/L 5 .
;/sf/sf] Wofg clxn] o;tkm{ uPsf] klg 5 .
To;}u/L cf}Bf]lus If]qdf pmhf{ bIftf clej[l4sf ljleGg pkfox¿ canDag ug{ ;lsG5 .
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux?df ;x–pmhf{ pTkfbg (Cogeneration) nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg], gjLs/0fLo
:jR5 pmhf{sf] k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg], cf}Bf]lus kmf]x/d}nfaf6 pmhf{ pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{
k|f]T;fxg lbg] h:tf sfdx¿ gLlt / sfg'gd} Joj:yf u/L ug'{k5{ . o;tkm{ klg ;/sf/sf]
Wofg clxn] uPsf] 5 . gofF k|:tfljt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g dfkm{t o;tkm{ s]xL pknlAw
xfl;n ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
ljb]zL nufgLsf] s'/f ubf{, ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qdf a9L k|jflxt ug{ k|f]T;fxg
lbg'kg]{ s'/f t hfoh xf], t/ gsf/fTds ;"rL (Negative List) nfO{ w]/} 7"nf] agfpg rfFlx
xF'b}g . ;fy}, z'?d} nufgLsf] ;Ldf /sd / If]qut lx;fan] tf]s]/ nufgLstf{nfO{ gsf/fTds
;Gb]z lbg klg x'Fb}g . t/ sfg'gadf]lhd nufgL / nufgLstf{x?sf] cfjZos lgodg rfFlx
lgofds lgsfon] ug'{ g} kg]{ x'G5 . ca cfpg] gofF ljb]zL nufgL gLlt / sfg'gn] o;tkm{
;f]Rg] g} 5 . To;}u/L, g]kfnLn] ljb]zdf ug]{ nufgLk|lt klg ca xfdL w]/} cg'bf/ eO/xg'
7Ls 5}g, To;nfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd p2]Zo, If]q, k|fyldstf, nufgLsf] ;Ldf, :t/ / k|j[lQ h:tf
s'/fsf cfwf/df lgodg ;Dd ug]{ u/L v'nf 5f]l8lbg' g} pbf/ cfly{s gLltsf] dfGotf cg'?k
x'g]5 .
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf af}l4s ;DklQ cGQu{t cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg klg xf] . o;
cGtu{t 6«]8dfs{, k]6]G6 / l8hfOgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / Joj:yfkgsf nflu xfdL;Fu ePsf]
sfg'g $( jif{ k'/fgf] 5 . To;df cfjZos ;+zf]wg u/L ;dofg"s'n To;sf] bfo/f km/flsnf]
agfpFb} cfjZos / pko'Qm ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / k|lzlIft hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf cljnDj ug'{
cfjZos 5 . o;tkm{ dGqfno bQlrQ ePsf] klg 5 .
u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f / cflwsfl/sLs/0f (Accreditation) ;DaGwL cBfalws
sfg'gL, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut Joj:yf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|fyldstf xf] ;/sf/sf] . o;sf]
of]ubfg pTkflbt j:t'sf] ;xh cGQ/f{li6«o k|j]zsf nflu cToGt d"Nojfg 5 . o;tkm{ klg
;/sf/sf] Wofg uPsf] 5 .
vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ljsf; xfdLn] lsl~rt\ klg ug{ ;s]gf}+ . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf]
cfoft ubf{ ubf{ xfd|f] Jofkf/ 3f6f ;ftu'gf al9 ;Sof], t/ xfdL cfkm}sxfF ePsf] elgPsf]
k]6«f]n vfgLx?sf] vf]htnfz, pTvgg\ / pTkfbg xfdLn] ug{ ;s]gf}+ . kl/of]hgf of]hgf rfn'
5, t/ k|ult x'g ;s]g . o:t} xfnt ax'd"No kYy/ / cGo cd"No wft' Pjd\ vlgh
kbfy{x?sf] 5 . ca o;/L Ps jf csf]{ axfgfdf sfd gu/]/ ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw dfq nDJofO{
vfgL x8k]/ a:g] ;a} vfgL Ohfht– k|fKtstf{sf] Ohfht Pp6f dfkb08 agfO{ vf/]h ug'{k5{,
dGqfno o;tkm{ h'6]sf] 5 .
sDkgL ;'zf;g (Corporate Good Governance) ljgf cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ Jofj;flos jftfj/0f
aGb}g . sDkgL btf{, k|zf;g, k|j4{g lgodg / vf/]hL ;a} r/0fdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f]

5
gcfpg] u/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;s]dfq sDkgL ;'zf;g sfod x'G5 . sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{non] sDkgLx?sf] cgnfOg btf{ k|lqmof z'? u/L ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;]jf k|jfx z'?
u/]sf] x'Fbf cGQ/f{li6«o If]qdf;d]t /fd|f] ;Gb]z uPsf] b]lvof], / kmn:j?k ljZj a}+såf/f x/]s
jif{ ul/g] Joj;fod}qL /fi6«x?sf] ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg (Doing Business Report 2014) df !*(
/fi6«x?dWo] g]kfnsf] :yfg !)% cf}+ df /flvPsf] 5, hals ut jif{ !*% /fi6«x?dWo] g]kfnsf]
:yfg !)* cf}+ lyof] . o;af6 ;]jfk|jfxdf JolQm;Fusf] ;fIffTsf/sf] k|j[lQ cGt eO{ k4lt /
k|lqmof;Fu dfq ;fIffTsf/ x'Fbf d/df]nflxhf sd x'g] eO{ kf/blz{tf a9\g] ;+efjgf a9]sf] 5 .
o:t} ljB'tLo -cgnfOg_ btf{ k|0ffnL pBf]u btf{sf If]qdf klg z'? ug{ ;s]df pBf]u
k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g :yflkt x'g ;3fp k'Ug] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
u/LjL / ljkGgtf g]kfnsf 7"nf zq' x'g\ . lognfO{ k/f:t ug{sf nflu x/]s If]qut lgsfon]
ljz]if ju{k|lt nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]xL k[i7e"lddf pBf]u dGqfnosf]
cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt æn3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdÆ (Micro Enterprise Development Program-
MEDEP) nfO{ æu/LjL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdÆ (Micro Enterprise
Development for Poverty Alleviation-MEDPA) df cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/s}
g]t[Tj / :jfldTjdf ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] 5, h'g Pp6f :t'To sbd xf] .
cGtdf, g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 ta dfq ;Dej 5 ha pBf]u Joj;fotkm{sf] cu|;/tfnfO{
/fli6«o ;+:sf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . pBf]u jf pBd–Joj;foljgfsf] hLjg æHo'Fb} d¥ofsf]Æ h:t}
xf] egL cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{n] To;} eg]sf kSs} xf]Ogg\ xf]nf -æHoF'b} d¥ofsf] egL gfd
s:sf] pBd\ljgf ljTb5 sfn h:sf]Æ_ pBf]uljgf pTkfbg x'Fb}g, pTkfbg geO{ cfDbfgL x'Fb}g,
cfDbfgL geO{ ;d[l4 xF'b}g . clg ;d[l4 geO{ /fi6« / hgtf :jfledfgL aGb}gg\ / :jledfg
ljgfsf] hLjg d[tt'No x'G5 . t/ d"n s'/f s] a'e\mg'k5{ eg] pBf]u eg]sf] ;'lsnf–d'lsnf /
6f7f–af7fn] sf/vfgf rnfP/ ug]{ 7"nf] nufgLsf] Joj;fo dfq} xf]Og, clkt' s[lif, jg / cGo
:yfgLo ;|f]t–;fwgdf cfwfl/t ;;fgf Joj;fo klg pBd x'g\, / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ltgsf]
dxTj cem a9L 5 .

6
 sDkgL P]g @)^# / o;sf Joj:yfx¿ Pjd\ sDkgL /lhi6«f/
sfof{no / cgnfOg k|0ffnL
-
z+s/ cof{n
kl/R5]b !
sDkgL P]g, @)^# / o:sf Joj:yfx?
!= sDkgL P]gsf] qmlds ljsf; / k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf sDkgL P]gsf] Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] 5 . lj=;+= !(($ sf] g]kfn a}+s sfg'gdf v8\u
lgzfgf nfu" eO g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf eP;Fu} o;sf] z'?jft ePsf] dflgG5 .
sDkgLx¿ btf{ ug]{ sfo{ z'?jft eP;Fu} o; ;DaGwL sfg'gL ultljlw klg a9\b} uof] . nfdf]
;do;Dd sDkgL btf{ ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ljleGg P]gcGtu{t / ljleGg lgsfocGtu{t eO/x]sf
lyP . o; qmddf g]kfndf sDkgL btf{ ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljefu h:tf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 x'g] u/]sf lyP . oL ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ljleGg P]gcGtu{t
btf{ x'g] / k|zf;g x'g] sf/0faf6 sDkgLsf] btf{ / k|zf;g sfo{df ljljwtf / hl6ntf k}bf
x'g] x'GYof] . To;af6 sfd sf/jfxLdf cGof]n / Ps cfk;df gldNbf] vfnsf] l:ylt ;[hgf
x'g] ub{Yof] . To; s'/fnfO{ x6fO sDkgLx?nfO{ Ps} P]gaf6 jlu{s/0f u/L To; cfwf/df btf{
ug]{ / k|zf;g ug]{ p2]Zo lnP/ sDkgL P]g @)%# df hf/L ePsf] lyof] . o; cl3 @)$(
;fndf sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{nosf] ?kdf a]Un} sfof{no klg v8f ePsf] lyof] . o;
sfof{non] ljleGg lgsfoaf6 btf{ tyf k|zf;gsf sfd ul/g] sDkgLx?nfO{ Ps} sfof{noaf6
;]jf lbg] Joj:yf eof] . o;} qmddf g]kfndf @))) ;fn r}q @& ut] k|fOe]6 sDkgL sfg'g
hf/L eof] eg] @))& ;fn efb| #) ut] g]kfn sDkgL sfg'g hf/L eof] . oL k[ys–k[ys
P]gx?nfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpgsf nflu logLx?nfO{ vf/]hu/L @)@! ;fn dfu{ ! ut] sDkgL
P]g @)@! Hff/L eof] . o; lardf o; P]gdf j]nfj]nfdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]wg klg ub}{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd eof] . o;} qmddf sDkgLx?sf] ;+:yfkgf, ;~rfng Pjd\ k|zf;gnfO{
;xh ;'ud tyf kf/bzL{ agfpg] p2]Zon] sDkgL P]g @)@! nfO{ vf/]h u/L @)%# ;fn
kmfu'g @@ ut] b]lv sDkgL P]g @)%# nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf eof] . o;/L sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{no v8f ePkl5 ljleGg lgsfox?cGtu{t btf{ ePsf sDkgLx?nfO{ o;} sfof{nodf
NofO PsLs[t ?kdf btf{ / k|zf;g ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De eof] . ;do qmd;Fu} b]zdf sDkgL btf{
u/]/ pBf]u Joj;fo ug]{ qmd a9b} hfg yfn]kl5 sDkgL btf{ qmd klg a9\g yfNof] . o;df
gofF gofF cjwf/0ff sfo{z}nL tyf k|ljlw cfpg] qmd;Fu} o;nfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg]
cfjZostf eof] . sDkgL btf{ u/]/ Joj;fo jf pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{n] Jofks ?k
lnof] . o'/f]k tyf cd]l/sfdf sDkgL P]g hf/L u/L To;cGtu{t sDkgL v8f ug]{ / ;f]
sDkgLn] JolQm ;/x sfg'gL x}l;ot k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;f] dfKfm{t lgw{Ss ?kdf pBf]u Joj;fo
;~rfng u/L lghLIf]qn] cfly{s pGGflt tyf k|ult ug]{ u/]sf] sf/0faf6 Jofks cfly{s tyf
ef}lts ljsf; eof] . To;af6 sDkgL ;+:s[ltsf] (Corporate culture) sf] k|fb'ef{j Pjd\ ljsf;
eof] / o;n] ljZjJofkL ?k lng k'Uof] .

-
/lhi6«f/, sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no
7
 ;f] sf] k|efj g]kfndf klg k¥of] . Jofkf/, Joj;fo / pBf]usf If]qdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu
lghL If]qsf] ljsf; x'g'k5{, ;f]sf] nflu lghL If]q cufl8 cfpg' k5{ / ;f] If]qaf6 pT;fxk"0f{
?kdf nufgL ePdf dfq o; If]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; x'g ;S5 .
o;/L ;du| d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ultzLntf Nofpg sDkgLsf] ;+:yfkg, ;~rfng tyf
k|zf;gdf a9L ;'udtf, ;/ntf / kf/bzL{tf cfpg' kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ff cfof] . h;af6
hg:t/df cTolws sDkgLx¿ Vff]nL b]zsf] cfly{s If]qdf cf}Bf]lus tyf Joj;flos ultljlw
a9fpg k|f]T;fxg k'Ug uO{ ;jn cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f x'g uO{ lghL If]q cy{tGqsf] kl/k"/ssf]
?kdf ljsf; x'g ;sf];\ . ;/sf/L If]qsf] ultljlwx?n] dfq b]z ljsf;sf] sfd k"/f x'g
;Sb}g . of] b]zsf] cfly{s Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] Pp6f ;fgf] kIf dfq xf] . ;/sf/L If]qn]
cf}Bf]lus tyf Joj;flos ljsf;sf nflu af6f] b]vfpg], ;'ljwf lbg], P]g sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f
ubf{ hgtfnfO{ cfly{s, cf}Bf]lus tyf Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu ;/n, ;xh / k|f]T;fxg x'g]
vfnsf k|fjwfgx?sf] Joj:yf ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ug{' kb{5 . To;}u/L :j:y k|lt:kwf{, kf/blz{tf
clej[l4 x'g] vfnsf sfg'gL Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ tyf pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt
sfod ug{sf nflu cfjZos lgodgsf/L e"ldsf dfq v]Ng' kb{5 . t/ vf; cfly{s If]qsf]
ljsf;df lghL If]q g} cufl8 cfpg' kb{5 eGg] vfnsf] cjwf/0ff ljZjJofkL ?kdf cfPkl5
g]kfndf klg To;sf] k|efj k¥of] . To;}sf] kmn:j?k sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fåf/f pBf]u, Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf If]qdf nufgL k|j4{g u/L d'n'ssf] cfly{s
ljsf;df ultzLntf Nofpg tyf sDkgLsf] ;+:yfkgf ;~rfng tyf k|zf;gnfO{ cema9L
;'ud, ;/n / kf/bzL{ agfpg sDkgL ;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ tTsfn ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug]{
p2]Zo /fv]/ sDkgL P]g @)^# hf/L ePsf] kfOG5 .
@= sDkgL P]g @)^# sf] cfwf/e"t kIf
-s_ sfg'gL JolQmsf] ;[hgf
;fdfGotof JolQm cyjf dflg; k|fs[lts ?kdf lgdf{0f x'G5 / p;sf] sfg'gL x}l;ot
;dfhdf :jtM sfg'gn] ;[hgf ul/lbPsf] x'G5 . o;/L dflg; k|s[lts JolQm x'G5 h;sf]
sfg'gL x}l;ot klg x'G5 . o;}u/L sDkgL P]gn] klg sDkgL btf{ u/L Pp6f s[lqd
JolQm v8f ub{5 h;sf] sfg'gL clwsf/ / bfloTj x'G5 . sDkgL eGgfn] s'g} ljifo
j:t' k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] hDdf ePsf] ;xof]uL JolQmx?sf] ;d"x xf] . sDkgLsf]
;+:yfkgfsf] nIo s'g}klg pBf]u, Jofkf/, Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu cfhgf ;b:ox?sf]
;Lldt bfloTjsf] aGbf]j:t ug]{ sfo{sf] Jojxf/ ug{ xf] . o;} sf/0f sDkgL ;Lldt
bfloTj ePsf], cfhg} 5fk / ;+ul7t lgsfosf] cl:tTj ePsf], nfesf] lgldQ d"n
k"FhLnfO{ x:tfGt/0fLo z]o/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsg] :j]R5faf6 ;+ul7t ;d'bfo xf] . sDkgL
lglZrt zlQm ;DkGg Pjd\ sfg'gåf/f l;lh{t ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] ef}lts cl:tTj 5}g t/
jf:tljs JolQmn] ;/x o;n] Jojxf/ u5{ / w]/} sfg'gL clwsf/x¿ klg k|fKt u/]sf]
x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg s[lqd sfg'gL JolQmsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
k|fs[lts JolQm / s[lqd sfg'gL JolQmdf s] km/s x'G5 eg] k|fs[lts JolQmnfO{ sfg'gn]
jlh{t u/]b]lv afx]ssf ;a} sfd ug{] clwsf/ x'G5 eg] s[lqd / sfg'gåf/f ;[lht
JolQmnfO{ sfg'gåf/f k|fKt clwsf/ dfq k|of]u ug{] clwsf/ x'G5 .

8
 sDkgLsf] cfhg} sfg'gL JolQmTj x'G5 . sDkgLsf] ;DklQsf] z]o/ lsGg] JolQmx¿ jf
;b:ox¿ To;sf :jfdL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf] :jfldTj sDkgLdf g} x'G5 . To;} sDkgLsf]
bfloTj, C0fx¿ klg sDkgL;Fu sf/f]af/ ug{] hgtf jf z]o/wgLsf] geP/ sDkgL s}
x'G5 . sDkgLn] JolQm ;/x gflnz ph'/ ug{ ;S5 / sDkgL pk/ klg ;f]xL gfdaf6
gflnz ph'/ nfU5 .
-v_ sDkgLsf] kl/efiff
sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bKfmf @-s_ df sDkgL eGgfn] o; P]g adf]lhd ;+:yflkt sDkgL
;Demg' k5{ elgPsf] 5 . To:t} sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #-v_ df d'gfkmfsf] p2]Zo
lnO{ s'g} pBd ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] PSn} jf c?;Fu ;d"xa4 eO{ k|aGwkqdf pNn]v eP
adf]lhd Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L p2]Zo k|fKtLsf] nflu bfloTj ;Lldt u/L ;+:yfkgf ePsf
sDkgLnfO{ sDkgL gfdfs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L sDkgL P]g, @)^# n] d'gfkmf ljt/0f
gug{] sDkgL klg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] kl/R5]b !( df Ps
jf Ps eGbf a9L p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug{] sDkgL klg :yfkgf ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf sDkgLn] cfhgf] gfdsf] k5f8L lnld6]8 jf k|f=ln=
/fVg cfjZos gkg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
cd]l/sfsf k|wfg Gofoflwz df;{nn] eg]sf 5g\ æsDkgL To:tf] s[lqd JolQm xf] h;nfO{
b]Vg ;ls+b}g, 5'g ;lsFb}g t/ sfg'gL b[li6df cl:tTj ePsf], cfhgf] hGd lbg] a8fkq
jf k|aGwkqdf Jojl:yt u/]sf] clwsf/leq ;Lldt /xg] sfg'gåf/f l;lh{t JolQm xf] .Æ
-u_ sDkgLdf geO{ gx'g] clgjfo{ nIf0fx?
s'g} klg sDkgL aGgsf nflu geO gx'g] clgjfo{ nIf0f (Features) x¿ b]xfo adf]lhd
5g\ .
!= btf{ M sDkgL P]g adf]lhd Joj:yf u/]sf] lgsfodf btf{ u/]kl5 dfq s'g}klg sDkgL
cl:tTjdf cfpF5 / cfhgf] sfo{ z'? u5{ .
@= :j]lR5s ;d"bfo M sDkgL :j]R5fdf cfwfl/t w]/} JolQmx?sf] ;d"x xf] .
#= sfg'gL x}l;ot / JolQmTj M sDklgsf] cfhgf] sfg'gL x}l;ot / JolQmTj x'G5 . s'g}
klg JolQmn] PSn} klg sDkgL :yfkgf ug{ ;S5 . sDkgL P]gsf] clwgdf /xL rn
crn ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ ;S5, /fVg ;S5 / a]rlavg ug{ ;Sb5 . sDkgLn] cfhgf]
gfdaf6 klg ph'/ ug{ ;S5 / o; pk/ klg ph'/L nfUg ;S5 .
$= :yfoL cl:tTj M sDkgLsf] s'g} z]o/wgLsf] d[To" ePdf, bfdf;fxLdf k/]df jf 6f6
pN6]df o;sf] cl:tTjdf c;/ kb{}g . o;sf] :yfoL pQ/flwsf/Ltf x'G5 . P]g
cg';f/ lnlSj8]zgdf uPdf dfq sDkgLsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g] x'G5 .
%= s/f/hGo zlQm M sDkgLdf cfhgf] s/f/hGo zlQm x'G5 . o;sf sf/0f s'g} klg
z]o/wgLn] JolQmut tj/n] s'g} sfdsf] nflu jfWo ug{ ;Sb}g . p :jod\ eg]
rfx]sf] j]nfdf sDkgLaf6 aflx/ lg:sg ;S5 .
^= Joj:yfkg M s'g} klg sDkgLsf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;~rfns ;ldlt, ;~rfnsx¿ /
sd{rf/Lx¿ /xg] x'G5g . logLx?nfO{ sDkgL P]g / lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf eP
cg';f/ rog ul/G5 . z]o/wgL x'Fb}df Joj:yfkgdf k|j]z ug]{ clwsf/ xF'b}g .

9
 &= /lhi68{ sfof{no M sDkgL P]gn] s'g} klg sDkgLsf] /lhi68{ sfof{no /xg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . sDkgL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !*-!_-v_ n] o:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
*= ;fdfGo 5fk M s'g} klg sDkgLsf] cfhgf] sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DjGwdf Pp6f 5fk x'G5
h;n] sDkgLsf] k|fdfl0fstf kflg b]vfpg] sfo{ ub{5 .
(= l;ldt bfloTj M s'g} klg sDkgLsf] lj?4df ePsf] lg0f{o sDkgLsf] cfhgf]
;DklQsf] lj?4df dfq x'G5 . sDkgLsf] z]o/wgLsf] lj?4df nfu" x'g ;Sb}g .
s'g} klg sDkgLn] C0f lnPsf] 5 eg] C0f lbg] JoflQm sDkgLsf] ;fx' x'G5 t/
z]o/wgLx?sf] x'Fb}g . o;}n] ubf{ sDkgLsf] ;Lldt bflToTj x'G5 elgPsf] xf] .
!)= sfg'gL bfloTj M s'g} sDkgLn] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifodf sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] bfloTj
k"/f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . sfg'gn] tf]s] cg';f/ Jofn]G; ;L6 tof/ ug]{, lx;fj lstfj
/fVg] tyf /lhi6/x¿ b'?:t /fVg] ug'{ kb{5 .
!!= k"FhL M s'g} klg sDkgLsf] cfhgf] k"FhL x'g' kb{5 . o;sf] cefjdf sDkgL rNg
;Sb}g .
!@= gful/s gdflgg] M sDkgL s[lqd JolQm xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ gful/s dflgb}g .
!#= lgjf;sf] Joj:yf M sDkgLsf] s/ / sfg'gL k|of]hgsf] lgldQ lgjf;sf] Joj:yf
x'G5 t/ o;n] s'g} df}lns clwsf/ eg] wf/0f ub}{g .
!$= x:tfGt/0fLotf M sDkgLsf] z]o/wgLn] sDkgLsf] z]o/ csf{nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{
;Sb5 . ;fdfGotof z]o/ wf/0f ug]{ JolQm sDkgLsf] ;b:o x'g ;Sb5 .
-3_ sDkgLsf lsl;dx¿
lsl;dx¿
g]kfn sDkgL P]g tyf cGo P]g cg';f/ lgDg k|sf/sf sDkgLx¿ ePsf] kfO{G5 M–
!= k|fOe]6 sDkgL
sDkgL M sDkgL P]g cg';f/ :yflkt sDkgL, h;n] cfhgf] z]o/ jf l8j]Gr/
v'Nnf ?kdf ljqmL ug{ kfpFb}g, sDkgLsf] k|jGwkq, lgodfjnL, ;j{;Ddt ;Demf}tfdf
Joj:yf ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L cfhgf] lwtf]kq z]o/wgLx¿ afx]s c?nfO{ lwtf]
aGws /fvL jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lbg gkfpg] sDkgLnfO{ k|fOe]6 sDkgL
elgG5 . k|fOe]6 sDkgLdf z]o/wgLx?sf] ;+Vof krf; eGbf a9L /xg' x'Fb}g eGg]
sDkgL P]gdf Joj:yf 5 .
@= ;fj{hlgs sDkgL M sDkgL P]gdf k|fOe]6 sDkgL afx]Ssf cGo sDkgLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
sDkgL elgPsf] 5 . klAns sDkgL :yfkgf ug{sf nflu slDtdf ;ft hgf
;+:yfks x'g' kg]{5 t/ klAns sDkgLn] cGo sDkgL :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ;ft hgf
;+Vof geP klg x'G5 . s'g} klg klAns sDkgLn] cfhgf] z]o/ tyf l8j]~r/ v'nf
?kdf laqmL ug{ kfpF5 . cfhgf] lwtf]kq cfhgf] z]o/wgL afx]s cGo JolQmnfO{ klg
lwtf] aGws /fvL lbg jf cGo k|sf/af6 xs 5f8\g ;S5 . h'g k|fOe]6 sDkgLn]
ug{ ;Sb}g .
#= d'Vo sDkgL M ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7gdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf lgoGq0f /fv]/ jf
sDkgLsf] ax'dt z]o/ u|x0f u/]/ ;xfos sDkgLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sDkgLnfO{ d'Vo
sDkgL elgG5 .

10
 $= ;xfos sDkgL M d'Vo sDkgLsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] sDkgLnfO{ ;xfos sDkgL xf]
eGg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . h;df ax';Vos z]o/ d'Vo sDkgLsf] / yf]/} ;+Vof
;xfos sDkgLsf] x'G5 .
%= ;/sf/L sDkgL M PsfpGg k|ltzt eGbf a9L z]o/ ;/sf/L If]qsf] 5 eg] ;f]
sDkgLnfO{ ;/sf/L sDkgLsf] x}l;otdf sf/f]jf/ ug]{ sDkgL eGg ;lsG5 . sDkgL
P]g @)@! df ;/sf/L ;/sf/L sDkgLsf] Joj:yf lyof] t/ To;kl5sf] P]gsf]
k|fjwfgdf of] Joj:yf 5}g .
^= ljb]zL sDkgL M b]z aflx/ ;+:yflkt sDkgLnfO{ ljb]zL sDkgL elgG5 .
&= ;"rLs[t sDkgL M lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/df cfhgf] z]o/ ;"rLs[t u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs
sDkgLnfO{ ;"rLs[t sDkgL elgG5 .
*= ljz]if P]gåf/f :yflkt sDkgL M jfl0fHo a}s P]g, @)#! / g]kfn cf}wf]lus ljsf;
lgud P]g, @)$^ åf/f :yflkt /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s / g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud
klg sDkgLsf] ?kdf cfpF5g\ .
(= hdfgtåf/f ;Lldt sDkgL M sDkgLsf k|ToIf ;b:on] sDkgL Liquidation df hfg]
eP lglZrt /sd lt5f}{ egL hdfgt ul/Psf] sDkgLx¿ o; k|sf/sf sDkgLdf
cfpF5g\ .
kl/R5]b @
sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{nosf] xfnsf] sfo{ k|0ffnL tyf cgnfOg Joj:yf
dfly ;+If]kdf sDkgL P]gsf] k[i7e"ld, Oltxf;, sDkgLsf] juL{s/0f, sDkgLsf] nflu clgjfo{ nIf0fx¿
tyf sDkgLsf lsl;dsf af/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ul/of] . o; kl/R5]bdf sDkgL P]g @)^# cg';f/
sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df ;+If]kdf j0f{g ul/G5 .
!= gofF sDkgL btf{ tkm{
s_ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] clwgdf /xL sDkgLsf] btf{ ug{,
o; qmddf ;j{k|yd sDkgLsf] gfd :jLs[t ug]{ tyf lgj]bsnfO{ sDkgL btf{sf] k|df0f
pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . o:tf] k|df0fkq sDkgL btf{sf] lgj]bg k/]sf] kGw| lbg leq
pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . t/ xfn ;]jfu|fxLn] a9Ldf tLg lbgleq of]
;]jf kfO;Sg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
v_ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] @)^( df3af6 cgnfOg ;]jf z'? u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf]
z'?jft;Fu} sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf cgnfOgaf6 klg lng]
Joj:yf ePsf] lyof] . o;cGtu{t z'?df cgnfOgaf6 gfd :jLs[ltsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 c? ;Fu h'Wg] jf lgodfg';f/ lbg
gldNg] gfd gePdf ;f]sf] :jLs[lt Ps lbgleq g} lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] k|fKt
ePkl5 ;]jfu|fxLn] k|aGwkq tyf lgodfjnL;d]t /fvL sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] kl/R5]b @
sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd lgj]bg cgnfOgaf6 g} lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf]5 .
u_ o:t] lgj]bg u/]kl5 xfn sfod P]gsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ k|aGwkq / lgodfjnLsf] ;Ssn
k|lt lnO{ sfof{nodf cfO{ nfUg] z'Ns ltg]{ / k|df0fkq;d]t lng ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 .
11
@= btf{ eO{ rfn' /x]sf k'/fgf sDkgLx?tkm{
o;}u/L btf{ eO;s]sf sDkgLx?n] klg sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{nodf ;j{ k|yd ;~rfns
;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmn] cgnfOg ;]jf lngsf nflu User Name,
Password lngsf nflu tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] kmf/fd e/L cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o;nfO{
:jLs[t u/L sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] User Name, Password :jLs[lt u/]kl5 cgnfOg
;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ ;lsG5 . o;kl5 pQm sDkgLn] sDkgL P]g, @)^#, cg';f/ sfof{nodf k]z
ug'{ kg]{ bkmf %! sf] z]o/ l8j]~r/ / C0fsf] nut bkmf &* cg';f/sf] z]o/ ;DaGwL sfd
sf/jfxL ;DjGwdf ug'{ kg]{ k|ltj]bg, bkmf *) cg';f/sf] aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DaGwL
tf]lsPsf] ;do leq k7fpg] kg]{ ljj/0f, bkmf !@) cg';f/ sfof{non] s}lkmot tnj u/]sf]
laifodf ;do leq k7fpg' kg]{ ljj/0f, bkmf !#! cg';f/sf] lnlSj8]6/sf] clwsf/ st{Jodf
tf]lsPsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;DjlGw k]z ug'{ kg]{ ljj/0f, bkmf !%^ cg';f/ ljb]zL sDkgLsf]
lx;fj lstfj, n]vf k/LIf0f / jflif{s k|ltj]bg nufot sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf k]z ug'{
kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx?, ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s b]lv lnP/ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef, jflif{s
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg h:tf ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx¿ cgnfO{g dfkm{t sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf
k]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
o;sf nflu sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] cfhgf] sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu v8f u/]sf]
www.ocr.gov.np j]j;fO6df uO{ o; ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L lng ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 .
#= lj=;+= @)&) ;fn sflt{s # ut]af6 sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] cfhgf] sfof{noaf6 k|bfg
ul/g] ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sDkgL btf{ tyf sDkgL k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ cgnfO{g
dfkm{t ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ;dt] ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; qmddf sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{non] sDkgL ljB'tLo kmfOlnË lgb]{lzsf @)^( ;d]t hf/L u/L ;s]sf] 5 .
o;/L dfly pNn]lvt ul/P adf]lhd cgnfOg ;]jf ;~rfng kl5 ldlt @)&).!!.!$ ;Dd
User name / Password lng] sDkgLsf] ;+Vof @*)$! k'u]sf] 5 . User Name / Password
sf] cg'dltsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ sDkgLsf] ;+Vof !#&# 5 . Name Request ug]{ sDkgLsf]
;+Vof ***@ /x]sf] 5 To:t} Name Approval eO{ sDkgL btf{sf] k|s[ofdf hfg]sf] ;+Vof
#%@* /x]sf]5 . xfn;Dd cgnfOgdf sDkgL btf{ ;+Vof #@!) /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L Online df
jflif{s ljj/0f Upload ug]{ sDkgLsf] ;+Vof @#$#* /x]sf] 5 . Online dfkm{t k|fKt ljj/0fsf]
;+Vof $#$!$ /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd s"n btf{ sDkgLsf] ;+Vof s/Lj ! nfv @) xhf/ /x]sf]
;Gbe{df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] ;]jf cToGt af]lemnf] / hl6n k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 .
xfn cfP/ sDkgL ;~rfng u/L pBf]u Joj;fo ug]{ skf]{/]6 ;+:s[ltsf] nf]slk|otf lj:tf/
ePsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn el/sf ;Dk"0f{ b"/b/fhsf] Onfsfsf hgtfn] cfhgf] :yfgLo If]qdf a;L
sDkgL P]g adf]lhd sDkgL btf{ u/L cf–cfhgf] pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg]
p2]Zosf ;fy sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ug{ z'? ul/Psf] cgnfOg ;]jf dfkm{t
k|efjsf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ b]zsf] b|'t cfly{s ljsf;df yk ;3fp k'¥ofpg sDkgL
/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no ;lqmo ?kdf nflu k/]sf] 5 .

12
 g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] dxŒj– ;d:of tyf ;'emfj
-
uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f

3/]n' pBf]un] 3/ 3/df ;~rfng ug]{ pBf]unfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf v]/
uO/x]sf] :yfgLo sRrf ;fdfgx¿nfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u u/L s[lifaf6 km';{b x'g] ;dodf cfhgf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] >daf6 kfl/jfl/s cfjZos k"lt{sf nflu ug]{ Joj;fonfO{ 3/]n' pBf]u
(Cottage Industries) elgG5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿cGtu{t pgL tyf ;'tL sk8f pBf]u, 3/]n'
sfuh pBf]u, 3/]n' wft' pBf]u, sfi7 pBf]u, la8L pBf]u df6f] pBf]u, b'Uw pBf]u, afF;–j]t
;DaGwL pBf]u, wfg s'6\g] t]n / pv' k]Ng] pBf]u / 3/]n' 5fnf pBf]u;d]t cfpg] ub{5g\ .
u|fdL0f cf}Bf]lusLs/0f (Rural Industrialisation) leq xfdLn] s[lifdf cfwfl/t ljz]if pBf]u h:t}M
kz'kfng, s'v'/fkfng, dT:okfng, df}/Lkfng, /]zd v]tL, b'Uwzfnf cflb pBf]unfO{ ;lDdlnt ug{
;lsG5 . cS;/ u/]/ s'6L/ pBf]ux¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif;Fu ;DaGw ePsf x'G5g\ . xft] tfgdf
sk8f a'Gg', /f8L kfvL, sfk]{6, un}rf, ;'s'n, r6fO{ 6f]s/L a'Gg', tf]/L k]Ng', sf7df a'§f sf]g'{,
wft'sf efF8fs'F8f agfpg', df6fsf efF8fx¿ agfpg', uxgfx¿ agfpg', So'l/of]sf ;fdfg agfpg'
OTolfb g]kfnsf ljleGg k|sf/sf s'l6/ 3/]n' pBf]u x'g\ . g]kfnsf cf}Bf]lus OsfO{ dWo] nueu
(%Ü 3/]n' pBf]u 5g\ / ()Ü cf}Bf]lus /f]huf/ 3/]n' pBf]un] k|bfg u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;a}eGbf k"/fgf pBf]u x'g\ oL pBf]ux¿ d'Vo u/L
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ ldn]/ cf+lzs /f]huf/ jf k"0f{sflng /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/ /x]sf
x'G5g\ . o;f] t clwsf+z >dLsx¿ j]/f]huf/ 5g\ / pTkfbsTj sfdx¿ sfnLu9af6 cf]ul6Psf
5g\ . ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ ;fdfGotof s[lif tyf ;DalGwt x'G5g\ / df};d cg';f/sf] /f]huf/L
>[hgf ub{5g\ . g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]un] k|flrg sfnsf j:t'x¿ lgof{t u/]sf] kfOG5 .
hltj]nf xft] sfuh, wft', / sf7sf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ul/GYof] . g]kfndf k|flrg ;dob]lv g}
x:tsnfsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePklg ;g\ !(#( df 3/]n' pBf]u ljefu u7g ul/of] / o;n] 3/]n'
pBf]unfO{ lglZrt dfkg ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . 3/]n' pBf]udf !) hgf b]lv @) hgf;Dd sfdbf/
x'G5g\ eg] cf}Bf]lus lgodfjnL @)$( cg';f/ @) xhf/ b]lv ! s/f]8;Dd nufgL ul/G5 . o;n]
k"0f{sflng k];fsf] ¿kdf u|fdL0f / ;x/L b'j} e]udf sfo{ ub{5 .
ljutdf canDag ul/Psf gLltut Pjd\ cGo ;'wf/sf dfWodaf6 c}Bf]lus ;+/rgfdf s]xL kl/jt{g
b]vfk/] klg b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg cem;Dd klg !) k|ltzteGbf
dfly hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus PsfOsf] ;+Vofsf] lx;faaf6 x]bf{ cem} klg () k|ltzt eGbf
a9L pBf]ux¿ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf ju{df kb{5g\ . o:tf pBf]ux¿n] /f]huf/Ldf sl/a &^ k|ltzt /
d"No clej[l4df %) k|ltzt eGbfa9L of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . t;y{, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;du|
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ug]{ k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf jflif{s # nfveGbf a9L >d zlQm >d ahf/df cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o; >d zlQmnfO{ s[lif
If]qn] dfq u|x0f (Absorb) ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf :yfgLo:t/d} ;–;fgf Joj;fo vf]nL /f]huf/L k|a4{g

-
;x–k|fWofks -cy{zf:q_ eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .
13
ug'{ h?/L 5 . :yfgLo >d, ;Lk / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t Joj;fosf] l;h{gf ug{ ;lsPdf
To:tf Joj;fo l6sfp x'g ;Sb5g\ . afXo cfofltt ;Lk / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t pBf]usf]
t'ngfdf xfd|f k/Dk/fut snf, ;+:s[lt / ;Lk cg'¿ksf Joj;fodf cfo tyf /f]huf/Lsf ;Defjgf
a9L /x]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] b]zdf bIf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbgaf6 :yfgLo :t/df
cfod"ns /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gfug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Lk tyf Joj;fod"ns tfnLdx¿
;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
;ldltsf sfof{nox¿af6 dfq jflif{s sl/a @) xhf/ eGbf a9LnfO{ *) eGbf a9L ljifo (Trade)
df ;Lkd"ns tfnLd lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ul/Psf ljsf; k|of;x¿
PsLs[t / glthfd'vL (Result oriented) gx'Fbf o; If]qsf] ck]lIft ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tfnLd
lbg] lgsfon] tfnLdsf] nIf tf]Sg] / hgzlQm pTkbg ug]{, C0f lbg]n] C0f nufgL / c;'nLsf]
nIo tf]sL ;f] cg'¿k C0f nufgL ug]{, t/ Tof] tfnLd / C0fsf] p2]Zo s] xf], ;f] sf] p2]Zo
cg'¿k glthf k|fKt ePsf] 5 5}g x]g]{ k4lt gx'Fbf xfd|f pBf]u k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ck]lIft ¿kdf
;kmn x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
3/]n' pBf]u eGgfn] 3/ 3/df ;~rfng ug]{ pBf]unfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f
If]qdf v]/ uO/x]sf] :yfgLo sRrf ;fdfgx¿nfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u u/L s[lifaf6 km';{b x'g]
;dodf cfhgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] >daf6 kfl/jfl/s cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu ug]{ Joj;fonfO{
3/]n' pBf]u (Cottage Industries) elgG5 . /]n" tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿cGtu{t pgL tyf ;'tL sk8f
pBf]u, 3/]n' sfuh pBf]u, 3/]n' wft' pBf]u, sfi7 pBf]u, la8L pBf]u df6f] pBf]u, b'Uw pBf]u,
afF;–j]t ;DaGwL pBf]u, wfg s'6\g] t]n / pv' k]Ng] pBf]u / 3/]n' 5fnf pBf]u;d]t cfpg]
ub{5g\ . u|fdL0f cf}Bf]lusLs/0f (Rural Industrialisation) leq xfdLn] s[lifdf cfwfl/t ljz]if pBf]u
h:t}M kz'kfng, s'v'/fkfng, dT:okfng, df}/Lkfng, /]zd v]tL, b'Uwzfnf cflb pBf]unfO{
;lDdlnt ug{ ;lsG5 . cS;/ u/]/ s'6L/ pBf]ux¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif;Fu ;DaGw ePsf x'G5g\ .
xft] tfgdf sk8f a'Gg', /f8L kfvL, sfk]{6, un}rf, ;'s'n, r6fO{ 6f]s/L a'Gg', tf]/L k]Ng', sf7df
a'§f sf]g'{, wft'sf efF8fs'F8f agfpg', df6fsf efF8fx¿ agfpg', uxgfx¿ agfpg', So'l/of]sf ;fdfg
agfpg' OTolfb g]kfnsf ljleGg k|sf/sf s'6L/ pBf]u x'g\ . g]kfnsf cf}Bf]lus OsfO{ dWo] nueu
(%Ü 3/]n' pBf]u 5g\ / ()Ü cf}Bf]lus /f]huf/ 3/]n' pBf]un] k|bfg u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .

cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&

gof“ cf}Bf]lus
us gLlt, @)^& df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u
k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u (Traditional and Other Cottage Industries)
k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{, :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ Pjd\ :yfgLo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cf}hf/
pks/0f pkof]u ug]{, b]zsf] snf / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;Da4 / !) lsnf]jf6;Dd ljB't\ zlQm k|of]u ug]{
pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u elgG5 . k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]u
eGgfn] lgDg zLif{sx¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . h:t}M–
• XofG8 n'd, k]8n n'd, ;]dL–c6f]d]l6s n'd, sk8f jflk{ª, k/Dk/fut k|ljlwaf6 ul/g]
/ËfO, 5kfO, l;nfO{ -tof/L kf];fsafx]s_ / a'gfO .
• pmg / /]zddf cfwfl/t xft] a'gfOsf /f8L kfvL, un}+rf, kl:dgf, kf];fs .
14
 • xft] sfuh / ;f]df cfwfl/t j:t' .
• k/Dk/fut snfdf cfwfl/t j:t' (Filigree and Ornamental Items based on Traditional
Crafts)
• k/Dk/fut d"lt{snf
• tfdf, lkQn, 9nf}6, sfF; / hd{g l;Ne/h:tf wft'af6 x:tlgld{t efF8fjt{g tyf
x:tsnfsf ;fdfg .
• kmnfdaf6 ag]sf x:tlgld{t efF8f jt{g tyf 3/fo;L k|of]usf rSs', r'n];L, v's'/L,
xFl;of, s'6f], sf]bfnf]h:tf k/Dk/fut cf}hf/x¿ .
• ;'g, rfFbLaf6 x:tlgld{t u/uxgf, j:t', efF8f jt{gx¿ –ax'd"No, cw{ax'd"No tyf ;fwf/0f
kTy/ h8fg ePsf;d]t_ .
• :jb]zdf pknAw lsdlt, cw{lsdlt tyf ;fwf/0f kTy/ s6fO{ pBf]u .
• u|fdL0f 6\oflgª÷5fnfaf6 x:tlgld{t j:t'x¿ .
• h'6, ;jfO 3ff;, rf]of, aflaof], ;'tL wfuf], cNnf] cflb k|fs[lts /]zfdf cfwfl/t
pBf]u .
• kTy/snf -9'+uf s'FbL agfOPsf ;fdfgx¿_ .
• kf}ef, yf°f lrq / cGo k/Dk/fut lrqsnf .
• d's'G8f] (Mask) tyf k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt bzf{pg] k'tnL / v]nf}gf .
• k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt, afhfufhf / snf bzf{pg] ljleGg k|sf/sf x:tsnfsf j:t' .
• sf7, xf8, l;ª tyf df6f], r§fg / vlghsf snfTds j:t'x¿ .
• ;]/fldS; tyf df6fsf efF8fs'F8f .
;fgf pBf]u (Small Scale Industries)
n3' pBd / k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]uafx]s kfFr s/f]8 ¿k}ofF;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ ;fgf pBf]u elgG5 .
demf}nf pBf]u (Medium Scale Industries)
kfFr s/f]8eGbf a9L kGw| s/f]8 ¿k}ofF;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ demf}nf pBf]u
elgG5 .
7"nf pBf]u (Large Scale Industries)
kGw| s/f]8 ¿k}ofFeGbf a9L l:y/ h]yf ePsf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ 7"nf pBf]u elgG5 .
ljutdf canDag ul/Psf gLltut Pjd\ cGo ;'wf/sf dfWodaf6 cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfdf s]xL kl/jt{g
b]vfk/] klg b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg cem;Dd klg !) k|ltzteGbf
dfly hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus PsfOsf] ;+Vofsf] lx;faaf6 x]bf{ cem} klg () k|ltzteGbf a9L
pBf]ux¿ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf ju{df kb{5g\ . o:tf pBf]ux¿n] /f]huf/Ldf sl/a &^ k|ltzt / d"No
clea[l4df %) k|ltzteGbf a9L of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . t;y{, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;du|
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf;
15
ug]{ k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . o; qmddf n3' pBd ljsf; u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]unfO{ a9L
Jofj;flos 9+un] u|fdL0f:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f tyf lghL If]qsf] ;lqmotfdf ;du|
pBf]u If]qsf] pTkfbgdf lj:tf/ Pjd\ ljljwLs/0f ub}{ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf o; If]qsf] of]ubfg
pNn]Vo a[l4 ug{ gLltut, sfg'gL, ;+:yfut Pjd\ k|lqmofut ;'wf/ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u / demf}nf pBf]ux¿sf] lsl;d
s[lif k|wfg b]z x'gfn] k|frLgsfnb]lv g]kfndf ljleGg k|sf/sf s'6L/ pBf]ux¿ rnfOPsf 5g\ .
sRrf j:t'sf] cfwf/df lgDglnlvt lzif{sx¿df ^ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 –

!= cGo kbfy{df cfwfl/t s'6L/ pBf]u M

o;df d'Vo xft] tfgdf 3/a'gf, vf8L, k|6f;L, cflb ;'tL sk8f a'lgG5 . of] Joj;fo kxf8,
t/fO{, pkTosf ;a}df rNb5 . kf]v/f, df]/ª, 6f]vf, w'gL a];L, ;]/fj]zL cflb j]tsf d]r /
cGo j:t'x¿ agfpg] k|Voft 7fpFx¿ x'g\ . a'§f eg]{, /+u eg]{, df]hf a'Gg], sk8fsf h'Qf a'Gg]
cflb zx/L If]qsf d'Vo s'6L/ ;fgf pBf]ux¿ x'g\ .

@= s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t s'6L/ pBf]u M

v]tL u/]/ pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'sf] cfwf/df ;~rfng ePsf s'6L/ pBf]unfO{ s[lif pkhdf
cfwfl/t s'6L/ pBf]u eGb5g\ . rfdn, t]n, lk7f], kmnkm"n, b'w k|zf]wg cflb pBf]u s[lif
pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t s'6L/ pBf]ux¿ x'g\ . knf~rf]s, kf]v/f, ;]/fj];L, g]kfnu~h / 6f]vfdf
pv' k]n]/ ;v/, rfs' agfpg] sfd x'G5 . kmnkm"n pBf]u eb|k'/, lj/f6gu/ / sf7df8f}+df
;~rflnt 5g\ .

#= jg:ktL k}bfjf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ pBdx¿ M

o; pBf]ucGtu{t g]kfnL sfuh pBf]u k|Voft 5 . vf;u/L g]kfnL sfuh / k"jL{o klZrdL
kxf8L If]qdf k|Voft 5g\ . s'g} vf;u/L pQ/L kxf8L efudf cfw'lgs k|sf/sf] sfuh pBf]u
:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ag]kf, kgf}tL, rf}tf/f cflbdf klg g]kfnL sfuh pTkfbg ul/G5 .

$= hGt'df cfwfl/t s'6L/ pBf]u M

/f8L, kfvL, un]aGbL, av' cflb a'Gg] sfd o;cGtu{t kb{5 . hgfj/sf /f}+af6 tof/ x'g] oL
sfo{x¿ ug{ vf;u/L z]kf{, u'?ª, du/x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . pQ/, blIf0f prfO{ If]qdf o;sf]
sfo{ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ef]6] / z]kf{x¿n] rf}/Lsf] b'waf6 5'kL{ agfpF5g\ .

%= vlghdf cfwfl/t s'6L/ pBf]u M

9nf}6sf] d"lt{, 306f, efF8fjt{gx¿ cflb agfpg] o; pBf]ucGtu{t kb{5 . kf6gdf So'l/of]sf
;fdfg, x:tL xf8 agfpg] k|Voft 5 . lkQnsf] efF8f agfpg] sfddf kfNkf k|Voft 5 . 7'nf
zx/x¿df ;'g, rfFbL, lx/fdf]tLsf uxgfx¿ aGb5g\ .

16
^= ko{6g ;xfos s'6L/ pBf]u M
wft'snf, d"lt{snf, lrqsnf, sfi7snf / cGo So'l/of]sf ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿ /
ko{6g ;xfos s'6L/ pBf]udf ulgG5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf jif]{gL nfvf}+ ko{6sx¿ cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿
g]kfnsf] wfg'snf, d"lt{snf / sfi7snf b]lv Hofb} k|efljt x'G5g\ .
&= 7'nf pBf]ux¿sf] k"/s eO{ sfd ug]{ s'6L/ pBf]u
Kofls+u a§f agfpg], zLzL agfpg], h'6af]/f agfpg] cflb sfdx¿ o; s'6L/ pBf]ucGtu{t
kb{5g\ . lrgL sf/vfgf, d}bfldn, rfdn pBf]unfO{ h'6af]/f cfjZos x'G5g\ . tL
sf/vfgfx¿n] cfjZos h'6 s'6L/ pBf]unfO{ tof/ ug{ nufpF5g\ .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] P]ltxf;Ls k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k"/ftgfn b]lv g} ljlzi6 :yfg /x]sf] 5 .
xfd|f] ;dfhn] :jb]zL 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 w]/} s'/fdf cfhgf] cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ u/L cfPsf] 5 eg] s'/f
sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q / lrlgofF ofq'x¿sf] aofgaf6 yfxf x'G5 . g]kfndf ag]sf] dfn;fdfgsf]
;/fxgL ;d|f6 rGb|u'Ktsf dGqL rf0fSon] klg u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf ls/fFtLx¿sf] kfnfdf x:tsnf
/ Jofkf/ s[lif eGbf ljsl;t / pGgt cj:yfdf lyof] eg] s;} s;}sf] egfO{ 5 . g]kfnL x:tsnf
tyf lzNksnfsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf s] b]lvG5 eg] z'? k"j{sfn b]lv !( cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd o;sf] If]q
s]xL j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{df dfq ;Lldt g/xL Hofb} lj:t[t t/Lsfn] km}lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
To; a]nfsf dflg;x¿ vfBfGg k|zf]wg ug]{ ;fwf/0f sfd b]lv lnP/ sk8f a'Gg], vfgL vGg],
vfgLaf6 lgl:sPsf] 3fp aufNg], s8f wft' unfO{ ;fdfg agfpg] cflb l:y/ 1fg rflxg] h:tf]
sfd klg ub{y] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbL ;Dd g]kfn cfpg] o"/f]kLo ko{6sx¿n] g]kfnLx¿n] xftn] tof/
u/]sf ;"lt, pgL sk8f, kmnfd, tfdf, lkQn tyf 9nf}6sf ljleGg ;fdfgx¿sf] pTs[i6 gd'gfx¿
x]g]{ df}sf kfPsf lyP . g]kfnsf] k|frLg x:tsnf / ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] gfpFdf l9sL rnfpg] h:tf]
;fdfGo sfd b]lv lnP/ sk8f a'Gg], vfgL vGg], wft' kufnL d"lt{ agfpg] h:tf ufx|f sfdx¿ /
7'nf] s'zntf rflxg] snfk"0f{ j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug{df;d]t gfdL lyP . g]jf/ / du/x¿n] a'Gg]
vf8L / rf+uf Hofb} ;'Gb/ / alnof lyP . u'?ª / lnDa'x¿n] a'Gg] pgL j:t'x¿ ef]6]x¿n] a'g]sf]
eGbf d;Lgf lyP .

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljz]iftfx¿

g]kfndf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] lgDg ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ M—
-!_ >ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} sd x'G5g\, k|foM 3/s} ;b:o >dhLjL x'G5g\ .
-@_ 7'n7"nf d]zLgx¿sf] 7fpFdf ;fwf/0f oGqx¿sf] k|of]u x'G5 .
-#_ zlQmsf] w]/} sd pkof]u x'G5 . ljz]if u/]/ dflg;x¿sf xftaf6} sfd ul/G5 .
-$_ sRrf dfnx¿sf] pTkfbg cS;/ :yfgLo x'G5 .
-%_ pTkfbg ;fgf] :s]ndf x'g] x'Fbf >d ljefhgsf] ;'Id cefj x'G5 .
-^_ >d / k'FhLsf] dflns Ps} x'gfn] o;sf] aLr ;xfg'e"lt x'G5 .
-&_ k|foM o;sf] ahf/ :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o klg x'G5 .

17
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj
(Necessity & Importance of Cottage & Small Scale Industries)

3/]n' tyf u|fdL0f pBf]usf] dxŒj tyf cfjZostf

g]kfnsf cfly{s ljsf;df s[lif Joj;fo kl5 /f]huf/Ldf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{, hghLjgdf cfosf]
clej[l4 ug{df 7f]; of]ubfg k|bfg ug{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 /
Oltxf;sf] k|f/lDes cj:yf b]lv g} o; If]qdf s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng u/L
cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg u/]sf] kfOG5 . hgtfsf] qmozlQm, ;fgf] cfGtl/s ahf/ / cGt/f{li6«o
k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf 7'nf pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf ug]{ ;DefJotf Hofb} ;Lldt b]lvG5 . ctM
/fli6«o lxtnfO{ sfod /fvL ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] cfly{s lxt sfod ug{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;tkm{ Ps 7f]; sfo{ cljnDa cfjZos x'g uPsf] 5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z s[ifsx¿
jif{sf] s]xL dlxnf;Dd dfq s[lif Joj;fodf nfUg] jf afFsL ;do a]sf/ d} /xg] u/]sfn] of] ;d:of
x6fpg s[lif If]qdf b]vf k/]sf lgl:qmo ;fwg tyf hgzlQmnfO{ cf}Bf]lus/0fdf ;/Ls u/fO{
cf}Bf]lus/0fdf Pp6f cfwf/ v8f ug{ / o;k|sf/ /fli6«o cfodf;d]t j[l4 ug{df s'6L/ pBf]usf]
7'nf] dxŒj 5 .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{sf] nflu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]un] s]–s:tf dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgefpg] ub{5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒjnfO{
lgDg lnlvt lzif{sx¿af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M–
!= :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u (Utilization of Local Natural Resources)
xfd|f] b]zdf s[lifdf cTolws hg;+Vofsf] ef/ 5 / of] ef/ ljz]if1x¿sf] cg'dfgdf emg a9\g]
;Defjgf 5 . t/ :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ afF;, 5fnf, 3fF;, kft, wft', 9'Ëf cflbsf]
;b'kof]u x'g] ;fgf tyf 3/]n' p|Bf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf d} lbPsf] v08df Psflt/ v]/ uO/x]sf oL
k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] csf]{lt/ s[lif dfly hg;+Vofsf] ef/df sdL
klg x'g] a'lemG5 . :yfgLo If]qdf sRrf dfnx¿ k|z:t kfOG5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ clxn];Dd
sfddf Nofpg] sfd lbg] s'6L/ n3' pBf]ux¿n] u/]sf] 5 .
@= sd k"FhL (Low Capital)
;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ w]/} k'FhLsf] h?/t kb}{g . 7'nf cf}Bf]lus ejg / ljsl;t
k|ljlw lagf klg oL pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf lgoldt s'g} 7'nf] k|fljlws
bIftf jf 1fgsf] klg cfjZostf kb}{g . ;Lldt ;fwg ePsf] g]kfnsf lgldQ 3/]n' / ;fgf
pBf]ux¿ g} cfly{s pGgltsf Ps dfq pko'Qm dfWod x'g\ .
#= zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f (Peaceful Environment)
3/]n' pBf]ux¿df pTkfbg zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf yf]/} dhb'/x¿åf/f x'g] x'gfn] cfw'lgs
cf}Bf]lus o'usf b'ikl/0ffdx¿ h:t}— x8\tfn, tfnaGbL, ju{ ;+3if{ cflb ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg
x'Fb}gg\ . ;fgf ;fgf pBf]ux¿df dflns / dhb'/sf] aLrdf kf/:kl/s ;xof]uaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg x'g hfG5 . o;n] JolQmjfbL cy{tGqdf pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofx¿ oyf a]sf/L, cf}Bf]lus
dGbL cflb pTkGg x'g lbFb}g .

18
$= :yfgLo cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ (To Supply Local Necessity)
xfn b]zdf oftfoftsf] /fd|f] ;'ljwf eO{;s]sf] 5}g . o;}n] Ps 7fpFsf] pTkfbg csf]{ 7fpFdf
k'¥ofpg sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 . ctM :yfgLo hgtfx¿sf] vfFrf] / cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{
sfddf klg 3/]n' pBf]usf] ToltsŒj 5 . :yfgLo pBf]ux¿n] ;DalGwt If]qdf g} cfjZosLo
j:t'x¿ pTkfbg u/L ToxfFsf hgtfx¿sf] vfrf] k"lt{ ub{5g\ . 7'n7'nf pBf]u rNg
sf/vfgf3/ dhb'/ cflb h'6fpg cTolws k"FhL rflxG5 h;sf] nflu ljb]zL ;xfotf kv{g'
kb{5 . t/ 3/]n' pBf]ux¿n] ljb]z;Fu eLv dfUg] k|j[lQ 36fO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] b}lgs
hLjgdf rflxg] rLh j:t'x¿ cfkm} tof/ kfb{5 .
%= JolQmsf ?lrsf] ;Gt'li6 (Satisfaction of Personal)
3/]n' pBf]ux¿df snfTds 9+un] cfhgf] dg nfu]sf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ul/G5g\ . o;n] ubf{
7'n7'nf pBf]ux¿df pTkflbt Psgf;sf j:t'x¿df ?lr g/fVg]x¿n] cfhgf] dg nfu]sf j:t'x¿
cfhg} xftn] tof/ kfb{5g\ . dflg;x¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf ?lrx¿ x'G5g\ . o; ?lrsf]
;Gt'li6 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . lsgeg] x/]sn] cfhgf] OR5f cg';f/sf] sfd ug]{ cj;/
kfpF5g\ .
^= /f]huf/sf] cj;/ (Employment Opportunities)
g]kfnsf clwsf+z hgtf ufpFdf a:5g\ . v]tLsf] ofd afx]s cGo dlxgfx¿df ltgLx¿ vfnL
g} a:g' k5{ . s[ifsx¿nfO{ jif{el/nfO{ k'Ubf] sfd gx'gfn] g} cw{ a]/f]huf/L / cb[Zo
a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ltgLx¿n] vfnL ;dodf o:t} u|fdL0f tyf 3/]n'
pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng ug]{ u/]df ltgLx¿sf] pTkfbg a9\g] / cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ x'g] s'/fdf s'g}
;Gb]x /xFb}g .
&= ;xfos cfo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf (Subsidiary Source of Income)
g]kfnLx¿ cfhgf] b}lgs cfjZostfsf] k"lt{, lzIff, ntfsk8f, cf}ifwL ;a} vr{ s[lif cfoaf6
k|fKt u5{g\ . t/ s[lif cfo (Agricultural Income) Go"g /x]sf]n] cfhgf ;Dk"0f{ cfjZostf k"/f
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . 3/]n' pBf]usf] ;~rfngaf6 pgLx¿n] lgoldt cfo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ub{5g\ .
Psflt/ 3/]n' pBf]usf] ;~rfngaf6 ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ x'g hfg]5 eg] csf]{lt/
ljb]zaf6 ;fdfgx¿ cfoft ug{ gkg]{ l:yltsf] ;[hgf x'g]5 .
*= :yfgLo j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u (Proper Utilization of Local Raw Materials)
3/]n' / ;fgf pBf]usf] :yfkgfn] ubf{ :yfgLo :t/df pknAw sRrf kbfy{sf] pkof]u x'g
hfG5 eg] :yfgLo cfjZostfsf] cfk"lt{ klg ub{5 . ufF3/df /x]sf :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿
h:t} jfF;, 5fnf, 3fF;kft, wft', 9'+uf cflbsf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 . ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿sf]
:yfkgfn] ubf{ Psflt/ v]/ uO/x]sf oL k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] ;b'kof]u x'g hfG5 eg] csf]{lt/
s[lifdfly hg;+Vofsf] ef/ klg sdL x'g hfG5 .
(= :yfgLo ;Lksf] k|of]u (Proper Use of Local Skill)
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf cbIf >ldsx¿ åf/f klg ;~rfngug{;lsg] ePsf]n]
To:tf >ldsx¿df ;Lksf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 . o;af6 7'nf] pBf]usf] nflu cfjZos cw{ bIf
hgzlQm tof/ x'G5 . :yfgLo :t/df 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fgf ltgf k'Flhsf] kl/rfng x'guO{ k"FhL
lgdf{0f x'g hfG5 .
19
!)= pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ j:t'x¿sf] cfk"lt{ (Consumer Supplies)
3/]n' Pjd\ ;fgf pBf]udf pTkfbg nfut Hofb} a9L kb{5 eGg] s]xL cy{zf:qLx¿sf] egfO{
/x]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf df}lb|s nfut a9L k/] klg 3/]n' pBf]udf ;fdflhs nfut sd kb{5 .
3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf cf}Bf]lus j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg x'G5g\ . oL j:t'x¿
ahf/df pknAw ePkl5 b]zsf] cfGtl/s cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 / pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{
cfjZos k/]sf] j:t'x¿ ahf/df ;lhn};Fu k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . pkef]Qmfx¿n] j:t'x¿ ahf/df
;:tf] d"Nodf kfpg ;S5g\ .
!!= lgof{t k|j4{g (Export Promotion)
s'6L/ 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;n] :jtM cfoft 36g'sf] ;fy} lgof{tsf] dfqfdf j[l4 eP/ hfG5 .
o;af6 b]zsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt cg's"n x'g hfg]5 h'g clxn] k|lts"n eO/x]sf] 5 . clxn]
b]zdf cfjZos kg]{ clwsf+z j:t'x¿ aflx/af6 cfoft ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . b]zdf 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; ePdf o;k|sf/sf] cfoft 36fpg ;lsG5 eg] b]znfO{ cfTdlge{/
agfpFb} n}hfg ;lsG5 . o;af6 b]zn] b'n{e ljb]zL d'b|fsf] art u/fpgdf;d]t d2t ug]{
ub{5 .
!@= k/Dk/fut ;Lk tyf snfsf] ljsf; (Development of Traditional Skill and Art)
;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ k/Dk/fut ;Lk / snfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;xfos x'G5g\ . To;}
sf/0fn] cfh klg tfKs], v's'/L, un}+rf cflb agfpg] sfo{df g]kfn k|l;4 ePsf] 5 . sf7sf
d"lt{ agfpg] sfddf t g]kfnLx¿ w]/} l;kfn' 5g\ . oL sfo{x¿ u/] jfkt Psflt/ >ldsx¿sf]
dgdf cfgGb / ;Gtf]if x'G5 eg] csf]{lt/ ljb]zL d'b|fsf] klg cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= :yfgLos/0f (Localisation)
sRrf j:t' pknAw ePsf] h'g;'s} :yfgdf klg 3/]n' pBf]u ljs]Gb|Lt ¿kdf rnfpg ;lsG5 .
o;nfO{ :yfgLos/0f ;'qsf] h?/t kb}{g . ljs]Gb|Lt ¿kdf rNg] x'gfn];d]t o;nfO{ xQklQ
gf; ug}{ ;lsFb}g .
3/]n' tyf u|fdL0f pBf]u pGglt ePsf] sf/0fx¿
g]kfndf s]xL vf; vf; pBf]ux¿ ljsf; x'gfsf] d'Vo sf/0fx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M—
-!_ g]kfndf x:tsnf, ;fgf pBf]ux¿ ljsl;t x'gfsf] Ps d'Vo sf/0f ef}uf]lns l:yltaf6 b]zsf]
;fdflhs / cfly{s 9fFrf xf] . ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{af6 5l/Psf] x'Fbf kl/jf/ ;d"x / hflt jf
ufpFx¿ ljleGg PsfO{sf ¿kdf /xg uP .
-@_ g]kfnL ;/;fdfg ltAatdf nf]slk|o ePsf]n] klg tTsfnLg g]kfndf x:tsnf tyf 3/]n'
pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
-#_ sfnLu9x¿sf] snfTds lgk'0ftf, bIftf / hGdl;4 zlQmnfO{ g]kfnsf] snf sf}zn /
pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;sf] 7'nf] cfwf/ dfGg' kb{5 .
-$_ ;/sf/L gLlt cg's"n ePsf]n] klg tTsfnLg g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf; x'g uPsf]
xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] dfGg'kb{5 .

20
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] jt{dfg cj:yf / l:ylt
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] lbuf] / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ :tDe xf] . /f]huf/Lsf nflu
s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ub}{ ljBdfg a]/f]huf/L, cw{a]/f]huf/L sdug{ cf}Bf]lus/0fsf]
e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /xG5 . cf}Bf]lus nufgLn] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4, /f]huf/L
l;h{gf, :yfgLo ;Lksf] k|of]u, ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u, cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{gdf
of]ubfg ub{5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf lghL :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{sf] nflu cf}Bf]lus
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ub}{ n}hfg], df}h'bf cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{, lgof{t k|j4{gdf
hf]8 lbg ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ug]{ / n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf]
k|j4{gsf] dfWodaf6 u/LaL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;f´]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k cf}Bf]lus ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ n}hfg]
p2]Zon] g]kfn Joj;fo d~r lj|mofzLn x'g'sf ;fy} pBf]u dGqfnodf d~rsf] ;lrjfno ;~rfngdf
cfPsf] 5 . ¿U0f pBf]u ;DjGwdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{
dlGqkl/ifbaf6 gLltut :jLs[lt;lxt k|fljlws ;ldltsf] kl/dflh{t sfof{b]z :jLs[t ePsf] 5 .
d'Votof ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿sf] ljsf;df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] of]ubfg k|d'v x'G5 . ;|f]t
;fwgx¿sf] ;Lldttf, k"FhL / ;f]sf] kl/rfngsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, Joj;flostfsf] k|j4{g ck]lIft
:t/df x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] g]kfnh:tf d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]¿b08 / cfwf/sf] ¿kdf n3',
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . o; If]qsf] Joj:yfkg / k|j4{g ug{ 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf
sfof{nox¿n] sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . rfn' cGtl/d of]hgfn] lnPsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zo
cg'¿k 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g Pjd\ ljsf; ug{sf] nflu dfudf cfwfl/t
cfjZos ;Lk ljsf;, pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd, k|fljlws k/fdz{ shf{ k|jfx Pjd\ ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f
h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{, blnt
hghflt, åGb lkl8t Pjd\ dlxnfsf] pTyfg x'g] ahf/ dfudf cfwfl/t /f]huf/ Pjd\ ;Lkd"ns
tflnd, pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ tL ju{sf] ;zlQms/0f x'g] ul/ k|fyldstf lbO{
jflif{s sfo{qmddf :ki6 nIo ls6fg u/L sfof{Gjog ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df
!% xhf/ ! ;o !! hgfnfO{ ljleÌ ljifodf /f]huf/ tyf :j/f]huf/ x'g] ul/ tflnd k|bfg ug]{
nIosf ;fy s]Gb|Lo :t/df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, @) lhNnfdf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf
nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd / lhNnf l:yt @& 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nox¿af6 /
åGblkl8tx¿sf] nflu tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . gofF ;f]r, l;h{gf, ;Lk Pjd\
k|ljlw ePsf o'jf lkl9x¿nfO{ gofF pBdL Joj;foLsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/fpg] p2]Zon] ljefudf
Joj;fo ;DaGwg sfo{qmd (Business Incubation Programme) rfn' /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd !! hgfn]
;DaGwgsf] k|df0fkq kfO;s]sf5g\ eg] !% hgf k|lzIffyL{ Joj;foL x¿sf] nflu Joj;fo ;DjGwgsf]
sfo{ e}/x]sf]5 . ;Lk l;s]sf tflnd k|fKt hgzlQmnfO{ cfkm"n] l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] ;b'kof]u u/L
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ / ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x]t'n] ljp k'FhLsf] ¿kdf /sd pknAw
u/fpg, shf{ k|jfx ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u shf{
Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4|{g Pjd\ ljsf; ugf{sf nflu dfudf cfwfl/t tyf ckfË,
lk5l8Psf ju{, blnt, hghflt, åGb lkl8t Pjd\ dlxnfsf] pTyfgsfnflu cfjZos ;Lk ljsf;,
pBdzLntf ljsf;, tflnd, k|fljlws k/fdz{, shf{ k|jfx Pjd\ ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f h:tf sfo{s|dx¿
21
PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf], kf/bzL{ tyf u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] nIosf ;fy 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nox¿df cgnfOg ;le{;sf] tof/L ul/Psf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( df !* xhf/ * j6f 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ btf{ ePsf lyP eg] cfly{s
jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] kmfu'g d;fGt ;Dd 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefucGtu{t ( xhf/ & ;o @ j6f
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ btf{ ePsf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( df btf{ ePsf pBf]ux¿df s"n
/sd ¿ !& ca{ @& s/f]8 $$ nfv ^^ xhf/ k"FhL nufgL ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(
df btf{ ePsf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ dWo] k|fOe]6 kmd{ !% xhf/ * ;o #!, ;fem]bf/L kmd{ !
xhf/ @ ;o @% / k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 ( ;o %@ j6f btf{ ePsf 5g\ . pBdL tof/L tyf /f]huf/L
l;h{gf sfo{qmdcGtu{t cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( df #xhf/ $ ;o (* hgf pBdL tof/ ePsf lyP
eg] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd cf7 dlxgfsf] cjlw ;Dd # ;o (@ hgfn] o:tf] k|lzIf0f tyf
tflnd lnO;s]sf 5g\ . To:t}, cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(df pBf]u k|j4{gsf nflu @ xhf/ %( hgfsf
nflu ljleGg tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ul/Psf]df rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] k|yd cf7
dlxgfsf] cjlw ;Dd # ;o hgf o:tf] k|lzIf0fdf ;xefuL eO;s]sf 5g\ . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljefu tkm{ cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] k|yd cf7 dlxgfdf btf{ ePsf s"n ( xhf/ & ;o @ pBf]u
dWo] k|fOe]6 kmd{ * xhf/ $ ;o !!, ;fem]bf/L kmd{ % ;o $& / k|fOe]6 lnld6]8tkm{ & ;o $$
j6f btf{ ePsf 5g\ . oL pBf]ux¿df ?= !! ca{ (& s/f]8 *$ nfv # xhf/ k"FhL nufgL ePsf]
5 .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] OR5's pBdL Joj;foLnfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tyf
;Lk clej[l4 tflnddfkm{t pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{ Pjd\ n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBdx¿ k|j4{g ug{
:yfkgf ul/Psf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|lzIf0f s]Gb|af6 cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( df ! xhf/ &*
hgfnfO{ ljleGg ljifodf tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] cfly{s jif{ @)^( ÷@)&) sf] k|yd cf7
dlxgfdf * ;o ^# hgfnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfne/ sDkgL btf{ tyf k|zf;g ;DaGwL
sfo{ sDkgL /lhi6|f/sf] sfof{noaf6 x'g] ub{5 . sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 cfly{s jif{
@)^*÷^( df !) xhf/ ! ;o $% k|fOe]6 lnld6]8, #$ klJns lnld6]8 / %@ d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug]{
sDkgL :yfkgf ePsf lyP eg] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k|yd cf7 dlxgfdf & xhf/ ! ;o #! k|fOe]6
lnld6]8, @( klJns lnld6]8 / %) d'gfkmf ljt/0f gug]{ sDkgL :yfkgf sDkgLn] cgnfOgdfkm{t
-www.cro.gov.np_ df cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= !
-!_ btf{ ePsf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
;fgf pBf]usf] ;+Vof / l:y/ k"FhL
hL nufgL
l:y/ k"FhL nufgL ePsf] /sd
pBf]usf] lsl;d pBf]usf] lsl;d / ;+Vof -?= s/f]8df_
cf=a= k|fOe]6 kmd{ k|fOe]6 ln= ;fem]bf/L hDdf k|fOe]6 kmd{ k|fOe]6 ln= ;fem]bf/L hDdf
@)#!÷#@ – !^ %$ &) – )=$@ )=%$ )=(^
@)#@÷## #@! !( ^^ $)^ #=)( )=&$ )=#* $=@!
@)##÷#$ ##) @! ^* $!( #=!$ )=%* )=$@ $=!$
@)#$÷#% #^& $) %$ $^! #=@) )=$! !=)$ $=^%
@)#%÷#^ #!* #) !!* $^^ #=#* )=&( )=&$ $=(!
@)#^÷#& ##* @% #* $)! %=%^ )=&& )=%# ^=*^
@)#&÷#* #)& @) #% #^@ $=$^ )=&@ )=^) %=&*
@)#*÷#( #^$ #% *! $*) ^=@% @=)) #=!# !!=#*
@)#(÷$) !!^( *@ #!) !%^! !^=&$ $=(! !#=@$ #$=*(
@)$)÷$! !!$% $^ !^$ !#%% !&=@^ @=&! %=%( @%=%^
22
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@)$@÷$# ^*# #@ !(% (!) @(=)) $=@# !^=*) %)=)#
@)$#÷$$ (@@ #& #&# !##@ @&=*% ^=@* !^=#! %)=$$
@)$$÷$% &%* #( @@* !)@% @$=^# @=^^ !)=$* #&=&&
@)$%÷$^ ^($ ^) *% *#( @!=!@ (=)* $=%@ #$=&@
@)$^÷$& &@& ** !!& (#@ $)=($ #)=!@ !!=*) *@=*^
@)$&÷$* ($^ $# !@# !!!@ ()=%) !#=&@ !*=$) !@@=^@
@)$*÷$( %)@) @$@ $^% %&@& !*$=)^ #*=@@ #%=!@ @%&=$)
@)$(÷%) ^)*& @(^ #(* ^&*! @)&=)) %(=)) $(=)) #!%=))
@)%)÷%! *%#% #@! ^#) ($*^ #^#=)) ^#=)) !$^=)) %&@=))
@)%!÷%@ &*## @$& $#( *%!( $@*=)^ ^&=(* $)=(^ %#&=))
@)%@÷%# *^#* %$$ $^* (^%) #)%=)) @*(=)) $*=)) &@@=))
@)%#÷%$ &$)$ #$^ $$^ *!(^ $)*=)) !#^=)) ^)=)) ^)$=))
@)%$÷%% *^^( %!! $&) (^%) $&*=)) #$&=)) &!=)) *(^=))
@)%%÷%^ *&&# %## ^*$ ((() %!)=)) #^$=)) **=)) (^@=))
@)%^÷%& ***( ^*( %$( !)!@& ^^%=)) #@$=)) $%=)) !)#$=))
@)%&÷%* *#^* %$@ $)& (#!& $%%=)) @#*=)) #(=)) &#@=))
@)%*÷%( **%! %!# %@^ (*() $!!=)) @(!=)) &)=)) &&@=))
@)%(÷^) ^&&* #$) $%$ &%&@ %)@=#* %#=!$ #%=$* %(!=))
@)^)÷^! %(*% ^)) %$* &!## $^@=@& !)@=&( $^=($ ^!!=))
@)^!÷^@ ^(&@ %%( $(( *)#) *&(=)# !%#=@* ^*=$@ !!)!=))
@)^@÷^# &#@@ %#^ #&@ *@#) %&)=&% ^(=*^ @(=#( #&)=))
@)^#÷^$ &%*& &#! #*% *&)# ^&@=)# &^%=@ #$=)% &*@=^)
@)^$÷^% *@#( *$& #!^ (#($ ^*! *@ ^) *@#
@)^%÷^^ !^@#* ($# %$! !&&@@ !!#$ @@( !^( !%#!=&)
@)^^÷^& !!@%) !!!^ ^%$ !#)@) (*#=$% #)&=^ @$!=*# !%#@=**
@)^&÷^* !@#%( !!!$ !!$% !$^!* !!!% @@) !$) !$&%
@)^*÷^( !%*#! !@@% (%@ !*))* — — — !&@&=$)
@)^(⁄&) *$!! &$$ %$& (&)@ — — — !!(&=*)
-cf=a= @)$*÷$( b]lvsf] tYof+sdf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefucGtu{t btf{ ePsf g]kfnel/sf pBf]usf] ;+Vof ;dfj]z ePsf] . _
-;|f]tM 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu ._
-;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, @)&)_
pko'Qm k|ljlw, k"FhL nufgL, ahf/ ;"rgf / ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;~hfn (Marketing Network) sf]
cefjdf 3/]n' / ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/df sdL cfPsf] 5 . pBf]usf] bLuf]kgf
(Sustainability) gx'Fbf o:tf If]qdf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ nufgL ug{ ;z+lst 5g\ . clwsf+z pBf]u
Payback Period ;Dd klg ;~rfng x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5g\ . ljutdf pBf]u If]qdf u/]sf]
nufgLsf] ;xL k|ltkmn k|fKt gx'Fbf b]zdf a9\bf] ljQLo If]q klg u|fdL0f If]qdf nufgL ug{ OR5's
b]lvFb}g . a}+lsË If]qaf6 nufgL ePsf pBf]u klg cfjZos nufgLsf] sdL, pRr Jofhb/, Go"g
cfon] ubf{ a}+ssf] C0f ef/df 8'a]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; /
ahf/ l:ylt x]bf{ 7"nf pBf]usf] ;Defjgf ;Lldt 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf 7"nf pBf]u vf]Ng] ;Defjgf
5}g . :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf]
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ubf{ kxf8L, t/fO{ Pjd\ lxdfnL If]qdf ljleGg lsl;dsf jghGo tyf s[lif
pkhsf] ljzfn If]q (Scope) /x]sf] 5 . oL s[lif tyf jghGo sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t pBfuaf6
7"nf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} xfd|f hl8a'6Ldf cfwfl/t pBf]u / x:tsnf
t'ngfTds nfe (Comparative Advantage) ePsf pBf]ux¿ x'g\ .

23
3/]n' tyf u|fdL0f pBf]udf pGglt ePsf sf/0fx¿
g]kfndf s]lx vf;–
vf;–vf; pBf]u ljsf; x'gfsf] d"Vo sf/0f lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ 5g\ M
-!_ g]kfndf x:tsnf, ;fgf pBf]ux¿, ljs;Lt x'gfsf] Ps d"Vo sf/0f ef}uf]lns l:yltaf6
b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s 9fFrf xf] . ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{af6 5'l6Psf] x'Fbf kl/jf/, ;d"x /
hflt jf ufpFx¿ ljleGg PsfO{sf ¿kdf /xg uP .
-@_ g]kfnL ;/;fdfg ltAatdf nf]slk|o ePsf]n] klg tTsflng g]kfndf x:tsnf tyf 3/]n'
pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
-#_ sfnLu9x¿sf] snfTds lgk'0ftf, bIftf / hGdl;4 zlQmnfO{ g]kfnsf] snf sf}zn /
pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;sf] 7"nf] cfwf/ dfGg' kb{5 .
-$_ ;/sf/L gLlt–cg's"n ePsf]n] klg tTsflng g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; x'g uPsf]
xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] dfGg' kb{5 .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;df b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿
(Problems of Cottage and Small Scale Industries)
g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿n] ef]Ug' kg]{ d'Vo sl7gfO{x¿ dWo] ljb]zdf cfw'lgs oGq
pks/0fåf/f 7'nf] cfsf/df pTkflbt ;:tf] / /fd|f] cf}Bf]lus j:t'x¿;Fu ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] d'Vo
tLj| k|ltåGåLtf xf] . k'FhLsf] cefjdf s'g} klg pBf]ux¿ km:6fpg kfpFb}g . 3/]n' pBf]udf nfu]sf
JolQmx¿;Fu cfhgf] Joj;fo a9fpg cfjZos k"FhL 5}g . o;n] ubf{ klg 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;df
afwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . 3/]n' pBf]usf] nflu rflxg] sRrf j:t'x¿sf] klg 7'nf] cefj 5 . Ps 7fpFdf
ePsf] sRrf j:t'nfO{ csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfg sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf nfu]sf
clwsf+z sfdbf/x¿ ck|lzlIft tyf cbIf 5g\ . g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ :j:y
jftfj/0fdf ljsl;t ePsf 5}gg\ . s'g} s'g} 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ ljnfP/ uO{;Sof] / s'g} s'g} To;}
g/fd|f] l:yltdf kl//x]sf 5g\ . ;Defljt pBf]ux¿ klg /fd|/L ljsl;t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . oL
pBf]ux¿sf] k'g?Tyfg tyf ljsf;sf nflu cfh;Dd ePsf k|of;n] ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw xf;Ln
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;zLn b]zn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] If]qdf a9L dfqfdf
ljsf; ug'{ clt g} cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ o;df w]/} ;d:of tyf afwfx¿ 5g\ . h;n] ubf{
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u km:6fpg] df}sf kfPsf] 5}gg\ . 7"nf]–7"nf] pBf]ux¿af6 ljleGg lsl;dsf
cfw'lgs tyf j}1flgs 9+un] y/L y/Lsf l8hfOg ePsf] j:t'x¿ pTkfbg x'G5g\ . t/ 3/]n'
pBf]udf dflg;x¿af6 k"/fgf] l8hfOgsf] j:t' pTkfbg x'G5 / /+uL lj/+uL x'Fb}g ;fy} 3/]n'sf
pTkflbt j:t' dx+uf] klg x'G5 . o;}n] ubf{ 3/]n' pBf]u ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . 3/]n' pBf]usf]
ljsf;df Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ afwf k|lt:kwf{ xf] . xftn] ag]sf ;fdfgx¿n] d]zLgaf6 ag]sf
;fdfgx¿;Fu s'g} xfntdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . xftn] ag]sf ;fdfgx¿ dx+uf] dfq xf]Og ls ¿k /
cfsf/df klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g . d]l;g;Fu 3/]n' pBf]un] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ sl7g x'g] s'/f :jfefljs g} xf] .
g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ ljb]zL j:t'af6 k|ltof]lutf ug'{k5{ . ljb]zL j:t' ;:tf] tyf ;'Gb/ x'G5 /
o;sf] dfu klg a9L x'G5 . t/ 3/]n' pBf]usf j:t' l6sfp eP tfklg ;'Gb/ x'Fb}g h;n] ubf{
o;sf] dfu a9L xF'b}g . o;sf] ;fy;fy} 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿n] plrt dfqfdf ;+/If0fsf] cefj
5g\ . 3/]n' pBf]usf] nflu dxŒj lbg] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

24
3/]n' pBf]ux¿df pTkfbg ul/g] clwsf+z pks/0f tyf cf}hf/x¿ / sfo{ ljlw k|fo u/]/ k/Dk/fut
9+usf 5g\ . cg';Gwfg / ;e]{If0fsf] sdLn] ubf{ cfw'lgs k|sf/sf cf}hf/ tyf sfo{ k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; /fd|/L x'g kfPsf] b]lvFb}g . o;n] ubf{ 3/]n' pBf]un] j}1flgs ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g . cfhsf] j}1flgs o'udf pks/0fx¿ klg j}1flgs x'g'k5{ . b]zdf oftfoftsf] ;fwg sdhf]/
ePsf]n] sRrf j:t' a6'Ng / pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] a]rlavg ug{ cToGt sl7g 5 . ;xsfl/tfsf]
cfwf/df a]rlavgsf] Joj:yfsf] k|aGw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oftfoftsf] ;'Joj:yf gx'g' 3/]n' pBf]usf]
ljsf;df 7'nf] afwf b]vf kg{ cfPsf] 5 . dfn;fdfgx¿ pTkfbg u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g ltgsf] laqmLsf]
klg plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . t/ af6f]3f6f]sf] cefjn] ubf{ of] sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfnsf 3/]n' pBf]u shf{ ;|f]tsf] cefjn] u|l;t 5g\ . 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
s]xL k'FhLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . z'? z'?df pBf]unfO{ d]zLg, sRrfdfn, v/Lb ug{ k"FhL rflxG5 .
ls;fgn] cfhg} ;Lldt ;fwgaf6 3/]n' pBf]usf] nflu oL ;/;fdfg lsGg ;Sb}gg\ . o;sf] nflu
;+:yfut shf{ lbg] ;+:yfgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . t/ o;sf] cefjdf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ ljleGg
k|sf/sf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs o'udf u'0f:t/df j:t'sf] dfFu x'Fb}g . cfh j:t'sf]
dfu To;sf] k|rf/ k|rf/df lge{/ ub{5 . g/fd|f j:t'sf] klg k|rf/ k|;f/n] ubf{ /fd|f / a9L lalqm
x'g] x'G5g\ . csf]{lt/ /fd|f] tyf alnof] j:t' o;sf] cefjdf a9L dfFu ePsf] x'Fb}g . o;/L g]kfnL
3/]n' pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t' klg k|rf/ k|;f/sf] cefjdf a9L dfu x'Fb}g . 3/]n' pBf]udf sfd
ug]{ JolQmx¿df k|fljlws bIftfsf] cefj 5 . pgLx¿n] dfn;fdfgnfO{ ;'Gb/ ¿k lbg ;Sb}gg\ .
h;n] ubf{ j:t'x¿ e4f / s'¿k b]lvG5g\ . ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x¿ laqmLsf
nflu ahf/ Hofb} ;Lldt 5 . o;sf] k|z:t k|rf/sf] cefjsf sf/0fn] j:t'sf] dxŒj af/]df w]/}nfO{
yfxf g} x'Fb}g .
3/]n' pBf]usf] ;d:ofnfO{ x6fpg] ;'emfjx¿ (Suggestions)
3/]n' pBf]udf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿n] ubf{ xfd|f ;fgf pBf]ux¿ km:6fpg g;s]sf x'g\ . oL
;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;d:ofs} ¿kdf /fVg glbO{ ;fgf pBf]ux¿nfO{ pGgltsf] dfu{df cu|;/ u/fpg lgDg
lnlvt ;'emfjx¿ ckgfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . h:t} M
-!_ ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf
;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿n] ljb]zL ;fdfg;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL To;} ;]nfP/ a;]sf 5g\ .
u|fdL0f tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿sf nflu ;/sf/L ;+/If0fsf] cfjZos 5 .
-@_ cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/
pTkfbg nfut 36fpg u|fdL0f tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿df cg';Gwfg sfo{
ul/g' k5{ . cg';Gwfgzfnfsf] :yfkgf u/L pTkfbgsf] cfw'lgs k|0ffnL / k4lt ckgfpg'
k5{ .
-#_ ahf/sf] Joj:yf
;fgf pBf]ux¿af6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] d'Vo ahf/ :yfgLo ahf/ xf] . t/ o;nfO{ olts} dfq
;Lldt g /fvL /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf ahf/sf] lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ . o:tf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno ljefu tyf sfof{nox¿n] v/Lb ul/lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
k5{ .
25
-$_ pTkfbg k|ljlwdf ;'wf/
;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ cfhg} k"/fgf] k|ljlwdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . cfhgf k"/fgf k|ljlwx¿
Tofu]/ gofF k|ljlwaf6 pkef]Qmfsf ?lr cg';f/ j:t' pTkfbg ug{ lognfO{ k|fT] ;fxg
ul/g'k5{ .
-%_ ;/sf/L gLlt
3/]n' pBf]usf] pTkfbg k|of]u a9fpg hgtfdf cg's"n efjgf pTkGg u/fpg cfjZos P]g–
lgodnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{ / ;'ljwfx¿df j[l4 ug]{ / cfjZos k|rf/ k|;f/;d]t ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg' k5{ .
-^_ sRrf kbfy{
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] 3/]n' pBf]u rfx] Tof] sfk]{6, tof/L kf]zfs, wft'sf d"lt{, j]tjfF; kmlg{r/,
xf]lhof/L cflb pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{ pknAw x'g' cfjZos 5 . o:tf]
pBf]u Pjd\ cGo sltko 3/]n' pBf]usf] nflu geO{ gx'g] sRrf kbfy{ ;'ne t/Lsfaf6
pknAw u/fpg]tkm{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg hfg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
-&_ C0f ;'ljwf
s'g} klg pBdLn] cfkm';fy /x]sf] k"FhL kof{Kt geO{ a}+s ;dIf C0fsf] nflu ;Dks{ /fVg'kg]{
x'G5 . o; p;n] To:tf pBdLnfO{ lagf l9nf;':tL cfjZos C0f ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO
lbg'k5{ . pBdLx¿nfO{ a}+s C0f ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ tTk/ 5 egL h'g lj1fkg oqtq ePsf]
kfOG5 ToxL hf]; cg'¿k C0f lgsf;f u/fpg'k5{ . C0f dfFu ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cf}krfl/stf
k"/f ug]{ ljlwx¿ ;/n x'g'kb{5 .
-*_ k|fljlws 1fg
3/]n' pBf]usf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{ pBdLx¿nfO{ k|fljlws 1fgaf/] tfnLd lbg] Joj:yf
ul/g'kb{5 . 3/]n':t/df pBf]u ;~rfng ul/Paf6 k|fljlws 1fgsf] cfjZostf 5}g eGg]
wf/0ff lng' x'Fb}g . tfnLd Pp6f o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6 bIf hgzlQm ;[hgf
ul/G5 . tfnLd ;/n lsl;daf6 :yfgLo hgtfn] a'‰g] u/L k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . tfnLd k|bfg
ul/Fbf ljifoj:t'dfly k|sfz kf/L ;s]kl5 pQm ljifo ;DaGwL Jojxfl/s 1fg k|bz{g ul/
b]vfpg' kb{5 .
-(_ lgof{t k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f
3/]n' pBf]u j:t' cyf{t\ sltko x:tsnf pTkfbg lgof{t ubf{ lgof{t /sd Tolt 7"nf] x'Fb}g
tfklg Tolt ;fgf] /sdsf] nflu klg ljleGg ckmL; wfP/ ;j} k|lqmof k"/f ubf{ Ps t
;dosf] aaf{bL x'g]5 / csf]{lt/ o;sf] vr{ a9\g uO{ ;dodf dfn rnfg ug{ g;sL c8{/
/2 x'g] ;Defjgf /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ug{ h] h:tf] lgof{t k|lqmof
adf]lhd sfd ug'{k5{ eg] To;sf] ;/nLs/0f x'g'k5{ / 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg ug]{ ljljw
;fdfgx¿df u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f u/L ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

26
-!)_ ljljw
;'ky df]ndf cfjZos d]zLg Hofjnx¿ / sf]/f dfn pknAw u/fpg] / gofF cfsif{s l8hfOg
/ gd'gfx¿ lgsfNg] ug'{k5{ . o;sf] ;fy;fy} pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt tof/L ;fdfgx¿sf] ahf/sf]
k|aGw ul/g'sf ;fy} 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L sfof{no / oxfF
;+:yfgx¿df clgjfo{¿kn] k|of]u u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . ljBdfg cj:yfdf 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] nflu lgDglnlvt ;xof]ufTds sfo{x¿ cfjZos 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|frLg x:tsnf / ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] gfpFdf l9sL rnfpg] h:tf] ;fdfGo sfdb]lv
lnP/ sk8f a'Gg], vfgL vGg], wft' kufnL d"lt{ agfpg] h:tf ufx|f sfdx¿ / 7'nf] s'zntf
rflxg] snfk"0f{ j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug{df;d]t gfdL lyP . g]jf/ / du/x¿n] a'Gg] vf8L /
rf+uf Hofb} ;'Gb/ / alnof lyP . u'?ª / lnDa'x¿n] a'Gg] pgL j:t'x¿ ef]6]x¿n] a'g]sf] eGbf
d;Lgf lyP . dWosfnLg g]kfndf sfi7snfsf] 7'nf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . dlGb/x¿df
;hfpgsf nflu em\ofn, rf}sf]; cflb ljleGg wfld{s tyf snfTds tl/sfaf6 sf]l/Gy] . oL
rLhx¿ Sf7df8f}+ / nlntk'/sf dlGb/x¿df cBflk ljBdfg 5Fb}5g\ . o;}af6 g]kfnsf]
sfi7snf sf}znsf] :t/ pRr ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} 9'+ufsf] snfsf] klg ljsf;
ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfndf 9'+uf ;DaGwL x:tsnfsf] klg k|ult ePsf]
lyof] .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
l3ld/], aL=kL=, sfsL{, P;=aL=, v8\sf, ;fu/, u|fdL0f ljsf; / ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg, Pl;of klAns];G; k|f=ln=, bf];|f]
kl/dflh{t, @)^% .
/f]:of/f, sfnLk|;fb, cfrfo{, pd]zk|;fb, u|fdL0f ljsf; (Rural Development), /Tg;fu/ k|sfzg k|f=ln=, l8NnLahf/,
sf7df8f}+, ;+:s/0f @)^* .
k|f=8f=hf]zL, Zofd, g]kfnsf] cy{zf:q (Nepalese Economy), gjLg k|sfzg, ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}+, ;+:s/0f @)^% .
;fksf]6f, s]zj/fh, ;fksf]6f, ejbQ, u|fdL0f ljsf; (Rural Development), e'“8Lk"/f0f k|sfzg, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^^ .
cf]emf, ef]h/fh, ;dsflng ljsf; cy{zf:q Pjd\ g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yf, tn]h' k|sfzg ;+:s/0f @)%( .
v/]n, ;'dg, g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f /fhg}lts cy{tGq Rural political of Nepal, bLIffGt k':ts k|sfzg, lqe"jg ljZjljBfno
sLlt{k'/, bf];f]| ;+:s/0f @)^$ .
s[lif k|ljlw k':ts, s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb| sf7df08f} g]kfn k|yd ;+:s//0f @)^@ .
Dr Joshi, shyam, An introduction to Nepalese Economy, Nabin Publication, kathmandu Nepal. second edition 2060.
xf8f, uDeL/ axfb'/, u|fdL0f cy{zf:q, a[x:klt k':ts k|sfzg @)^* bf];f]| ;+:s/0f, sf7df08f} g]kfn .
jf:sf]6f, s[i0fxl/, cfly{s ljsf; ljrf/ / ljj]rgf, Pd= s]= klAn;;{, sf7df08f} g]kfn, klxnf] ;+:s/0f @)^^
zdf{, zflns/fd, /fHo / u|fdL0f ljsf;, state and Rural Development, bLIffGt k|sfzg sf7df08f} .
Labour Migration opportunities and challenges for mountain Livelihoods, sustainable mountain Development, ICIMOD, no,
59 Summer 2011.
tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%—@)^^÷^&_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cfiff9 @)^$ .
lqalif{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*—@)^(÷&) _, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cfiff9 @)^& .
jt{dfg lqalif{o of]hgf -@)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&# _, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, cfiff9 @)^& .
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷@)&! sf] ah]6 jStJo, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, @)&)
cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&), g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, @)&) .

27
 gof“ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] cfjZostf
-
lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn
!= k[i7e"ld M–
M–
s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] lbuf] / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ :tDesf ¿kdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;
/x]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf ljBdfg j]/f]huf/L, cw{ j]/f]huf/L tyf ul/aL sd ub}{
s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ug{ klg cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . u|fld0f
If]qdf s[lif Pjd\ :yfgLo ;fwg >f]tdf cfwfl/t pBf]u tyf zx/L If]qdf cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf]
:yfkgf / ljsf; u/L /fi6«sf] cf}Bf]lus/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . cf}Bf]lus nufgLn]
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, :yfgLo ;Lksf] k|of]u, >f]t ;fwgsf]
pkof]u, cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{gsf] dfu{ k|z:t u5{ eg] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf lghL
:jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{sf nflu cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf lgof{t
k|j4{gdf;d]t hf]8 lbG5 .
@= ljutsf k|of; M
g]kfn cfw'lgssfndf lj=;+= !**@ df pBf]u kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf, lj=;+= !((# df sDkgL sfg'g
/ lj/f6gu/ h"6 ldnsf] :yfkgf, lj=;+= !(($ df ;j{ k|yd cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gL Pjd\ lj=;+=
@))# df df]/Ë ;'u/ ldnsf] :yfkgf kZrft cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+=
@)!# ;fnb]vL of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngLaf6 cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nfuL;d]t gLltut
Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf kZrft eg] v'Nnf cy{gLlt c+ufNb} cf}wf]lus
ljsf;sf nfuL cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)$( cg'¿k b]zsf] cfy{tGqsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf] nflu
cf}wf]lus nufgLsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ a9L ;'ljwfhgs, ;/n / pT;fxj4{s agfO{ pTkfbsTjdf
clej[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds 9Ëaf6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fox¿ km:6fpg] Joj:yf ug{ cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g @)$( / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( hf/L ul/of] . cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df k|yd ;+zf]wg @)%$ ;fndf eof] eg] s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g
dfkm{t @)%%, @)%& / @)^$ ;fndf tyf cfos/ P]g @)%* / cfly{s P]g, @)^% af6 yk
;+zf]wgx¿ x'Fb} uP . b|'tt/ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs
If]qdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug]{ clek|fon] ;dofg's"n gLltut ;'wf/ ;lxt cf}Bf]lus gLlt
@)^& hf/L ul/of] .
#= pBf]u If]qsf] cB
cBfjlws l:ylt, ;d:of / r'gf}tL
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu ljutdf ;~rfng ul/Psf gLltut, sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut
k|of;x¿sf afjh"b b]zdf cf}Bf]lus/0fn] cfzftLt ult lng g;s]sf] oyfy{tf xfd|f ;fd'
ljBdfg 5 . cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] sdL, lgof{t of]Uo j:t'x¿sf] ljljwLs/0f ug{
g;lsg', ljw't cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of, cf}Bf]lus d}qL >d gLlt nfu" ug{ g;lsg', Joj;foL tyf
>dLs aLr cljZjf; / c;dIfbf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g', n3' pwdLx¿sf] n3'ljQdf kx"Frdf
sdL / ahf/;Fusf] sdhf]/ cu|;DjGw cflb ;d:ofx¿ pBf]u If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . s"n u|fx{:Yo

-
pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
28
 pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg cf=j= @)%* . )%( df *=% k|ltzt /x]sf]df qmdzM 36\b} xfn
cfP/ ^=# k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] tYo xfd|f ;fd' r'gf}ltsf ¿kdf v8f 5 . b]zsf] cy{tGq
k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnL / ljk|]if0f (Remitance) df lge{/ 5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf kof{Kt
;Defjgf x'Fbf x'Fb} cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] j[l4b/ x|f;f]Gd'v 5 . cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{, ;f] sfnflu cfjZos pko'Qm dfgj >f]t ljsf; ug]{, cf}Bf]lus
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{, cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbsTj j[l4
ug]{ sfo{ yk r'gf}ltsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljb]zL nufgLdf /x]sf] jfwf tyf c;xhkgfnfO{
x6fO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf j}b]lzs nufgL leqfpg' r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . k"jf{wf/ ljsf;nufot
cGo If]qdf ;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k nufgL a9fpg] / ;f]sf nflu
pko'Qm sfg'gL, gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfo{ut Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{;d]t r'gf}ltsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
5 . ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] l;h{gf ub]{ NofPsf] lta| k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0f ljZjJofkf/ ;+u7g, BIMSTEC, SAARC tyf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu ePsf låklIfo
tyf jx'klIfo ;lGw ;Demf}tfn] ;[hgf u/]sf] bfloTj k"/f ug{' kg]{ ljifox¿;d]t cf}Bf]lus
If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}ltx¿ 5g\ .
$= gofF P]gsf] cfjZostfM–
cfjZostfM–
b]zsf] cy{tGq ljsf;sf nflu cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] jftfj/0fåf/f pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 u/L
k|lt:kwf{Tds 9Ëaf6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo km:6fpg] p2]Zon] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
cfPsf] ePtfklg ljleGg sf/0fn] ;f] P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf ;'ljwf ;x'lnotx¿n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg
;s]gg\ . ;f] P]gdf @)%$ ;fndf ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg, cfos/ P]g @)%* / ;fnaf;fnL
aGg] cfly{s P]gx¿af6 lt ;'ljwf ;x'lnot s6f}lt Pjd\ vf/]h ul/b} nluP . /f]huf/L,
pTkfbg, lgof{t k|j4{g Pjd\ nufgL nufotsf If]qdf ;kmntf kfpg, cfly{s If]qdf b]lvPsf
kl/jt{g, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf] qmflGt, ;]jf pBf]usf] cy{tGqdf a9\bf] e"ldsf, l5d]sL
d'n'sx¿df pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf nflu lbOPsf ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot, lghL If]q ;d]tsf]
;xeflutfdf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f agfpg / pNn]lvt r'gf}ltx¿nfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ cf}Bf]lus
gLlt @)&) hf/L ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df o; gLltdf pNn]lvt / To;kl5sf] jblnbf]
kl/j]znfO{;d]t ;+jf]wg ug]{ u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL sfg'g nfO{ ;+zf]wg / Plss/0f
ug{ gofFF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
%= gofF P]gn] ;d]6g\ ;Sg] If]qx¿ M
b]zdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf ;fy} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pjd\ ljZjJofkLs/0f åf/f
l;lh{t cj;/ Pjd\ r'gf}ltnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( kof{Kt
gb]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& n] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfg'gL ¿k lbO{ pBf]u If]qsf]
5ftf P]g (Umbrella Act) sf ¿kdf ca aGg] gofF P]g n] ;d]6\g ;Sg] ljifoj:t' lgDg x'g
;Sb5g\ M
s_ pBf]usf] jlu{s/0f / To;sf] :yL/ k"FhL M
cf}+Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df ljleGg & k|sf/sf
pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df e} /x]sf] Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm ;"rgf ;+sng, k|zf]wg /
k|;f/0fsf nflu k|ljlw k|of]u u/L ;"rgf ;+rf/ jf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]
29
 pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw pBf]usf ¿kdf / s[lif tyf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t
pBf]u, lgdf{0f pBf]u, phf{d"ns pBf]u, lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]u nufotsf pBf]ux¿nfO{
/fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]usf ¿kdf yk ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;} u/L k"FhLsf cfwf/df
pBf]ux¿sf] jlu{s/0f ubf{ o; cl3 n3' pBdx¿sf xsdf sfg'gdf :ki6 Joj:yf
gePsf]df ca aGg] P]gdf cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& cg'¿ksf] Joj:yf tyf ;fgf, demf}nf
tyf 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] xsdf qmdzM slDtdf kfFr s/f]8, kGw| s/f]8 / ;f] eGbf dfyL
u/L l:y/ k"FhLsf cfwf/df pBf]ux¿sf] cfwf/df jlu{s/0f ug{' ;fGbf{les b]lvG5 .
v_ pBf]usf] btf{ tyf To;sf] lgodg ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( n] pBf]usf] :yfkgf jf ;~rfng ubf{ btf{ ug{'kg]{ s'/f nfO{
jfWofTds agfPsf] kfO{Fb}g, h;n] ubf{ pBf]usf] lgodg sfo{ Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf] tYo
nfO{ dgg\ ub]{ ca aGg] P]gdf pBf]u btf{ gu/fO{ s;}n] klg pBf]usf] :yfkgf jf
;~rfng ug{ u/fpg gkfpg] Joj:yf /fVg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . btf{ ul/lbg] lgsfon]
klg cfjZos k|df0f k'u]kl5 ljgf /f]s6f]s ;dod} btf{ ul/lbg' kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf
sfg'gaf6} tf]lsg' k5{ . n3' pBdsf xsdf ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf :yflgo lgsfodf btf{
ug{ ;lsg] ;xh jftfj/0f agfOlbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
u_ jftfj/
jftfj/0fLo
0fLo kl/If0f jf k|efj d"Nof°g M
cf}BF]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df ;'/Iff, hg:jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fdf pNn]vlgo k|lts"n
c;/kfg]{ pBf]un] cg'dlt lng' kg]{ eGg] ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg jftfj/l0fo
kIfnfO{ ;+j]bglzn x'g] u/L yk Joj:yf gu/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof°g u/fpg' kg]{ pBf]usf xsdf
To:tf] pBf]u btf{x'g' cl3 ;DalGwt lgj]bsn] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 l:js[t d"Nof°g
k|ltj]bg lgj]bg ;fy k]z ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf gofF aGg] P]gdf ug{' ;fGble{ssf] b]lvG5 .
3_ pBf
pBf]]usf] btf{ vf/]hL ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
sfg'g adf]lhd pBf]u btf{ ePsf]df pBf]u btf{sf] k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf] cjlwleq
pBf]u ;~rfng jf cfkmgf] Joj;flos pTkfbg jf sf/f]jf/ k|f/De u/L pBf]u btf{ ug]{
lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ug]{ . pBf]u btf{ cl:js[t u/]sf]
cj:yfdf pBf]u dGqfno ;dIf u'gf;f] ;'gjfO{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . pBf]un] pBf]u ;Fu
;DalGwt tf]lsP adf]lhdsf ljj/0f ;dodf pBf]u btf{ ug]{ lgsfodf clgjfo{¿kdf
pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ / s'g} sf/0fn] pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ g;lsg] ePdf bfloTj km/kmf/s
u/]sf] b]lvg] oy]i6 k|df0f k]z u/]df btf{ vf/]h ug{ ;lsg] h:tf o;cl3 sfg'gn]
Joj:yf gu/]sf k|fjwfg cj aGg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .
ª_ cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g jf]8{sf] kl/dfh{g / lgodg Joj:yf M–
M–
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& n] Joj:yf u/]sf ;+u7gfTds÷;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] k|j4{g tyf ljsf; ug{ tyf pBf]u If]qsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgfy{
;dGjosf/L / ;xhLs/0fsf nflu ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g jf]8{df jftfj/0f, jg tyf
e";+/If0f, phf{, >d tyf /f]huf/ / ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿
30
 lghL If]qsf 5ftf ;+u7gsf cWoIfx¿ gofF P]gdf yk ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g
jf]8{sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/df o; cl3 ePsf] Joj:yfsf cltl/St k|rlnt sfg'gsf]
clwgdf /xL ljb]zL nufgL / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL l:js[lt lbg], k|rlnt sfg'g
adf]lhd :yflkt nufgL af]8{nfO{ ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/z k|:t't ug]{, cf}Bf]lus nufgL tyf
ljb]zL nufgL j[l4 ug{ tyf k|f]T;fxg lbg cfjZostfg';f/ cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf
;j]{If0f u/fpg l;kmfl/z ug]{, pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t', jf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{
cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ lgb]{zg lbg], Plss[t cf}Bf]lus ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
u/L k|of]udf Nofpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg], ;fj{hlgs gLlh / ;xsf/L
If]qsf] k|efjsf/L, ;dGjofTds / ;fdGh:ok"0f{ ;xsfo{df k|lt:kwf{Tds cf}Bf]lus
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ dfu{bz{g ug]{ . jf]8{sf s'g} ;b:osf] lghL ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] ePdf
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf efu lng g;Sg] / jf]8{sf] uf]klgotf sfod ug{' kg]{ nufotsf
;d;fdlos ljifo ykL cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g jf]8{sf] e"ldsf nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 .
r_ pBf]unfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot M
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df cfos/, ljqmLs/, cGtMz'Ns, e+;f/ ;DaGwL sfg'gx¿
Pjd\ cGo k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwf tyf
;x'lnotsf af/]df k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] ePtfklg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g
@)%$, cfos/ P]g @)%*, cfly{s P]g Pjd\ s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]gx¿af6 k6s
k6s ;+zf]wg e} z'?df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( n] k|bfg u/]sf ;'ljwf tyf
;x'lnotx¿;d]t x/0f ul/Psfn] To; kl5sf lbgx¿df pBf]u :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf
;xh Pjd\ k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus pTkfbsTj /
/f]huf/Lsf cj;x¿df k|lts"n k|efj kb}{ uof] . log} ljifox¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ca aGg]
gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& df ePsf] Joj:yf cg'¿k cfos/,
eG;f/ dx;'n, cGtz'Ns tyf d"No clej[l4s/sf ;'ljwf ;x'lnot ;DaGwL ;"rL /
Joj:yfdf x]/km]/ jf yk36 ubf{ gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] tf]s]sf] cjlw ;Ddsf
nflu ljgf cj/f]w To:tf ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ul/g' k5{ .
o:tf] ;'ljwf÷;x'lnot pknAw u/fpFbf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u, /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt
pBf]u, cltcljsl;t, cljsl;t / sd ljsl;tIf]qdf :yflkt To:tf pBf]u, ;"rgf,
;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u, al9 /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] pBf]u, >lds sNof0fsf
sfo{, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f / /f]syfd ug]{, phf{vkt 36fpg], pBf]usf] cg';Gwfg ljsf; –
ahf/ k|j4{g tyf ;j]{If0f, k'gM nufgLsf pBf]u, af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f, lgolt k|j4{g
ug]{, ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf :yflkt, ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df
;3fp k'¥ofpg] tyf Joj;flos ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L jxgsf cfwf/df To:tf pBf]ux¿nfO{
k|f]T;fxg :j¿k yk ;'ljwf Pjd\ ;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'
jf+5lgo x'G5 .
5_ n3' pBdsf
pBdsf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf Pjd\
Pjd\ ;x'lnotM
xfn ;Dd cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( df st} klg Joj:yf gePsf] t/ cf}Bf]lus gLlt
@)^& sf] Joj:yf cg'¿k nufgL / k|s[ltsf cfwf/df 3/ hUuf afx]s jl9df b'O{ nfv
31
 ¿k}of ;Dd l:y/ k"FhL nufgL x'g], pBdL :jod\ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg /x]sf], pBdL;d]t (
hgf ;Dd sfdbf/ /x]sf] jflif{s cfly{s sf/f]jf/ @) nfv ¿k}of eGbf sd /x]sf] /
OlGhg pks/0f k|of]u x'g] ePdf To:tf] OlGhg jf pks/0fsf] ljB't df]6/ jf cGo t]n
OlGhg Ifdtf !) lsnf]af6 eGbf sd ePsf] pBd nfO{ n3' pBd dflgg] . s[lifhGo,
u}/sfi7, jg tyf cGo k|fs[lts >f]t Pjd\ k/Dk/fut ;Lksf] pkof]u / n3' ljQ
;+:yfx¿ ;Fusf] ;Dks{sf] ljsf; tyf ahf/ ;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L ul/a tyf
lk5l8Psf ju{, åGbkLl8t ;d"xnfO{;d]t nlIft u/L n3' pBdnfO{ /fli6«o :t/d}
ljsf;÷lj:tf/ u/L cy{k"0f{ :j/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ . pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr tyf d"No
>+[vnf ;DaGw ljsf;sf] cfwf/df nlIft ;d"xsf n3' pBdsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{;d]t o:sf]
ljz]if ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ljsf;sf nflu To:tf n3' pBd Joj;foaf6 cflh{t cfodf
cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . To:t} s'g} klg n3' pBdaf6 pTkflbt j:t'df d"No
clej[l4s/ tyf cGtz'Ns gnfUg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . n3' pBdLx¿nfO{ ;xsf/Ldf cfa4
u/fO{ ;d"x lwQf]df C0f pknAw u/fpg] nufot sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
h_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot M
k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t, >dd"ns / vf;;Lk jf :yfgLo sRrfkbfy{ Pjd\
:yfgLo k|ljlw, snf tyf ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t, OlGhg, pks/0f jf d]lzgsf] k|of]u u/]sf]
ePdf a9Ldf bz lsnf]af6 ;Ddsf] Ifdtfsf] ljB"lto phf{ k|of]u u/]sf] tyf cf}Bf]lus
gLlt @)^& sf] cg';"rL ^ df pNn]lvt k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]ux¿nfO{ nufgL
/ k|s[ltsf cfwf/df cGo pBf]u ;/x g/fvL leGg} Joj:yf ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . cGo
sfg'gL Joj:yfsf cltl/St ;a} k|sf/sf k/Dk/fut tyf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ cfos/,
cGtMz'Ns tyf d"No clej[l4 s/ ;DaGwL ljz]if 5"6sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . sRrf kbfy{,
;xfos sRrf kbfy{ cflbdf lt/]sf] o:tf] z'Ns lgsf;L kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbg] .
sf];]nL 3/ jf lgof{t u[xdf ljqmL u/]df cfofltt sRrfkbfy{df nfu]sf] d'=c= s/ /
cGtz'Ns lgof{t kl/df0fsf cwf/df lkmtf{ lbg] . o:tf pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ d]lzg cf}hf/
pks/0f oGq Pjd\ sRrf kbfy{df / pTkfbgdf s'g} s/, z'Ns jf b:t'/ nfUg] Joj:yf
x'g' x'Gg . ljkGg ju{sf nflu ljlQo kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ljBdfg ljlQo ;+:yf P]gdf cfjZos
;+Zff]wg u/L ljlQo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g' k5{ .
em_ dlxnf pBdLx¿sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf M
sfg'gn] 5'6 ;'ljwf jf ;x'lnot lbPsf s'/fsf cltl/St dlxnfx¿ cem a9L pBf]u
Joj;fodf ;+nUg eO{ a9L ;] a9L /f]huf/sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ pBf]u Joj;fosf] If]qdf
cufl9 a9'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] dlxnfsf] cfly{s zzlQms/0fsfnflu ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff cg'¿k
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& n] Joj:yf u/] d'tfljs k|:tfljt gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf
ljz]if Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 . h; cg';f/ dlxnfsf gfddf dfq pBf]u btf{ ul/Pdf
To:tf] pBf]u btf{ ubf{ k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd nfUg] pBf]u btf{ b:t'/df ljz]if 5'6
lbg] . dlxnfsf] gfddf dfq btf{ ePsf] pBf]udf k|of]u ul/g] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ btf{ ubf{
nfUg] b:t'/df ljz]if 5'6 lbg] . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf pBf]u /fVg rfxg] dlxnf pBdLnfO{
:yfg pknAw u/fpg k|fyldstf lbg] . dlxnf pBdzLntf ljsf; sf]ifsf dfWodaf6

32
 To:sf k|j4{g, ljsf;, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if ;'ljwf lbOg] h:tf ljifox¿
sfg'g af6} :ki6 ul/g' kb{5 .
`_ Psn laGb
laGb"
aGb" ;]jf s]Gb| ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
P]gcGtu{t pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwf Pjd\ ;x'lnot Ps} ynf]af6 ;do d} pknAw u/fpg]
p2]Zon] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( n] Psåf/ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg pBf]u
ljefusf dxflgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltdf ;dfg :t/sf cGo ljefusf
dxflgb]{sx¿ ;f] a}7sdf pkl:ytL geO{ k|ltlgwLd"ns dfq pkl:ytL x'g], ;f] ;ldltn]
u/]sf] sltko lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfg'g åf/f k|bQ
;'ljwf, ;x'lnot tyf k"jf{wf/ ;]jf ;dod} ljgf emGemf6 Ps} ynf]af6 pBf]unfO{ pknAw
u/fpg cf}Bf]lus lglt @)^& sf] Joj:yf cg'¿k Psn laGb' ;]jf s]Gb|sf] u7g, sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf sfg'gaf6} ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;f] s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf pBf]u
ljefudf jf 5'§} /xg ;Sg] ePtfklg s]Gb|sf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;DGjo ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu pBf]u ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ljleGg dGqfno tyf ljefusf pRr
kbflwsf/L Pjd\ gLlh If]q 5ftf ;+u7gsf cWoIfx¿;d]t /xg] pRr:tl/o lgb]{zs
;ldltsf] Joj:yf tyf lgb]{zs ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf klg gofF
aGg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
6_ Joj;flos ;fdflhs lhDd lhDd]jf/L M
xfn ;Dd sfg'gdf Joj:yf gePsf] ljz]if u/L pBf]u k|efljt If]qdf n3' pBdL tyf
;fgf ls;fg, o"jf /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd, 5fqj[lQ tyf z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng,
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k':tsfno, c:ktfn s/fuf/sf s}bL, jfndlGb/, Sna, j[4 cf>d
cflbdf ;xof]u ug{' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L pBf]usf] /xG5 . h:nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ h'g;'s} demf}nf
jf 7"nf pBf]ux¿ cyjf jflif{s sf/f]jf/ !% s/f]8 eGbf a9L x'g] s'g} klg 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u jf jflif{s d'gfkmf ?= ! s/f]8 eGbf a9L cfh{g ug]{ s'g} klg pBf]un]
jflif{s sf/f]jf/sf] slDtdf ! k|ltzt /sd Joj;flos ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{
k|fof]hgfy{ jflif{s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf cfwf/df vr{ ug{' kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ca
aGg] gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf ;dfj]z ug{' k5{ .
7_ ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwL Joj:Yff M
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$* sf] k|yd ;+zf]wg åf/f @)%$ ;fndf ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ nuftf/ kfFr jif{ b]lv 3f6fdf
;~rfng eO{ s"n pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] aL; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf sd pTkfbg ug]{
pBf]unfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] plrt b]v]df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ?U0f pBf]u
3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf] pBf]u lj:tf/ tyf ljljlws/0f ug{sf] nflu cfoft ul/g]
d]l;g/Ldf s'g} dx;'n, z'Ns tyf s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; Joj:yfaf6
dfq ?U0f pBf]usf xsdf kof{Kt / ;d;fdlos gePsf] ;Gbe{df ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwL
pRr :t/Lo cfof]ux¿ ;d]tn] lbPsf] ;'emfj ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} ?U0ftfsf] klxrfg,
?U0ftfsf] jlu{s/0f, ?U0f pBf]ux¿nfO{ lbg] ljlQo tyf u}/ljlQo ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot,
o:sf] k'g?Tyfg k'glg{df{0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos cWoog Pjd\ 5fgljg u/L
33
 g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; k]z u/L sfof{Gjog ub]{ n}hfg tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] Ps
:yfoL ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf cflb ug{sf nflu klg gofF aGg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf
Joj:Yff x'g' h?/L 5 .
8_ pBf]u ljsf; sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( n] 5'§} sf]ifx¿ v8f ug]{ Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu cGo sfg'gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
;/sf/n] xfn ;Dd 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; sf]if, k|ljlw ljsf; sf]if / dlxnf
pBdlzntf ljsf; sf]ifx¿sf] Joj:yf sfo{ljlw tyf lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd u/]sf] kfOG5 .
sfo{ljlw tyf lgb]{lzsfaf6 ;~rflnt sf]ifx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ hl6n e} /x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;/nLs[t ug{ gofF aGg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g d} lghL tyf ;xsf/LIf]q
;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf pQm sf]ifx¿sf cltl/Qm hf]lvd k"FhL (Venture Capital) sf]if,
cf}Bf]lus nufgL ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g sf]if, ?U0f pBf]u k'g/\:yfkgf sf]if, n3' pBd
ljsf; sf]if;d]tsf] Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 .
9_ ;+:yfut Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ M
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& df Joj:yf ePsf dfyL pNn]v eP afx]ssf cGo sltko ;+:yfut
;'wf/ sfg'gaf6} ug{'kg]{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . !) c/j ?= tyf %)) d]ufaf6 eGbf dfyLsf]
nufgLnfO{ nlIft u/L leGg} nufgL af]8{ P]g @)^* cfPsf] ePtfklg cGttM To:tf
pBf]usf] btf{ tyf Joj:yfkg pBf]u ljefuaf6} e} /x]sf] cj:yf / nufgL af]8{df pBf]u
;lrjs} k|ltlglwTj Joj:yf gul/Psf] ;Gbe{df pQm P]gdf ;+zf]wg jf gofF aGg] cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g d} st} leGg} Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ xf] ls< cf}Bf]lus hgzlQm ljsf;sf leGg}
k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf, cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg k|flws/0fsf] :t/f]Gglt, /fli6«o pTkfbsTj
kl/ifb\sf] ;'lb|9Ls/0f, pBf]u ljefusf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n
ljefusf] :t/pGglt, af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f sfof{no jf k|flws/0f :yfkgf, sDkgL
/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nonfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'lb|9 agfpg / vfgL tyf e"–ue{ ljefusf]
k|efjsfl/tf cl3j[l4 cflb sltko ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf nflu klg gofF aGg] cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]gdf :yfg /xg' cfjZos 5 .
0f_
0f_ cGo Joj:yf M
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( df Joj:yf gePsf, eP/ klg ckof{Kt ePsf tyf
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& n] ;+jf]wg u/]sf / gu/]sf;d]t sfg'gL ¿k lbg' kg]{ sltko
ljifox¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ gofF P]gdf ;dfj]z ug{'k5{ . n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf]
k|j4{gsf] sfdnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df k|efjsf/L agfpg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efkltsf]
;+of]hsTjdf lhNnf :t/df lhNnf pBf]u k|j4{g ;ldtsf] u7g cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o
k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]usf nflu hUuf vl/bdf ;xof]u ug]{, lnh df hUuf pknAw
u/fpg] tyf cGo pBf]u ;d]tnfO{ hUufsf] xbaGbLdf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf yk ug{
;lsG5 . k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf pBf]unfO{ ;'/Iffsf nflu cf}Bf]lus
;'/Iffjn :yfkgf ug]{ tyf pBf]unfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ tf]lsP adf]lhd ;'/Iff k|bfg
ul/g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt sfg'g d} x'g'k5{ . pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ af}l4s ;DklQ tyf pBf]udf
34
 nufgL x'g] ljb]zL nufgL ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg'gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 .
sfg'g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf s'g} pBd jf pBf]u jf sDkgL jf kmd{ jf k|lti7fgn] s'g}
lgof{td"ns pBf]u jf lgof{t k|j4{g u[xsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] dfkb08 k"/f u/L
s/f/ (Contract Manufacturing) jf pks/f/ (Subcontract Manufacturing) sf cfwf/df
lglZrt kl/df0fdf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ul/lbPdf To:tf pBd jf pBf]u jf sDkgL
jf kmd{ jf k|lti7fgnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot / 5'6 pknAw u/fpg]
Joxf]/f gofF sfg'gdf pNn]v x'g' h?/L 5 . sfg'g adf]lhd btf{, cg'dlt jf l:js[tL
glnO{ pBf]u :yfkgf u/]df, btf{ k|df0fkqdf pNn]lvt zt{x¿ kfngf gu/]df jf P]gsf
s'/f pNn+3g ug]{ pBf]unfO{ pBf]u btf{ ug]{ lgsfon] cfjZos 5fgljg u/L l;kmfl/;
;lxt sf/jfxLsf nflu pBf]u dGqfnodf k]z ug{' kg]{ / ljBdfg ;hfo ;DaGwL
Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L cBfjlws ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; afx]s ljBdfg sfg'gdf
ePsf] Joj:yfdf Jofks ;'wf/ u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] Joj:yf /
;dofg's"n cg';"rLdf x]/km]/ jf yk36 ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ eg] g]kfn ;/sf/df ;'/lIft
/xg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
t_ pk;+xf/ M
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] lbuf] / ePsf] cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf
dfWodaf6 s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge{/tf nfO{ sd ub]{ :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd
kl/rfngåf/f ul/aLnfO{ sd ug{'5 . pBf]u ljsf;sf] nueu cf7 bzssf] k|of;sf
jfjh"b yf]/ ax't pknlAw ePtf klg ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ dgg ub]{
ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] l;h{gf u/]sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f cg's"n
x'g] u/L rf/ aif{ cl3 ;'wf/sf nflu NofOPsf] cf}Bf]lus glLt @)^& n] kl/nlIft u/]sf
sltko ljifox¿nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ ;+zf]wg /
PsLs/0f ug{ gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g hlt;Sbf] l56f] Nofpg' cTofjZos eO{ ;s]sf]
5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= lqjlif{o of]hgf -@)^& . )^* –@)^( . )&)_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fof]cf, c;f/, @)^*
@= t]x|f] of]hgf cfwf/kq -@)&) . )&! – @)&@ . )&#_ g]kfn ;/sf/, /fof]cf, cfiff9, @)&)
#+ cf}Bf]lus gLlt – @)^&, g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u dGqfno, a}zfv, @)^&
$= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g – @)$(
%= cfly{s ;j]{If0f – cf=j= @)^( . )&), g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ .

35
 ljsf; k|zf;gM cjwf/0ff, r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
-
an;fu/ lu/L
"Development Administration is an action-oriented and goal-oriented administration System"
– Edward Weidner

ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff

ljsf; k|zf;gsf] jf/]df rrf{ ug'{ cl3 æljsf;Æ eg]sf] s] xf] < eg]/ a'‰g' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .
æljsf;Æ sf] cjwf/0ffsf ;DaGwdf ljåfgx¿ aLr dt}Sotf 5}g . s] slt / s:tf] pknlAw jf
k|ult ePkl5 ljsf; ePsf] dfGg] eg]/ eGg s7Lg 5 . lsgls of] lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|s[of xf] /
o;sf] ;DaGw cfjZostf;Fu 5 .
zflAbs cy{df ljsf; eGgfn] pGglt, k|ult / kl/jt{g eGg] a'lemG5 . ljsf; OlR5t lbzftkm{
pGd'v lg/Gt/ rnL/xg] kl/jt{gsf] k|s[of / j[l4 xf] . ax'cfoflds, ax'p2]ZoLo, ultzLn Pjd\
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] lg/Gt/ k|s[of xf] ljsf; . ljsf; dflg;sf] lxt, sNof0f / ;d'Ggltsf]
nflu ul/g] u'0ffTds Pjd\ kl/df0ffTds ;'wf/sf] sfo{ xf] . ljsf; k|of;af6 dfgjLo hLjgsf] :t/
psf:g' / pgLx?nfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg'{ g} ljsf;sf] nIo /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff s;/L ljsl;t eof] eg]/ rrf{ ubf{ o;sf] pTklQsf k5fl8sf
tYox?nfO{;d]t x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] pTklQsf k5fl8sf tYox?nfO{ b[li6ut ug]{ xf]
eg] o;sf] ;DaGw t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ufFl;Psf] b]lvG5 . t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ps cleGg cË dflgG5 . ;g\ !(*& df Woodrow Wilson sf]
k|Voft lgaGw “The Study of Administration” k|sflzt ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g Ps Jojl:yt
cWoog ljwfsf] ?kdf cfPsf] kfO{G5 . Wilson n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] t'ngfTds k|s[lt ePsfn]
k|zf;gsf] t'ngfTds cWoogsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf lyP . ;g\ !($& df Robert
Dahl n] ”The Science of Public Administration” n]v dfkm{t t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
If]qdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg x'g'kg]{ tYodf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . oLgsf cg';f/ Science of Public
Administration sf nflu k|zf;gsf] t'ngfTds cWoog h?/L x'G5 .
;g !(%@ df cd]l/sfsf] Princeton ljZjljBfnondf ;DkGg Comparative Public Administration
sf] ;Dd]ngn] o; If]qdf Jojl:yt cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/x?sf] klxrfg u¥of] . o;}
;Dd]ngnfO{ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] af}l4s cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5 d"ntM
lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{ t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Jojl:yt cWoogsf] z'?jft eof] .
Jojxfl/s lj1fg cfGbf]ng (Behavioural Science Movement) – -!(#)–$)_
bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5 gofF /fi6«sf] pbo,
s]an cd]l/sL cg'ej ;a} b]zdf k|zf;gsf] d'Vo cfwf/ x'g g;Sg] k|lt ljåfgx?sf]
c;Gt'i6L,
k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{s|d
-
pk;lrj -sfg'g_, pBf]u dGqfno
36
oL sf/0fx¿ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] pTklQ k5fl8sf n's]sf sf/s tTjx¿ x'g\ .
;g !(^# df Comparative Administration Group -CAG_ sf] u7g eof] . o;} ;+:yfn] lgDg
ltg If]qdf cfkm\gf] ultljlw s]lGb|t u¥of] .
-s_ cWofkg sfo{,
-v_ cg';Gwfg sfo{,
-u_ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cWoog .
o;/L CAG n] k|zf;g If]qdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;Dd]ng / uf]li7sf dfWodaf6 ljsf; k|zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffsf] pTklQdf ;xof]u k'¥ofof] .
;g !(^) df cfP/ Comparative Public Administration sf] Focus lgDg b'O{ ;/f]sf/x¿
(concern) df ePsf] b]lvG5M

!= k|zf;gsf ljleGg l;2fGtsf] lgdf{0f

0f tyf ljZn]if0f
o; cGt/ut k|zf;gsf ljleGg l;4fGtx?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . h;df d"ntM lgDg
b'O{ k|sf/sf l;4fGtx¿ k|d'v 5g .
-s_ Middle Range Theory:
o; l;4fGtn] k|zf;lgs Joj:yfsf s]xL ljz]if nIf0fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . h:t}– Weber
sf] Bureaucracy.
-v_ General System Theory:
o; l;4fGtn] k|zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] ;Gbe{df cWoog x'g'kb{5 eGg]
tYonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}– Riggs sf] Theory of Prismatic Society.
@= ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffsf] z'?jft
bf];|f] Concern ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ lnO{G5 . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf]
t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] pTklQ;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffsf] pTklQsf]
;Gbe{df ljz]ift cd]l/sL ljz]if1x?sf] k|of; pNn]vgLo dflgG5 . CAG sf] Ps ljz]if ;ldltsf
cg';f/ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] pTklQsf sf/0fx?df ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df /x]sf k|zf;lgs ljlw, 1fg
Pjd\ l;4fGtx?, /fli6«o of]hgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd pGd'v ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
ckof{Kt /xg' / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf hfg] k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{qmd;d]t /x]sf 5g . t;y{ o;
;DaGwdf To:tf b]zsf k|zf;lgs Joj:yfnfO{ Re-orient ug'{kg]{ tYonfO{ hf]8 lbPaf6 klg ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] pTklQnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
ljsf; k|zf;g eg]sf] s] xf] <
ljsf; k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ps cË xf] . k/Dk/fut k|zf;gaf6 Jofks / ljsf;d"ns
e"ldsfsf] vf]h ePkl5 ljsf; k|zf;gsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . k|zf;gn] nIof]Gd'v cled'vLs/0f lng
yfn]kl5 k/Dk/fut k|zf;gn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] :j?k wf/0f u/]sf] xf] .
/fi6«sf] ljsf; k|of;nfO{ 7f]; ult / lbzf k|bfg ug]{ k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] vf]hsf] kl/0ffd g}
ljsf; k|zf;g xf] .

37
 • ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g ug{] / oL
;a}sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] Joj:yf u/L ltgsf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{]
k|zf;g g} ljsf; k|zf;g xf] .
• of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|ls|of;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
• Bottom-up Planning nfO{ cFufNg] k|zf;g xf] .
• ljsf; k|zf;gsf] d'Vo nIo g} ljsf;sf] Joj:yfkg xf] .
• ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] cfwf/ klg elgPsf] 5 .
• ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogsf] nflu /fhg}ltsf k|lta4tf / k|zf;lgs sl6a4tf
ck]lIft x'G5 .
ljsf; k|zf;gn] Plan, Policy, Programme and Project (4 p's) sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg
tyf d'Nof°g;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf l;4fGtx¿
l;4fGtx¿ (Principles of Development Administration)
ljsf; k|zf;g gjLgtd\ k|zf;lgs cjwf/0ff xf] . ljsf;sf dfGotf h:t} of] klg Pp6f dfGotf
xf] . o;sf] 5'§} l;4fGt 5}g, tyflk o;sf nIf0f Pjd\ ljz]iftfaf6 o;nfO{ lgDg b'O{ ljifodf
/fv]/ o;sf Principles sf jf/]df x]g{ ;lsG5 .
!= ljsf;sf] k|zf;g (Administration of Development)
ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{s|d / sfo{gLltsf aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug]{,
p2]Zod"ns ljsf; of]hgf k|ls|of cjnDjg ug]{,
ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f, sfo{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d'Nof°gaLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug]{,
kl/jt{gd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL / hg;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; k|ls|of cjnDag ug]{,
cfof]hgf k2ltåf/f ljsf; lgdf{0fdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] .
@= k|zf;gsf] ljsf; (Development of administration)
glthfd'vL sd{rf/L gLltsf] lgdf{0f,
;xeflutfd"ns k|zf;lgs Joj:yf,
pTk|]/s / k|lta4 sd{rf/LtGq,
k|zf;gdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/,
sd{rf/LtGqn] gofF ;f]r cg's'n sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] agfpg],
sd{rf/LtGqsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfx?
ljsf; k|zf;gsf ljz]iftf g} o;sf klxrfg / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff x'g\ . ljsf; k|zf;gn] ljleGg
ljsf; ultljlwx?sf] ;~rfng tyf k|zf;lgs Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 s'g} klg b]zsf]
38
;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/jt{gsf ;fy} /fi6«lgdf{0fdf;d]t ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf]
x'G5 . ljsf; k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ kl/jt{gd'vL (Change Oriented):
k|zf;s :jod\sf] lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g .
gful/sx?sf] d"No dfGotfdf kl/jt{g .
k|ult / pGgltsf nflu kl/jt{g .
-v_ kl/0ffdd'vL (Result Oriented):
lglZrt ;do ;Ldfleq lglZrt kl/jt{g Nofpg] nIo lgwf{/0f .
p2]Zod'vL k|zf;g Aoa:yfsf] ljsf; .
-u_ sl6a2tf (Commitment):
;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/jt{g k|lt .
;doa4 sfo{qmdx¿ k|lt .
nIo k|flKt k|lt .
-3_ u|fxsd'vL (Client Oriented):
nlIft ;d"xsf cfjZostf k"lt{df hf]8 lbg] .
hgtfnfO{ ljsf; sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg] .
gful/snfO{ Active Receivers of Benefits sf ?kdf lng] .
-ª_ ;do kfaGb
kfaGbL
aGbL (Time Bound):
5f]6f] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf g} nIo k|flKtdf hf]8 lbg] .
;d:of ;dfwfgdf Proactive x'g] .
-r_ hg;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5 .
-5_ Creativity and Innovation df hf]8 lbG5 .
-h_ Responsiveness df hf]8 lbG5 .
-em_ /fli6«o cfosf] ;dfg ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
-`_ k|zf;lgs Joj;flostfdf hf]8 lbG5 .
-6_ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tfdf hf]8 lbG5 .
George Gant sf cg';f/ ljsf; k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .
Purposes - Social Progress
Loyalties - Accountable to people
Attitude - Positive, Persuasive and Innovative
39
ljsf; k|zf;gsf p2]Zox?
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo ;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/jt{gsf nflu /fHo OR5fsf] ;lqmtfk"j{s sfof{Gjog
ug{' xf] .
/fi6«sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf p2]Zo k"/f ug{' u/fpg' g} ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] nIo xf] .
o;sf ;fy} ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] ;Gbe{df;d]t x]bf{ ljsf; k|zf;gsf cGo p2]Zox¿ o; k|sf/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 –
of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;df hf]8 lbg' .
nIo pGd'v k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L .
hgd'vL ljsf; k|s[of .
;fdflhs cfly{s Gofosf] :yfkgf .
k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
hg;xeflutf a9fpg] .
k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf .
k|zf;gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ .
lbuf] ljsf;df hf]8 .
cfhgf] b]z cg's"nsf] ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ / ;+/rgf tof/ ug{] sfo{df hf]8 lbg' .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf sfo{x?
g]kfn h:tf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z ePsf], cfly{s ljsf;sf cfjZostf ePsf tyf kof{Kt ;+efjgf;d]t
/x]sf] b]zdf ;fdfGotof ljsf; k|zf;gn] lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 .
ljsf;sf nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / k|fyldstfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / glthfsf] d"Nof°g ug'{ / o;sf nflu pko'Qm k|zf;sLo ;+/rgf /
sfo{ljlw tof/ ug'{ .
ljsf;sf nflu hg;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ / gful/s ;zlQms/0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf cfwf/zLnfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
zf;sLo Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
nIosf] d"Nof°g ug'{ .
ljsf; k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf leGgtf
ljsf; k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gs} Ps cË ePsfn] ;fdfGotof ljsf; k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf aLrdf Zki6 leGgtf b]vfpg s7Lg 5 . b'a} k|zf;gsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf, sd{rf/L
Joa:yf, k|zf;lgs ljlw, P]g lgod nufot k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e't s'/fx?df
40
;dfgtf g} kfOG5 . tyflk ljsf; k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wfl/Psf] ?k ePsfn] oL b'O{sf
aLrdf s]xL leGgtf;d]t kfOG5 . h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljsf; k|zf;g
!= Jofks sfo{If]q != ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt
@= ;+/rgfd'vL @= 5l/tf] ;+/rgf
#= b]zsf] ;du| gLlt lgb]{zgdf hf]8 #= ljsf;sf p2]Zo / gLltnfO{ hf]8
$= Status-quo (oriented) $= Change oriented
%= Routine work %= Innovation df hf]8
^= k|s[ofd'vL sfo{k|0ffnL ^= kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{k|0ffnL
&= kbd'vL lg0f{o k|s[of &= ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmof
*= Generalist af6 ;+rfnLt *= Specialist af6 ;~rflnt
(= Vertical / s]lGb|s[t ;+/rgf (= Flat / ljs]lGb|t ;+/rgf
!)= k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ff xf] !)= gjLg cjwf/0ff xf]
!!= c8\8ftGqdf cfwfl/t / s7f]/ !!= nlrnf] lgod sfg'g / ultzLn
!@= ;]jfd'vL !@ ;]jfd'vLsf] ;fy;fy} ljsf;d'vL
!#= s]Gb|d'vL !#= hgd'vL pQ/bfloTj
!$= sd hg;xeflutf !$= a9L hg;xeflutf hf]8
!%= cfGtl/s >f]tdf hf]8 !%= cfGtl/s / jfXo >f]taf6 ;~rflnt
!^= zflGt;'/Iff, /fh:j ;+sng h:tf] !^= of]hgf, cfof]hgf h:tf ljsf;fTds sfd ub{5
k/Dk/fut sfd ub{5
!&= lgk"0ftf / ldtJolotfdf hf]8 lbg] !&= nIo k|flKtdf hf]8 lbg]
!*= sd km}nfa6 !*= Outward x'G5
!(= ;do kfaGbL x'Fb}g !(= ;do kfaGbL x'G5
@)= zf;sk|lt akmfbf/, oyfl:ytLjfbL @)= hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL, pBdzLn, Innovative, change
hf]lvd glng] k|zf;sx¿ agent, Motivator k|zf;sx¿

ljsf; k|zf;sdf x'g kg]{ u'0fx?

ljsf; k|zf;gn] k|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut dfgl;stfdf;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
ljsf; k|zf;s Ps s'zn Joj:yfkssf ;fy} b]zsf] ljsf; ultljlw Pjd\ kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs
klg ePsfn] ;fdfGotof ljsf; k|zf;sdf lgDg u'0fx¿ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
kl/jt{gd'vL ;f]r, kl/0ffdd'vL b[li6sf]0f, u|fxsd'vL nIo ePsf],
gLlt sfof{Gjog / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg],
ljifoj:t'sf] kof{Kt 1fg ePsf],
g]t[Tj lng ;Sg] / åGb ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg],
of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] dfGotf /fVg],

41
 jftf{ / ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk ePsf],
plrt ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg / lng ;Sg],
;dGjo, lgoGq0f / ;+rf/ ;Lk ePsf],
pTk|]/0ff s'zntf ePsf],
sfo{ rfk axg ug{ ;Sg] / hf]lvd lng ;Sg],
OdfGbf/ / g}ltsjfg,
;dok|lt ;r]t,
sfdnfO{ k|fydlstf lbg],
lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf],
clVtof/ / st{Joaf]w ePsf]
tfnLd k|fKt,
g}lts u'0fjfg,
;'hglzn :jefj,
;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f ePsf] .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf r'gf}ltx?
;fdfGotof h'g p2]Zo / kl/j]zdf ljsf; k|zf;gsf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] ;f] cg';f/
ljsf; k|zf;g k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g . ;dfhdf dflyNnf] ju{n] w]/} zlQm (Power) lnPsf] 5 .
;|f]t ;fwg klg plgx¿ d} ;Lldt 5 . ha;Dd Society sf] Power structure change x'Fb}g To:tf]
Society df ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb}g . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf ePsf] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ljsf; k|zf;gn] lgDgfg';f/sf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
-s_ ;}2flGts tyf cjwf/0ffut r'gf}ltx?
/fhg}lts k|lta4tf / k|zf;lgs sl6a4tf k|fKt ug{ ;s]g .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zsf] kl/j]z / jf:tljstf;Fu d]n vfPgg .
ctL dxTjfsf+IfL p2]Zo /flvPsf]n] sltko p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;lsPg .
k|zf;g k/Dk/fut :j?kaf6 cnu x'g ;s]g .
Change, Client / Action Oriented ePg .
Participative / Responsive ePg .
s]Gb|d'vL eof] . Bottom-up Approach nfu" x'g ;s]g .
lgDg sf/0fn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ r'gf}lt lbP .
ljZjJoflks/0f / pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj .
;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf k'g/\kl/efiff . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf a9fpg]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 t/ jt{dfg ;dodf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf sd x'g'kg]{ dfGotf /flvG5 .
/fhg}lts / k|zf;gsf] :ki6 sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f x'g ;s]g .
42
 ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] ;j{:jLsfo{ dfGotf cfof] .
Globalization n] Borderless eG5 t/ Development Administration n] Nation Building
eG5.
;/sf/ / Bureaucracy sf] Role a9fpg vf]Hb5, h'g jt{dfg kl/j]zdf 7Ls 5}g .
NPM sf] k|efj a9\of] h;n] Joj:yfkgjfbsf] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt u/fof] . To;}n] ljsf;
k|zf;gn] ca cfkm\gf] e"ldsf / sfo{z}nLnfO{ k'gaf]{w ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvof] .
-v_ Jojxf/ut r'gf}ltx¿
tx¿
/fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f ljsf; k|zf;gn] ;xL utL lng ;s]g .
gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u .
ljsf; k|zf;gn] ;dfg ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . Equity sfod ug{ ufx|f] 5 .
k|zf;sx?df sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] cefj 5 .
k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj k|efjsf/L ePg .
cg]s cj/f]wsf sf/0f k|zf;gnfO{ anLof] agfpg ;lsPg .
ljsf;df ck]lIft k|ltkmn b]lvPg .
Supply Led / Centralised Program cfP .
ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ sl7gfO .
Change resistance sf] cj:yf 5 .
Rational Planning x'g ;s]g .
Development Orientted cg'ejL k|zf;sx?sf] sdL .
e|i6frf/ a9\bf] 5 .
j}b]lzs x:tIf]k a9L/x]sf] 5 .
lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug{ ljifd l:ylt 5 .
jftfj/0fLo x|f; 5 .
;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwg 5 .
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ cltqmldt eP .
lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ s]jn jftfj/0Lfo kIfaf6 dfq a'lemof] .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cfnf]rgf (Critism) s] 5g\
5g\ t ?
ljsf; of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] dfWodaf6 b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s
ljsf;sf ;fy} /fi6« lgdf{0fdf;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] kljq p2]Zo /fv]sf] ljsf; k|zf;g;d]t
cfnf]rgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]g . lgDg sf/0fn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cfnf]rgf ePsf] kfO{G5 .

43
 ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] 5'6\6} ?k lbg vf]lhPsf] t/ 5'6\6} klxrfg lbg
g;lsPsf],
Problem nfO{ dfq Focus ul/of], To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ul/Pg,
External Symbol eof], Colourful dfq agfOof], ;fy{s glthf cfPg,
Bureaucracy sf] Role dfq a9fOof],
Reality ;Fu ldn]g, Sugar Coated Concept eof],
Export Model eof] (Western Model sf] ?kdf), b]zsf] kl/j]znfO{ sd Wofg lbO{of],
Leftist Criticism eof],
Economic Growth ug]{ elgof] t/ s;/L eGg] 5}g,
Strategy of containment of communism, there is nothing new eg]/ cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
g]kfndf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] z'?jft ePkl5 ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k|of]u ePsf]
xf] . o;} ;fndf k|zf;gogqnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g klg nfu" ePsf] lyof] .
of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;sf] s|ddf 5}7f}+ of]hgfdf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] gLlt ;dfj]z ul/Psf] /
To;kl5 lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] lyof] . of]hgfn] k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{, kl/0ffdd'vL;d]t
agfpg] p2]Zo /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} o;} ;fndf cfPsf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)!# / k|zf;sLo
sfo{ljlw -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!# ;d]tn] klg o; If]qdf yk of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k|of]uaf6 ePsf pknAwLx?
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ePsf],
cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u u/]sf],
hg;xeflutfdf clej[l4 ePsf],
;dfg'kflts ljt/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf],
;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf Ifdtf ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf],
nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;,
;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ lbzfdf cu|;/ /x]sf] .
g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] sfo{Gjogsf ;d:of / r'gf}ltx?
e|i6|frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{,
cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0fdf j[l4 ePsf]
cfof]hgfx?sf] lglZrt ;do / >f]t ;fwgdf ;DkGg gugf{n] k|ltkmn sd k|fKt x'g]
u/]sf],
ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ klg a9L k|ls|ofd'vL agfOPsf]n] To;nfO{ hgd'vL /
kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg',
44
 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / ljs]lGb|t k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{,
cfGtl/s åGb / cft+s lgoGq0f ug'{,
b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug'{,
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf sd ug'{,
k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;DkGg ug'{,
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|bfg ug'{,
;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{,
glthfd'vL of]hgf, cfof]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug'{ .
sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox?
;+:yfut Ifdtf / sfof{Gjog of]Uotf ljZn]if0f u/L cfof]hgf tyf of]hgf th'{df u/L
sfof{Gjog ug]{,
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;bfrf/ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{,
sfdk|lt lhDd]jf/ agfO{ cfof]hgfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ aLrd} ;?jf ug]{ kl/kf6L cGTo ug{],
/fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] cGTo ub}{ åGb ;dfwfg ug{ /fhgLlts ;xdlt / ;xsfo{nfO{
a9fjf lbg],
;a} /fhgLlts zlQmx?n] ldn]/ /fi6« ljsf;sf] nflu Go'gtd ;femf ljsf; sfo{S|md
/ ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff Nofpg'kg]{,
ck/fwnfO{ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ b08xLgtf /f]Sg],
/fxt, k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yfkgfsf] sfo{nfO{ oyfzSo rfF8f] Delivery ug]{ ;+oGq agfO{
nfu" ug]{,
;+:yfut / dfgjLo kIfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{,
glthfd'vL k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d'Nof°gdf hg;xeflutf
j[l4 ug]{,
g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;+efjgf
l;ldt >f]t ;fwgsf] s'zn k|of]uaf6 hgtfsf ljleGg ck]Iffx¿ k"/f ub}{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df ;a}
kIf / If]qaf6 ;lqmo of]ubfg ug{ ;lsPdf dfq b]z / hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sb5g .
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] k|zf;lgs kl/kfl6df ;'wf/ ub}{ k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;d'vL u/fpg] nIo;fy
cfPsf] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff jt{dfg ;Gbe{df;d]t g]kfnsf nflu klg dfu{ bz{g x'g
;Sb5 . ljsf; k|zf;gdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ ljsf; k|zf;g / ljsf; k|zf;sdf
/x]sf sld sDfhf]/Lx?sf] lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsPdf ljsf; k|zf;gn] ck]lIft utL lng ;Sb5 .
g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf lgDg nIf0fx?sf sf/0f ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;+efjgf ePsf] s'/fnfO{
k'li6 ub{5 .
45
 != MDGs sf nIo ls6fg ul/Psf 5g . lt nIo k"/f ug{ ljsf; k|zf;g rflxG5 .
@= /fHosf] e"ldsf ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmdx?df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
$= ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L x'gkg]{ rf;f] a9]sf] 5 .
%= IT df cfPsf] qmflGtn] ljsf;sf] ;+efjgf a9fPsf] 5 .
&= zf;sLo ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg yfnLPsf] 5 .
*= NPM sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; k|zf;g;Fu ldNbf] /x]sf] 5 .
*= Human Resource sf] ljsf; xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .
(= k|zf;g Bureaucratic Model tkm{ Entrepreneur Model tkm{ k|j]z u/]sf] .
!)= k|zf;gdf Change Orientation, Result Orientation, Flexibility, Accountability,
Participation h:tf u'0fdf a[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
!!= ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
!@= Professionalism sf] ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox?

ha;Dd ljsf;sf] cfjZostf /lx/xG5, ta;Dd ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;fGble{stf /lx/xG5 . ljsf;
k|zf;gsf cjwf/0ff / l;4fGtx¿ ;a} ;do / kl/l:yltdf Ps}?kdf nfu" x'g ;Sb}gg . t;y{
ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg jt{dfg ;dodf lgDg s'/fdf hf]8 lbg ;s]df g]kfndf
ljsf; k|zf;g k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb5 .
!= lghL If]qn] ug{ ldNg] / ug{ ;Sg] sfd lghL If]qnfO{ lbg] . t/ o;f] ubf{ /fHosf] bfloTjnfO{
gh/ cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g .
@= :yfgLo ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
#= Strategic Planning cg';f/ sfd ug]{ .
$= Institutionalism df hf]8 lbg] .
%= M & E df a9L hf]8 lbg] .
^= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
&= Action Plan ;lxtsf] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ ug]{ .
*= hgtf / ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ k¥of] hgtf / ljsf; pk/
xf]Og .
(= /fhg}lts k|lta4tf / k|zf;lgs sl6a4tf cfjZos 5 .
!)= ;dfhnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ vfnsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
!!= Bottom Up Planning df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
!@= Joj:yfksLo ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
1. ljsf; k|zf;g;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg n]vsx?sf n]v /rgf tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ / Related web-sites.

46
 g]kfndf nufgL jf]8{ M cfjZostf / cf}lrTo
-
k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n
kl/ro
clt sd ljsl;t b]z (Least Developed Country) sf] nflu cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]
ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ dgg ub}{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult tLa| kfg{ g]kfn h:tf b]zx¿ lg/Gt/ nflukg'{ kg]{
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] gf/f nufpg hlt ;lhnf] 5, ;fRrLs} b|'tt/
cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug]{ s'/f Tolts} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . emg\ /fhgLlts ;qmd0f / c:yL/tfn]
hsl8Psf g]kfn h:tf b]zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf d'2fx¿ emg\ k]lrnf x'g] ePsf]n] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
ofqf yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ o;f] eg]/ cfly{s ljsf; g} ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] xf]Og .
;fdflhs ljsf; w]/} xb;Dd cfly{s ljsf;;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] / cfly{s ljsf; lagf ;fdflhs
ljsf; Tolt ;xh gx'g] x'gfn] g]kfn h:tf b]zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] yk dxŒj x'g hfG5 .
cfly{s ljsf; s'g ultn] al9/x]sf] 5 eg]/ dfkg cfly{s a[l4sf] b/af6 ug]{ ul/G5 . cfly{s
a[l4sf] b/ hlt al9 x'g uof], cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult Tolt pRr x'G5 . cfly{s a[l4b/ pRr
agfpg k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f nufot 7"nf vfnsf kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn h:tf
ul/a d'n'ssf hgtfsf ljsf;k|ltsf OR5f cfsf+Iff c;Lldt x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf ljsf;k|ltsf
cfsf+Iff kl/k"lt{ ug{ / c/af}+sf] nufgL nfUg] 7"nf k"jf{wf/ ;~rfng ug{ /fHosf] nufgLdfq kof{Kt
x'Fb}g . To;}n] o:tf 7"nf vfnsf nufgLsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L ljz]if ;ts{tfsf ;fy
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ b]zleq s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu 7"nf] vfnsf nufgLsf]
k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cnUu} sfg'g / ;+:yfut k|jGw ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . oxL jf:tljstfnfO{
dgg u/L g]kfndf nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* hf/L e} nufgL jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
nufgL jf]8{sf] u7g
cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/L nufgLsf] ;fy;fy} lghL nufgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . emg\
g]kfnh:tf ljkGg d'n'sdf lghL If]q klg ck]Iff u/] cg'¿k nufgL ug{ ;Ifd gx'g] ePsf]n] k|ToIf
j}b]lzs nufgL (Foreign Direct Investment) cfslif{t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnn] v'nf, pbf/ /
ahf/f]Gd'v cfly{s gLlt ckgfPsf] klg b'O{ bzs gfl3;s]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] nufgL -:jb]zL /
ljb]zL_ cfslif{t ug{ v'nf cfly{s gLltn] w]/} xb;Dd ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ t/ g]kfndf ck]lIft
dfqfdf nufgL jftfj/0f cg's"n aGg ;s]g . v'nf cy{tGqsf ljut b'O{ bzssf cg'ejx¿
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{osf] nflu Pp6f 5'§} :jfoQm / clwsf/;DkGg nufgL
jf]8{sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L g]kfndf nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* hf/L u/L jf]8{sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf
ul/Psf] 5 . nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf If]q tyf cGo If]qdf ;fj{hlgs
lghL, ;fem]bf/L, ;xsf/L / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgL kl/rfng u/L ;jn, ultzLn tyf
k|lt:kwL{ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] clwsf/ ;DkGg nufgL jf]8{ u7g x'g] Joj:yf
nufgL jf]8{ P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ k|wfgdGqL — cWoIf
-v_ k|wfgdGqLn] nufgL jf]8{ x]g{ tf]s]sf dGqL — pkfWoIf
-u_ cy{dGqL — ;b:o

-
k|d'v pBf]u clws[t / pBf]u dGqfnosf] pk ;lrj e} sfof{g'ej ;ufNg' ePsf kf}8]n xfn nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .
47
-3_ pBf]udGqL — ;b:o
-ª_ jgdGqL — ;b:o
-r_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf — ;b:o
-5_ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/ — ;b:o
-h_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj — ;b:o
-em_pBf]u, ko{6g, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, jfl0fHo sfg'g tyf ljQLo If]qsf ljz]if1x¿ dWo]
jf]8{n] dgf]gog u/]sf] sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt rf/hgf — ;b:o
-`_ nufgL jf]8{sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v — ;b:o ;lrj
nufgL jf]8{sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* n] jf]8{sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] u/L tf]s]sf] 5 M
-s_ nufgL ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-v_ P]gsf] bkmf ( df n]lvPsf nufgLsf If]qdWo] k|lt:kwf{Tds jf k|fyldstfsf If]qsf] 5gf}6
ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
-u_ nufgLof]Uo kl/of]hgfsf] 5gf}6 u/L k|:tfj cfJxfg, k|fKt k|:tfjsf] d"Nof°g, nufgLstf{;Fu
jftf{, nufgLsf] :jLs[lt k|bfg, k|:tfjs;Fu tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demf}tf ug]{,
-3_ nufgLsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog jf ;~rfng eP
jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-ª_ cfly{s tyf u}/ cfly{s ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f u/L pknJw u/fpg],
t/ To;/L ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpbf lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L pknJw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-r_ kl/of]hgf ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 tof/, nufgLsf zt{ lgwf{/0f, tyf nufgLstf{;Fu
;Demf}tf u/fpg],
-5_ :jLs[t nufgLsf nflu k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd cfjZos ;/sf/L hUuf pknJw u/fpg] jf
hUuf k|fKt ul/lbg],
-h_ nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg dGqfno, ;/sf/L tyf :yfgLo lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{ jf
u/fpg],
-em_ kl/of]hgfx¿sf] zL3| lg0f{o / ;d:ofsf] l56f]5l/tf] pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{,
-`_ nufgL k|j4{g ug{sf nflu ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg],
-6_ nufgL k|j4{g ;DaGwL tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
nufgL jf]8{sf] cf}lrTo / cfjZostf
l;4fGttM nufgL jf]8{sf] cfjZostf lgDg sf/0fn] dx;'; ul/Psf] x'G5 M
-s_ nufgL lg0f{osf] hf]lvd df]Ng,
-v_ cgfjZos k|zf;lgs emd]nf (Bureaucratic hassle) / k|lqmofsf] ;/nLs/0f (Process
simplification) u/L lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ l56f]5l/tf] agfpg,
-u_ k|fyldstf 5gf}6, kl/of]hgf k|:tfj ljZn]if0f tyf nufgL lg0f{osf nflu ljz]if1sf] ;]jf
lnO{ pko'Qm lg0f{o lngsf nflu,
-3_ nufgLsf] ljifo ax'lgsfo÷If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] cGt/ lgsfout ;dGjo k|efjsf/L
agfpg,

48
nufgL cfly{s ljsf;sf] sf/s tTj xf] . nufgL lagfsf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf ;d[l4sf] sNkgf ug{
;lsb}g . g]kfnsf] jt{dfgsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dgg ubf{ :jb]zL jf ljb]zL egL nufgLdf e]b ug]{
a]nf 5}g . s]jn nufgL / nufgLsf] bIftf (efficiency of investment) cfjZos 5 . :jb]zL,
ljb]zL, lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Lk"0f{ nufgLsf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f
cfjZos kb{5 . h;/L kfgL le/fnf]tkm{ jUb5 eg]/ ;xh cg'dfg nufOG5, To;} u/L nufgL stf
aUb5 cyf{t\ nufgL sxfF nufOG5 eGg] ;DaGwsf w]/} s'/f cg'dfg nufpg ;lsg] vfnsf x'G5g\ .
kfgLnfO{ s'nf] agfP/ hdLgdf l;+rfO u/] h:t} nufgLnfO{ klg nufgLsf] plrt jftfj/0fn]
8f]¥ofpg' kg]{ ;S5 . o;sf nflu b]zdf nufgLsf] plrt jftfj/0f x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . nufgLsf]
plrt jftfj/0fn] dfq ck]lIft nufgL x'g ;S5 . h;/L dfx'/Lx¿ km"n}km"nsf au}+rf / kx]+nk'/
tf]/Laf/Ldf em'lDdG5g\ / km"nsf] /; lnP/ hfG5g\ . au}+rf / tf]/Laf/Lsf dflnsnfO{ /fd|f] kmn
nfUg] u/L k/fuz]rg u/fO nfeflGjt t'NofO lbG5g\, To;} u/L nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfPdf
nufgLstf{ cf]Ol/G5g\, cfhgf] nufgLsf] gfkmf lnP/ hfG5g\, b]zsf] cfly{s a[l4df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5g\, /f]huf/sf cj;/ l;h{gf ul/lbG5g\, lgsf;L k|j4{g tyf cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{ d2t
ub{5g\ / ;du|df cfly{s ;d[l4sf sf/s aGb5g\ . g]kfndf nufgLsf] lgs} 7"nf] vfFrf] dx;';
e}/x]sf] 5 . nufgLnfO{ ;xh agfpb} nufgLstf{ / b]z b'a}sf] hLt x'g] kl/l:ylt -Win Win
Situation_ sf] l;h{gf ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfndf nufgL jf]8{sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

nufgL jf]8{sf] ljkIfdf b]vf k/]sf dtx¿

nufgL jf]8{ cfjZos g} gePsf] Psyl/ ljåfgx¿n] ts{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . nufgL ;DaGwL :jLs[lt
lbg] lgsfodf csf{] Pp6f lgsfo yk e} nufgLstf{nfO{ yk x}/fgL x'g] eof] eGg] ts{ pgLx¿sf]
5 . pgLx¿sf] ts{ s] klg 5 eg] nufgL jf]8{df k|wfgdGqL cWoIf x'g] sfg'gL k|fjwfgn]
bnLo÷/fhgLlts :jfy{ /xg], sltko t e|i6 cfrf/0fsf sf/0fn] nufgLstf{sf] k|efjdf k/L
t'ngfTds ¿kn] /fi6«sf] sd lxt x'g] nufgLnfO{ klg :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg] cfz+sf
ub{5g\ .
ljZjdf nufgL jf]8{sf] k|rng / cEof;
ef/tdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf nflu Foreign Investment Promotion
Board /x]sf] 5 . a+unfb]zdf k|wfgdGqL sfof{nocGtu{t ;g\ !(*( df jf]8{ ckm OGe]i6d]G6 /x]sf]
5 . yfOn}08df jf]8{ ckm OGe]i6d]G6 s} gfdaf6 nufgL jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . >Ln+sfdf klg
;g\ !(&* df af]8{ ckm OGe]i6d]G6 :yfkgf e} /x]sf] 5 . df}l/;;df klg ljQ tyf cfly{s ljsf;
dGqfnocGtu{t jf]8{ ckm OGe]i6d]G6 /xg] u/L jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] klg df}l/;;df
nufgL k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .
kfls:tfgdf jf]8{ ckm OGe]i6d]G6sf] gfdaf6 ;g\ !(() df nufgL jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;g\
!(($ df o;sf] gfd kfls:tfg OGe]i6d]G6 jf]8{ gfdfs/0f u/L o;nfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;lrjfnosf]
Pp6f c+usf] ¿kdf /flvof] / o; jf]8{sf] ;efklt k|wfgdGqL /xg] Joj:Yff ul/of] . ;g\ !((^ df
o;nfO{ pBf]u tyf pTkfbg dGqfnosf] ljefusf] ¿kdf /flvof] . ;g\ @))# df jf]8{ ckm
OGe]i6d]G6nfO{ lghLs/0f tyf nufgL dGqfnodf :yfgGt/0f ul/of] . xfn of] jf]8{ k|wfgdGqLsf]
;lrjfnosf] k|zf;lgs lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 5 . nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf, j}b]lzs nufgL
cfsif{0f, cgfjZos em0eml6nf k|lqmofsf] vf/]hL, cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;df lghL If]qsf]
nufgLnfO{ k|a4{g cflb .

49
lkmlnlkG;df klg nufgL k|a4{gsf nflu jf]8{ ckm OGe]i6d]G6 :Yffkgf ul/Psf] 5 . of] Jofkf/ tyf
pBf]u ljefu cGtu{tsf] cleGg c+u xf] . oL b]zsf] cnfjf ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx¿df klg nufgL
jf]8{sf] k|rng /x]sf] 5 .
nufgL jf]8{sf ljz]iftx¿
-!_ Pp6} em\ofnaf6 ;a} vfnsf 7"nf nufgL ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ pNn]Vo
dfGg'kb{5 .
-@_ nufgLstf{nfO{ cfly{s tyf u}/ cfly{s ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f u/L pknJw u/fpg] clwsf/
jf]8{nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-#_ 7"nf k"jf{wf/df nufgL a9fpg tyf b]zdf nufgL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ 5'6\6} jf]8{sf]
dx;'; u/L k|wfgdGqL g} jf]8{sf] cWoIf x'g] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o;n] jf]8{sf]
dxŒjnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
-$_ jf]8{df nufgLsf dxŒjk"0f{ If]qsf kbflwsf/L / lghLIf]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 .
-%_ k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf kmfi6 6«ofs
/f]8, ;'?Ëdfu{, /]ndfu{, /f]k j], 6«lna;, cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ljdfg:yn, zx/L If]qsf]
kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf]wg KnfG6df x'g] nufgL, /f;folgs dn pTkfbgdf x'g]
nufgL, k]6«f]lnod l/kmfOg/L KnfG6sf] nufgL, g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf 7"nf k'n, %!
k|ltzt eGbf a9L ljb]zL nufgLdf :yfkgf x'g] j}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf x'g] nufgL jf
aLdf jf k'gjL{df sDkgLsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf x'g] nufgL, d]l8sn sn]h tyf tLg
;o z}ofeGbf dflysf cTofw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfn jf gl;{ª xf]ddf x'g] nufgL, kfFr
;o d]ufaf6 jf ;f] eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] hnljB't pTkfbg kl/of]hgfdf x'g] nufgL, ljz]if
cfly{s If]q, lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q, ljz]if cf}Bf]lus If]q jf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{sf] lgdf{0fdf
x'g] nufgL, :yL/ k"FhL bz cj{ ¿k}of jf ;f] eGbf a9L kl/of]hgf nfut ePsf] s'g} klg
pTkfbgzLn pBf]udf x'g] ljb]zL nufgL, l:y/ k"FhL bz cj{ ¿k}of jf ;f]eGbf a9L
kl/of]hgf nfut ePsf] k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf jf ;]jf pBf]udf x'g] nufgL nufgL jf]8{sf]
If]qflwsf/leq kfl/Psf] 5 .
-^_ nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{osf] nflu k/fdz{ lng nufgL jf]8{n] ljz]if1 ;d"x u7g ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-&_ k|lt:kwf{Tds cfwf/df cg'dlt kfPsf nufgLnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ;f]xL If]qdf ;f]xL
k|s[ltsf] csf]{ nufgLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] cjlw;Dd cg'dlt lbg kfOg] 5}g egL P]gn] g}
nufgLsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
-*_ nufgL jf]8{n] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog, tyf cg'udg ug{ ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
5 .
nufgL ;DaGwL P]gx¿
nufgL;Fu k|ToIf¿kdf ;DalGwt d'Vo d'Vo P]gx¿ b]xfo adf]lhdsf /x]sf 5g\ M
-s_ nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* tyf nufgL jf]8{ lgodfjnL, @)^( -v_ sDkgL P]g, @)^#,
-u_ ljB't P]g, @)$( -3_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# -ª_ ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( -r_ cfos/ P]g, @)%* -5_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( -h_ >d

50
 P]g, @)$* -em_ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# .
g]kfndf nufgLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
nufgL jftfj/0f lagf b]zdf nufgL a9\g ;Sb}g . g]kfndf /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f / c:yL/tf, b]zdf
a9\bf] phf{ ;+s6, ltSttfk"0f{ >d ;DaGw, sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf, nufgL / nufgLstf{sf]
c;'/Iff h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f jGg ;s]sf] 5}g . ljleGg k|lts"n
kl/l:yltsf afah'b klg g]kfndf s]xL g s]xL nufgL e}/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljleGg cfjlws
of]hgfdf nufgLsf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f tn ul/Psf] 5 M
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df s"n u|fx:y pTkfbg -pTkfbssf] k|rlnt d"Nodf_ !& vj{ ! cj{ /x]sf]
5 . s"n u|fx:y jrt GDP sf] t'ngfdf @)^#÷^$ df (=* k|ltzt ePsf]df o:tf] jrtsf] c+z
36\b} uO{ @)^(÷&) df (=# k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . jrt sd x'Fb} hfg' eg]sf] nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf
sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfg' xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df GDP sf] t'ngfdf s"n l:y/ k"FhL nufgL ;/sf/L
tyf lghL u/L s"n @!=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n x'g g;Sgfsf] sf/0fn] cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs nufgL a9\g
;s]sf] 5}g . Ps t nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ 5, To;df klg nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n x'g
g;Sbf g]kfnsf] lghL If]qsf] nufgL cToGt Go"g /x]sf] dx;'; x'G5 . k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf]
cj:yf klg ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5}g . g]kfndf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cj:yf o:tf] b]lvG5 M–
-s_ cf7f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf @#* j6f cfof]hgfdf sl/a (&) s/f]8 ¿k}of k|ToIf j}b]lzs
nufgL lelqPsf] b]lvG5 .
-v_ gjf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf #&# j6f cfof]hgfdf ( cj{ $) s/f]8 ¿k}of k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL
lelqPsf] b]lvG5 . cf7f}+ of]hgfsf] t'ngfdf gjf} of]hgfdf cfof]hgfsf] ;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L eP
klg k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] /sd a9\g'sf] ;f6f] 36\g uPsf] b]lvG5 .
-u_ bzf}+ of]hgf cjlwdf s"n k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL ?= ! cj{ $^ s/f]8 lelqof] eg] $& s/f]8
jlxu{dg e} v"b ?= (( s/f]8 dfq lelqof] .
-3_ tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%—@)^^÷^&_ df @%!%=^) s/f]8 ¿k}of nufgL ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
cfly{s @)^*÷^( sf] cGTo;Dd ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu :jLs[lt lbOPsf pBf]ux¿
/sd ?= s/f]8df
pBf]usf] k|sf/ ;+Vof s"n kl/of]hgf nfut s"n l:y/ k"FhL ljb]zL nufgL /f]huf/L k|fKt ;+Vof
pTkfbgd"ns &$# $*#$=@@ #%@@=)) !($%=(( &%,)(&
;]jf pBf]u &%^ @$(#=@) @)$#=%@ !@)%=$# @*,%$)
ko{6g pBf]u ^@% !(@)=*# !*)%=$# &@!=^) @#@(@
lgdf{0f $@ #$%=%# @%^=#! @^!=@* @(@^
s[lifhGo &% !@)=!! &)=@^ %@=^@ @!^)
vlgh $# %)$=() $!@=!) @*#=^& %!@*
phf{ %! $)^$=!@ #*^$=#) !#@(=!* &#&)
hDdf @##% !^$!)=)# !#(*%=&& &%!%=)) !^$$*@
>f]t M cfly{s ;e]{If0f, @)&)

51
cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( sf] cGTo;Dddf @##% j6f pBf]unfO{ ljb]zL nufgLsf] nflu cg'dlt lbPsf]
/ o;/L :jLs[lt lbOPsf pBf]ux¿df ?= &% cj{ !% s/f]8 ljb]zL nufgL e} ! nfv ^$ xhf/
$*@ hgfn] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf] tYof°n] b]vfpF5 . ;]jf pBf]udf ;a}eGbf a9L cfsif{0f b]lvG5 .
7"nf vfnsf kl/of]hgfdf eGbf v'b|] ;fgf vfnsf kl/of]hgfdf nufgL ug]{ k|j[lQ a9]sf] tYof°n]
b]vfPsf] 5 . o;af6 /fHosf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ x'g] vfnsf nufgL lelqg g;s]sf] cg'ej
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBdfg ;+u7gfTds
7gfTds k|fjwfg lsg kof{Kt ePg t <
g]kfndf nufgLsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . oxL nufgLsf] dxŒjnfO{ dgg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;g\ @)!@ nfO{ nufgL jif{sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ clxn] kmut nufgL
rflxPsf] 5, nufgLsf] bIftf (efficiency of investment) rflxPsf] 5, s] :jb]zL s] ljb]zL,
nufgLdf e]b ug]{ a]nf 5}g . emg\ ;/sf/ tyf g]kfnsf] lghLIf]q /fHosf] cfjZostfnfO{ cfjZos
kg]{ nufgL ug{ ;Ifd gePsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL sf] emg\ dxŒj 5 . ljb]zL
nufgL PsfPs cfslif{t e}xfNg] xf]Og, To;sf nflu w]/} k|oTg / k|ofz h?/L kb{5 . b]zdf
nufgL jftfj/0f pko'Qm agfpg' kb{5 . nufgLstf{sf] nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{o oyf;dodf ug'{ klg
Hofb} dxŒjsf] s'/f xf] . k|zf;lgs em0eml6nf] k|lqmofaf6 d'lQm kfpg 5'6\6} nufgL jf]8{ ckl/xfo{
5 . emg\ 7"nf vfnsf nufgLsf ;Gbe{df jx'lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo / ;d:ofsf] plrt ;Daf]wg
ug]{ Ifdtf jf]8{;Fu dfq x'G5 .
nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* nfu" x'g'k"j{ n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / cGtu{tsf lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿af6 tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
ljsf; ;ldltsf lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿af6 / demf}nf / 7"nf pBf]usf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg
pBf]u ljefuaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . pBf]u ljefu / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefudf /fhkqf+lst
k|yd >]0fLsf clws[t dxflgb]{zs /lxcfPsf 5g\ . /fHosf] nufgL ;DaGwL cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{
c/af}+ /sdsf kl/of]hgfsf] :jLs[lt lbg]÷glbg] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf]
k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Laf6 olt 7"nf nufgLsf] ;fxl;s lg0f{o (bold decision) lng ;Sg] tyf
lg0f{odf hf]lvd df]Ng ;Sg] Ifdtf x'Fb}g . To;}n] xfnsf] ;+:yfut k|jGwsf] ljsNk vf]lhPsf] xf] .
nufgL jf]8{ P]g cfPkl5 cGo sfg'gdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/
nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* hf/L e} sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . of] P]gn] ;fljsdf hf/L e}
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf P]gx¿sf sltko clwsf/ :jtM s6f}tL ePsf 5g\ . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
@)$(, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(, nufot ljleGg If]qut sfg'gdf klg
nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* cg's"n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g cfjZos b]lvG5 .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df lgDg cg';f/ ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 M
-s_ P]gsf] bkmf @ kl/efiffdf nufgL jf]8{sf] kl/efiff /fVg'kg]{ . ;f]xL bkmfdf ljefusf] kl/efiffdf
nufgL jf]8{;d]t ;d]l6g] u/L kl/efiff ug'{kg]{ .
-v_ bkmf ( df nufgL jf]8{sf] If]qflwsf/ afx]Ssf pBf]usf] cg'dlt pBf]u ljefun] lbg] u/L
;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ .
-u_ bkmf !) df pBf]u btf{ u/fpg] ljifodf klg nufgL jf]8{sf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf ljifodf
jf]8{af6 nufgLsf] nflu :jLs[lt ePsf] ldltn] lglZrt cjlwleq pBf]u ljefudf btf{ u/fpg'
kg]{ . nufgL jf]8{af6 :jLs[lt ePsf pBf]usf] xsdf pBf]u ljefudf k'gM cg'dlt lng' gkg]{
u/L ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ .
52
-3_ bkmf !@ df cf}Bf]lus k|a4{g jf]8{sf] clwsf/ / nufgL jf]8{sf] clwsf/ gaflemg] u/L
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
-ª_ nufgL jf]8{af6 cg'dlt lnO{ ;s]kl5 pBf]u ljefudf btf{ dfq u/] k'Ug] u/L cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]gdf Joj:yf ug]{ .
ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( df ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿
nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* tyf nufgL jf]8{ lgodfjnL, @)^( hf/L e} nfu" e};s]sf] cj:yfdf ljb]zL
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( df ljb]zL nufgLdf :yflkt x'g] pBf]usf] cg'dlt pBf]u
ljefun] lbg] u/L sfg'gL Joj:Yf /x]sf]df nufgL jf]8{af6 nufgL :jLs[lt lnPsf] pBf]usf] xsdf
pBf]u ljefudf btf{ dfq u/fP k'Ug] u/L ;+zf]wg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
jf]8{af6 cg'dlt lnO{ ;s]kl5 vfgLhGo pBf]usf] xsdf vfgL P]g cg';f/ k'g cg'dlt lng gkg]{
ug]{, To;} u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ b";;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 k'g cg'dlt lng
gkg]{ ug]{ . hnljB'tdf nufgL ug]{ jf]8{af6 cg'dlt kfO;s]kl5 k'g hnljB't P]g cg';f/ cg'dlt
lng' kg]{ Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{ . j}+s :yfkgf ug{ k'Mg g]kfn /fi6« j}+saf6 cg'dlt lng gkg]{ Joj:yf
ug]{ . nufgL jf]8{n] cg'dlt lbg] a]n}df tt\ tt\ lgsfosf ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{;d]t cfdGq0f
ug]{ . gq Jo"/f]qm];Lsf] em0em6 emg\ a9\g]5 .
nufgL jf]8{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu ;'emfjx¿
nufgL jf]8{ /fHodf nufgLsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ ljz]if cleofg ;~rfng ug{ :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ k|zf;gtGqsf] em0eml6nf] k|lqmof / s'l6n dfv];fªnf]af6 d'Qm u/L nufgLnfO{
/fHon] ck]lIft u/]sf If]qdf s]lGb|t u/L nufgLstf{sf] pT;fx / dgf]an prf] kfg{ o;sf] ljz]if
dxŒj 5 . b]zs} ;jf]{Rr sfo{sf/L k|d'v k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf nufgL jf]8{ u7g x'g'n]
nufgLstf{x¿df Ps lsl;dsf] ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx ePsf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 . t/ nufgL jf]8{
:yfkgf x'g] ljlQs} ;a} s'/f e}xfNof] eg]/ jf]8{ :yfkgfnfO{ g} 7"nf] s'/f dflgof] eg] xfd|f] nufgLsf]
ck]Iff eg] k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] To;sf] nflu lgDg s'/fx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 M
-!_ ;/sf/sf k|zf;lgs ;+oGqn] 7"nf nufgLsf] :jLs[tL k|bfg ubf{ hf]lvd df]Ng 8/fpg] x'gfn]
jiff}{;Dd klg nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{o x'g g;s]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]IonfO{ dgg ubf{ o;sf]
:yfkgfsf] cf}lrTo :yflkt x'G5 . t/ jf]8{df klg k|zf;lgs k|j[lQs} k'g/fj[lQ ePsf] v08df
eg] o;sf] cf}lrTo /xg] 5}g . To;}n] lxhf];Dd xfdL sxfFg]/ s] df r's]sf lyof}+ To;sf]
klxrfg u/L sdL sdhf]/Ldf ;'wf/ ckl/xfo{ 5 .
-@_ nufgL ug]{ ;Gbe{df jx'kIf / ax' lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt x'g' :jefljs} xf] . To:tf jx'kIf /
lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ / w]/} lgsfo;Fu hf]l8Psf jf h]lnPsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtf
/fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] clws[tn] g]t[Tj ug]{ pBf]u ljefu;Fu x'g ;Sb}g, g t s'g}
dGqfno;Fu g} x'g ;S5 . o:tf ax'dGqfno jf lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;dfwfg d'n'ssf]
;jf]{Rr sfo{sf/L k|d'v k|wfgdGqLaf6 dfq x'g ;S5 . oxL jf:tljstfnfO{ dgg u/L nufgL
jf]8{sf] cWoIf k|wfgdGqL :jod\ x'g] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . /fhgLlts JolQm jf]8{sf] cWoIf
x'g] / jf]8{df cWoIfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'gfn] /fli6«o lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfgL nufgL
;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'{kb{5 .
-#_ nufgL jf]8{sf] tkm{af6 ug]{ sfo{x¿ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] nufgL jf]8{sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v
lgo'lQm ug]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . nufgL jf]8{sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] e"ldsf h] h:tf] /xG5,
To;}df jf]8{sf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntf lge{/ /xG5 eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . To;}n] /fhgLlts
53
 cfu|x jf k"jf{u|xaf6 d'Qm e} Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm u/L p;sf] cfjlws sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nof°gsf] cfwf/df lg/Gt/tf lbg] Joj:yf eof] eg] nufgL jf]8{sf] cf}lrTo ;fljt
x'g] b]lvG5 .
-$_ nufgL jf]8{sf] sltkon] lj/f]w u/]sf] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . nufgL jf]8{sf] dfWofdaf6
cgfjZos lgodg tyf lgoGq0f u/L v'nf ahf/sf d"ne"t dfGotfnfO{ s'lNrg k'luof] eg]
o:tf] lj/f]wdf t's ePsf] dflgg]5 . To;}n] nufgL jf]8{ nufgLnfO{ k|j4{g, k|f]T;fxgsf
ePsf] :Ki6 cg'e"lt x'g'kb{5 .
-%_ k|wfgdGqL cWoIf x'g] ePsf]n] nufgL jf]8{df /fhgLlts :jfy{ jf k|efj kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf
klg TolQs} x'G5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfg]{ vfnsf kl/of]hgfdf
nufgLsf] cg'dlt lbbf :jfy{ jf cg'lrt vfnsf] k|efj jf /fhgLlts bjfj kfg]{ l:ylt
b]lvof] eg] Tof] d'n'ssf] nfu b'efUo{ x'g]5 . of] nufgL jf]8{sf] hf]lvd kIf klg xf] .
o;nfO{ plrt Joj:Yffkg ug]{ d'Vo e"ldsf k|wfgdGqL / nufgL jf]8{sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf]
/xG5 . k|wfgdGqL / sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] bIftf, OdfGbfl/tf hlt k|v/ 9+un] b]vfkb{5,
nufgL jf]8{ TolQs} dfqfdf ;kmn x'g ;S5 .
lgZsif{
nufgL jf]8{sf] kIf ljkIfdf h] h:tf ts{ eP klg /fHodf nufgL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L 7"nf
7"nf nufgLsf] lg0f{o oyf;dodf u/L nufgLstf{nfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ ;s] nufgL jf]8{sf] ;fy{stf
/xg hfG5 . cGt/ lgsfout ;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpb} k|zf;lgs em}emd]nf tyf cgfjZos
k|lqmofut em0em6 af6 nufgLstf{nfO{ 5'6\sf/f lbg ;s] nufgL jf]8{sf] cfjZostfsf] cg'e"lt
;a}n] ug]{5g\ . nufgLstf{n] dx;'; ug]{ u/L jf]8{n] sfo{ ug{ ;s]g eg] jf]8{ Pp6f csf]{
k|zf;lgs em0em6 / emd]nf yKg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf u0fgf x'g]5 .
nufgL jf]8{ d"ntM ljb]zL nufgL s]lGb|t eP klg o;n] :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 .
To;}n] of] jf]8{n] k|zf;g ;+oGqn] h:tf] sfo{z}nL ckgfpg' x'Fb}g . nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{o
oyf;dod} u/L nufgLstf{nfO{ pT;flxt agfpg ;s]df o;sf] cf}lrTo ;fljt x'g]5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= cfly{s ;j]{If0f -@)^^ . ^&–@)^( . &)_ g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/ .
@= cfos/ P]g, @)%*
#= cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&, pBf]u dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/ .
$= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
%= sDkgL P]g, @)^#
^= k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#
&= kf}8]n, k|]dk|;fb, g]kfndf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL M Ps ljZn]if0f -@)^& df3_, k/fu ljz]iff° @, g]kfn /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g,
lghfdtL ljefuLo ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .
*= kf}8]n, k|]dk|;fb, cf}Bf]lus/0f / pBf]u ;DaGwL sfg'g M Ps cWoog, g]kfn /fi6« j}+s, %@ cf}+ jflif{s ljz]iff°, j}zfv !$, @)^$
g]kfn /fi6« j}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, afn'jf6f/ .
(= k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6]«zg P]g, @)!$
!)= nufgL jf]8{ P]g, @)^* tyf nufgL jf]8{ lgodfjnL, @)^(
!!= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnL,
!@= ljB't P]g, @)$(
!#= ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(
!$= jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^&, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/ .
!%= ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfx¿
!^= ljleGg j]e ;fO6x¿
!&= ;fem]bf/L P]g, @)@)
!*= >d P]g, @)$*

54
 g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ Ps cWoog
-
/fd k|;fb 9sfn
!= k[i7e"dL
o; ;+;f/df ef}lts / cef}lts ul/ b'O{ k|sf/df ;DklQ cl:tTjdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ef}lts ;DklQ
klg rn / crn ul/ @ k|sf/sf 5g\ . rn cGt{ut ;''grf+bL u/uxgf, k};f, ef+8fs'+8f / crn
;DklQ cGt{ut 3/, hUuf cflb kb{5g\ . csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ cef}lts ;DkQLsf] ¿kdf af}l4s ;DklQ
xf], h'g dfgjLo lrGtgsf ;[hgf x'g\ . Jojxfl/s ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ of] dfgj lxt / sNof0fsf nflu
dfgj dl:tisaf6 ;[lht ;[hgfTds pkh xf] . oL b'a} vfnsf ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|of]u dfgj
;Eotfsf] z'?jftb]lvg}} s'g} g} s'g} ¿kdf ePsf] kfO{G5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf]] z'?df p;n] k|of]u ug]{
jf;,cfxf/sf nflu ;+/lIft cfhgf] If]q leqsf] clwsf/, cfhgf] cf:yfsf b]jtfsf] k|fyf{gf, ljlw,
d+q, cflbsf] 1fg jf k|of]u g} k|f/lDes r/0fx¿ x'g\ eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;j{dfGo Pjd\ ;j{:jLsfo{ kl/efiff xfn;DDf :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7gn] klg af}l4s ;DklQ oL oL x'g\ eg]/ :ki6 ¿kdf ls6fgL u/]sf]
kfO{+b}g . o; cGt{ut oL oL ljifox¿ Kflg kb{5g\ ;Dd eg]sf] kfO{G5 . z'?sf] cj:yfdf af}l4s
;DklQ eGgfn] k]6]G6, l8hfO{g / 6«]8dfs{, / k|ltlnkL clwsf/nfO{ dfq j'lemGYof] eg] clxn] o;sf]
If]q / bfo/f lj:t[t / km/flsnf] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . xfn Plss[t ;ls{6, k/Dk/fut 1fg, nf]s:f+:s[lt,
h}ljs ljljwtf tyf jf]6lj?jfsf gofF hftx¿nfO{ klg af}l4s ;DklQcGt{ut ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= af}l4s ;DklQsf k|sf/x¿
ljZj af}l4s ;+u7g -world Intellectual property organisation_ åf/f af}l4s ;DklQnfO{
d"ntM lgDg adf]lhd jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ -Industrial property_
@_ ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] ;+s]t -Geographical indication_
#_ k|ltlnkL clwsf/ -Copy right_
$_ Jofkfl/s uf]Kotf -Trade secret_
%_ pkof]uL gd"gf -Utility model_
^_ PsLs[t ;ls{6 -Integrated circuit_
!_ cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ cGt{ut lgDg ljifox¿ kb{5g\g\ .
-s_ k]6]G6 -patent) M cfljisf/ ;DaGwL 8s'd]G6nfO{ ;DjlGwt >i6fsf] xs :yfkgfsf]
nflu ;DjlGwt clkm;n] cfj]bg lng], kl/If0f ug]{, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu
k|sflzt ug]{ / pko'Qm 7x/]df cfj]bssf] gfddf btf{ u/]/ Psnf}6L xs :yflkt
ul/lbg] ;du| k|s[of k]6]G6 xf] . k]6]G6 ubf{ k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fjf6, k|fljlws
b[li6sf]0faf6 / sfg'gL b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qmtf k/LIf0f ul/G5 . k|s[lt hutsf
k|f0fLx¿, jg:kltx¿, j}1flgs l;4fGtx¿, k|s[ltsf lgodx¿, ul0ftLo z"q /
l;4fGtx¿, Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿, JolQmsf] k|ltef jf v]n k|b{zg ;fy} ;fdflhs

-
pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
55
 g}ltstf / dof{bf ljkl/t x'g] s'/f sfg'gt k]6]G6 ug{ kfO{+b}g . t/ jf]6lj?jfsf
gofF hftx¿, gofF z'IdhLjx¿, gofF cf}ifwLx¿, h}ljs k|ljlwdf eg] k]6]G6 lbg jfwf
kb}{g . k]6]G6sf] ;+/If0faf6 >i6fx¿ ;+/lIft x'G5g\ / dfgj sNof0fsf nflu w}/}
lsl;dsf k|fljlws dfGotfx¿ / ;'wfl/Psf] j:t'x¿ ylk+b} hfG5g\ . ;DjlGwt If]q jf
b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ k|bfg ug]{ sfof{nodf cfj]bg u/]kl5 dfq k|fyldstf bh{
x'g] / btf{ ePkl5 dfq cfkgf] cfljisf/sf] clwsf/ sfod x'g hfG5 . k]6]G6
;+/If0fsf] Go"gtd ;dofjlw @) jif{ x'G5 .
-v_ Jofkf/ lrGx -trade mark+_: ahf/df pkef]Qmfsf] dfemdf cfhgf j:t'nfO{ s'g} cIf/,
zJb, lrGx, /+u, lrq, nf]uf]sf] PSn} jf ltgLx¿sf] ;+ld>0f, h;n] Ps JolQm, ;+:yf
jf pBf]usf] j:t'sf] pTkfbg jf ;]jfnfO{ csf]{ JolQm jf pBf]usf] j:t'sf] pTkfbg
jf ;]jf eGbf km/s b]vfp+b5, To;nfO{ Jofkf/ lrGx elgG5 . o:tf] lrGx ;DjlGwt
b]z jf If]q jf ;+:yfsf] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ sfof{nodf
btf{ ul/ ;f] sf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ePkl5 dfq o;nfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf Jofkf/ lrGx jf
TM sf] clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . pkef]Qmfn] cfhgf] ?lr cg';f/ >f]tdf, u'0f:t/df,
5gf}6df ljZjf; / e/f];f /fVb} ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ / pTkfbsn] cfhgf] Jofkf/ k|jw{g
ug]{ bl/nf] cfwf/ jf dfWod klg olx g} xf] . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;lsPdf
pkef]Qmf em'lSsg] / 7lug] l:ytL pTkGg x'G5 . ;DjlGwt sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] zt{ k"/f
u?Gh]n o; pk/sf] clwsf/ lg/Gt/ /xG5 . Jofkf/ lrGxnfO{ klg Jofkf/ lrGx,
;]jf lrGx, ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] lrGx, ;fd"lxs lrGx, cGt/ ;/sf/L k|lts lrGx,
/fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o k|lts lrGx,;f+s]lts lrGx ul/ ljleGg ju{df ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . xfd|f] d'n'sdf k|To]s &–& jif{df tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq} cfjlws z'Ns lt{b}
uPdf o;sf] ;+/If0f cgGtsfn ;DDf /xG5 .
-u_ cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg -Indusrrial design_: cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg eGGffn] s'g}klg j:t'sf]
aflx/L cfsf/ jf a'gfO{ jf /+ufO{ jf s'+bfO{ xf] . o;n] s'g}klg j:t' pkef]Qmf ;dIf
dg nf]Eofpg ul/ cfs{ifs ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ d2t k'¥ofp+b5 . ;DjlGwt lgsfo,b]z,
jf If]qsf] cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;DjlGw clwsf/sf] sfof{nodf ljlwjt\ cfj]bg btf{
ePkl5 k|fyfldstf bh{ x'g] / kl/If0f kZrft l8hfog btf{ ePkl5 dfq o;n]
sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKt ub{5 / o;sf] s;}n] pn+3g u/]df sfg'gt: ck/fw 7xb{5 .
l6«K; ;Demf}tf cg';f/ o;sf] ;+/If0f cjlw sDtLdf !) jif{sf] x'G5 .
-@_ ef}uf]lns ;+s]t -Geographical Indication_ s'g j:t'sf] pTkfbg s'g} vf; If]qdf
ePsf] sf/0fn] To; j:t'sf] VoftL, u'0f jf ljz]iftf sfod x'g u} cGo ef}uf]lns If]qdf
To:t} j:t'sf] bf+hf]df ;f] j:t'sf] a9L dxŒj x'g uPdf To:tf] ef}uf]lns gfd jf lrGxnfO{
ef}uf]lns ;+s]t elgG5 . Onfdsf] lrof, h'Dnfsf] :ofp, u'NdLsf] skmL cflbn] ef}uf]lns
ljz]iftf jf u'0fnfO{ hgfpg] x'Fbf ef}uf]lns ;+s]tsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o; lrGxsf]
;+/If0f tyf k|j{wg Jofkf/ lrGx ;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'g tyf k]l/; dxf;GwL cGt{utsf]
cGt{/fli6«o ;lGwåf/f sn]lS6e dfs{ jf k|df0fLs/0f lrGxsf ¿kdf cg'df]bg ul/G5 .
JolQm jf JolQmut pBf]usf] pTkfbgnfO{ of] lrGx btf{ x'Fb}g .
-#_ k|ltlnkL clwsf/ -Copy right_ k|ltlnkL clwsf/ eGgfn] ;flxToLs,snfTds / a}1flgs
sfo{ Pjd\ sDKk'6/ ;DaGwL sfo{s|dsf] nflu s'g}klg >i6fsf] cfhgf] s[ltdf :yfkLt x'g]
56
 Psnf}6L xs xf] . ;DjGwLt >i6fsf] d[To' kZrft klg %) jif{ ;DDf lghsf
pQ/flwsf/Lsf] xs To;df sfod /xG5 . k|ltlnkL clwsf/ cGt{ut /x]/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug]{ snfsf k|:tf]tf,WjgL c°gstf{,/ k|zf/0fstf{sf] kIfdf :yflkt x'g] clwsf/nfO{
;DjlGwt clwsf/ elgg] / To:tf] ;DjlGwt clwsf/ / k|ltlnkL clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu
btf{ clgjfo{ 5}g, k|sfzg ePsf] jf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ eP k'Ub5 . xfn
g]kfn k|ltlnkL clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no sfnLsf:yfgaf6 o; ;DjlGw k|zf;lgs
sfdsf/jfxL x'Fb} cfO{/x]sf] 5 . l6«K; afx]s cGt{/fli6«o hutdf of] If]qnfO{ jg{ dxf;GwL
/ /f]d dxf;GwLn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 .
-$_ Jofkfl/s uf]Kotf -Trade Secret_ sltko pBf]u tyf Joj;fodf k|of]u x'g] k|ljlw,
l8efO;,cfly{s ;"rgf,Jofkfl/s of]hgf,;]jfu|fxLsf] ;"rL,c3f]lift pTkfbgx¿ vf; –vf;
cj:yfdf uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . of] em08} k]6]G6 h:t} xf] . k]6]06df k|ljlw ;fj{hlgs
ul/G5 eg] Jofkfl/s uf]KotfnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfo jf s;}jf6klg v'nf;f ug{nfO{ jfWo
kfg{ kfO{+b}g . Jofkfl/s uf]klgotfsf] s'g} xb Dofb klg x'Fb}g .
-%_ pkof]uL gd"gf -Utility Model_ s'g} cfljisf/nfO{ p;sf] ljz]if bIftf, Ifdtf, jf 1fg
afkt lglZlrt ;dofjlw jf sfo{sf] nflu cfKfm\gf] ;Lk, Ifdtf jf bIftf k|b{zg ug{
lbOPsf] cj;/ xf] . o;nfO{ ;+lIfKt cfljisf/ jf ;+lIfKt k]6]G6 klg elgG5 .
-^_ Plss[t ;ls{6 -Integrated Circuit_ of] em08} cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg h:t} xf] . t/ of]
ljB'tLo tyf Onf]S6«f]lgS; ;fdfgdf k|of]u x'g] lrK;sf l8hfOg -dfq ;DjlGwt 5 .
o;df w]/} tTjx¿sf] cfk;L ;dGjo jf ;xsfo{df jf 3gLe"t k|s[ofåf/f Ps cfk;df
;dGjofTds ¿kdf ;Fu} sfd ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;df w]/} ljB'tLo kmd"nf{, sfo{ /
k|0ffnLåf/f ;+o'Q
[ m sfo{ e} /x]sf] x'G5 . tL tTjx¿ ldn]/ jg]sf] l8efO;x¿ dWo] sDtLdf
Pp6fn] ljB'tLo oGq jf tTj dfkm{t sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf] x'G5 . l6«K; ;Demf}tf cg';f/
o;sf] Go"gtd ;+/If0f cjlw sDtLdf !) jif{sf] x'g' kb{5 .
#= af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL gofF cjwf/0ff
cfhef]nL lgDg ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{;d]t af}l4s ;DklQsf] If]qdf ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .
-s_ k/Dk/fut 1fg -Traditional Knowledge) o; cGt{ut ljleGg If]qdf j;f]jf; ub}{
cfO{/x]sf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] cfhgf] tyf ;d'bfosf] hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf
;'ljwfo'Qm jgfpg cfhgf k"vf{sf] 1fg, ;Lk, / IfdtfnfO{ k|of]u ul/ dfGb} cfO/x]sf]
rfnrng tyf Jojxf/x¿ kb{5g\ . of] vf; ul/ lgDgfg';f/ k|of]udf cfPsf] kfO{G5 .
-!_ v]tL k|0ffnL: o; cGt{u4t k/Dk/fut ¿kdf aLp, df6f], df};d, xfjfkfgL cflbsf]
;+/If0f tyf pTkfbsTjsf] 1fgåf/f s[lif tyf ag:klthGo j:t'x¿sf] /f]k0f tyf
pTkfbgdf ckgfOPsf] cfhgf] df}lns, h}ljs, k|ljlwut 1fg, ;Lk cflb kb{5g\ .
-@_ k|ljlwut 1fgM dfgj hfltn] cfhgf ljleGg wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, tyf ;fdflhs
cj;/df ufOg] uLt, ehg, ufyf tyf ltgdf k|of]u x'g] afBoGqsf no, tfn, l/ofh
cflbn] ljleGg k|sf/sf WjgL tyf tfn lgdf{0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{
cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf vfnsf k|lalwut 1fgsf;fy} k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf ejg tyf
dlGb/ lgdf{0f, xltof/ lgdf{0f nufotsf z}nLnfO{ klg o; cGt{ut /flvPsf] kfO{G5 .

57
 -#_ :yf:Yo lzIffM o; cGt{ut wfdL, emf+s|L,emf/km's, cflDr pkrf/, cfo'{j]b,a}B h:tf
:jf:Yo;]jf tyf pkrf/ ;DaGwL ljlw tyf k4tLx¿ kb{5g\ .
-v_ k/Dk/fut :ff+:s[lts cleJolQm: ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg hfthftL tyf ;d'bfon] cfhgf]
rf8kj{, laz]if kl/l:ytL jf cj;/df k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf ljleGg ;f+:s[lts sfo{x¿ o;
cGt{ut kb{5g\ . h:t} aL/tf n8fO+ h:tf syfsxfgL, ;f/ËLsf] tfn / nodf uGw{j
hftLn] nofTds ¿kdf ufpg] svf{, d'Gw'd >[tL k/Dk/f, s'g} :yfg ljif]z jf JolQm
ljz]ifsf] VoftL;Fu ;DjlGwt ufyf, ljz]if ;f+:s[lts cj;/df ufOg] k'vf{sf] uf}/j
syf;Fu ;DjlGwt nofTds ufgx¿ .
-u_ pTktLsf] >f]t: ljz]if lsl;dsf] df6f], xfjfkfgL, tyf aLhaf6 ljz]if lsl;dsf] h}ljsj:t',
cGg jf kmn ;fy} ljz]if, jg:klt tyf hLj j:t'sf] pTklQ jf pTkfbg;d]t x'g] jg:klt
tyf jg:klthGo kbfy{x¿ o; cGt{ut kb{5g\ .
af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fdf cGt{
cGt{/fli6«o ;+:yf;Fu g]kfnsf] cfa4tf
cfa4tf
ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g-WIPO_ sf] ;b:otf ;g\ !((&
k]l/; dxf;lGwsf] ;b:otf ;g\ @))!
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -W.T.O._ sf] ;b:otf ;g\ @))$
ag{ dxf;lGwsf] ;b:otf ;g\ @))^
ljleGg b]zsf] af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|zf;g jf Joj:yfkgl;t ;Dj4 ;+:yfl;tsf] cfa4tf
-ef/tLo af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL sfof{no,cd]l/sL af}l4s ;DklQ sfof{no, hfkfg
k]6]06 sfof{no,dn]l;og af}l4s ;DklQ sfof{no, sf]l/og af}l4s ;DklQ sfof{no,
cli6«]lnog af}l4s ;DklQ sfof{no, :jLl8; cGt{/fli6«o ljsf; ;+:yf cflb .
k|s[ofdf /x]sf ;Demf}tfx¿ M
Madrid Agreement and protocol
Lisbon Agreement and protocol

$ g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf

cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf] nflu tfn's dGqfno pBf]u dGqfno xf] eg] k|ltlnkL clwsf/sf] nflu
tfn's dGqfno ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p88\og dGqfno xf] . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf]
k|zf;lgs /]vb]v ug]{ PsfO pBf]u ljefu xf] eg] skL/fO6sf] k|ltlnkL clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{no xf] . g]kfndf k]6]06, l8hfog / 6]«8dfs{ P]g @)@@ cGt{ut pBf]u ljefudf k]6]06,
l8hfog / 6]«8dfs{ btf{ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . k|ltlnkL clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ k|ltlnkL clwsf/
P]g @)%( adf]lhd k|ltlnkL clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5g\ . :fDjGwLt
cGo P]gx¿df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,@)$(, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(,
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g,@)%$,sDkgL P]g,@)%$,eG;f/ ljw]os, @)%( cflb kb{5g\ . oL afx]s
sfg'gL sfo{ljlwsf] xsdf ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g,@)@@ cfslif{t x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ btf{sf]
nflu l/t k"j{ssf] lgj]bg,b/vf:t b:t'/ a'emfPsf] /;Lb, l/tk"j{s tof/ ul/Psf] 8s'd]06,
k|ltlglw d's// ul/Psf] ePdf clVtof/gfdf / lgj]bssf] ljj/0f klg ;Fu} a'emfpg' kb{5 t/
k|ltlnkL clwsf/sf] btf{ eg] clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5}g .
58
%= g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQsf]
;DklQsf] k|zf;g
g]kfndf lj=;+ !((# df 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog kZrft g} o;sf] k|zf;g z'? ePsf]
xf] . g]kfndf klxnf] k6s !((% df …lj/f6Ú gfds 6«]8dfs{ h'6sf] af]/fdf k|of]u ug{ cg'dlt
k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+ !(() sf] bzsdf lj/f6gu/ If]qdf s]xL 7"nf pBf]u :yfkgf
ePsf lyP . lj=;+ !((# df ag]sf] g]kfn 6«]8{dfs{ sfg'gdf 6«]8{dfs{ afx]s cf}Bf]lus ;DklQsf
cGo kIfx¿ af/] vf;} s]xL pNn]v ePsf];d]t kfO{+b}g . o;}kl/k|]Iodf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL
sfg'gnfO{ ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g tyf lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos dxz'; e} lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf
k]6]06, l8hfOg,tyf 6«]8dfs{ P]g @)@@ tTsflng /fli6«o k~rfotaf6 kfl/t e} nfu" eof] .
To;kl5 dfq g]kfndf 6«]8dfs{ cltl/Qm k]6]06 / l8hfOgsf] ;d]t ljlwjt\ cfj]bg btf{ x'g
yfn]sf] xf] .
pBf]u ljefun] cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 . o;n]
af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|zf;g, /fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjosf] ;fy} kmf]sn
KjfO06sf] ?ddf;d]t sfo{ ub{5 . o;n] af}l4s ;DklQsf Jofkf/ ;Dj4 kIfx¿ nufot
cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ;Fu ;DjlGwt cGo kIfx¿sf] cWoog, ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{;d]t
ub{5 . o; cGt{ut d'Vo ¿kdf 6«]8dfs{ k|zf;g, k]6]06 k|zf;g / l8hfOg k|zf;gsf
sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . k|ltlnkL clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 eg] k|ltlnkL clwsf/ ;DjlGw
k|zf;g ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ 6«]8dfs{ k|zf;g
g]kfndf 6«]8dfs{sf] jt{dfg k|zf;g 6«]8dfs{ P]g,@)@@, tyf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g adf]lhd
ljZj af}l4s ;+u7g -WIPO_ sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 6«]8dfs{x¿sf]
auL{s/0fsf nflu WIPO åf/f j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] NICE
Agreement Classification sf $% juL{s/0f / ;f]xL juL{s/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ Software
cg';f/sf] Automation k|0ffnLåf/f nf]uf] lg/LIf0f tyf k/LIf0f ul/g] / ;Fu;Fu} Manual
k|0ffnL ;d]tsf] dfWodaf6 lg/LIf0f tyf k/LIf0f u/L btf{ ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf] cfwf/df
dfq 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ;DaGwL sf/jfxL cuf8L a9\g] u/]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf btf{ ePsf]
6«]8dfs{sf] ;+/If0f g]kfndf dfq x'g] ePsf]n] 6«]8dfs{sf] If]qLo tyf cGt{/fli6«o btf{sf]
nflu WIPO cGt{utsf] Madrid Agreement tyf Protocal df g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]kl5
dfq 6«]8dfs{sf] If]qLo tyf cGt{/fli6«o btf{ x'g] x'Fbf g]kfn tL ;GwL tyf k|f]6f]snx¿sf]
kIfw/ aGg] k|s[oftkm{ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
-v_ k]6]06 k|zf;g
g]kfnn] k]6]06 btf{df gof{ k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf xfn k"/fg} k|s[ofåf/f k]6]06sf]
cfj]bg tyf btf{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] k]6]06 ;xfotf ;GwL -PCT_ df x:tfIf/ ul/
g;s]sf] x'Fbf xfn g]kfndf btf{ ePsf k]6]06x¿sf] btf{ g]kfndf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf]
5 . g]kfn PCT sf] kIfw/ /fi6« gePsf]n] /fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o If]qdf g]kfnn] k]6]06
k|zf;gsf] ljZj;gLotf a9fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf xfn;Dd btf{ ePsf k]6]06sf]
;+Vof;d]t Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] kfOG5

59
 -u_ l8hfOg k|zf;g
cf}Bf]lus l8hfOgsf] auL{s/0f tyf btf{ Locarno Agreement n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn Locarno Agreement sf] kIfw/ gePsf]n] l8hfOgsf] btf{ klg /fli6«o :t/df dfq
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;GwLsf] kIfw/ /fi6« gx'Fbf cGt{/fli6«o btf{ nufotsf ;'ljwf kfpg
;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
-3_ k|ltlnkL clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|zf;g
g]kfndf k|ltlnkL clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ;+:s[tL, ko{6g tyf gful/s
p88\og dGqfno cGt{utsf] k|ltlnkL clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
o;n] g]kfnL snfsf/ tyf /rgfsf/x¿sf df}lns, ;flxTo, ;+uLt, snf, tyf ;+rf/
If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt /rgfx¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ
;+u7g cGt{utsf] jg{ dxf;GwLdf g]kfnn] ;g\ @))^ df x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 k|ltlnkL
clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf g]kfnn] WIPO af6 ef}lts nufot Ifdtf clej[l4sf] If]qdf lg/Gt/
;xfotf kfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
^= g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf r'gf}tLx¿
g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQdf b]vf k/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
cGt{/fli6«o :t/sf] sfg'g / plrt dfkb08sf] cefj .
ahf/df gSsnL pTkfbgsf] laulauL .
;[hgfzLntfsf] nflu ;]jf ;'ljwf / k|f]T;fxgsf] sdL .
af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] :t/ Hofb} gfh's x'g' .
af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL 5'6} clkm; gx'g' .
ljb]zdf af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf nflu cGt{/fli6«o kx'+r gx'g' .
pTkfbgdf gjLgtd k|ljwLsf] k|of]u x'g g;Sg' . k"/ftg pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] jfx'Notf x'g' .
n]vs, kqsf/, snfsf/, pTkfbs, j}1flgs nufotsf JolQmx¿df af}l4s ;DklQ k|ltsf]
;/f]sf/sf] cefj x'g' .
lkmtnf] sfof{Gjog / sdhf]/ ;+/If0f l:ytLn] af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f x'g g;s]sf] .
af}l4s ;DklQdf pko'Qm cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g g;Sg' .
k|ltef knfogsf] ljs/fn ¿kf .
6«]8dfs{ P]g / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]gdf ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g x'g g;Sg' .
gf}nf] k|ljlw lelqg g;Sg' .
&= g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQsf ;+efjgfx¿
g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQsf ;+efjgfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] x'gfn] cGt{/fli6«o ;xof]u h'6\b} u}
/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf] wgL ePsf] ;fy} k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] wgL d'n's ePsf]n] klg
af}l4s ;DklQsf] ljsf;sf] ;+efjgf w]/} 5 .
g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] wgL d'n's ePsf]n] klg ;f+:s[lts pBf]ux¿sf] ;+efjgf w]/} 5 .

60
 g]kfn k]l/; dxf;GwLsf] ;b:o ePsf] x'gfn] klg cGt{/fli6«o hutdf cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ
;+/If0fsf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
/fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] k]6]06 ;+/If0f tkm{ rf;f] /fVb} cfO{/x]sf 5g\ .
*= pk;+xf/
clxn]sf] o'u gofF gofF ;[hgf / cfljisf/sf] o'u xf] . g]kfnn] cfufdL lbgdf af}l4s
;DklQsf ;j} ljifoj:t'nfO{ dgg ul/ ;f]xL cg'¿k af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df
ljif]z rf;f] lbg' cfjZos 5 . cfh ljZjsf ljsl;t eg]/ lrlgPsf /fi6«x¿n] h] hlt
k|ult / ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ To;sf] k|d'v sf/s TfTj g} af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f /
ljsf;df kfPsf] ;kmntfn] ubf{ g} xf] . cfhsf] k|lt:kwL{ ljZj ahf/df af}l4s ;DklQsf]
;+/If0f ljgf j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/ sl7g 5 . cfhsf ;r]t pkef]Qmfx¿ j:t' / ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/Lotf, lj:jf;lgotf / 5gf}6sf] clwsf/ rfxG5g\ . ljgf kl/lrt nf]uf] Tof] ;Dej
5}g . ahf/df j:t'sf] eGbfklg To;sf] nf]uf]sf] gfd / kl/rosf] d"No a9L x'G5 . af}l4s
;DklQsf] dxŒjsf] af/]df pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, pkef]Qmf nufot /fHon];d]t dxz'; ug'{ kb{5 .
ljljw r'gf}tLsf jfjh't g]kfn kof{Kt ;Defjgfx¿ jf]s]sf] d'n's xf] . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn h}ljs
ljljwtf nufot snf, ;+:s[lt, df}lns /xg;xg, efiff, ;+:s[lt, k|flrg k"/ftg k|ljlw
cflbdf wgL /fi6« xf] . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f k"j{hx¿af6 k|fKt ePsf df}lns tyf k|frLg
d"NodfGotfsf ;fy} k/Dk/fut lzIff, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL 1fg, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbsf] ;+/If0f ug'{
xfd|f] klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xf] . Psftkm{ ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] eg] nf]k
x'g nfu]sf xfd|f d"No dfGotf nufotsf] hu]gf{ ug'{ xfd|f] ;fdflhs tyf /fli6«o bfloTj klg
xf] . cfw'lgs o'u af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf] o'u klg ePsf]n] To;sf] kof{Kt
;+/If0f, k|jw{g / ljsf; ug{ ;s]df To;sf] dfWodaf6 lbuf] cfly{s a[l4 xfl;n e} d'n'snfO{
Ps ;d'Ggt / ljsf;;Ln /fi6« agfpg ;lsg] ;Defjgfx¿ klg 5g\ . cd]l/sf, hfkfg,
sf]l/of nufotsf ljZjsf wgL /fi6«x¿n] clxn] cfhgf] eljio k]6]06df b]Vg yfln;s]sf
5g\ . NO Patent, NO Future ;d]t eGg yfln;s]sf 5g\ . To;}ul/ sltko ljsl;t
d'n'sx¿n] 6«]8dfs{ / cf}Bf]lus l8hfogdf;d]t cfhgf] eljio b]lv ;f]xL cg'¿k sfo{of]hgf
agfO{ sfo{sf] yfngL ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] klg xfd|f] b]zsf] cj:yf / kl/l:ytL cg's"n
x'g] ul/ s'g s'g af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ubf{ a9L nfebfos x'G5 elg a}n}df
;f]Rg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;sf] nflu ;DjlGwt ;j} ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf ;fy}
lghL If]qn] a]n}df ;f]rljrf/ ul/ Pstfa4;fy cuf8L j9\g' kg]{ cj:yf cfO{;s]sf] 5 .
;Gb{e–;fdu|L
- k]6]06 l8hfOg tyf 6«]8{dfs{ P]g, @)@@ - MMadrid Agreement (Marks) WIPO,
- k|ltlnkL clwsf/ P]g, @)%( Geneva.
- Madrid protocol, WIPO, Geneva.
- cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& - Vienna Agreement, WIPO, Geneva.
- af}l4s ;DklQ ;DjGwdf ljleGg kqklqsfdf - PCT, WIPO, Geneva.
k|sflzt ;fdfu|L - Lisbon Agreement, WIPO, Geneva.
- Locarno Agreement, WIPO, Geneva. - Strasbourg Agreement, WIPO, Geneva.
- Nice Agreement, WIPO, Geneva.

61
u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] btf{ / ;+/If0fM cfjZostf jf r'gf}tL <
-
lbks l3ld/]
6«]8dfs{ eGgfn] Joj;flos pTkfbgsf pTkfbsx¿n] cfhgf] pTkfbgnfO{ cGo pTkfbssf
pTkfbgx¿af6 leGg b]vfpgsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ df}lns / leGg lrGx jf ;"rsnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
o;n] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbssf] ;DaGwdf u|fxsx¿df ;"rgf ;Dk|]lift ub{5 . o;n] j:t'sf]
klxrfg ug{ d2t ug]{ ePsf]n] km/s pTkfbssf j:t'x¿ lar leGgtf sfod u/L j:t'x¿ lar
k|lt:kwL{ ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5 . olb 6«]8dfs{nfO{ j:t'sf] ;§f ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df k|of]u ul/Psf]
ePdf To;nfO{ ;le{; dfs{ jf ;]jf lrGx klg eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
k/Dk/fut kl/efiff cg';f/ b[li6uf]r/ (visible) s'g} lrGxnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] lyof]
eg] xfn ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gdf ;f+s]lts jf lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0f (Graphical
representation) ug{ ;lsg] s'g}klg lrGx 6«]8dfs{cGtu{t kg{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
6«]8dfs{n] s'g} Ps pTkfbssf] pTkfbgnfO{ csf]{sf]af6 leGg b]vfpg ;Sg'kg]{ eGg] tYo kl/jt{g
ePsf] 5}g, t/ ælrGxÆ sf] cjwf/0ffsf ;DaGwdf eg] cfwf/e"t ¿kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . s'g}
j:t'df nufOPsf] a|f08sf] gfd jf nf]uf]x¿ h'g b]Vg ;lsG5, tL k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{x¿cGtu{t
kb{5g\ . lrGxsf] ;DaGwdf b]Vg ;lsg] x'g'kg]{ eGg] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g cfO{ s'g} s'/f h'g
;f+s]lts jf lrlqt ¿kdf (Graphically) cleJoQm ug{ ;lsG5, To;nfO{ lrGxsf] ¿kdf lng'kg]{
wf/0ff ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . h;nfO{ u}/k/Dk/fut (Unconventional / Non-traditional)
lrGx elgG5 . o;cGtu{t Psn /+u jf /+ux¿sf] ;+of]hg, cfjfh, rfnx¿sf] ;+of]hg, lqcfoflds
lrqx¿, xf]nf]u|fd, jf:gf / :jfb cflb;d]t kg{ ;Sb5g\ . u}/k/Dk/fut lrGxn] 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf
btf{sf] dfGotf kfPdf o;nfO{ u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ elgG5 . u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{cGtu{t b]xfosf
lrGxx¿ kg{ ;Sb5g\M
cfjfh lrGx
/+u lrGx
cfsf/ lrGx
jf:gf lrGx
ultzLn t:jL/ lrGx
:kz{hGo lrGx, cflb .
ljutsf s]xL jif{x¿df 6«]8dfs{sf] ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfdf 7"nf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . pTkfbsx¿n]
ce"tk"j{ k|fljlws ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 cfhgf pTkfbgx¿ nfO[ r/d ¿kdf a|fl08ª ug{ yfn]sf
5g\ . pkef]Qmfx¿n] klg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] Kofs]lhªsf] k|s[lt, /+u, uGw jf cfjfhsf] dfWodaf6
pTkfbssf] klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . cIf/, nf]uf], lrq cflbsf] l4cfoflds k|:t'tLdf dfq
;Lldt g/x]sf o:tf 6«]8dfs{nfO{ u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] ljZjJofkL k|rng z'?
ePsf] 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} cfh u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf lrGxx¿
eljiodf k/Dk/fut x'g;Sg] / cfhsf] cj:yfdf cg'dfg g} gul/Psf gofF k|sf/sf lrGxx¿
u}/k/Dk/fut lrGxsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf klg Tolts} /x]sf] 5 .

-
pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
62
lrGxx¿sf] gofF k':tfsf] z'?jft
k/Dk/fut 9fFrfsf] 6«]8dfs{ eGbf km/s 9fFrfsf] 6«]8dfs{ g} u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ xf] . h'g k|foM
btf{ ug{ sl7g x'G5, t/ j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 klxrfg eg] wf/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . k/Dk/fut
6«]8dfs{ cIf/, lrGx, lrq cflb jf tLgsf] ;+of]hg kb{5g eg] u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{cGtu{t b[Zo
lrGxx¿ -Psn /+u jf /+ux¿sf] ;+of]hg, ultzLn t:jL/x¿, lqcfoflds lrqx¿, xf]nf]u|fd cflb_
jf cb[Zo lrGxx¿ -cfjfh, jf:gf, :jfb cflb_ kb{5g\ . 6«]8dfs{sf] ljsl;t kl/efiff cg';f/
ljleGg d'n'sx¿df kl5Nnf ;dodf vf; k|sf/sf o:tf u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{x¿ klg 6«]8dfs{sf]
¿kdf btf{ ePsf 5g\ . ljsf; Jofkf/ ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;Demf}tf (TRIPs) nufotsf
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf sf/0f klg ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] cfhgf] sfg'g ;+zf]wg u/L gofF k|sf/sf
6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{ ;Dej t'NofPsf x'g\ .
jf:gfhGo 6«]8dfs{x¿ klg slxn]sflx+ 6«]8dfs{sf] kl/efiffcGtu{t /flvPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf
6«]8dfs{x¿ btf{sf nflu kof{Kt / cy{k"0f{ lrlqt k|:t'tL (Graphical representation) sf] cefjdf
sl7g x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf l;nfO{sf nflu k|of]u x'g] wfuf]sf] nflu Plumeria gfds km"nsf]
jf:gfnfO{ !(() df btf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cd]l/sfdf 6«]8dfs{sf] gd"gf ;lxt jf ljgf g} klg
6«]8dfs{sf] lnlvt ljj/0f k]z u/]df btf{sf] nflu u|fXo dflgG5 eg] o'/f]kdf Toltn] dfq kof{Kt
x'Fb}g . oBkL cd]l/sfdf klg pTkfbgd} ;dfj]z x'g] clgjfo{ jf:gfnfO{ btf{ eg] ul/+b}g . o'/f]kdf
Toblerone rsn]6sf] lqe'hfsf/ 9fFrfnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Jofkf/ ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;Demf}tf (TRIPS) sf] wf/f !% df s'g} Ps j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{
csf]{eGbf leGg b]vfpg ;Sg] s'g} lrGx jf lrGxx¿sf] ;+of]hg 6«]8dfs{sf] ljifoj:t' x'g ;Sg]5,
o:tf lrGxx¿, vf;u/L JolQmut gfd, cIf/, c°, lrq / /+ux¿sf] ;+of]hgsf ;fy} o:tf
lrGxx¿sf] ;+of]hg;d]t 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{sf nflu of]Uo x'g]5g\ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL
wf/fdf ;b:o d'n'sx¿n] lrGxsf] k|of]usf cfwf/df k|fKt k[ystf jf df}lnstfnfO{ klg btf{sf]
cfwf/ agfpg ;Sg]5g\ / lrGx btf{sf nflu o:tf lrGxx¿ b[io (Visible) x'g'kg]{ zt{ lgwf{/0f ug{
klg ;Sg]5g\ eGg] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/] kZrft pQm ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg nfu" ug]{ qmddf w]/}
d'n'sx¿n] cfhgf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg u/L lrGxsf] kl/efiffnfO{ Jofks agfPsf 5g\ . o'/f]kdf
;g\ !(** sf] E. U. Directives ;Fu} o; ljifodf kl/jt{gsf] z'?jft ul/of] . Plzof k|zfGt If]qdf
;g\ !(($÷(% df ci6«]lnof / Go'lhNof08n] u}/k/Dk/fut Jofkfl/s lrGxx¿sf] btf{sf] z'?jft u/] .
lrGxsf] kl/efiff s'g} b[io j:t'eGbf k5fl8;d]t hfg;Sb5 elg ci6«]lnof / Go"lhNof08n] dfGotf
lbPtfklg o; If]qsf d'n'sx¿sf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gdf w]/} leGgtfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ / u}/k/Dk/fut lrGxn]
hgfpg] ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf klg w]/} km/s Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf u}/k/Dk/fut
6«]8dfs{sf] btf{ cToGt Go"g dfq /x]sf] 5 . Ps tYof°sf cg';f/ ;g\ !((^ b]lv ;g\ @)!@ sf]
cjlwdf ljZje/ btf{ ePsf 6«]8dfs{dWo] %& k|ltzt cIf/hGo / $@ k|ltzt lrqhGo 6«]8dfs{ lyP
eg], s]jn )=)@ k|ltzt cfjfhhGo 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ePsf lyP . ;f] cjlwdf !) j6f xf]nf]u|fd / &
j6f jf:gfhGo 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ePsf lyP .
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf u}/k/Dk/fut
k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
cd]l/sfdf 6«]8dfs{nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] sfg'g ngXofd P]gn] 6«]8dfs{nfO{ s'g} j:t' jf
;]jfnfO{ klxrfg ug]{ / csf]{ eGbf km/s b]vfpg] tyf pTkfbgsf] ;|f]tsf] hfgsf/L lbg] zJb,
gfd, ;+s]t jf dfWod tyf ltgsf] ;+of]hgnfO{ lng'k5{ elg kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(**

63
df ;f] sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ubf{ klg pQm ;+s]t jf dfWod eGg] zJb gx6fOPsf] x'Fbf cd]l/sfdf
cfjfh, uGw, :jfb cflbnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ug{ s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] kfOb}g . cd]l/sL
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg cy{ wf/0f ug]{ s'g} klg s'/f 6«]8dfs{ x'g ;Sg] elg JofVof u/]sf]
kfOG5 (Qualitex Co v Jacobson Products Co, 514 US 159 (1995)) o;}sf/0f klg cd]l/sL
k]6]06 tyf 6«]8dfs{ sfof{no (USPTO) n] klg w]/} cfjfhx¿nfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . -x]g'{xf];, http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/soundmarks/index.jsp )
cd]l/sfsf] ;g\ !($^ sf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gn] 6«]8dfs{nfO{ a[xb ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] / u}/k/Dk/fut
6«]8dfs{nfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift gu/]sf] tyf 6«]8dfs{ btf{sf nflu lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0f (Graphical
Representation) sf] k"j{zt{ g/fv]sf]n] cGo d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf cd]l/sfdf u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf]
btf{ ;xh ePsf] kfOG5 . cfjfh, uGw jf cGo cb[Zo tTjx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf lrGxx¿ klg lnlvt
j0f{gsf] cfwf/df cd]l/sL 6«]8dfs{ sfg'g jdf]lhd btf{ / ;+/If0fsf nflu of]Uo x'g ;Sb5g\ .
National Broadcasting Company (NBC) sf] lh+unnfO{ cd]l/sfdf btf{ ePsf] klxnf] u}/k/Dk/fut
6«]8dfs{ dflgG5, h;nfO{ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsd} cg'e"lthGo (Sensory) lrGxsf ¿kdf btf{ ul/Psf]
lyof] . pQm lh+undf k|o'Qm gf]6]zgsf] ;fdfGo JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] t/ gf]6]zg ;L6df cleJoQm
ul/Psf] lyPg . o:t}, pTkflbt j:t';Fu s'g} sfo{ut ;DaGw g/fVg] / l4tLos cy{ jf xfl;n
u/]sf] k[ystf (Secondary Meaning or Acquired Distinctiveness) ePsf Psn /+u, jf:gf cflbn]
klg cd]l/sfdf 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ / ;+/If0f k|fKt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
oBkL, vfg] cf}ifwLsf nflu :jfbhGo 6«]8dfs{sf] cd]l/sfdf btf{ c:jLs[t ePsf] kfOG5, t/ cGo
cvfB j:t'x¿, h:t} bGtlrlsT;ssf] k~hf (Dentist's Gloves) / 6"ylks cflbsf nflu eg]
:jfbhGo 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o:t} Dofgx6g n'la|s]G6 cfonnfO{ r]/L / c+u'/sf]
jf:gfsf] 6«]8dfs{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ePtfklg cQ/ jf s:d]l6s pTkfbgsf nflu o:tf jf:gfhGo
6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{ c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} l8k|]zgsf] cf}ifwLdf ;'Gtnfsf] :jfbnfO{
6«]8dfs{ btf{ cfj]bg ePsf]df sfo{ut / k[ys pkof]u gePsf] elg btf{ c:jLsf/ ePsf] kfOG5 .
t/ cGo cvfB j:t'sf nflu eg] o:tf :jfbhGo 6«]8dfs{x¿ :jLsf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . cfjfhhGo
lrGxx¿n] cGo sfo{ljlwut cfjZostfsf cnfjf -s_ l4tLos cy{ jf k[ystf xfl;n ug]{, -v_
sfof{Tdstfsf] k/LIf0f x'g ;Sg], tyf -u_ ;+/If0fsf] cefjdf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ p:t} j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
e|d pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ;+/If0f k|fKt u/]tf klg :jfbnfO{
btf{sf nflu s;/L j0f{g ug]{ eGg] k|Zg klg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
låtLos
låtLos cy{ jf xfl;n u/]sf] k[ystf (Secondary Meaning or Acquired Distinctiveness):
låtLos cy{ jf xfl;n u/]sf] k[ystf (Secondary Meaning or Acquired Distinctiveness) s'g}
klg 6«]8dfs{ btf{sf nflu clgjfo{ zt{sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . l4tLos cy{ :yflkt ug{sf nflu
6«]8dfs{n] pTkfbgsf] pTkfbsnfO{ klxrfg ug]{ vfnsf] x'g'kb{5, pTkfbg :jod\nfO{ xf]Og .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, æjfOgÆ zJbsf] 6«]8dfs{n] jfOg :jod\nfO{ klxrfg ub{5, g ls pQm jfOgsf]
pTkfbsnfO{, o;}n] jfOgsf] nflu æjfOgÆ eGg] 6«]8dfs{ btf{ x'g ;Sb}g . lrGxn] xfl;n u/]sf]
k[ystf pTkflbt j:t' jf ;]jfdf cGt/lglxt ljz]iftf eGbf km/s x'G5, lsgsL, cGt/lglxt
ljz]iftfsf ;DaGwdf z'?af6 g} 1fg x'G5 t/ lrGxsf ¿kdf k|o'Qm ePkl5 To;n] l4tLos cy{
xfl;n ub{5 . lrGx k|of]u x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfdf cGt/lglxt ljz]iftf;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf] cj:yfdf
dfq ;f] lrGxn] l4tLos cy{ xfl;n u/]sf] dflgG5 . o;sf/0f s'g} lrGxn] k[ys cy{ xfl;n
u/]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu cfwf/e"t ¿kdf cs}{ cy{ lbg] lrGxn] j:t' jf ;]jf;Fu
64
cfa4 ePkZrft pkef]Qmfsf] dgdf k[ys cy{ lbg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 elg cd]l/sfsf] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] Inwood Laboratories Inc. v. Ives Laboratories sf] d'2fdf JofVof;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o:t}, csf]{ Ps d'2fdf ;f] cbfntn] zJb, lrq cflbh:tf k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] t'ngfdf cfjfh,
uGw cflbh:tf u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{n] l4tLos cy{ xfl;n ug{ lgs} sl7g x'g] t/ o:tf 6«]8dfs{
:yflkt x'g nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'Fbf k[ystfsf] :t/ pRr x'g], tyf yf]/} gf]6]zg ePsf /
;'lghfg]sf] h:tf] nfUg] w'gn] klg pRr :t/sf] k[ystf l;4 gu/];Dd btf{sf] ;'lglZrttf k|fKt
gug]{ elg JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 .
sfof{Tdstfsf] k/LIf0f (The Functionality Test):
h'g ljwfsf] j:t'sf] nflu 6«]8dfs{ cfj]bg ul/Psf] xf], ;f] ljwfsf nflu cTofjZos ljz]iftfnfO{
6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ug{ c:jLsf/ ul/G5 . cQ/ jf s:d]l6s pTkfbgsf nflu jf:gfhGo
6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{ c:jLsf/ ul/g'nfO{ o;} sfof{Tds k/LIf0f;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . cd]l/sfdf
lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0fsf] clgjfo{ sfg'gL Joj:yf gePsf]n] of] dfkb08 k"/f gx'g] / cg'dfgsf] nflu
kof{Ko :yfg /xg] If]qsf] ¿kdf klg /x]sf] 5 .
o'/f]k]nL ;+3 (European Union) df u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf:
o'/f]k]nL ;+3df u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ btf{sf] sfg'gL l:ylt cd]l/sfsf] eGbf k[ys /x]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sL 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gsf] ljk/Lt o'/f]k]nL ;+3df 6«]8dfs{sf] lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0f clgjfo{ x'g'sf
;fy} o'/f]k]nL cbfnt (European Court of Justice) / k'g/fj]bg af]8{ (Board of Appeal) n]
cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf yk JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . o;}sf/0f, o'/f]k]nL ;+3 cGtu{tsf d'n'sdf
6«]8dfs{df b]Vg ;lsg] lrGx x'g'sf] cltl/Qm o;nfO{ lrq, wsf{ jf cIf/ cflbsf] dfWodaf6 lrlqt
¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] klg x'g'kb{5 . o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf] klxnf] 6«]8dfs{ lgb]{lzsf (Trademark
Directive - 89/104/EEC) / sDo'lg6L 6«]8dfs{ lgodfjnL (Community Trademark Regulation-
40/90) n] zJb / lrqdf ;Lldt gx'g] u/L / ;f+s]lts jf lrlqt ¿kdf cleAoQm ug{ ;lsg] u/L
cGo pTkfbssf j:t' jf ;]jfeGbf km/s b]vfpg k|of]u x'g] lrGxnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf lnPsf]
ePtfklg cd]l/sL sfg'gsf] t'ngfdf o'/f]k]nL ;+3 cGtu{tsf d'n'sdf u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] xsdf
cGo s7f]/ / k[ys dfkb08x¿ klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} o:tf] lrlqt
k|:t'tLs/0f :ki6, z'4, ;lhn} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg], a'‰g ;lsg], lbuf] / j:t'ut;d]t x'g'kb{5 .
Ralf Sieckmann v. Deutsches Patentund Markenamt sf] ax'rlr{t d'2fdf -h;df bfnlrgLsf]
:jfbnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] glbg] k|Zg lglxt /x]sf] lyof]_, o'/f]k]nL cbfntn] :jfbnfO{
bzf{pg] cfj]bssf] kmd"{n
[ f a'‰g ;lsg] gePsf], s'g} j:t'sf] :jfbnfO{ k|ltlglwTj gug]{, kof{Kt ¿kn]
z'4 / :ki6 gePsf], lnlvt j0f{g klg :ki6 / z'4 gePsf], j:t'sf] ef}lts gd"gf klg lrlqt
¿kdf k|:t't gePsf], tyf To:tf] kmd"{nf lbuf] / :yfoL gePsf] elg P]ltxfl;s km};nf u¥of] .
kmn:j¿k ;f]xL km};nfsf] lg0f{ofwf/df 6]s]/ k|Voft cd]l/sL sDkgL MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-
Mayer Pictures) sf] l;+xsf] uh{g / k|Voft cd]l/sL n]vs Edgar Rice Burroughs sf] h+un
lx/f] -6fh{g_ sf] tLvf] :j/ (Yell) n] o'/f]k]nL ;+3 cGtu{tsf d'n'sdf 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ /
;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ul/of] . o'/f]k]nL ;+3 cGtu{tsf] The Office for Harmonization in the
Internal Market (OHIM) n] MGM sf] pQm l;+xsf] uh{gnfO{ klxnf] k6s ;g\ !((( df ;'g'jfO{
ubf{ WjgL t/+u lrq (Spectogram) df k|:t't ul/Psf] pQm cfjfhsf] kof{Kt ;f+s]lts jf lrlqt
k|:t'tL gePsf] elg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . tTkZrft ;g\ @))^ df ;'wfl/Psf] ;f+s]lts k|:t'tL
65
(Graphical Representation), zflJbs j0f{g / cfjfhsf] l/sl8{ª;d]t ;+nUg u/L k'gM k]z ePsf]
cfj]bg eg] xfn;Dd klg ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] 5 . oBkL 6fh{gsf] tLvf] :j/sf] btf{sf
nflu Do'lhsn gf]6]zg / l8lh6n l/sl8{ª;d]t ;+nUg u/L kl5 cfjb]g ubf{ 6«]8dfs{ btf{
:jLs[t eof] .
:jfbhGo / ;'uGwhGo lrGxsf] t'ngfdf cfjfhhGo lrGxx¿n] ;f+s]lts jf lrlqt k|:t'tL
(Graphical Representation) sf] dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . Shield Mark v. Kist sf] d'2fdf
o'/f]k]nL cbfntn], cfjfhhGo lrGxnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ug{ ;lsg], cflwsfl/s Do'lhsn
gf]6]zgsf] dfWodaf6 cfjfhnfO{ j0f{g ug{ ;lsg] / zflJbs ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] cfjfhn] dfq
;f+s]lts jf lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0f (Graphical Representa tion) sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sg] elg
km};nf u¥of] . o;}n] National Broadcasting Company (NBC) sf] lh+undf k|o'Qm j0f{gfTds
k|:t'tL btf{sf nflu o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf d'n'sdf kof{Kt x'Fb}gg\, o;sf] gf]6]zg klg k]z ug'{ clgjfo{
x'G5 . o;}sf/0f btf{sf nflu cGo cfwf/e"t zt{ k"/f u/]sf t/ gf]6]zgn ¿kdf lrlqt ug{
g;lsg] lrGx o'/f]k]nL sfg'gcGtu{t 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0fsf] zt{ cfjfhh:t} cGo u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ -h:t}, jf:gf_ btf{sf nflu klg
jfwssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5, lsgsL jf:gfnfO{ pko'Qm ¿kn] lrlqt ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, Psn /+unfO{ /+u klxrfg ug]{ dfWod (h:t}, Pantone Maching System, RAL,
Focoltone) af6 klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5, t/ jf:gf / :jfbhGo lrGxx¿ lgs} ljifout (Subjective)
x'g] x'Fbf 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ug{ lgs} sl7g 5 . o;sf/0f o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf d'n'sdf cd]l/sfsf]
t'ngfdf hl6n sfg'gL Joj:yfsf sf/0f u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] btf{ sl7g /x]sf] 5 . a]nfotdf
ljlzi6 cj:yfdf /+uhGo 6«]8dfs{nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] kfOG5 . Heinz sf] Baked beans nfO{
s5'jfsf] 5fFofsf] 6«]8dfs{, la|l6; k]6«f]lnodnfO{ xl/of] /+u / Sof8a/L rsn]6sf] a}hgL /+unfO{
6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbO{ btf{ ePsf] kfOG5 .
ef/tdf u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
ef/tdf ;g\ !((( sf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gn] Ps JolQmsf] j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ csf]{af6 km/s b]vfpg
;Ifd cfsf/, Kofs]lhª, / /+usf] ;+of]hgnfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/sf] 5 / o:tf] 6«]8dfs{
lrlqt ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))@ sf] 6«]8dfs{ lgodn]
lrlqt k|:t'tLs/0f eGgfn] sfuhL :j¿kdf b]vfpg ;lsg] x'g'kg]{ elg JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;}n]
ef/tdf lrlqt k|:t'tLnfO{ cTofjZos / clgjfo{ zt{ (sine qua non) sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf (-!_ n] btf{sf] ldlteGbf cl3 ;f] lrGxn] k[ys cy{ wf/0f gu/]sf] eP btf{sf] nflu
cof]Uo gdflgg] elg l4tLos cy{sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . 6«]8dfs{ lgodn]
lqcfoflds lrGx btf{sf nflu cf7 k|sf/sf b[Zosf] gd"gf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
o;k|sf/ ef/tLo 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gn] lrlqt k|:t'tLnfO{ 6«]8dfs{ btf{sf] clgjfo{ zt{sf] ¿kdf lnPsf]
ePtfklg cGo u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] btf{ ;DaGwdf eg] df}g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . tyfkL, kl5Nnf
jif{x¿df ef/tdf Yahoo sf] cfjfh÷WjgL (Yodel) nfO{ 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df
u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ btf{sf ;DaGwdf cu|ufdL sbdsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] 6«]8dfs{ sfg'g / u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{M
g]kfndf æ6«]8dfs{Æ eGgfn] s'g} kmd{, sDkgL jf JolQmn] cfhgf] pTkflbt dfn;fdfg jf cfk"mn] k|bfg
ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ c¿sf] dfn;fdfg jf ;]jfaf6 km/s b]vfpg k|of]u ul/g] zAb, lrGx jf lrq jf zAb,
66
lrGx / lrq ltg} s'/fsf] ;+of]u ;D´g' k5{ elg k]6]06, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@ df
kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;df lrGx eGgfn] s] s'/fnfO{ hgfpFb5 elg kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5}g .
o;sf/0f o;cGtu{t /+u, cfjfh cflb u}/k/Dk/fut lrGxx¿ klg kg{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg] eGg]tkm{
kof{Kt ax; / JofVof x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfndf 6«]8dfs{sf] btf{ ug]{ lgsfo pBf]u ljefudf
xfn;Dd o; k|sf/sf u}/k/Dk/fut lrGxx¿sf] btf{ ePsf] kfO{b}g . tyflk, eljiosf] cg'dfg cfh}
ug'{ sl7g x'G5 . ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj ;Fu;Fu} k/Dk/fut¿kdf
cfj]bg gul/Psf gofF vfnsf u}/ k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{ btf{sf] nflu cfj]bg kg{ ;Sg] k|an
;DefjgfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;ls+b}g . g]kfndf xfn ljlwjt ¿kdf btf{ gul/Ptf klg ljleGg
sDkgLx¿n] /+u / cfjfhnfO{ cfhgf] Joj;fo k|j4{gsf nflu 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/cfPsf]
kfOG5 . -pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gLnf] /+usf] nf]uf] / Pg;]nsf] a}hgL /+usf] nf]uf]
tyf tL b'j} sDkgLx¿sf] Jofkfl/s w'gsf] cfjfhnfO{ lng ;lsG5 ._ t;y{ o:tf u}/k/Dk/fut
lrGxsf] ;DaGwdf klg ca aGg] sfg'gdf kof{Kt Joj:yf ul/g' / lrGxsf] kl/efiff;d]t ul/g'
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
oBkL ;a} k|sf/sf u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{x¿nfO{ btf{ / ;+/If0f lbg xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf ;fGble{s gx'g
klg ;Sb5 . h:t}, jf:gfhGo / :jfbhGo 6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{sf nflu To:tf] 6«]8dfs{sf] lrlqt jf
;f+s]lts k|:t'tLs/0f (Graphical Representation)ug{ sl7g x'g] ePsf]n] / To:tf] jf:gf / :jfbdf
j:t'ut ¿kn] leGgtf 5'6\ofpg] gfs / lha|f]sf] sfd ug]{ d]lzg xfn;Dd lgdf{0f e}g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf /+uhGo / cfjfhhGo lrGxx¿nfO{ dfq 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf btf{ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ug'{klg
pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 . /+uhGo / cfjfhhGo lrGxnfO{ ;f+s]lts ¿kn] jf lrlqt ¿kn]
(Graphically) k|:t't ug{ ;Dej / ;xh klg 5 . xfn;fn} :k]gsf] afl;{nf]gfsf] c6f]gf]d;
ljZjljBfnosf a}1flgsx¿n] laleGg k|sf/sf lao/x¿ / tLgdf /x]sf dlb/fsf] dfqf dfkg ug]{
On]S6«f]lgs lha|f] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\, o; s[ltd lha|f]nfO{ o;sf cfljisf/sx¿n] :jfb kQf
nufpg] d]lzg lgdf{0f sfo{df klxnf] kfOnfsf] ¿kdf;d]t lnPsf 5g\ . eljiodf o:t} :jfb /
jf:gf klxrfg ug]{ s[ltd lha|f] / gfssf] ljsf; ;Dej ePsf] cj:yfdf :jfbhGo / jf:gfhGo
6«]8dfs{ btf{ ug{ ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 .
u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{sf] cjwf/0ff g]kfnL 6«]8dfs{ sfg'gsf] ;Gbe{df gjLg ljifo xf] . hasL
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf x]bf{ cd]l/sf h:tf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] z'?jftd} o:tf
lrGxnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] kfOG5 . xªsª / ef/tdf klg ofx' (Yahoo) sf] cfjfh (Yodel) nfO{
kl5Nnf] ;dodf 6«]8dfs{sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbPsf] kfOG5 . k|ljlwsf] b|"tt/ ljsf;n] ubf{ Jofkfl/s
k|lt:kwL{x¿ / pkef]Qmfsf] lxtnfO{ dWogh/ /flv ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] ckgfPsf] 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL
sfg'gL 9fFrfsf] xfdLsxfF klg ;Gt'lnt cg's/0f u/L u}/k/Dk/fut 6«]8dfs{nfO{ dfGotf lbg
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ M
!= k]6]06, l8hfog / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@
@= http://www.inta.org
#= http://www.wipo.int
$= 6«]8dfs{ k|0ffnL / g]kfnL ;Gbe{, lbks l3ld/], pBf]u / ljsf;, jif{ ( c° !%

67
 kl/dfh{gsf] k|ltIffdf /x]sf] ljb]zL nufgL / Ps4f/ gLlt, @)$(
Ps ;ldIff
-
gf/fo0f cfrfo{
k[i7e"ld
ljZj cy{tGqdf ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf lgSs} ptf/ r9fjx¿ b]vf k/] . ;g\ !(#) sf] dxfg dGbL
kl5 k"FhLjfbL / ;dfhjfbL lsQfdf w|'ljs[t ljZj cy{tGqdWo] ;dfhjfbL v]dfdf o; bzsdf s]lx
wSsf k'u]sf] dflgG5 . lgolGqt / lgb]{lzt cy{tGqdf d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;+d[l4 xfFl;n ug]{ k|s[of
sl7g x'g] jsfnt gjzf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿af6 x'g yfNof] . ;f]leot ;+3sf] lj36g / k'jL{ o"/f]ksf
d'n'sx¿n] cjnDjg ub}{ cfPsf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'g yfn];Fu} cy{
Joj:yfdf;d]t ptf/ r9fjx¿ b]vf k/] . klZrdf d'n'sx¿df v'nf / pbf/ cy{tGqsf] kIfdf nx/
;[hgf eof] . cGt/fli6«o cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf 7"nf 7"nf kl/jt{gx¿ eP . ljZj cy{tGqdf
cfPsf o:tf kl/jt{gx¿n] ;fgf 7"nf ;j} /fi6«x¿sf] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ klg k|efljt agfof] . ljZj
cy{ Joj:yfdf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;f] cg's"n cf–cfhgf] cy{tGqnfO{ ;dfof]hg
ub}{ hfg] k|of;sf] yfngL ;j} d'n'sx¿af6 x'g yfNof] . g]kfndf klg Pl;ofsf b'O{ 7"nf cy{tGq
ePsf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] cjnDjg u/]sf v'nf / pbf/ cy{gLlt Pjd\ cfly{s ;dfof]hg
sfo{qmdsf k|efjn] cfhgf] cy{tGqnfO{ ;f] cg's"n kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ub]{ n}hfg bjfj ;[hgf
eof] . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngn] NofPsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] dd{ / efjgf Pjd\ pn{bf]
hg cfs+fIffnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{, ;f] cg'¿k cfly{s ;+/rgfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg / cfly{s ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g ub}{ cuf8L j9g h?/L e} ;s]sf] lyof] .
d'n'sdf lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof em08} $@Ü /x]sf] Pjd\ d'n"ssf] s"n u|fx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg em08} !%Ü, /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljleGg If]qljr ;Gt'lnt ljsf; u/L
pTkfbg, /f]huf/L j[l4 ub}{ lgof{t k|j4{g u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkgaf6 d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s
;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu cf}Bf]lus ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cuf8L a9fpg] k|of; x'g
h?/L lyof] . o;sf] nflu ljleGg gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfg'gL ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿sf] yfngL eof] .
o;} /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o kl/j]znfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ljb]zL k"FhL, k|ljlw, Joj:yfksLo sf}zn /
k|fljlws ;Lk leœofO{ pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj cfo tyf /f]huf/L j[l4 ub}{ cGt/fli6«o If]qdf b]zsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg], pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfksf] lj:tf/ u/]/ cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;jn /
ultzLn agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ljb]zL nufgL / Ps4f/ gLlt @)$( th{'df ul/Psf] xf] .
k|ofKt cfGtl/s ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cefj / :jb]zL nufgLsf] nflu k"FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; e} g;s]sf]
g]kfn h:tf] s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf] cNk ljsl;t d'n'ssf] b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf; u/L
cfo, /f]huf/L, pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{ / lgof{t k|jw{g ub}{ cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{
:jb]zL ;fwg, ;|f]t / ;Lksf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ ;fwg ;|f]tsf] sdL (Resources Gap) nfO{ k"/f ug{
ljb]zL k"FhL k|ljlw / ;Lk leœofpg h?/L b]lvof] . o;sf] nflu ;do ;fk]If pbf/ Pjd\ v'nf
cy{gLlt cjnDjg u/L k|ofKt dfqfdf ljb]zL nufgL leœofpg cf}Bf]lus If]q nufgL d}qL agfpg]
dg;fosf ;fy ljb]zL nufgL / Ps4f/ gLlt @)$( th{'df e} sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] b]lvG5 .

-
k|d'v pBf]u clws[t, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no, sf7df8f}+
68
;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ljZj cfly{s d~rx¿df cfPsf kl/jlt{t kl/b[Zo ;Fu} l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] ;f]
cg'¿k cf–cfhgf] cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ k|fyldstf / dxŒjsf ;fy ljb]zL nufgLnfO{
cfslif{t ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf klg ljZj cy{ Joj:yf ;Fu ;Fu} ;dfof]lht eO{ k|ofKt ljb]zL
nufgL cfslif{t ug{, / g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s nufgL uGtJosf] ¿kdf lrgfpg cfjZos gLltut
Joj:yfsf] nflu of] gLlt th{'df ul/Psf] xf] . o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 k"FhL cfw'lgs Pjd\
gljgtd k|ljlw, Joj:yfkg / k|fljlws ;Lk lelqg u} cGt/fli6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ / kx'Fr lj:tf/,
k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofj;flos wf/0fsf] ljsf;,pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4, pBdzLntf, hfu?stf
h:tf Joj;flos u'0fx¿ /fi6«df lelqg uO{ ;du| If]qdf cf}Bf]lus ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g], k"FhLsf]
cGt/fli6«os/0f x'g] / d'n'ssf] cy{ Joj:yf cGt/fli6«o Pjd\ If]lqo cy{ Joj:yf;Fu a9L cfjl4t
ePsf] x'g] d'n'sn] ck]Iff lnPsf] lyof] . nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{ lghL If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{
hf]8 lbg] /0fgLlt lnPsf] o; gLltn] v'nf Pjd\ pbf/ cy{gLltnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] lyof] . v'nf
Pjd\ pbf/ cy{gLltsf] cjnDjg ;Fu} g]kfn ljleGg ax'kIfLo If]qLo / l4klIfo ;+3
;+u7gx¿df;d]t k|j]z u¥of] . ;d ;fdlos ljZj cfly{s Joj:yfdf b]lvPsf ltj| k|lt:kwf{,
pbf/Ls/0f ljZj Joflks/0fsf] nx/ ;Fu;Fu} g]kfn klg ;dfof]lht x'g' kg]{ eof] . ljZj a}+s,
Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]if h:tf jx'klIfo ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ ;Fusf] cfa4tfsf sf/0f
;[lht bfloTjnfO{ k"/f ug{ Pjd\ ljleGg cGt/fli6«o ;+3 ;:yf;Fusf ;Demf}tfx¿ Pjd\ cGt/fli6«o
d~rx¿sf JoQm u/L ;s]sf k|ltj4tfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;f] cg'¿ksf] gLltut Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos
e} g]kfndf klg of] gLlt th{'df e} sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] xf] . pk/f]Qm k[i7e"dLdf cf7f}+ k~rjlif{o
of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ sf] sfof{Gjog ;Fu;Fu} th{'df u/L pb\3f]if ul/Psf] ljb]zL nufgL / Ps4f/
gLlt @)$( df lgDg rf/ -$_ j6f k|d'v p2]Zox¿ /flvPsf 5g\ M–
!= cfo tyf /f]huf/Lsf yk cj;/x¿ ;[hgf x'g] u/L pTkfbgzLntfsf lqmofsnfkx¿
lj:tf/ u/]/ cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;jn / ultzLn agfpg] .
@= cf}Bf]lusLs/0f k|s[ofdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
#= ljb]zL k"FhL, cfw'lgs k|ljlw, Joj:yfkg / k|fljlws ;Lk leœofO{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t /
;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/rfng u/]/ pTkfbsTj a9fpg] .
$= cGt/{fli6«o hutdf b]zsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg] .
lghL If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbb} k|lt:kwL{ ahf/ Joj:yfkg / k|ofKt ljb]zL
nufgLsf] nflu pko'Qm / nufgL d}qL cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f tof/ ul/ lbg] sfd gLltn] ub{5 .
/fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf lelqg] ljb]zL nufgLn] /f]huf/ ;[hgf ug]{, k|fljlw tyf 1fgsf] lj:tf/
ug]{, gljgt+ k|ljlw lelqg], cGt/fli6«o ahf/;Dd kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug,]{ Joj;flos bIftf
clej[l4 ug]{, k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a[[l4 ug]{, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df;d]t
;fwgsf] sdLnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k"/f ug]{ ;fdYo{ /fVb5 . ljb]zL nufgLaf6 kF"hLsf] cGt/fli6«os/0f
x'g] / o:tf] cGt/fli6«os/0faf6 ljsl;t d'n'ssf] k"FhL k|ljlw, 1fg, ;Lk ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'stkm{
k|jfx e} oL b'O{ d'n'sx¿ ljrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwdf;d]t k|uf9tf cfpg] x'G5 . ljb]zL k"FhL,
k|ljlw, ;Lk leœofP/ pTkfbgzLntf lj:tf/ u/L /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f k|s[ofdf lghL
If]qsf] e"ldsf ;jn kfb}{, cGt/fli6«o If]qdf b]zsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf gLltn]
lnPsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ cjnDjg ul/Psf k|:t't gLltsf k|d'v gLltut Joj:yfx¿ ;+If]kdf
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .

69
s_ ljb]zL nufgLsf] :j¿k
ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ o;sf ljleGg :j¿kdf ul/g] cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] ¿kdf d'n's jfl/xsf]
-ljb]zL_ nufgLstf{n] pBf]udf u/]sf] z]o/ nufgL, ;f] nufgLaf6 cflh{t cfosf] k'g{nufgL,
C0f jf C0f ;'ljwfsf] ¿kdf u/]sf] nufgL, ljb]zL pTklQsf] s'g} k|ljlw ;DaGwL clwsf/,
ljlzi7tf, kmd{"nf, k|s[of tyf k]6]G6sf] pkof]u, 6]«8dfs{ tyf u'8ljnsf] k|of]u, k|fljlws
k/fdz{ ;]jf, ;Nnfxfsf/ ;]jf Pjd\ ahf/ ;]jf u/L kfFr -%_ ;d"xdf jluf{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
s]xL ;Lldt pBf]ux¿ afx]s 7"nf / demf}nf pBf]ux¿df zt k|ltzt ljb]zL nufgL cg'dlt
lbOg] Joj:yf 5 . nufgL :jLs[ltsf sfo{ljlwx¿nfO{ lglZrt ;do ;Ldfj4 ul/Psf] 5 .
v_ :jLs[tL k|s[of
ljb]zL nufgL jf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ rfxg] nufgL stf{n] pBf]u ljefu ;dIf lgwf{l/t
9fFrfdf b/vf:t lbP kl5 ?= krf; s/f]8 ¿k}of;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf] pBf]usf] xsdf
ljefu cfkm}af6 / ;f] eGbf a9L l:y/ h]yf ePsf pBf]usf xsdf nufgL jf]8{sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ tL; lbg leq :jLs[lt lbg' kg]{ k|fjwfg ;f] gLlt / ;f] cGt{ut jg]sf P]gdf
;dfj]z u/L sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfOPsf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLdf :yflkt x'g]
pBf]ux¿nfO{ cg'dlt, ;'ljwf nufot cGo k|zf;lgs ;]jf / ljB't, kfgL nufotsf k"jf{wf/
;]jf ;/n, ;xh tl/sfn] Ps} ynf]af6 pknAw u/fpg s]xL ;+:yfut Joj:yf;d]t
ldnfOPsf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLsf] cg'dlt k|fKt ePsf] #% lbg leq pBf]u btf{sf] nflu
pBf]u ljefudf lgj]bg k]z ug{' kg]{ / ;f] lgjb]g k]z u/]sf] @ lbg leq} pBf]u btf{ ug]{
k|fjwfg gLltdf g} :ki6 u/L btf{ k|s[of l56f] 5l/tf] / kf/bzL{ t'NofOPsf] 5 . ljb]zL
nufgLsf] cg'dlt kqdf g} To:tf] pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;x'lnot pNn]v ul/g] k|fjwfg 5 .
u_ ;+:yfut Joj:yf
pBf]u :yfkgfsf] nflu nufgLstf{n] k"/f ug{' kg]{ cf}krfl/stfnfO{ sd vlr{nf] tyf j9L
;/n jgfpg pBf]u ljefusf dxflgb]{zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf, pBf]u, cy{, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt
dGqfnox¿sf /fhkqfFlst k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿ / g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf k|d'Vf lgoGqs;d]t
;b:o /x]sf] Ps Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf gLltdf ul/Psf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLdf :yfkgf
x'g] pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgfsf nflu btf{, hUuf k|flKt, ljw"t, kfgL tyf k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf]
pknAwtf ;DaGwdf Ps4f/ ;ldltn] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf gLltn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g jf]8{;Fu;d]t Ps4f/ ;ldltsf] ;fdGh:otf
sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ Ps cfsif{s nufgL uGtJosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ljleGg 5'6,
;'ljwf / ;x'lnotx¿sf k|fjwfgx¿;d]t /flvPsf 5g\ . ljb]zL nufgLaf6 cfls{t Jofhdf,
/f]oN6L k|fljlws Pjd\ Joj:yfkg z'Nsdf kGw| -!%_ k|lt;t dfq cfos/ nufOg],
lgsf;Laf6 k|fKt cfodf cfos/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf Pjd\ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gn] :jb]zL
nufgLdf :yflkt pBf]unfO{ k|bfg u/] ;/xsf cGo ;j} ;'ljwf Pjd\ ;x'lnot ljb]zL
nufgLdf :yflkt pBf]ux¿n] kfpg] Joj:yf k|d'v 5g\ . To;}u/L ljb]zL nufgL stf{nfO{
bf]xf]/f] s/af6 pGd'lQm k|bfg ug{ cfhgf] pTkfbg ljb]z lgsf;L u/]df To:tf] dfn j:t'
pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf kbfy{ ;xfos sRrf kbfy{ cflb cfoftdf lt/]sf] eG;f/ dxz'n
cGtMz'Ns h:tf s/ dxz'n lgsf;L kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lkmtf{ ug]{ Joj:yfÙ d"No lgwf{/0f
:jtGq ¿kdf ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf, lgof{t k|j4{g If]qsf] Joj:yf, nufgL stf{ Pjd\ lghsf]
kl/jf/nfO{ Jofj;flos Pjd\ u}/ ko{6s leiff, cfjf;Lo le;fsf] Joj:yf / ljb]zL nufgLdf

70
 :yflkt pBf]usf] /fli6«os/0f gul/g] Joj:yf;d]t o; gLltsf gLltut Joj:yfdf kb{5g\ .
ljb]zL nufgL ;DaGwdf s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf nufgLstf{, ;DalGwt pBf]u / pBf]u
ljefu;d]t a;]/ cfk;L 5nkmnåf/f ;dfwfgsf] k|of; ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;/L ;dfwfg x'g
g;s]sf hl6n k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿ cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ sfg'g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo
cfof]u (United Nations Commission For Intrnational Trade) sf] dWo:ytf lgod adf]lhd
dWo:ytfdf nlug] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 . dWo:ytfsf] :yn g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ /
cGo sfg'gL Joj:yf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ljb]zL d'b|fdf
nufgL ug]{ :jLs[lt kfPsf] nfufgLstf{n] cfkm"n] nufgL u/]sf] z]o/ ljqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd,
nfef+zsf] ¿kdf k|fKt /sd, ljb]zL C0fsf] ;f+jf Jofhsf] e"QmfgLsf] ¿kdf k|fKt /sd /
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;Demf}tf cGt/ut k|fKt /sd kl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|fdf k|rlnt ahf/ ljlgdo
b/df ;6xL u/L g]kfn aflx/ n}hfg kfpg] Joj:yf Pjd\ k|j]z / jlxu{dgnfO{ ;xh ;/n
kl/Psf] 5 .
3_ sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
cf7f}+ k+rjifL{o of]hgf -lj=;+= @)$(–@)%$_ sf] sfo{fGjog ;Fu;Fu} cfjlws of]hgfsf
kl/nlIft bLuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, u/LjL 36fpg] ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf; ug]{, pTkfbg
/ pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{, /f]huf/L j9fpg] lgof{t clej[l4 u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{, h:tf
nIf÷p2]Zox¿ cfGtl/s ;fwg ;|f]t ;Lk k|fljlwsf] kl/rfngaf6 dfq ;+ej gx'g] ePsfn]
ePsfn] nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L ljb]zL k"FhL k|ljlw / Joj:yfkgsf] pkof]uåf/f
tLgsf] k|flKt ;xh jgfpg] Pjd\ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ ltj| ultdf cl3 a9fpg] p2]Zon]
k|:t't ljb]zL nufgL / Ps4f/ gLlt, @)$( sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . o; gLltdf
pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ tTsfn} sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|s[ofdf
;fwg ;|f]t, k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] sdL s]xL xb ;Dd ;dfwfg x'g], d'n's ljb]zL nufgLsf]
cfsif{s uGtJosf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g], cGt/fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo cy{tGq;Fu /fli6«o cy{tGq
;dfof]lht x'Fb} ;jn ultzLn k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g] u/L lj=;= @)$( . )& . @& b]lvg} nfu" x'g]
u/L ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( / To;} cg'¿k cfly{s, ljQLo tyf
df}lb|s If]qdf klg ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ yfngL ul/P . o;} l;nl;nfdf nufgLnfO{ k|efljt
kfg]{, Jofkf/sf] If]qnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eP . lgof{t k|j3{gsf
nflu lgsf;Ldf gub cg'bfgsf];d]t Joj:yfsf] yfngL eof] .
k|r'/ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ;+efjgf /x]sf] xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf] nflu ljBdfg
;|f]tx¿sf] clwstd kl/rfng u/L ljsf; sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ a9L eGbf
a9L dfqfdf leœofpg' h?/L 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f hl8a'6L k|zf]wg, hnljB"t, ko{6g
;]jf, vlgh pTvgg\ / k|zf]wg nufotsf If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;+efjgf klg plQs} /x]sf]
5 . Go'g ufx{:y jrtsf] sf/0f k"FhL lgdf{0fdf ePsf] sdL k"/f u/L k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ ug{ cfw'lgs gljgt k|ljlw Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ k|fljlws ;Lk leœofO{ cf}Bf]lus
ljsf; ug{, cGt/fli6«o ahf/;Dd kx'Fr a9fpg k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ lgof{t
k|jw{g ub]{ cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{, pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ub}{ yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L
ul/aL 36fpg, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f k|s[ofdf lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutf j9fpg a9L ljb]zL nufgLsf]
cfjZostf dxz'; u/L gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg cfzfltt ¿kdf ljb]zL
nufgL cfpg ;s]g . cfly{s p4f/Ls/0fsf k|of;x¿ ;Fu} cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ clwst+ xb;Dd
v'nf u/L ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Ptf klg o;n] cfzfltt ¿kdf ult lng ;s]sf]
71
5}g . g]kfndf cfpg] ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] cjnDjg u/]sf gLltut Joj:yf
/ k|of;n] klg k|efj kfg]{ u/sf] 5 . xfd|f] cfGtl/s jftfj/0f gLltut Joj:yfsf ;fy}
låkIfLo ;GwLx¿n] klg ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof] . ;g\ !((^ sf] g]kfn
ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGwn] ef/tLo ahf/df g]kfnL pTkfbg\sf] k|j]z ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpbf ljb]zL
nufgLdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] / ;g\ @))@ df g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGwdf ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg
kZrft\ g]kfnL j:t'sf] ef/t k|j]z x'g g;sL pBf]u wGbfdf ljb]zL nufgL j[l4 gs/fTds
lbzftkm{ uof] . vf; u/L g]kfnsf] sl7g e"– w/ftnLo agf}6, /fhg}lts cfl:y/tf ;'dw'/
cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwsf] sdL, ;'/Iffsf] c;xh jftfj/0f, bIf hgzlQmsf] ck|ofKttf, pRr
Joj;fo ;~rfng nfut pRr kl/jxg nuft Pjd\ sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/, kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf
sl7gfO{, pko'Qm cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fsf] cefj Ps4f/ gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g
g;Sg' h:tf sf/0fx¿n] klg cfzfltt ¿kdf ljb]zL nufgL lelqg g;Sg'df e"ldsf lgjf{x
u/L/x]sf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZj cy{ Joj:yfdf l5d]sL d"n'sx¿n] ;do ;fk]If l5§f] l5§f]
lgodx¿df kl/jt{g u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds¿kdf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy cfslif{t
ul//x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf @! aif{ ;Dd gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg gx'g' klg csf]{ k|d'v sf/0f x'g
;S5 . ;do kl/l:ylt ;w} ;dfKt lbzftkm{ k|jfx x'Fb}g . kl/jt{g :jod\ afx]s ;+;f/df
cem ;a} kl/jt{g åf/f gLltut Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a[l4 ug{ ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( df lj=;+= @)%&, @)%* / @)^^ df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ klg ul/of] .
nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% g]kfn Plss[t Jofkf/ /0fgLlt @)^^,
cf}wf]lus gLlt @)^&, nufgL jf]8{ P]g @)^* g]kfn Joj;fo d~r u7g cfb]z @)^& h:tf
;+oGq dfkm{t ljleGg k|of;x¿ klg eP . pRr Joj;fo ;~rfng nfut, s7Lg e"agfj6,
ahf/sf] ;fFu'/f] cfsf/, pBf]uL dhb'/ ljrsf] ab\bf] c;dembf/L, aGb x8\tfn tfnfaGbL
ljB't cfk"lt{ lgoldt gx'g' lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ljnDatf ckf/bzL{ lg0f{o k|s[of h:tf
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ljb]zL nufgLdf ;~rflnt sltko pBf]ux¿ aGb x'Fb} uP . pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu :jLs[t kl/of]hgfsf] ;+Vof tyf nufgL kl/df0f 36\b} uPsf]
5 . s"n ufx:y{ pTkfbgsf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf o;sf] of]ubfg 36\b} uPsf] 5 . xfn
s"n ufx:y{ pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg ^ k|ltzt sf] xf/fxf/L /x]sf] Ps ;e]{If0fn]
b]vfPsf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf;d]t o;sf] of]ubfg 36\b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL nufgL / Psåf/ gLlt, @)$( th'{df ubf{sf] ljZj cfly{s kl/b[Zox¿df s]lx kl/jt{g
b]vf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf rdTsf/Ls kl/jt{gn] ljZjnfO{ Pp6}
ufpdf kl/jt{g ub}{ nuL/x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts l;dfgf kftnf] ¿kdf /x] klg ef}uf]lns cfly{s
¿kn] k"/f ljZj g} Pp6} ufpsf] ¿kdf cuf8L j9L /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ ef/t
a+ufnfb]z >Ln+sf / kfls:tfgn] cf–cfhgf ljb]zL nufgL gLltdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g
ul/;s]sf 5g\ . WTO; ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] k"FhL k|ljlw / >dsf] lgjf{w k|jfxnfO{
;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . jx'klIfo nufgL k|Tofe"lt lgsfosf] ¿kdf k|foh;f] /fi6«x¿
;b:o jlg;s]sf] 5g\ . ljD:6]s (BIMSTEC), ;fkm\6f, BIPPA h:tf ax'kIfLo / låkIfLo
;GwL ;Demf}tf / ax'kIfLo If]qLo Jofkf/ ;+u7gx¿ ;Fusf] cfa4tfn] ltgdf JoQm
k|ltj4tfx¿ k"/f ug{ To:tf ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] k//fi6« ag]sf x}l;otn] ;[lht bfloTj k"/f ug{
xfd|f gLltut Joj:yfx¿ ck|ofKt ;fljt d} ;s]sf5g\ . d'n'sn] cjnDjg u/L cfPsf]
/fhgLlts Joj:yfdf klg kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ljut !@ aif{ ;Ddsf] ;z:q ljb|f]x / lj=;+=
@)^@÷)^# sf] hg cfGbf]nt af6 ;lbof] b]lvsf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf]
72
 cGt e} d'n's ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs ;dfj]zL nf]stGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfdf km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 .
ljBdfg ljb]zL nufgL gLlt / Ps4f/ gLlt, @)$( n] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df dfu u/]sf sltko
kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] kfOPg . kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL k"+hLhjf/sf] ;d"lrt pkof]u :jb]zL,
ljb]zL d'b|fdf C0fkq hf/L u/]/ ejg kl/rfng ug{ kfpg] ljifox¿ g]kfnL nufgLstf{x¿nfO{
ljZj ahf/df pkl:ylt hgfpg] cj;/ ljb]zL nufgLsf] nflu /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿sf
lgwf{/g /fli6«o nufgL stf{x¿nfO{ pknAw eP ;/xsf 5'6 ;"ljwf / ;x'lnotsf ljifox¿
ljb]zL nufgL stf{nfO{ pknAw x'g k|Tofe"ltsf s'/fx¿ Go"gtd nufgL ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ;xh
Pjd\ ;'emfjhgs jfx udgsf Joj:yf h:tf s'/fx¿sf ljBdfg gLlt df}g /x]sf] 5 .
kl/jlt{t cGt/fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo jftfj/0fnfO{ ;+jf]wg ub}{ pNn]lvt kl/jt{gn] cj;/x¿af6
plrt k|ofKt nfe lng df}h'bf ljb]zL nufgL tyf Ps4f/ gLlt, @)$( k|bfg ug]{ ck|ofKt
b]lvof] . /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o kl/jt{gx¿sf kl/k|]Ifdf df}h'bf ljb]zL nufgL tyf Ps4f/ glLt
@)$( df ;dofs"n kl/jt{g ug{' cfjZos e} ;s]sf]5 .
gofFgLltdf ;d]l6g' kg]{ ljifox¿÷If]qx¿ M
ljb]zL nufgL tyf Ps4f/ gLlt, @)$( / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu NofOPsf] P]g, ljb]zL nufgL
tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f Pg]\, @)$( hf/L eP otf cGt/fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo jftfj/0fdf w]/} kl/jt{g /
ptf/ r9fjx¿ cfO ;s]sf 5g\ . cGt/fli6«o :t/df jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGt/ut eG;f/
dxz'n tyf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (GATT) ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO) df kl/0ft
ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx¿ jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn klg
lj=;+= @)^! ;fnb]lv ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO) df cfa4 ePsf 5 . blIf0f PlzofnL :jtGq
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf (SAFTA) sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ;xdlt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ
;+u7g WIPO / To; cGt/utsf s]xL dxf;GwLx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg ug{'sf ;fy} BIMSTEC h:tf
:jtGq Jofkf/ If]qdf klg g]kfn ;+nUg e} ;f] cg'¿k bfloTjx¿ k"/f ug{' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cf}Bf]lus
gLlt, @)^& n] k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f / cGo ljleGg cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkdf
cfsif{s 5'6 ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Jofkfl/s ;d'bfo / glLt lgdf{tfx¿ ljr ;"rgf
hfgsf/Lsf] ;xh cfbfg k|bfgsf] nflu g]kfn Joj;fo d~r cGt/ut ;fj{hlgs lghL ;+jfb
(PPD) d~r pknAw 5 . nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L k'j{fwf/ lgdf{0f nufot /fli6«o
k|fyldstsf If]qx¿df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L, ;xsf/L / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL 7"nf nufgL
kl/rfng u/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf cf}Bf]lusL s/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ltj|tf lbg k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
nufgLjf]8{ u7g x'g] Joj:Yf ;lxtsf] nufgL af]8{ P]g, @)^* hf/L e} sfof{Gjogdf 5 . g]kfnn]
xfn ;Dd k|mfG;, hd{gL ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, df}l/;;, lkmgNof08 / ef/t;Fu låkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g
tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf (BIPPA) u/L ;s]sf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfn
;g\ !(() df jx'kIfLo nufgL k|Tofe"lt lgsfosf] ;b:o e} ;s]sf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ bf]xf]/f]
s/af6 pGd'QmL k|bfg ug{ g]\kfnn] ef/t ;d]tsf ljleGf bz j6f b]zx¿ ;Fu låkIfLo bf]xf]/ s/
pGd'lQm ;Demf}tf klg u/L ;s]sf] 5 . k|:t't k[i7e"dLdf ljBdfg ljb]zL nufgL tyf Ps4f/ gLlt
@)$( n] ;d]6g g;s]sf] sltko kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ gof gLlt ljb]zL nufgL gLlt th{'df ul/g'
h?/L e} ;s]sf] 5 . cj th{'df ul/g] gLltdf vf; u/]/ lgDg kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]l6g' pko'Qm x'g]5 .
ljb]zL nufgLsf] lgldQ /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿sf] jlu{s/0f ul/ g]kfnn] WTO df
hgfPsf] k|ltj4tfdf sd gx'g] u/L nufgL ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf .

73
;+:yfut ck|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL -kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL_ k"FhL ahf/sf] ;d"lrt pkof]u /
:jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL d'b|fdf :jb]z jf ljb]zdf C0f kq hf/L u/]/ C0f kl/rfng ug{ kfpFg]
Joj:yf . ljb]zL d'b|fdf ;xh kx'Frsf] Joj:yf .
;+:yfut nufgLstf{sf] nflu Secondary Market klg v'Nnf ug]{ Joj:yf .
lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]usf] nflu k'jf{wf/ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] ljz]if cfly{s If]q (SEZ)
tyf lgof{t k|jw{g If]qsf] :yfkgf u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|ltj4tf .
;'dw'/ cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw lj:tf/sf] nflu ljz]if cfly{s If]q / lgof{t k|jw{g If]qdf aGb
x8\tfn ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] Pjd\ dhb'/x¿sf] .
g]kfndf a9L dfqfdf ljb]zL nufgL ub]{ cfPsf d'n'sx¿ dWo] låkIfLo nufgL k|jw{g tyf
;+/If0f ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f]s/ pGd'lQm ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug{ vf;u/L lrg, kfls:tfg, stf/,
o"=P=O{ ;d]tsf d"n'sx¿ ;Fu k|fyldstfsf ;fy To:tf ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ Joj:yf .
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o;d]t eO{ ;s]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf ljZjJofkL :t/df k|lt:kwf{
ug]{ Ifdtf / ljZj ahf/df pkl:ylt hgfpg], nufgL Joj;fo lj:tf/ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfsf
nflu ljb]zdf nufgL ug{ k|ltjGw nufpg] P]g, @)@! nufotsf lgodx¿df ;d;fdlos
kl/dfh{g ;lxtsf] gLltut k|ltj4tf .
u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] nufgLnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ g]kfnL ;/x pBf]u Joj;fo
;~rfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfsf k|Tofe"tL,
;'ljwf ;x'lnot nufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg PsnlaGb' ;]jf s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf .
ljb]zL nufgLdf :yflkt s'g} klg pBf]usf] /fi6«os/0f gul/g] Pjd\ :jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgL
aLr ;dfg Jojxf/sf] k|Toe"lt .
Jofkfl/s ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/L 7"nf ljb]zL nufgL x'g] pBf]usf] xsdf
ljb]zL nufgL ;DaGwdf p7]sf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg nufgL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]
Joj:yf ;dfj]z ug]{ .
ljb]zL nufgLdf ;~rflnt pBf]ux¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] lgldQ 5'§} Rapid Reseaonse Force sf]
Joj:yf ug]{ . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf g]kfnLnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ul//x]sf ljb]zL nufgLdf ;~rflnt
pBf]ux¿sf e/kbf]{ ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg nufgL stf{n] dfu u/]df pBf]u kl/;/ leq}
;'/Iff OsfO{ -;'/Iff lj6_ /fVg] Joj:yf,
ljb]zL nufgLstf{ Pjd\ lghsf cfl>t kl/jf/ jf clwsfl/s k|ltlglwnfO{ lghsf] nufgL
g]kfndf sfod /x];Dd cfudg j;fO{ / k|:yfg ;xh ;/x t'NofO{ cfjf;Lo leiffsf] Joj:yf,
k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf a9LeGbf a9L ljb]zLnufgL cfslif{t ug{ pgLx¿n] ug]{ nufgLsf]
kl/df0f, k|bfg ug]{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vof Pjd\ :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ k|of]usf] cfwf/df ljleGg
;'ljwf 5'6, ;x'lnot Pjd\ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ k|Tofe"ltsf] s'/f,
pBf]u k|zf;g ;DaGwL ljBdfg ;+Vofut / sfg'gL Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L pBf]u dGqfno,
pBf]u ljefu nufgLaf]8{sf] ;+/rgfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/sf s'/fx¿ Pjd\ lg0f{o k|s[lofnfO{
l5§f] 5l/tf] / kfbzL{ t'Nofpg ;DjlGwt lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf] s'/fx¿ M
g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o låkIfLo Pjd\ jx'kIfLo ;GwL ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/L k|ltj4tf hgfPsf
s'/fx¿, zt{x¿sf] kfngf eP gePsf] cg'dug ug{ Pjd\ ljBdfg gLlt lgod sfg'gx¿sf]
k'g/fjnf]sg / cfjlws ;ldIffsf] nflu 7f]; ;+Vofut ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf .
74
 ljb]zL nufgLdf ;~rflnt pBf]ux¿sf] k|jw{g tyf ljsf; ug{ Ps ljb]zL nufgL k|jw{g
kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf,
;]jf pBf]ux¿df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf hgfOPsf k|ltj4tf cg'¿k ljb]zL nufgLsf] c+z
;Ldf tyf k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0f,
pBf]u dGqfnosf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g u/L ljb]zL nufgL k|jw{g dxfzfvf / ljb]zL
nufgL ;x/Ls/0f Pjd\ cg'udg OsfO{sf] :yfkgf u/L xfn g]kfn Joj;fo d~r cGt/utsf
Public Sector co-ordination Unit n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf sfdx¿ ;f]xL OsfOaf6 ;Dkfbg ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
pk;+xf/ M
g]kfnn] pTkfbg j[l4 / /f]huf/ s]Gb|Lt ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljb]zL k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{
le†ofpg] Jojl:yt k|of;sf] yfngL lj=;+= @)#* ;fnb]lv u/]sf] / cf=j= @)$@ . )$# ;fnb]lv
ljZj cy{tGq ;Fusf] cfa4tf k|f/De u/]sf] kl/ kl/k|]Ifdf j}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t u/L
cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f Pjd\ ck]lIft kl/0ffddf j}b]lzs nufgL le†ofpg u/]sf]
k|of;x¿n] cfzfltt ¿kdf ;fy{stf kfPsf] b]lvb}g . ck]lIft ¿kdf ljb]zL ;xfotf leœofO{ o;sf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{ k|efjsf/L cfly{s s'6gLltsf];d]t cefj b]lvof] . pBf]u k|zf;g Pjd\
nufgL k|jw{gdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg lgofds lgsfox¿sf];d]t sfo{ Ifdtfdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfpg
;s]sf] b]lvPg . ;fj{hflgs lghL ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xsfo{ dfkm{t :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL If]q
Pjd\ ;+:yfut ¿kdf cfpg] nufgLsf] k|jw{g tyf kl/rfngdf s'zntf b]lvPg . s]xL sdL
sdhf]/L gLltut Pjd\ sfg'gL kIfx¿df b]vLP eg] a9L ;d:of xfd|f] Jojxf/ sfo{z}nL / ;+:sf/df
/x] . olQs}df xtf; / lg/fz e} xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf eg] b]lvb}g . ljutsf sdL sdfhf]/Lx¿af6
l;s]/ r'gf}ltnfO{ cj;/df ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;'wf/sf k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbbf ;+efjgf cem} jfFsLg}
b]lvG5 . ljZj cy{ Joj:yfdf cfPsf kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L tbg'¿k xfd|f gLltut, sfg'gL /
;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿nfO{ cBfjlws ub}{ hfg' l9nf e};s]sf] 5 . l5d]sL /fi6«x¿n] b'O{ c°sf] cfly{s
j[l4 xfFl;n ug{ k'u]sf] kl/j]zdf ahf/ lj:tfl/s/0f u/L If]qLo ahf/;Fusf] cfa4tfn] dfq} klg
d'n'ssf cfly{s ljsf;df sfof{no x'g ;S5 . ;don] s;}nfO{ kvL{/xg] 5}g . ca klg l9nf
u/L aGb x8\tfn rSsfhfdsf] ;+:sf/af6 dfly p7g ;s]gf}+ eg] ;xh >d ;DaGw k"FhL ahf/sf]
l;ldttf, af]lemnf] k|s[ofut k|zf;lgs Joj:yf :jfy{ s]Gb|Lt sfo{z}nL / lg0f{o k|s[of cf}Bf]lus
c;'/Iff, pko'Qm >d ;DaGwsf] cefj h:tf ;d:ofaf6 d"Qm e} nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{
gLltut / sfg'gL Joj:yf b]lvg} ;'wf/sf] h?/L 5 . To;}n] l9nf gu/L Out Dated d[To' z}ofdf
k'uL ;s]sf] df}h'bf ljb]zL nufgL tyf Psåf/ gLlt @)$( nfO{ kl/jlt{t ;do ;Gbe{nfO{
;d]6LPsf] gofF j}b]lzs nufgL gLltn] k|lt:yfkgf ug{ h?/L e} ;s]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rLM
!= cf7f}+ k~rjlif{o of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/jf/ sf7df8f}+ .
@= ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( sf7df8f}+, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, g]kfn
#= tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)&)_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u sf7df8f}+ .
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}+ sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, jj/dxn, sf7dff8f}+ .
%= ljb]zL nufgL / Ps4f/ glLt, @)$(, g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+

75
 g]kfndf pBf]ux¿ ?U0f x'gfsf sf/0f / pTyfgsf k|of;x?
-
s[i0f k|;fb h};L
!= k[i7e"ldM
b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] e/kbf]{ / lbuf] dfWodsf ?kdf pBf]u If]q /x]sf] x'G5 . cy{tGqsf
ljleGg cfwf/ :tDe dWo] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ :tDe cf}Bf]uLs If]q xf] . ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ s]nfP/ x]g{
xf] eg] klg ;dG'gt d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df cf}Bf}lus If]]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
j]nfot, cd]l/sf, k|mfG;, hfkfg, Sofg8f, rLg / blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf d'n'sx?df cfly{s
;DkGgtf x'g'df pBf]u If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;n] /fli6«o cfo,
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ ;[hgf, k|lt JolSt cfodf j[l4, kF'hL lgdf0f{, nufgLsf yk cj;/x?sf] ;[hgf,
cf}Bf]uLs÷Joj;flos ;+:s[tLsf] ljsf; ub}{ /fli6«o pTkfbgdf j[l4sf ;fy} j}b]lzs Jofkf/df
;Gt'ng sfod ug{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 .
cGo ljsf;sf cfofdx¿ l;+uf] PSnf] ?kdf dfq cl3 j9\5g\ t/ cf}Bflus ljsf;n] d'n'ssf]
;di6L ljsf;sf] package sf ?kdf ult lnG5 .pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;n] s[lif pTkfbg, /f]huf/L,
ef}lts k"jf{wf/, cfGtl/s / jfXo Jofkf/, Pp6f pBf]un] csf]{ pBf]usf] ljsf; h:tf If]qnfO{
;d]6]sf] xG5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qs} ljsf;n] b]z ;d'Ggt / ;d[l4 tkm{ pGd'v x'g ;S5 . ct: s'g}
klg /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf; To; b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ePsf] ljsf;df lge{/ x'g] ub{5 .
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub{5 . j]nfotsf]
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] tTsflng ;dodf cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf hf]8 k'u]sf] Pjd\ hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/df cToGt ;'wf/ ePsf] Oltxf; sfod} 5 . s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ub}{
j]/f]huf/L, cw{j]/f]huf/L tyf ul/aL sd ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf pBf]un] lgjf{x ub{5 . g]kfndf eg]]
cy{tGqsf] main pillar sf ?kdf /xsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg 36\b} hfg' / cf}Bf]lus ?U0ftf
a9\gfn] b]z k/lge{/tf lt/ ws]ln/x]sf] cfef; x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
@= cy{tGqdf pBf]usf] of]ubfg / cj:yf
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[lb, /f]huf/L ;[hgf, :yflgo ;Lksf] k|of]u, cfoft k|lt:yfkg /
lgof{t k|j4{g, ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u, ljb]zL nufgLsf] cfsif{0fsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s pGgltdf ;3fp
k'¥ofpFb} ul/aL 36fpgdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] dxTjk0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . cy{tGqsf] d"n /]zf dflgg]
pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg eg] GDP df 36\bf] lbzfdf /x]sf] 5 . ljut !% jif{ cuf8L !% % eGbf
j9L of]ubfg GDP df /x]sf] pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg cf=j= )^(÷)&) ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf s/La %% eGbf
klg tn k'u]sf] 5 .
cf=j= )^*÷)^( sf] cGTo;Dd g]kfndf ljleGg k|s[ltsf u/L hDdf $*#! pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngsf]
:jLs[lt k|bfg ul/g' / $@(&&# hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L ;[hgfn] cy{tGqdf pBf]usf] of]ubfgnfO{ cem
a9L :ki6 ub{5 . o;/L cy{tGqdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] pBf]u If]q eg] ?U0f x'Fb} uPsf]
cj:yf 5 . d'n'ssf] !! j6f cf}Bf]lus If]qdf cf=j= )^(÷)&) df $(* pBf]ux¿ dfq ;~rfngdf
/x]sf] / %@ j6f pBf]ux¿ aGb ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^*÷%÷@# df hf/L ul/Psf]
tTsfn /fxt sfo{s|d, @)^* sf] bkmf (=@ df “?U0f pBf]usf] k'g?Tyfg u/L cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg

-
pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
76
j[l4, /f]huf/L, ;[hgf / cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{sf nflu To:tf pBf]usf] klxrfg, pBf]un]
ef]lu/x]sf ;d:of / To;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfo tyf ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ;'ljwf /
;xlnotsf ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg Ps dlxgf leq k]z ug{sf nflu
sfo{bn u7g ul/g] 5’’ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt
)^*÷^÷! df sfo{bn u7g eO{, pQm sfo{bnn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf ;'emfj
sfof{Gjogsf l;nl;nfdf @)^( ;fndf ?U0f pBf]usf] dfkb08 leq kg]{ pBf]ux?af6 cfj]bg dfu
ePsf]df pSt cjwLdf hDdf #* j6f pBf]ux?n] ?U0f 3f]if0ff x'g cfj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf 5 .
b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ck]lIft dfqfdf x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;dosfnsf
b[li6 lgofNg] xf] eg] lj= ;+= @)$) b]lv lj= ;+= @)%% ;Dddf pBf]ux¿ k|fo gf]S;fgdf guP/
;~rfngdf ePsf] cj:yf 5 . w]/} h;f] pBf]ux¿ lj= ;+=@)%% b]lv )^* sf] lardf ?U0f x'Fb} aGb
cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g . s[lifnfO{;d]t cf}Bf]lus/0f tkm{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ d"nWo]osf ;fy cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cl3 a9fpg vf]h]sf] j]nf o;/L cf}Bf]lus of]ubfg cy{tGqdf 36\g', ?U0f
pBf]usf] ;ª\Vof j9\b} hfg' / pBf]ux¿ aGbsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug'n] o;sf] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg,
ljZn]if0f / lg/fs/0fsf nfuL kxn ug{' h?/L ePsf] 5 .
#= g]kfndf pBf]ux¿ ?U0f x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
sf/0fx¿
d'n's leqsf pBf]ux¿ ?U0f x'g'df ljleGg gLltut, Jojxf/ut, pBf]uLsf cfkm\gf sdhf]/L Pjd\
b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs jftfj/0f nufotsf tTjx¿ sf/ssf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
tyflk ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^*n] pBf]ux¿ ?U0f x'g'df
b]xfosf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 –
#=!= cfG
cfGtl/s
tl/s sf/0fx?
• sdhf]/ pBdlzntf x'g'
• pBf]u / pBdLdf lg/Gt/ cWoog cg';Gwfg / vf]h ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ljsf; gx'g'
• Technical knowledge sf] sdL
• Yff]/} k'h+Ldf z'? u/]sf] / w]/} C0f lnPsf] cj:yf x'g'
• C0fsf] ;b'kof]u p2]Zo cg';f/ x'g g;Sg'
• ahf/ ;DjGw sdhf]/ /xg'
• pBf]unfO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfngdf ug{ g;Sg'
• rfn' k"FhL nufotsf cTofjZos sf]ifx?sf] cefj /xg'
• sdhf]/ / q'6Lk"0f{ d];Lg/L cf}hf/ x'g'
• pTkflbt ahf/sf] sld
• k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cefj
• sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj x'g' .
#=@= jfXo sf/0fx¿
sf/0fx¿
• /fHoaf6 k|lta4tf b]vfO{Psf s'/fx¿ k"/f gePsf sf/0f ?U0f aGg k'Ug'
• /fHosf tkm{af6 p3f]ux?nfO{ Go"gtd k"jf{wf/x?sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g;Sg'
77
 • :t/o'St ljB't cfk"lt{sf] cefj x'g'
• nufgLsf] plrt jftfj/0f gx'g'
• ;/sf/L tj/af6 nufgL cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{ g;Sg'
• nufgLsf] ;'/Iff / pBf]uLsf] JolStut ;'/Iffdf k|Zg pl7/xg'
• ;/sf/, Joj:yfks / >lds lar ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg g;Sg,
• pBdL / pBf]usf] ;'/Iffsf] cefj x'g'
• cf}Bf]lus gLlt / sfg'gsf k|jfwfgx¿ k"0f{ ?kdf sfo{fGjog gxg'
• cf}Bf]lus Jofj;fo P]gn] pBf]ux?nfO{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf k|fjwfgx¿ Jflif{s
?ksf cfpg] cfly{s P]gaf6 k|efljt x'g'
• pBf]u btf{, gjLs/0f 7fpF;f/L ;'ljwf k|bfg cflbsf] k|lqmof nfdf] x'g'
• pBf]ux?nfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ Psxf/ ;ldtL k|efjsf/L x'gg;Sg'
• a}+s Aofhb/ rsf]{ x'g', cyf{t ;/n shf{sf] cefj /xg'
• k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f ef}lts gf]S;fgL x'g'
• lg/Gt/sf] åGb, aGb x8tfn eO{/xg'
• transit cost high x'g'

k|ltj]bgn] pNn]v u/]sf sf/0fx¿ dfq geO{ ?U0f pBf]ux/sf] :ynut cWoog ubf{ sdhf]/
Joj:yfkg, cJojl:yt d'No lgwf{/0f, kl/of]hgf nfut j[l4, ;fwg / ;|f]tsf]] plrt kl/rfng /
;Def/ gx'g', rfn" k"FhLsf] cefj, sd;n u'0f:t/, cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] sld, cfly{s d0bL,tLj|
k|lt:kwf{, :t/o'St sRrf kbfy{, hgzlStsf] cefj, ;Da4 gLlt ÷P]g÷lgod cflbdf cl:y/tf Pjd\
;do cg's"n kl/jt{g x'g g;Sg', k|ljwL kl/jt{g, u|fxssf] ?lrdf kl/jt{g, ljB't tyf OGwg
cfk"lt{df sdL, C0f k|flKtdf l9nfO{, x8tfn Pjd\ tfnfaGbL, k|fs[lts k|sf]k h:tf sf/0fx?n]
pBf]unfO{ ?U0ftf tkm{ pGd'v u/fPsf] kfO{G5 . /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, czflGt, rGbf cft+s aGb
x8tfn, Joj:yfkg / >d ;DaGw lau|g', phf{ ;s+6 x'g', k'/fgf] k|ljwL sfod /xg', /fHon]
lgof{td"ns pBf]u k|j4g{df hf]8 lbg] gLlt agfpg g;Sg', a}+s shf{sf] a9L rsf]{ Aofhb/ /xg'
h:tf pko{'Qm ;fgf tyf 7"nf c;xh kl/l:yltsf sf/0f pBf]ux¿ lbg÷k|ltlbg?U0f x'Fb} uO{/x]sf
5g\ . o;/L pBf]ux¿ ?U0f x'Fbf To:tf pBf]ux?;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg cGo pBf]ux¿;d]t ?U0f
x'g] nufot /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿;d]t u'Dg] x'Fgfn] cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf;d]t
k|lts"n k|efj kl//x]sf] 5 h:sf sf/0f ;Dk"0f{ cf}Bf]lus If]q g} lg/Gt/ vl:sbf] cj:yfdf 5 .
o;/L cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf nflu 6]jf lbg] cfBf]lus If]q vl:sb} hfFbf b]zn] 7"nf] sl7gfO{ ef]Ug'kg]{
cj:yf cfO{/x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ;du| cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g / cfly{s ;Dj[l4df gsf/fTds c;/ k/L
d'n's leq nufgLsf] cg's"n jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsf;sf nflu cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf]
jftfj/0f eGg] ul/G5 t/ pBf]u k|j4g{sf] jftfj/0f sfod /x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . /fHo, lghL If]q,
afx\o l5d]sL d'n'sx?sf] g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g . pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf cf}Bflus If]qaf6 ?U0f pBf]usf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] dfu cfO{/x]sf] cj:yf
5 . ?Ug pBf]u k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'g?Tyfgsf ;DaGwdf ljut b]lv g} ;/sf/af6 k6s k6s
k|lta4tf k|s6 e} cfPsf] 5 .

78
$= ?U0f pBf]u pTyfgsf k|of;x?
Xfn;Dd ?U0f pBf]u klxrfgsf cfwf/ tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gePsf sf/0f gLltut ?kdf
lglZrt pBf]unfO{ ?U0f pBf]u 3f]if0f u/L ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot k|Tofe't ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L 9u+n]
x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ljutdf ljleGg sfo{bn u7g u/L / s]xL gLltut Joj:yfsf] kxn;d]t u/L
?U0f pBf]u klxrfg u/L ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
$=!= sfo{bnut k|of;
s_ cf=j= @)%!÷%@ df cfBf]lus gLlt, @)$(sf] k|fawfg adf]lhd laleGg lhNnfdf /x]sf
?U0f pBf]ux?sf] r/0fa4 cWoog u/L pBf]u dGqfnosf ;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf *
;b:oLo ?U0f pBf]u k'g:yfkgf ;ldlt u7g ePsf] .
v_ lj=;= @)%(df dlGqkl/ifb\ lg0f{o cg';f/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf
?U0f pBf]u k'g/f]Tyfg k|fljlws ;ldlt u7g . tTsflng cy{dGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t
?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg pRr:tl/o d"n ;ldltdf )%(÷!@÷$ sf] dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ pkk|wfgdGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf pRr:tl/o ;ldltsf] k'gu{7g ul/Psf] .
u_ ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg pRr:tl/o d"n ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ lj=;= @)^) df k'g/\shf{
k|f/lDes 5fglag tyf l;kmfl/; ;ldtL u7g ePsf]
3_ ?U0f pBf]usf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ pBf]u dGqfno cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g
dxfzfvfsf] ;x;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf lj=;= @)^^df sfo{bn u7g ePsf] .
ª_ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3af6;d]t ljleGg ;dodf o; ljifodf cWoog u/]sf] .
r_ Joj:yflksf – ;+;b, cy{ / >d ;DaGw ;ldltsf] @)^& sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd ?U0f
pBf]u Pjd\ v/fa shf{ ;DaGwdf pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u/L ?U0f pBf]usf] ;d:of
;Daf]wgsf nflu cy{ dGqfnosf] g]t[Tjdf :yfoL k|s[ltsf] pRr:tl/o ;ldlt u7g u/L
cfjZos k|aGw ug]{ elg cy{ dGqfnonfO{ lgb]{zg lbP cg';f/ ?U0f pBf]u;DaGwL
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;ldtL u7g ePsf] .
$=@= ;j}wflgs, gLltut / sfg'gL k|of;
Gf]kfndf cG/Ld ;+ljwfg, @)^#
/fHosf] bfloTj cGt{ut wf/f ##-^_ df /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4g{
ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ pNn]v 5 .
/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGt{ut wf/f #$- #$-$_ df
========:jb]zL lghL Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{
:jtGq cfTdlge{/ Pjd\ pGgltlzn u/fpg' /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
/fHosf] gLlt #%-
#%-^_
======== s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] #%-!@_ df j}b]lzs k"FhL /
k|ljwLnfO{ cfs{lift ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ 5 eg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @% s=df

79
 “nuftf/ % jif{ b]lv 3f6fdf ;rfng eO{ s'n Ifdtfsf] @) % jf ;f] eGbf sd pTkfbg ug]{
p3f]unfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] plrt b]v]df b]v]df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ?U0f
pBf]u 3f]if0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . To:tf pBf]unfO{ To:tf] pBf]u lj:tf/ tyf ljljwLs/0f ug{sf
nfuL cfoft ul/g] d]l;g/Ldf s'g} dx;'n z'Ns tyf s/ nfUg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf 5 .
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&
?U0f pBf]usf] k'g?Tyfg tyf k'glgdf{0f ;DawL Joj:yfdf ;a} :t/sf ?U0f pBf]usf] klxrfg
/ k'g?Tyfg tyf k'glgdf{0f ug]{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/L ;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1x¿ /x]sf Ps
clwsf/ ;DkGg / pRr:t/Lo Goflos clwsf/ ;lxtsf] cfof]u u7g u/L ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwL
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/g] 5 . cfof]usf] ;+/rgf, sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g] 5 egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn
kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^( adf]lhd ?U0f pBf]usf pTyfg / ljsf; pBf]u
dGqfnon] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ cGt/ut /x]sf] 5 .
?U0f pBf]usf Pjd\
Pjd\ v/fa shf{sf ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Joj:yflksf ;+;b, cy{/ >d
;DaGw ;ldltdf k]z ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgdf ?U0f pBf]unfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] .
Gf]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n]
n ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgdf ?U0f
pBf]u ;DaGwL dfkb08 pNn]v ub}{ kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn
kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 hf/L “?U0f pBf]usf ;DaGwdf ljlQo If]qaf6 x'g;Sg] ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sfo{
ljlw, @)&)”
o; sfo{ljlwdf ?U0f pBf]usf] k'g?Tyfgdf hf]8 lbFb} ljlQo If]qaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]u÷;'ljwf
k|of]hgsf nflu xfn rfn' jf aGb cj:yfdf /lx k'g:yf{kgf x'g ;Sg] ?U0f pBf]u / k'g:yf{kgf
x'g g;Sg] t/ ;Dks{df /lx ljQLo lgsfz vf]Hg rfxg] ?U0f pBf]u ul/ b'O{ ju{df jlu{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . To;]} ul/ o;} lgb]{lzsfdf ljQLo If]qaf6 pkNaw x'g ;Sg] ;xof]u÷;'ljwfnfO{ o;
k|sf/ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M–
-!_ xfn rfn' jf aGb cj:yfdf /xL k'g:yf{kgf x'g ;Sg] ?U0f pBf]u
s_ ?U0f pBf]usf] Joj;flos of]hgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL shf{ k'g;{+/rgf ug]{
v_ a}+ssf] ;fFjf tyf Jofh dWo xhf{gf JofhnfO{ ldgfxf x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf u/L ;fwf/0f
JofhnfO{ k'FhLs[t gu/L 5'§} /fvL lglZrt cjlwkl5 c;'n ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
u_ a}+sn]?U0f pBf]usf nflu k'gs{hf{ lng rfx]df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf]
Jofhb/df pknAw u/fpg]
3_ s'g} klg a}+sn] cfkm\gf] C0fL -?U0f pBf]u_ sf nflu k'g/\shf{sf] ;'ljwf lng grfx]df
cfkm\gf] cfwf/ b/nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lk|ldod yk gu/L shf{ sf/f]af/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
ª_ shf{ k'g;{+/rgf ePsf] ;doaf6 a}+ssf] gofF c;'nL tflnsf lg/Gt/ b'O{ jif{ ;Dd
lgoldt ePdf ju{L{s/0fnfO{ lgodLt dfgL Ps k|ltzt dfq shf{ gf]S;fgL Joj:yf ug{
;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{

80
-@_ k'g:yf{kgf
gf x'g;Sg], t/ ;Dks{df /xL ljQLo lgsf; vf]Hg] ?U0f pBf]ux?sf] nfluM–
nfluM–
o:tf pBf]ux?sf] lwtf]df /x]sf] ;DkQL ;fdfGo ?kdf lnnfdLdf hfbfF d"No sd x'g;Sg]
hf]lvdnfO{ b[li6ut ul/ C0fL pBf]un] lglZrt ;do leq ;DklQ ljqmL ug{ u|fxs vf]hL Value
maximization x'g ;Sg] of]hgf a}+sdf k]z u/]df a}+s;Fusf] ;dGjodf ljqmL Joj:yfkg u/L C0f
;N6fpFg lgsfz vf]h]df a9Ldf Psjif{;Ddsf] ;do k|bfg ug]{ . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;DaGwLt
C0fLn] cf}lrTotf k'li6 x'g] sfuhft ;lxtsf] lgj]bg ;DaGwLt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf k]z ug{
kg]{ 5 .
o;} ul/ sfo{ljwLn] pBf]unfO{ ljQLo If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|lqmof / cfjZos sfuhftsf
af/]df klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
t]¥xf}
¥xf}+ lqjif{oL of]hgf -@)&)÷)&! –)&@÷)^#_ cfwf/ kqdf
?U0f pBf]usfnfO{ ljif]z ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/ ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
?U0f pBf]
pBf]usf k'g?Tyfg pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^*
?U0f pBf]usf] kl/efiff sf/0f / ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj;d]t l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfo{no af6 hf/L tTsfn /fxt sfo{qmd @)^* sf]
bkmf (=@ df ?U0f pBf]usf] k'g?Tyfg u/L cf}wf]lus pTkfbg j[l4 /f]huf/ ;[hgf cfot
k|lt:yfkgf ug{sf nflu To:tf pBf]usf] klxrfg pBf]un] ef]lu/x]sf ;d:of / To:sf ;dfwfgsf
pkfo tyf ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg kg]{ ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L ;'emfa
;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg ! dlxgf leq k]zug{sf nflu sfo{bn u7g ul/g] 5 eGg] pNn]v .
xfn pBf]u dGqfnodf sfo{bn @)^* sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt ;'emfj sfo{Gjogsf nflu ?U0f
pBf]u zfvf u7g ePsf] / Gf]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqLkl/ifb_ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ;ldlt /
k|fljlws ;ldlt;d]t u7g e} ?U0f pBf]u klxrfg sf/0f / ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf cWoog ljZn]if0f
e}/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqLkl/ifb_ n] @)&!÷)@÷* sf] lg0fo{af6 ljleGg !)
j6f p3f]unfO{ ?U0f 3f]if0f u/L @)&)÷@÷@^ sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf;d]t k|sflzt e};s]sf] 5 .
%= cfufdL lbgdf ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ kxnx¿
kxnx¿
b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d'Vo d]?b08sf ?ksf /x]sf] pBf]u If]qnfO{ ?U0ftf x'gaf6 hf]ufpg ;a}
tx / kIfaf6 kxn x'g h?/L 5 . cfufdL lbgdf ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nfuL b]xfosf]
ljifox¿ sfo{fGjogdf Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
%=!= k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog M–
M–
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqLkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt @)^*÷^÷! sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ul7t ?U0f pBf]u
k'g?Tyfg pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt ;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / k|fljlws ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . oL ;+oGq dfkmt{ k|ltj]bg
sfo{fGjog x'g;s] ?U0f pBf]ux?sf] k'g?Tyfgsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
%=@= P]g sfg'g ÷lgod ;+zf]wg u/L / ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwL k|fjwfg /fVg]
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] ?U0f pBf]usf dfux¿ Nffufot cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& sf
k|fjwfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf]n] P]gnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L ?U0f pBf]usf] klxrfg /
k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ;]jf;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
81
%=#=
%=#= ;f+u7lgs :yfkgf÷lb3{sflng ;oGq;oGq
?U0f pBf]u k'g:yf{kgf / k'g?Tyfgsf nflu clwsf/ ;DkGg / pRr:t/Lo Goflos clwsf/
;lxtsf] cfof]u u7g ubf{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .o;} u/L ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg pRr:t/Lo
sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg @)^* sfof{Gjogsf nflu ul7t k|fljwLs ;ldlt / sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf]
k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4df Wofg lbg'kg]{ cfjZos 5 . a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?df sick industry
desk sf] Joj:yf ul/bfF pko'St x'g] b]lvG5 .
%=$= ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwL research and developmentsf] Joj:yf
pBf]u If]q ?U0f x'gfsf sf/0f, kl/0ffd / k'g?Tyfgsf pkfox¿ Aff/] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf x'bfF cf}Bf]lus ?U0ftf 36\g] b]lvG5 .
%=%= ?U0f pBf]u zfvfsf] ;jnLs/0f -tflnd,cWoog ljZn]if0f hgzlSt Ifdtf ljsf; ;| ;f| ]]| t;fwg_
t;fwg_
?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nflu pBf]u dGqfnodf @)&) b]lv ?U0f pBf]u zfvfsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu kof{Kt hgzlSt, tflnd /
;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf ul/g' h?/L 5 .
%=^= ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nflu eP u/]sf sfo{x?sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ul/g' kg]{
pBf]u dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s nufotsf lgsfox?af6 k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ePsf sfdx?sf]
cg'udg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 x'g;s] cem al9 k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 .
%=&= ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfo aLr ;dGjo .
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; s'g} Pp6f lgsfon] dfq u/]/ ;Dej x'g] ljifo xf]Og . o;sf nflu
;/sf/ lghL If]q nufot ;Da4 ;a} lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjo x'g h?/L 5 .
^= lg:sif{
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] klxrfg tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;"rssf] ?kdf /x]sf] pBf]u
If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/ ub}{ o;sf] dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L clej[l4 u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df
;'wf/ NofpFb} ;jn, ;Ifd / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf nflu k|d'v lgof{thGo pBf]ux?sf]
k|j4{gdf hf]8lbg], :yfgLo l;k / ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] k|j4{g ug]{
cfBf]lus pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/ tyf pTkfbsTjdf clej[lb ug]{, cfGtl/s åGb tyf cGo ljljw
;d:ofaf6 ?U0f x'g k'u]sf pBf]ux?sf] k'g?Tyfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFg], cfBf]lus ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df
If]qLo tyf ljZjJofkL ;+u7gx?;Fu ul/Psf k|lta4tfx?sf] sfo{Gjog ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng
ul/g' lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5 . ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd u/]sf
k|of;x?nfO{ ;s/fTds b[li6n] ljZn]if0f ub}{ lghL If]q, a}+lsË, ;/sf/L lgsfo nufot ;a}
;DalGwt If]qaf6 ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfgsf nflu kxn x'g;s] pBf]ux?sf] k'g?Tyfg e} cfly{s
ljsf;df cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg a9\g] 5 . ;fRr} cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] b]zdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf eO{
cfly{s a[l4df 6]jf k'¥ofpb} b]z ;d[4,;DkGg / ljsl;t x'g ;Sg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
!= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# sf7df8f}+
@= g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&),l;xb/af/, sf7df08f}=
#= pBf]u dGqfno, ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^*, l;x+b/af/, sf7df08f}+
$= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u t]¥xf}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷)&!–)&@÷)&#_ cfw/kq, @)&)
%= g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, ?U0f pBf]usf ;DaGwdf ljQLo If]qaf6 x'g;Sg] ;'ljwf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&) afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}+

82
 >lds ;+u7g / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL
(Trade Union & collective Bargaining)
-
;"o{k|;fb uf}td
s_ >lds ;+u7g (Trade Union)
klZrdf /fi6«x?df !* cf} ztfJbLdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] pkhsf] ?kdf >lds
;+u7gsf] pbonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . Pstf g} an xf] eGg] dfGotfaf6 >lds ;+u7gx?sf]
ljsf; ePsf] xf] . >lds Pjd\ sd{rf/Lx?n] cfhgf] xs / lxtsf] /Iffsf nflu cfkm}n]
:yfkgf u/]sf] ;+u7g g} 6]«8 o"lgog xf] .
6]«8 o"lgognfO{ lgDg xsx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 M–
• ;+ul7t x'g kfpg],
• ;fd'lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg],
• x8tfn ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .
Trade Union df b]xfosf] ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] x'G5 .
Professional Ethics

Constructive practice Motivated for better services

Trade
Union
Pressure of Betterment of Employee

k|rlnt sfg'g jf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm kqdf s'g} s'/f kfpg] elg pNn]v ul/Psf] /x]5 eg]
Tof] xs / ljBdfg sfg'g, ;Demf}tfn] lbPsf] s'/fdf lrQ ga'emfO{ yk jf gofF s'/f bfla ug'{
lxt xf] .
6]«8 o'lgog P]g–@)$( df 6]«8 o"lgog eGgfn] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f
/ ;Dj4{g ug{ btf{ ePsf] 6]«8 o'lgognfO{ hgfpg] / o;n] k|lti7fg :t/sf ;+3 /
dxf;+3nfO{ klg hgfpF5 .
g]kfndf 6]«8 o'lgog ;DalGw Joj:yf M
• lj=;= @))# ;fndf lj/f6gu/ h'6ldndf dhb'/ ;ef gfdsf] 6]«8 o'lgogsf] u7g .
• @))* ;fndf g]kfn Go"g j}tlgs sd{rf/L ;+u7g u7g .
• @)$^ ;fndf g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf / kl5 g]kfndf lghfdlt sd{rf/L
;+3 u7g ePsf] .
• xfn lghfdlt ;]jfdf & j6f 6«]8 o'lgog 5g\ . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ k|ToIf ck|ToIf ?kdf
/fhgLlts kf6L{sf eft[ ;+u7gsf] sfo{/t /x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

-
zfvf clwsf/L, pBf]u dGqfno
83
• cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df sd{rf/L sfdbf/x?sf] xs lxtsf] ;Gbe{df ul/Psf] Joj:yf
wf/f– !@, ;+3;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
wf/f–!*, /f]huf/Lsf] xs,
wf/f, plrt >d cEof;, cfhgf] lxt /Ifsf nflu 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;+ul7t x'g]
/ ;fd'lxs ;f}bfaflh ug]{ xs .
wf/f, ## k]zfut clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj ?kdf dflg >ldssf] xs
lxtsf] ;+/If0f / pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf >ldssf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt .
wf/f !%$, dhb'/ cfof]u u7g ug{ ;lsg] .
• >d P]g –@)$*
s]Gb|Lo >d ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf Trade Union sf] k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
JolQmut ljjfb / ;fd'lxs ljjfb ;dfwfgsf k|s[ofnfO{ r/0fj2 ?kdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
• 6]«8 o'lgog P]g –@)$( / lgodfljnL –@)%)
• 6]«]8 o'lgogx?sf] btf{ ;~rfng / cGo Joj:yf af/] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .
• k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^# j}zfv @*
• ;+3;+:yf btf{ P]g @)^$
• lghfdlt ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%)
Psn 6]«8 o'lgogdf hf]8 lbPklg ax' o'lgog cl:tTjdf .
sd{rf/L ;+u7g :jtGqtf / ;fd'lxs ;f}IfjfhL ;lxtsf] 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/sf]
cEof; ug{ kfpg] .
btf{sf nfuL
o sDtLdf @) lhNnfdf sfo{;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
o slDtdf %))) sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx?sf] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
o sfof{no k|d'v afx]s /f= k= t[lto >]l0f ;Ddsf sd{rf/L ;+ul7t x'g kfpg]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 .
o lgj]bgsf ;fy ljwfg;d]t >d ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf k]z ul/g] /
!% lbgleq btf{ k|df0fkq lbg] .
cflwsf/Ls 6]«8 o'lgogdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgOPsf] 5 . s]lGb«o
;ldltdf @! ;b:o / ljefu tyf lhNnf ;ldlt !! ;b:oLo ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dt k|ltztsf cfwf/df k|ltlgwLx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 .
lgDg sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ 5g\ .
o P]gsf] bkmf %# -$_ / -%_ tyf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!& -$_
o sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxt / ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ug]{
o sd{rf/Lsf] ;do;fk]If ;'ljwfsf ;jfndf ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug]{
o j[lt ljsf;sf ljifox?df /f]huf/bftfx¿ ;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ ,
o sd{rf/L ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?df k|ltlglwTj u/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
klxrfg u/fpg]

84
 o;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj lbg],
osd{rf/Lsf nfuL /rgfTds / ;[hgfTds sfd ug]{
olghfdtL ;]jf ;DalGw sfg'g aGbf ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg]
osd{rf/LnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] ljifo
osd{rf/L lxt;+u ;DalGwt cGo ljifox?
• ILO Convention – 87
Right to organising, Right to Bangaining
;+:yfut Joj:yf
• >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, ljefu / dftxt sfof{nox?
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
• lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox?
• >d ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt
• >d cbfnt
• sd{rf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿
• cWofudg ljefu
6]«8 o'lgogsf ;sf/fTds kIfx¿
kIfx¿ M
• 6«]8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 .
• k]zfut xs lxtsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]uL x'G5 .
• 6«]8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/ dfgj k|lti7f / clwsf/sf] ljifo xf] .
• cGofo lj?4 ;'/Iff lbG5 .
• ;+:yf k|lt ckgTj jf]w u/fpF5 .
• sfo{ jftfjj/0fdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 .
• lghfdlt ;]jfnfO{ j9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sb5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf gsf/fTds kIfx?
• bnLo lgs6tf – lgikIf ePgg . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ /fhgLlts kf6L{sf eft[ ;+u7gsf] ?kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . cfhgf] :jfy{sf nflu /fhgLlts kf6L{;+u cfa4tf b]vfpg] / ;+u7gdf ;+nUg
x'g]x?sf nflu dfq sfd ug]{ h:tf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 .
• bnn] eft[ ;+u7gsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . ;+3 ;+u7gsf gfddf /fhgLlts cfa4tf x'g] /
kf6L{sf] ;+ul7t ;b:osf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ k|j[lt b]lvPsf] 5 .
• ljeflht 5g\ – Collective Bargning sdhf]/ eof] . /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] eft[ ;+u7gsf]
?kdf /xg] ePsfn] ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLdf ljeflht eP/ k|:t't x'g] x'gfn] o;sf] kmfObf
Joj:yfksx?n] lng] u/]sf 5g\ .
• cg'zf;glxgtf a9]sf] 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogx?n] ;fd'lxs p2]Zosf nflu geO{ JoflQmut
:jfy{sf nflu;d]t u}/ sfg'gL bjfj lbg] u/]sf] ljutsf] cEof;af6 cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 .

85
 • s]jn ;?jf / a9'jfdf rf;f] lbP . sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / j9'jf k|fjwfgdf dfq Wofg lbg]
/ ;?jfsf] ;dodf dfq s[oflzn x'g] k/Dk/fn] h/f] uf8b} uPsf] 5 . cfsif{s elgPsf
7fpFx?df cfhgf kIfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;?jf ug]{ / ;+u7g ;fy{ JoflQmut :jfy{nfO{ k"/f
ug]{ s;/tdf nfu]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
• ;+u7g / hgtfsf] lxtdf eGbf cfkm\gf] lxtdf s]lGb|t eP . ;+u7gdf cfa4tf b]vfP/
;fd'lxs lxt eGbf JoflQmut lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf pbfx/0fx¿ ljutsf cg'ejaf6
1ft ePsf] 5 . /fd|f elgPsf :yfgdf cfkm} / cfhgf kIfsf lgs6:ynfO{ k7fpg] k|s[of
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
• k]zfut lxt / Joj;flostf a9fpg] Ifdtf 5}g . g]kfndf sd{rf/L sfdbf/x?df k]zfut
Ifdtf sdhf]/ /x]sf] eGg] ;j{q egfO{ 5 . sd{rf/L sfdbf/x¿ ;'ljwf a9fpg dfq tlNng
/xg] t/ cfhgf] Ifdtf j9fO{ pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j9fpg] tkm{ slxn] klg g;f]Rg]
k|j[ltn] k|>]o kfPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
• Negativism – sfg'g tf]8\bf axfb'/L 7fGg] k|j[lQ 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogdf cfa4 eO{ kbef/
u|x0f u/]sfx¿ dWoaf6 g} Joj:yfkgsf pRr clwsf/Lx?nfO{ sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] a]jf:tf
ub}{ hfOnfUg] k|j[lt km:6fpFb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
• ;/sf/ / 6«]8 o'lgog ;xsfo{ ePg . kIf k|ltkIf h:tf eP . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ ;/sf/nfO{
;xof]u ug]{ Ph]06sf] ?kdf k|:t't geO Counter df /xg] / ;/sf/ klg 6«]8 o'lgognfO{
bjfpg p2t /xg] u/]af6 kIf k|ltkIfsf] l:yltdf /x]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
• cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg gx'+bf x}l;ot yfxf ePg . ;j} /fhgLlts kf6L{sf cf–
cfhg} 6«]8 o'lgog /x]sf]n] ;a} 6«]8 o'lgogx?sf] cfkm'nfO{ ;jf]{Rr 7fGg] ;f]r 5 . ;/sf/
cfkm} klg cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf] r'gfj u/fO{ :j:y k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f
ug{ rfx]sf] 5}g\ .
• x8\tfnsf] clwsf/ 5|}g . ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ x8tfn ug{ sfg'gL dfGotf lbPsf]
gePtf klg cfGbf]ngsf c? r/0fx¿ k"/f gub}{ l;w} cfGbf]ngdf hfg] k/Dk/f 5 .
;/sf/n] klg bjfpFbf k'?;fy{ 7fGg] ubf{ s;}sf] klg clei7 k"/f ug{ ;xh aftfj/0f
5}g\ .
• Trade Union sf kbflwsf/Ldf tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cefj 5 . Joj;foLstf j9fpg]
s'g} k|fjwfg g/fvL /fhgLlts lgs6tfsf] cfwf/df pd]bjf/L kfpg] / ;f]lx jdf]lhd
kf6L{sf] dffq sfd ug]{ x'gfn] ;+u7gsf] >Lj[l4df 7f]; of]ubfg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g\ .
g]kfndf 6«]8 o'lgog / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhLn]–
• sfo{ jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ M–M– sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;/sf/ tyf Joj;foLs k|lti7fgx?n] lbg] ;]jf
;'ljwfdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L hLjg wfGg ;Sg] u/L x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf
sd{rf/L sfdbf/x?sf] tnj ;'ljwf blIf0f Pl;ofsf cGo d'n'sx?sf] t'ngfdf Go'g /x]sf]
5 . o;sf/0f Go'gtd cfjZostfsf j:t'x?sf] cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;]jf ;'ljwfdf
lj:tf/ u/L sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fdf;d]t ;'ljwf ;DkGg u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 . o;n]
sd{rf/Lx?sf] u'gf;f] / lk/dfsf{df sdL cfO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g d2t ub{5 .
• cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/ M– M– sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/x?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf lj:tf/
u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf nfufgL j9fpg' cfjZos 5 . cfjf;, lzIff tyf cGo ;'ljwfdf
86
 ;dfgtf NofO{ cj;/x?sf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0fsf] Joj:yfåf/f dgf]jn pRr jgfO{ u'gf;f]df
sdL Nofpg ;lsG5 .
• cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg]
u/fpg M–/f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf jLr ePsf ;Demf}tfaf6
cg'zf;gdf ljsf; u/L sfddf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . cg';fl;t / sfd k|lt k|ltj4
sd{rf/Lx?af6 dfq ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo k"/f eO{ nIfdf k'Ug ;lsG5 .
• pTkfbsTj a9fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf]f M– pTk|]/s tyf cg'zfl;t sd{rf/Lx?af6 dfq sfddf
k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;lsG5 . dgf]jn pRr ePsf sd{rf/Lx?n] dfq ;Lldt >f]t /
;fwgaf6 pRr k|ltkmn xfFl;n ug{ ;S5g\ .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL (Collective Bargaining)
• ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLnfO{ Social Dialogue klg elgG5 .
• Joj:yfks / sd{rf/L lar pTkGg ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ ;fd"lxs 5nkmn u/L ;xdltdf
ul/g] ;Demf}tf g} ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL xf] .
• ;Demf}tf ug]{ / nfu" ug]{ ;+u7g lkR5] km/s km/s k|s[ofx¿ x'G5g\ . 6«]8 o'lgog /
Joj:yfkgsf] d]nldnfksf] k|s[of g} ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL xf] .
• ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLdf b'a}n] b'a}sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug]{ / b'j} ljhoL x'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf
ul/g' kb{5 . b'j}sf] ;kmntfdf g} ;+u7gsf] hLjg sfod /xG5 .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL leq–
leq–
• /f]huf/Lsf] zt{ ;DaGwL ljifo,
• clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL ljifo,
• sd{rf/L lxt / sNof0f ;DaGwL ljifo,
• ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifo
• tna ;'lawf, j[lQ ljsf; / P]g lgod ;DaGwL ljifox¿ kb{5g\ .
hxf+ Trade Union Rights x'G5, Toxf+ Collective Barganing rflxG5 . ;fd'lxs
;f}bfjfhLdf b'O{ kIfsf] ;xefuLtf x'G5 / ;fd'lxs lxtsf nflu b'j}n] sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0fsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 .
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] rfxgf / /f]huf/bftf÷;/sf/sf] k/:k/ lj/f]lw rfxgfnfO{ ;dGjofTds
9+un] Joj:yfkg ug{ Collective Barganing rflxG5 . Collective Barganing df
bjfjd'Qm jftfj/0f, ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f, Give and Take sf] dgl:ylt, ljgf x:tIf]k,
cfk;L ;Demf}tf h:tf tTj cfjZos kb{5 .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf] k|s[ofut Joj:yf
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ljjfb Joj:yfkg ;DalGw vf; Joj:yf 5}g .
• k|zf;lso cbfnt jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 . 6«]8 o'lgog;+u cfa4
sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ k/]sf] lk/dsf{ jf u'gf;f]sf] ljifodf pko'Qm ;dfwfgsf nflu
cfGtl/s

87
 • ljleGg txdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] ;+oGq 5g\ . x/]s sfof{no, ;+ul7t ;+:yf Pjd\ k|lti7fgx?df
s'g} kbdf /x]sf] k|zf;s jf jl/i7 sd{rf/LnfO{ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf tf]Sg]
ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|f/lDes r/0fdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf]df cfhgf] u'gf;f] jf c;Gt'i6L
lnlvt jf df}lvs ?kdf k]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
• lhNnf :t/sf] o'lgogn] k|lhc ;dIf / ljefu :t/sf]n] ljefuLo k|d'v;+u dfu /fVg] . @!
lbgdf ljjfb xn x'g'kg]{ .
• @! lbg leq ljjfb ;dfwfg gePdf ;fdfGo k| d+ df k7fpg] .
• ^) k|ltzt sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;dy{g ;lxt ;f]em} ;fdfGo k| d+ df k7fpg ;lsg] .
• ;fdfGo k| d+ df ePsf] jftf{af6 @! lbg leq ;d:of ;dfwfg gePdf >d dGqfnodf
k7fpg] .
• >d dGqfnodf jftf{ ljkmn ePdf ^) k|ltztn] x8tfndf hfg] lg0f{o ;lxtsf] kq ;lxt
#) lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{ x8\tfndf hfg ;lsg] .
• cTofjZos ;]jf, ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] :yndf x8\tfn ug{ gkfO{g] . h:t} ;'/Iff, jf?0f oGq,
:jf:Yo ;]jf cflb ;/sf/n] cTofjZos ;]jfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf
;do ;dodf ;'rgf k|sfl;t u/L tf]lsPsf ;]jfx¿ klg cTofjZos ;]jfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
• x8\tfn dof{lbt / ;+oldt x'g' kg]{ . sfg'g jdf]lhd x8\tfn ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg jdf]lhd
x8\tfn ubf{ s'g} lx+;fTds jf ljWjG;fTds s[ofsnfkx¿ ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'G5 . olb s'g} cfGbf]ngdf o:tf s[ofsnfkx¿ b]lvPdf To;af6 ePsf] Ifltsf] Ifltk"lt{
cfGbf]ngstf{n] lng' kg]{5 .
• cfly{s dfusf ;DjGwdf d=k= sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] . sd{rf/L sfdbf/x?n] /fv]sf] cfly{s
ljifo h:t} tnj, ;'ljwfsf ;Gbe{df dfu k"/f ubf{ ug]{ lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\df x'G5 .
• ;xdlt ePdf ;Demf}tf >d dGqfnodf btf{ ug]{ / @ aif{;Dd gofF dfu k]; ug{ gkfOg] . s'g}
dfu k"/f ePdf csf]{ To;} k|s[ltsf] dfu b'O{ jif{;Dd /fVg gkfOg] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
• sd{rf/L ;+Vof / 6«]8 o'lgog jLr tfnd]n ePg . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf sl/j *)
xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lx?af6 a9Ldf $ j6f ;Dd 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ jGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
t/ g]kfndf & j6f 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . Ps} sd{rf/Ln] Ps eGbf a9L 6«]8
o'lgogsf] ;b:otf glnO{ o:tf] cj:yf cfpg] b]lvGb}g\ .
• dfu k]; gub}{ x8\tfn ug]{ k|j[lQ 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogx?n] sd{rf/L sfdbf/sf] u'gf;f] jf
lj/f]wsf ljifodf dfu ug]{ ljleGg r/0fx¿ 5g\ . ljleGg txdf u'gf;f] jf lj/f]wsf]
sf/jfxLsf] nflu dfu u/]kl5 klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg gePdf dfq #) lbgsf] clN6d]6d
lbP/ x8tfndf hfg ;Sg] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf jfjh'w tTsfn dfu k"/f geP ;f]em}
x8tfndf pqg] unt k|j[lt g]kfndf cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 .
• Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtfn] wfGg} g;Sg] dfu k]z ug]{ . ;/sf/ jf cfkm" sfo{/t /x]sf] ;+:yfsf]
Ifdtf elnefFlt hfGbf hfGb} Joj:yfkgn] k"/f ug{ g} g;Sg] dfu tyf bfjLx¿ k]z
ul/G5 . sfddf cj/f]w k'Ug] ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng x'G5 . cfGbf]ngsf] cjlw clglZrt egL
3f]if0ff ug]{ sf/0faf6 sL k|lti7fg aGb ug'{ k5{ jf dfu k"/f u/fpg' k5{ . ;Demf}tfdf 6«]8
88
 o'lgogx¿ s'g} cj:yfdf klg kl5 gx6g] x6sf sf/0f g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df jfwf
k'u]sf] pBf]uLx¿ :jod\n] eGg] u/]sf 5g\ .
• 6«]8 o'lgog bnsf eft[ ;+u7g h:tf 5g\ . ;/sf/L tyf ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L Pjd\
sfdbf/x?nfO{ /fhgLlts clei7 k"/f ug]{ :jfy{af6 /fhgLlts bnx?n] cfhgf] bnsf]
eft[ ;+u7gsf] ?kdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|rng 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ sd{rf/L
sfdbf/sf] xs / lxtdf cfjfh p7fpgsf] ;6\6f /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] em08f af]sL To;s}
jsfnt ug{ Jo:t /xG5g\ . /fhgLlts ljrf/sf] k|rf/ ug{ / r'gfjdf kf6L{sf] k|rf/
k|;f/df tlNng x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
• Joj:yfks bjfj geP;Dd pbfl;g /xg] . ;8sdf uP/ ;jf/L cfjfudg aGb ug]{, sfddf
cj1f ug]{ jf cGo bjfj glbP ;Dd g ;/sf/ g t Joj:yfks g} ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
tTk/ x'G5g\ . To;}n] cfGbf]ngdf hfg jfWotf x'g] cj:yf xfd|f]df ljBdfg 5 .
• sfg'g tf]8\g] k|j[lQ 5 . sfg'g tf]8\bf ;fx;L x'g] dfgl;stfn] ubf{ sfg'gsf] jlv{nfk klg
sof} sbdx¿ 6«]8 o'lgogaf6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . b08lxgtfsf] k/fsfi6sf] gd'gf xfdLdf xfjL
5 .
• Joj:yfks ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL d}qL ePg . 6«]8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ klg JolQmut
:jfy{ k|]l/t /fhgLlt u/]sf x'g] / cfhgf] :jfy{ k"/f ePkl5 cGosf] lxtsf jf:tf gug]{
kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
ca s] ug]{ t <
• /fhgLlts / JolQmut :jfy{df 6«]8 o'lgogsf] k|of]u gug]{ .
• ;/sf/n] / 6«]8 o'lgogn] ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
• 6«]8 o'lgogn] dfu k]; ubf{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf / hgtfnfO{ kg{ ;Sg] dsf{nfO{ Wofg lbg] .
• st{Jo ;lxtsf] clwsf/ / ;sf/fTds ;f]+r rflxG5 .
• ;?jf a9'jf afx]ssf ljifonfO{;d]t k|fyldstf lbg' k–of] .
• sd{rf/L ;DjGw ;ldlt u7g ug'{ k–of] .
cGTodf,
6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsf k|lt ;Gtf]if eGbf z+sf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogsf sf/0f
/fhgLlts/0f eof] . sd{rf/Lx¿ ljeflht eP . k]zfut lxt eGbf Joltmut lxtdf Wofg lbP .
Joj:yfkg sd{rf/L k|lt pbf/ ePg . kIf k|ltkIfsf] l:ylt b]lvof] . cfr/0f dxnsf] pn+3g
ul/of] . t;y{ Trade Union / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] at{dfg cEof;df ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M–
!= k|zf;g klqsf – ljleGg c°x?df k|sfl;t n]vx?, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
@= pBf]u / ljsf; – ljleGg c°x?df k|sfl;t n]vx?, pBf]u dGqfno
#= k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg– /fhg vgfn
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^#
%= >d P]g –@)$*
^= 6]«8 o'lgog P]g –@)$( / lgodfljnL –@)%)
&= lghfdlt ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%)

89
 cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df pBf]u dGqfnosf] e"ldsf
-
d]3gfy l/hfn

k[i7e"dL tyf kl/ro

cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; lagf pBf]usf] ljsf; / pBf]usf] ljsf; dfkm{t ;du| d'n'ssf]
ljsf;sf] clei6 k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;8s lj:tf/ / pBf]usf]
kx'Fr :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{, ljB'tsf] ljsf;, phf{ cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglZrttf / sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] pknAwtf
h:tf ljifox¿n] 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ / 7"nf lgdf{0fd"vL pBf]ux¿df j}b]lzs nufgLdf
k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5sf] /fi6« lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ff, o'4af6 u|l;t d'n'sx¿sf] tLj|t/
ljsf;sf] cfjZostf, sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff, lsG;Log cy{zf:qsf] k|efj h:tf ljifox¿n]
;/sf/sf] cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf vf]lhPsf] / x:tIf]k cfjZos x'G5 eGg] dfGotfn] ;/sf/n]
ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;fy;fy} ;du| cy{k|0ffnLdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{,
cy{tGqnfO{ dha't agfpg k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f u/L ;jf{+uL0f ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;/sf/n]
ljsf; k"jf{wf/x¿df nufgL ug'{kg]{ dfGotf cl3 ;fl/Psf] kfOG5 .
;g\ @)&) sf] pQ/fw{ kl5 ljsl;t pbf/jfb / v'nfkgsf] cjwf/0ffn] cy{tGqsf x/]s If]qdf
;/sf/sf] x:tIf]k / lgoGq0fnfO{ sd ub{} clgodg, lghLs/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg
yflnof] . o;sf] k|d'v dfGotf cy{tGqdf 5gf}6sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u/L k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf k|j4{g
ug]{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ PsLs/0f ug'{ lyof] . t/, kof{Kt
k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f eOg;s]sf ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ck]lIft k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
ljsf; x'g g;s]sf], ahf/df cfoftsf] dfqf al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df lgof{t k|j4{gsf ljleGg /0fgLltx¿
k|of]u ug{ yflnof] . o;} ;Gbe{df ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] cEof;x¿sf] l;sf];d]t Ps k|efjsf/L
z}nLsf] ¿kdf lnOof] . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿sf] lgof{t k|j4{g ug{, cy{tGqsf g]t[TjbfoL If]qx¿sf]
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ / nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ 6]sckm
(Take-off) sf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ;du| k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
ljsf;df hf]8 lbg yflnPsf] kfOG5 .
d'n'sdf /x]sf k|fs[lts tyf vfgLhGo >f]tdf cfwfl/t ljleGg k|sf/sf pBf]u vf]Ng k|f]T;fxg ug]{
p2]Zon] pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ b]lv ;~rfng ul/Psf] cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
sfo{j|mdcGtu{t d'Votof lgDg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
-!_ ;8s kx'Fr
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df kx'Fr ;8s sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;8s ljefuaf6
sfo{;~rfng x'g]u/L /fHosf] s/f]8f}+ /sd To; If]qdf nufgL eO;s]sf]n] cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/
ljsf;sf] If]qdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r (Vision) / k|i6 sfo{lbzfsf] cfwf/df cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ cfjZostf
/x]sf] 5 . l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] xsdf ;8s kx'Fr sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;~rfng
ul/Psf] ;xof]u sfo{sf] k|i6 dfkb08 :yfkgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . pBf]uLx¿sf] JolQmut ;DaGw /
rf;f]sf] cfwf/df o:tf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ cufl8 al9/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

-
zfvf clwsf/L, pBf]u dGqfno
90
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tkm{ kx'Fr ;8s sfo{qmd ;8s ljefu;Fusf] ;xsfo{df sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] cj:yf
5 . kx'Fr ;8s sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;8s ljefus} gD;{ / nfut cg'dfg tyf ;DalGwt
pBf]ux¿sf] dfu adf]lhd kx'Fr ;8ssf] nflu nufgL ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfn;Dd o; If]qdf
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 dfq /fHosf] ! cj{ eGbf a9L nufgL eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
kx'Fr ;8scGtu{t xfn l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ dfq k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf]df cfufdL lbgdf
cy{tGqsf Leading Sectors df k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ cl3 a9fO cy{tGqsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;tkm{
/fHosf] Wofg hfg' ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 .
l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] k'xFr ;8s vfgL:yn b]lv l;d]G6 KnfG6 /x]sf] :yfg;Ddsf] nflu lgdf{0f ug]{
ul/Psf]df xfn pBf]uLx¿n] ;8ssf] Track vf]Ng], ;8s lgdf{0f, ;f]sf] :t/f]GgtL tyf u|fe]ln¨ /
kLr ug]{;Ddsf dfux¿ ug]{ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, k|i6 gLltut Joj:yf, kf/bzL{
sfo{z}nLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] cjl:ylt tyf vfgL ;Ddsf] b'/L,
l;d]G6 pTkfbg Ifdtf tyf l;d]G6 pBf]un] k|of]u u/]sf] k|ljlw h:tf ljifox¿n] vfgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg
ul/g] ;'ljwfx¿df Ps¿ktf gx'g ;Sb5 . t;y{, ltgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'ljwf cflbsf] ljifodf
:ki6 dfkb08 tof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
kx'Fr ;8s lj:tf/sf] cj:yf
kx''Fr ;8s sfo{qmdcGtu{t xfn ljleGg l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] vfgL:yn b]lv pTKffbg KnfG6;Ddsf]
kx'Fr ;8s lgdf{0fsf] nflu pBf]u dGqfnon] u/]sf] ;xof]usf] cj:yf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .
o;/L dGqfnon] u/]sf] ;xof]usf] cfwf/df w]/}h;f] pBf]ux¿df sfd ;'? eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg]
s'g} s'g} pBf]ux¿df 7]Ssfk6\6fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
cf=j=2070÷
cf=j=2069÷07
l*lehg ;*ssf] cfof]hgf z'? cfof]hgf sf] 071 nfO{
0 ;Dd vr{
qm=;+= ;*s cfof]hgfsf] gfd ;*ssf] gfd nDafO{ ldlt s"n nfut ljlgof]lht s}lkmot
ePsf] /sd
sfof{no -ls=dL=df_ -cf=j=_ -?=xhf/df_ /sd
-?= xhf/df_
-?=xhf/df_

bfª l;d])^ pBf]u t'n;Lk'/ xfk'/] ltt]n]s &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd

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;*s vfgL ;*s v)* z'? ePsf] .
/f]Nkf l;d])^ sk'/sf]^ lgufnkfgL &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd
2 v 18 2066÷067 292175 98474 50000
pBf]u ;*s sf]Onfrf}/ ;*s v)* z'? ePsf] .
bfª
#f]/fxL l;d])^ &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd
3 u #f]/fxL sd]/]rf}/ v)* 26 2067÷068 375293 122671 60000
pBf]u ;*s z'? ePsf] .
;f]gfk'/ l;d]G^ b'w/f; ;Fu|fd bfª &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd
4 # 25 2067÷068 184702 41912 50000
pBf]u ;*s l%/L ;*s v)* z'? ePsf] .
v:of}nL slG^kf]v/f
- -
l;=lh= l;d]G^ &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd
s bDds ;b]{jf ;ftd'/] 20 2066÷067 471550 56247 20000
5 pBf]u ;*s - - z'? ePsf] .
kfNkf ;*s
&]Ssfk^\^f ;Demf}tf
;jf]{Qd l;d]G^ bf]efg ahf/ v';f{gL x+'b]
6 v 12 2070÷071 80711 0 30000 eO{ sfd z'? ug{
pBf]u ;*s kfn'é d}bfgL ;*s
nfu]sf]] .
&]Ssfk^\^f ;Demf}tf
o'gfO{^]* l;d]G^ k[YjL /fhdfu{ w'gL
7 e/tk'/ s 4.5 2066÷067 52850 18949 20000 eO{ sfd z'? Ufg{
pBf]u ;*s vf]nf ;*s
nfu]sf]] .
gVv' vf]nf ef/b]p uf
la ; j*f g+ 2 /ftf]
ut cf=j=d}
nIdL l;d])^ s/f/} ;*s tyf
8 s 39 2067÷068 95800 35745 10000 &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd
pBf]u ;*s ltgkfg] e~Hofé,
nlntk'/ rfn" ePsf] .
e§]*f+*f uf=lj=;= au'jf,
dfN^f uf=lj=;= ;*s

ef/b]p l;d])^ a'édlt l^sfe}/j /ftf]

9 v 20.16 2068÷069 299650 23235 10000 &]Ssfk^\^f gug]{ .
pBf]u ;*s ssf/f] ;*s

91
 xl^of sfls{
- vf]nf -
lzjd\ l;d]G^ h?jf vf]nf ;*s &]Ssfk^\^f eO{
10 x]^f}*f s 23 2065÷066 306863 130489 25000
pBf]u ;*s lhtk'/ eHof+u rfksL d"Nof°gdf /x]sf]] .
-
;*s
jftfj/)fLo cWoog
dsfn' l;d]G^ lkk/f ay]gL s/]r"nL sfo{sf] sfd
11 lzjk'/ s 30 2068÷069 299430 6283 25000
pBf]u ;*s d}bfg ;*s &]Ssfk^\^f ug{af+sL
/x]sf] .

lgufn] l;d]G^ &]Ssfk^\^f eO{

12 wgs'^f s d"lt{('+uf k/]jflbg ;*s 12 2070÷071 169250 0 30000
pBf]u ;*s d"Nof°gdf /x]sf]] .

s^f/L ahf/b]lv
km"naf/L l;dx/L /f]*
df?lt l;d]G^ &]Ssfk^\^f eO{ sfd
13 hgsk'/ s x+'b} r"g('+uf pTvgg\ 20 2069÷070 124430 7000 30000
pBf]u ;*s z'? ePsf] .
vfgL:yn ;Dd hfg]
;*s
v}/]gL s]/faf/L &]Ssfk^\^f ;Demf}tf
kfNkf l;d]G^
14 a'^jn s em'D;fvf]nf dflxnfrf}/ 30 2070÷071 496750 0 10000 eO{ sfd z'? ug{
pBf]u ;*s
;*s nfu]sf]] .
hDdf 317.66 3626384 630208 390000

@_ ljB'tLo k|;f/0f nfO{g lj:tf/M

phf{ k"jf{wf/ :jod\sf] ljsf; ug{ / ljsf; ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] kl/rfng ug{;d]t ckl/xfo{ ;fwg
xf] . d'n'sdf ljB'tLs/0f ck]lIft dfqfdf eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf Psflt/ ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{gx¿
:yfkgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] ljB't ljt/0f nfO{gx¿sf];d]t cefj 5 .
ljB't k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefjdf 7"nf pBf]ux¿ :yfkgfsf] cfwf/ g} aGg g;Sg] ePsf]n] ljB't k|;f/0f
nfO{g tyf ;a:6]zg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf klxrfg u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g tyf ;j:6]zg lgdf{0fsf] nflu klxnf] r/0fdf l;d]G6
pBf]ux¿sf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0f tyf ;j:6]zg lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fcGtu{t g]kfn
;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgL /xg] u/L o:tf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng tyf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
qm=;+= cfof]hgfsf] gfd xfnsf] l:ylt / d"Vo sfo{x¿
;a:6]zgdf Communication jfx]]s ;Dk"0f{ pks/0fx¿sf] h8fg tyf l;len lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;tk|ltzt k"/f eO{ Testing & Commissioning sfo{{;d]t ;DkGg ePsf] .
s';'d–xfk'/] !#@
!= s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0ftkm{ $& yfg 6fj/ 6fO{k DB, & DC ;fO{6df 8]lne/L eO{;s]sf],
s"n &!–yfg dWo] s"n $@ yfg kmfp08]zgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] tyf 6fj/
6fO{k DA, & DD sf] nflu ;k 6]li6Ë sfo{{ ;DkGg ePsf] .
x]6f}8f !#@ s]=eL
@= ;a:6]zg tyf ;j:6]zg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ Charge ug]{ k|s[ofdf /x]sf]
k|;f/0f nfO{g
ldr}{of–s6f/L !#@ ;j:6]zgsf] sG6«f]n ljlN8ªsf] DPC tyf Pillering sfo{ ;Dkfbg eO{ ljlN8ªsf]
#= lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ eO{/x]sf], sDkfp08 jfn tyf :6fkm Sjf6/ lgdf{0f sfo{
s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g Wall
;lsPsf] / Plaster ug]{ sfd eO{/x]sf]
t'N;Lk'/–sk'/sf]6 ## t'nl;k'/ b]lv sk'/sf]6 ;DDfsf] nfO{g lgdf{0f sfo{sf] k'gM af]nkq cfJxfg eO{ lgdf{0f
$=
s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g sfo{
sf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf], 7]s]bf/af6 ?6 ;e]{If0f ;DkGg eO{ k|ltj]bg
k|fKt ePsf] .
dftflty{–dfN6f ## ;a:6]]zg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lgdf{0f ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ df]lanfO{h];g k]:sL e'QmfgL
%=
s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g ePsf], k|;f/0f nfO{{g lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;e]{If0f sfo{{ e}/x]]sf]

92
 k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0ftkm{ jg tyf hUufsf] nut lng] tkm{ sfo{ z'? ePsf],
^= ndfxL–3f]/fxL !#@ Transformer, Disconnector, Breaker sf] lgdf{0f eO{ Inspection sf] k|s[ofdf /x]sf],
s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g
:6fkm Sjf6/, sDkfp8 jfn lgdf{0f sfo{sf] af]nkq tof/L sfo{ eO{ /x]sf]
dftflty{–gf}la;] ## ;a:6]]zg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lgdf{0f ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ df]lanfO{h];g k]:sL e'QmfgL
&= s]=eL k|;f/0f nfO{g ePsf], k|;f/0f nfO{{g lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;e]{If0f sfo{{ e}/x]]sf]
cfof]hgfsf] ;j]{If0f cWoog sfo{sf] cg'dflgt nfut l:js[t eO{ cfof]hgf ljsf;
;'gjn !#@÷## s]=eL= ljefu;++u pQm sfo{sf] nflu k|:tfa dfUg] sfd ;DkGg ePsf], ;j:6]zg lgdf{{0f
*= ;j:6]zg sfo{{sf] nflu hUuf pknAw u/fpg] ;DjGwdf l;d]G6 pBf]u;Fu aftf{ eO{ hUuf
pknAww u/fpg kxn eO{/x]sf] .
kfNkf !#@÷## ;j:6]zg lgdf{0fsf] nflu hUuf l;d]6 pBf]ux¿af6 pknAw x'g'kg]{ zt{ jdf]lhd
(= s]=eL=;j:6]zg hUufsf] k|:tfj xf;Dd k|fKt gePsf]n] ;e]{If0f cWoog sfo{ cuf8L j9g g;s]sf]] .
xfk'/]–t'lN;k'/ !#@ ;j:6]zg lgdf{0fsf] nflu hUuf l;d]G6 pBf]uaf6 k|:tfj ePsf] t/ k|:tfljt hUuf
!)=
s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfO{g dfgj 3gf j:tL ePsf] If]]qdf kg]{ ePsf]n] j}slNks pkfox¿df 5nkmn e}/x]sf] .

-#_ ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{t ljz]if cfly{s If]q lgdf{0f
;j{{k|yd Go"of]s{, cd]l/sfdf Free Trade Zone (FTZ) sf] ¿kdf ;g\ !(#@ df ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf]
z'?jft ePsf] / klxnf] ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] ¿kdf Puerto Rivo (USA) df !($& df :yfkgf
ePsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] cGt/f{li6«o kl/b[ionfO{ lgofNbf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf #)
b]zdf ;~rflnt ljz]if cfly{s If]q xfn !@) eGbf a9L b]zx¿df ;~rflnt /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;}
ljifonfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)$( / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n]
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fcGtu{t ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8 -;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg_ cGtu{t ;~rflnt d'n'ssf !) cf}Bf]lus
zx/x¿df cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ s'g} g s'g}
lx;fan] ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n vfg] b]lvG5g\ . d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu
;/sf/sf] nufgL / :jfldTjdf ;~rfng ul/g] cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] / cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff
g} ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] cjwf/0ff xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
ljz]if cfly{s If]q tyf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf] ¿kdf gLltut ¿kdf k|efjsf/L Joj:yfsf] l;nl;nf
x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% / cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& af6 dfq o; If]qnfO{ kof{Kt
Wofg lbg yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
æcf}Bf]lus ls|ofsnfknfO{ ;3g ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lgof{td"ns j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] s'g} vf;
Jofj;flos If]q h;df PsLs[t cf}Bf]lus ;]jf, :t/Ls[t cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf ePsf],
nlrnf] >d;DaGwL Joj:yf, nufgLsf] cfsif{0fsf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot;lxtsf] k|f]T;fxgfTds
Joj:yf;d]t /x]sf] ljz]ifLs[t cf}Bf]lus If]q, lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q, lgof{t k|j4{g u[x, :jtGq Jofkf/
If]q;d]tsf] ljz]ifLs[t jf PsLs[t cfly{s ls|ofsnfko'Qm ;+/rgfnfO{ hgfpF5Æ -cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&_

A Special Economic zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that is designed to export goods and
provide employment. SEZs are exempt from federal laws regarding taxes, quotas, FDI-bans,
labour laws and other restrictive laws in order to make the goods manufactured in the SEZ at a
globally competitive price

93
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{j|mdcGtu{t ;8s kx'Fr sfo{j|mddf d"ntM l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn bfË, kfNkf, ¿kGb]xL, lrtjg, nlntk'/, dsjfgk'/, l;/fxf, wg'iff /
c3f{vfFrLsf ljleGg efudf :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng e}/x]sf !& j6f l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf nflu vfgL
/ pBf]u;Dd kx'Fr dfu{ lgdf{0f / ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ .
;8s kx'Fr lj:tf/sf] nflu ul/Psf] k|of; pNn]vgLo /x]sf] ePtfklg xfn;Ddsf] cf};t ef}lts
k|ult @% k|ltZftsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] o; If]qdf yk tLj|tf lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}
xfn;Dd ;8s kx'Frsf] sfo{j|mdn] l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ dfq a9L hf]8 lbPsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf cGo
If]qdf klg ;8s k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ;DefJo l;d]G6 pBf]u :yfkgf :yn;Dd
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t kx'Fr ;8s lgdf{0f / ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ug]{
sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 .
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf]
ljsf;sf] cjfs; (SWOT) ljZn]if0f
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& tyf jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; lagf
cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ;Dej gx'g] ljifonfO{ x[bo+ud u/L cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df
ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ Joj:yfx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/
ljsf;sf] nflu xfn l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ kx'Fr ;8s sfo{qmd tyf ljB't k|;f/sf sfo{x¿
eO/x]sf] cj:Yff 5 . To;}u/L ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿sf] ljsf;sf] nflu d'n'ssf] ljleGg !$
:yfgx¿sf] klxrfg u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]
;'qkft u/]sf] % jif{ ljlt;Sbf o;sf ljleGg ;an, b'j{n kIfx¿sf] ;fy;fy} ljleGg cj;/ /
r'gf}tLx¿sf];d]t dx;'; u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ ;an kIfx¿ M
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; g} d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ dflgg] ;Gbe{df dGqfnon] vf; nufgLsf If]qx¿
x]/L ;'? u/sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf k|of;x¿n] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / pknlAwx¿ lbg
yfn]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f ;/sf/n] k"jf{wf/df u/]sf] nufgL / k|bfg u/]sf
;x'lnotx¿ x'g\ . cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ dWo] l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ul/Psf] ;xof]usf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k d'n's l;d]G6 pTkfbgdf cfudL % jif{ leq cfTd lge{/ eO{ lgof{td'vL aGg ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgx¿df ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
94
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ dWo] ;8s / ljB't h:tf d'Vo If]qx¿nfO{ nufgLsf] If]qsf] ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf]
5 / o; Pilot cjwf/0ffn] d"t{ ¿k kfpFb}5 . ;8s / ljB'tdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL vf]Hg] pBdLx¿sf]
;+Vof lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 of] gd"gf nufgL sfo{qmd ;kmn x'Fb} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf;sf] sfo{n] lgof{tdf k|j4{g ug{ k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
e}/xjf ;]hdf tTsfn pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] u/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] 5 . kfFrvfndf
!))) /f]kgL hUuf ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgfsf] nflu ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ k|fKt
eO;s]sf] 5 .
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;n] cy{tGqsf cGo If]qx¿df klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ yfn]sf] 5 . cGo If]qsf
nufgLstf{x¿n] ;/sf/sf] nufgL tyf e"ldsfsf] dfu ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
d'n'ssf ljleGg !^ l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ k'xFr ;8ssf] nflu /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]df o;}
cfly{s jif{ leq % l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] nflu kx'Fr ;8s lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf
adf]lhd sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] !$ j6fdf 7]Ssf k6\6f ;DkGg eO{ sfd eO/x]sf]] 5 .
-v_ b'a{n kIfx¿ M
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ l;nl;nfdf xfn kx'Fr ;8s / ljB't\ k|;f/ sfo{qmdx¿ l;d]G6
pBf]ux¿df dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . cGo If]qdf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
kx'Fr ;8s lgdf{0fsf] sfo{qmddf l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ s'g xb;Dd ;xof]u ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df :ki6
dfkb08 to ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t kx'Fr ;8s tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf 6«ofs
vf]Ng] b]lv u|fe]n ug]{;Ddsf sfo{x¿df ;xof]u ug]{ ;fdfGo gLlt agfOP tfklg pBf]uLx¿sf] dfu
sfnf]kq] ;8s ul/lbg];Ddsf] kfOPsf]5 .
ljB't\ k|;f/ sfo{qmdcGtu{t k|;f/0f nfO{g / ;a:6]zg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / l;d]G6 pBf]uLx¿sf] hUuf :jfldTjsf] ljjfbn] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g
;s]sf] 5}g .
ljz]if cfly{s If]q lgdf{0fsf] sfo{n] cfjZos ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO;s]tfklg
e}/xjf ;]h ;~rfng sfo{ljlwsf] cefjdf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
ljz]if cfly{s If]q lgdf{0fsf] nflu hUuf vl/b, hUufsf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f h:tf ljifox¿df
cGt/;/sf/L ;dGjo sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M sfe|]sf] xf]S;] l:yt jg If]qsf] hUuf ljz]if
cfly{s If]q lgdf{0fsf] nflu @) s/f]8 ah]6 ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] ah]6 jg dGqfnocGtu{t
/sdfGt/ ul/lbg' k/]sf] 5, cyf{t\, Ps dGqfnon] csf]{ dGqfno;Fu hUuf vl/b ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
-u_ cj;/x¿ M
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;sf] l;nl;nfdf cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd sf]z]9'+uf (Milestone)
aGg] ck]Iffsf] ;fy of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . o;af6 cf}Bf]lus If]qdf Jofks ¿kdf
cu| / k[i7 (Forward and Backward Linkage) sfod x'g] ljifo lglj{jfb 5 .
l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿df eO/x]sf] nufgLaf6 l;lsPsf kf7x¿, k[i7kf]if0f tyf k|efj d"Nof°gsf] cfwf/df
cfufdL lbgdf cy{tGqsf cGo g]t[TjbfoL If]qx¿df k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmd l;sf] (Replication)
aGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿sf] ljsf;n] lgof{thGo pBf]ux¿df nufgL lj:tf/ eO{ lgof{t k|j4{g x'g] tyf
cfoft lgof{t c;Gt'ngnfO{ qmdzM ;'wf/ ub}{ ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf Nofpg] cfwf/e"ld tof/ ePsf] 5 .

95
pBf]u dGqfnosf] s"n k'FhLut ah]6sf] tLg rf}yfO / s"n ah]6sf] Ps ltxfO{ cf]u6\g] u/L o;
If]qdf pBf]u dGqfnon] u/]sf] nufgL tyf klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf 7"nf cfof]hgfcGtu{t kg]{
ePsf]] cfwf/df cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/df /fHon] kof{Kt rf;f] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
-3_ r'gf}ltx¿ M
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ sfo{qmdcGtu{t cy{tGqsf g]t[TjbfoL l;d]G6 pBf]u afx]Ssf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg
u/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df nufgL ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] ;DaGwdf zflAbs cGof]ntf, ;xof]usf] xb / ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf ;DaGwdf
lgodgsf/L lgsfo :ki6 x'g' tyf kfl/eflifs / ;}4flGts :ki6tf cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
kx'Fr ;8s sfo{qmdcGtu{t l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ ul/g] ;xof]usf] xb, ;xof]usf] bfo/f tyf
sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLltut vfFsf aGg g;Sbf AD Hoc Basis df ah]6 ljlgof]hg, yk36
ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu gLltut :ki6tf / gLltut Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L /x]sf] 5 .
l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ vfgL:yn ;Dd kx'Fr ;8s / ljB't kx'Fr -;j:6]zg / k|;f/0fnfO{g_
lgdf{0fdf ul/g] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn, cGo If]qdf k/]sf] cu| / k[i7 ;DaGwsf] cWoog u/L cy{tGqn]
wfGg;Sg] u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf; ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uO/x]sf]5 .
l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;Lw} ;8s lgdf{0f ul/lbg] t/ ljB't k|;f/sf] If]qdf eg] g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0faf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] z]o/ nufgL /xg] u/L ljB't k|;f/ ul/lbg] ljBdfg cj:yfdf
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿df pko'St nufgLsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug'{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 .
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug]{ t <
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;s]df d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] ult tLa|t/ x'g],
cfGtl/s nufgL tyf afXo nufgLsf] cfsif{0f ug{ ;lsg], cfGtl/s cfjZostf k"/f u/L cfoft
k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t k|j4{g u/L d'n'ssf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub{{} qmdzM dn'snfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg
;lsg] x'G5 . cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cy{tGqsf g]t[TjbfoL If]qx¿df nufgL k|j4{g ug'{ h?/L
5 . xfn pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf] cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd log} kIfx¿nfO{
dWogh/ u/L th'{df ul/Psf] xf] . o; sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0faf6 ljBdfg cj:yf cfznfUbf]
b]lvPtfklg ;Gt'i6 x'g] cj:yf eg] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L cy{tGqnfO{ dha't
agfpg b]xfosf sbdx¿ rfNg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
cy{tGqsf r/0fx¿sf] uxg ljZn]if0f u/L pRr cf}Bf]lus nufgL ug'{kg]{ If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{, tL
If]qx¿df nufgLsf] cfjZostf / kl/df0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ . o;af6 cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf If]qx¿
klxrfg x'g uO{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg]5 .
ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo s]Gb|laGb' l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿ ePsf]n] ;f] If]qdf
xfn;Dd ul/Psf] nufgLsf] pknlAw ljZn]if0f u/L l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿df ;/sf/sf] nufgL Jojl:yt
ug{ :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf / dfkb08 tof/ ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ubf{ ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng sfod x'g], nufgLstf{x¿sf] cfsif{0f /xg], cfly{s
xjsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/]/dfq ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{
cufl8 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 .
ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus gLlt tyf jfl0fHo gLltn] ljz]if cfly{s If]q tyf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf]
:yfkgfsf] cfwf/ l;h{gf u/]tfklg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( df kl/dfh{g u/L tL k|fjwfgx¿
;d;fdlos ;dfof]hg ug]{ tyf cGo ;DalGwt sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgLd}qL
agfpg cWofjlws÷;+zf]wg÷gofF sfg'gx¿ th'{df ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

96
 Internalization of MEDEP in to MEDAPA: An
Opportunity and Some Issues
-
Yam Kumari Khatiwada (Baskota)

1. Background:
Micro-Enterprise Development Programme (MEDEP) is a Poverty reduction initiative of
the Government of Nepal(GoN) and the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)
has been implementing in Nepal since 1998 by the financial and technical cooperation of
UNDP. it has been started in 1998 with the tract fund of UNDP as a Piloting Phase in 10
Districts (1998- 2004). In second Phase it has been expanded into 25 districts with the
financial support of UNDP, DFID, AusAID and NZAID (2004 - 2008).Third Phase was
funded by UNDP AusAID and CIDA with the coverage of 38 districts (2008 -2013). Fourth
Phase has been started from August 2013- July 2018 with the revised role and responsibility
of MEDEP with the main objectives of Capacity Development of all the Stakeholders for
the Successful implementation of the internalized program of the government that is Micro
Enterprises Development Program for poverty Alleviation (MEDPPA).
It has a joint funding and the working modality between the government, development
partners (Australian AID) and the local government. During this fourth phase, MEDEP will
be played a technical backstopping and advisory role to support the government's action as
well as strengthen the capacity of District Development Committee, ( DDC), Department
of Cottage and Small Industry (DCSI), Cottage and Small Industry Development Board
(CSIDB) and its local offices, private sectors, and micro-entrepreneurs association to
implement the MEDPA programme in the districts in addition to create some numbers of
micro entrepreneur. Currently MEDEP has been implementing in 38 districts under 8 Area
Program Support Offices by covering all ecological and development reason. Government
has internalized MEDEPA in 50 districts and planning to reach in 75 districts in five years.
The MEDEP districts will graduate in MEDEPA district gradually in five years and
MEDEP will disappeared.

2. Objectives and the Modality of the MEDEP

It is a flagship programme with the main objectives of diversifying the livelihood of Poor
and hardcore poor by creating and promoting micro enterprises through income generating
activities. The beautiful aspect of MEDEP is to address the socially excluded groups (Dalit,
indigenous nationalities and women) to uplift their living standard by establishing them as
successful entrepreneurs. Its model is based on a demand-driven Strategy and an integrated
approach. MEDEP has developed a sustainable entrepreneurship support package in
sequential order covering six steps; complete package of required entrepreneurship skill.
The six cycle integrated process; are as following
a. Social Mobilization for Enterprises Development,

-
Joint Secretary, Ministry of Industry. and National Programme Director, MEDEP

97
 b. Entrepreneurship Development,
c. Technical Skill Development,
d. Access to Micro Credit Service
e. Access to Technology Transfer.
f. Marketing and Business Counseling .
The main strategy for launching micro-enterprise development Programme in the district is
resource potentiality, market demand and people's need. As MEDEP has been internalizing as
MEDEPA, its role and responsibility in fourth phase has been slightly revised as a facilitator,
capacity builder, consultant and also as a supporter to MEDPA implementing agencies rather
than the direct implementer of the program.

Implementation strategy of MEDEP

MEDEP has also developed its support activities and strategy since pre-start up to resilience
stage. the following figure reveals the activities and strategy to promote sustainable micro-
enterprise development.

98
3. Geographical Coverage:
MEDEP has a geographical coverage in all ecological region and development zone. The
following map of Nepal explains its coverage district throughout the country which shows
that in 35 districts there are both MEDEP and MEDPA overlapping each other, in 15
districts there is MEDPPA only and in 3 districts there is MEDEP only. So in 50 districts
MEDPPA is already in operation.

4. Key Achievements of MEDEP

Up to the June 2014, MEDEP has created almost 70,000 micro-entrepreneurs (68%
women) from poor households and created about 62,000 sustainable jobs. Overall, there has
been 512% increase in per capita income among beneficiaries, 73.1% of beneficiary
households have moved out of poverty, and the average MEDEP micro-entrepreneurs have
earned two times more after being engaged in the MEDEP program. The following figure
reveals the major achievement of MEDEP in its three phases:

Figure:4, Target versus progress status of MEDEP (up to December 2013)

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5. Initiation of MEDPPA
Micro-Enterprise Development for Poverty Alleviation (MEDPA) is an internalization of
MEDEP with some revision in its funding and working modality with the objective of
improving income status of poor and hard core people living below the poverty line,
excluded and deprived groups of the society by generating employment and self-
employment opportunities at the local level by using available local resources through
developing entrepreneurship skill.
It has developed an integratered entrepreneurship approach for poverty alleviation which is
similar to MEDEP model. Initially, government initiated MEDPA with its own budget from
fiscal year 2009/10 with the coverage of 18 districts. Currently GoN has expanded it in 50
districts and plans to extend in 75 districts within five years (2016/2017).
6. Some strong aspects and the issues of MEDEPPA
Internalization process of MEDEP into MEDEPA has become a challenges and opportunity
at the same time. There are various positive aspects of the program however some issues
have been raised to be addressed to make the implementation easier and make the
internalization process success.
6.1. Some Strong aspects of the program
As this is an internalization of a tested model by UNDP and the Government of Nepal
since since last 15 years, there are various good and the positive aspects of the
program. Some of the strong aspects have been highlighted below.
6.1.1 Characteristic and the approach of the Program.
Target group of the program (the people living below poverty line), Self
Employment Generation for such group (poor women, youth, dalit and
indigenous class of the society), Local Resource Utilization and inclusion are
some of the fundamental characteristics of the program which are very much in
line with our national goal of reducing poverty and achieving the millenniums
Development goal.
6.1.2 Collaborative Approach: MEDPA has applied an approach to synergize the
program by making collaboration with multi sector stakeholders in centre and
district level. To channelize the approach it has incorporated various
government agencies, private sectors and other development partners in its
institutional mechanism
6.1.3 Integrated Approach: MEDPA has applied the approach of sequential support
to the poor target group. The process is Social mobilization, enterprise
development, Technical skill training, Technology transfer, Micro-credit
facilitation and marketing support along with business counseling.
6.1.4 Demand Driven Approach: MEDPA has incorporated need based, market
potential and local peoples demand driven approach. Based on this approach it
also followed the programme launching modality in the working area based on
resource potentiality, market demand and local peoples need.
6.1.5 Capacity Development: Capacity development is the major part to
institutionalize the programme. Hence, it has developed the modality of
capacity development in micro-enterprise friendly policy formulation,
participatory and result based monitoring, result based subcontracting, integrated
pro-poor focused strategy development, pro-poor public private partnership and
subcontracting, leadership development to the micro-entrepreneurs etc.

100
 6.1.6 Transparency and accountability : To maintain the transparency and
accountability in the government sectors, local bodies and implementing
partners; (Business Service providers) the program capacitate the all
stakeholders in establishing the good collaboration for decision making,
program budgeting, result based monitoring and policy level issues.
6.1.7 Pro-Poor public private partnership (5P's): MEDPA has designed result
oriented approach to establish meaningful and sustainable partnership among
pro-poor, public and private sectors. It helps to optimum utilization of resource.
6.1.8 Sustainability of Enterprise: The target group MEDPA is pro-poor class;
therefore, it supports intensively them in initial stage. However, the aim of
MEDPA is to make the poor micro-entrepreneurs sustainable. Supporting after
3-4 years , MEDPA will decrease the support to those entrepreneurs and take
push up strategy instead of pulling strategy. For this, MEDPA will support in
their individual and institutional capacity building.
6.1.8 Sustainability in Business Development Service Providing: To make
available the sustainable business support services for the micro-entrepreneurs,
MEDPPA has taken strategy to promote strong Business Service Providing
Organization, who will sell the service as per the demand of the entrepreneurs.
6.1.9 Sustainability of Entrepreneur's Association: To make sustain and streamline
the programme, MEDPA has taken strategy to support the Micro-Entrepreneurs'
Association. Development of membership offer, business toolkits, contribution
amount, programme overhead will be the source of Micro-Entrepreneurs'
Association, that helps to sustain the entrepreneurs in longer run.
6.1.10 Result based Sub-contracting: MEDPA has developed a result based sub-
contracting approach to implement the program. Considering the better result in
current scenario, MEDPA has taken this strategy. The DCSI/CSIDB, MEDEP,
Local bodies will focus them in Program planning, budgeting and result based
monitoring rather than implementing directly. The subcontractor will be made
payment by the program only after the satisfactory result against given target.
6.2 Policies and Program Documents
As mentioned in the objective of Industrial policy 2010, MEDEPPA is one of the small
program of reducing poverty under the Ministry of Industry. Government has already
approved some of the strategies and the guideline to internalize MEDEP in to
MEDPPA. The guiding document of MEDPPA implementation is MEDPPA Five
years Strategy Plan(2013-2018), approved by the Cabinet. Similarly, MEDPPA
Operational Guidelines, (2013) approved by the Ministry of Industry is another
implementing tools of the program. At the same time there is MEDEP Fourth Phase
Program Document jointly signed by the Ministry of Industry and the UNDP.
Program is also based on the Public Procurement Act and Regulation and norms of
the Government in its implementation.
6.3 Commitment of Budget for MEDPA:
MEDPA five years strategy document has projected the 5 years budget allocation for
MEDPA. As per the document, the GoN bears 25 percent, Local bodies bears 8 percent
and rest of the 67 percent amount will be contributed by the donors. The following
table reveals the budget projection of MEDPA for five years:

101
 MEDPA, Five years Budget (in '000)
Budget Contribution for five years (2070-71 to 2074-75),
(in '000)
Total Budget GoN Local Bodies Donors
4160,684 1,000,293 347,000 2813,391
100 % 25% 8% 67%

6.4 Institutional mechanism to drive the MEDPA

There are offices of cottage and small Industries in 75 districts as a focal agency to
implement this program. To drive the MEDPPA sustainably, it has been provisioned
institutional mechanism from centre to district and VDC level as follows:
Steering Committee Chairs by Secretary Ministry of Industry accompanied by the
representation of the National Planning Commission, Ministry of Federal Affairs
and the Local Development, Agriculture Development, Forest and Soil Conservation,
Women and Children , Department of Cottage and Small Industry, Cottage and Small
Industry Development Board, Poverty Alleviation Fund, National Micro Enterprises
Federation Nepal, Federation of Nepal Cottage and Small Industry Industrial
Enterprises Development Institute, Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and
Industries including other training institutes, private sectors and the related
development partners.
Similarly, there is an Executive Committee chairs by the joint Secretary of Ministry
of Industry with other stakeholders, BDSPO selection committee chairs by the DG
DCSI or ED CSIDB, UNDP, Australian AID, MOFALD, MOI.
There is MED-PA Unit/Cells in MoI, DCSI and CSIDB at the center and district level
District Enterprise Development Committee(DEDC) Chairs by DDC chief with the
representation of all district level concerned stake holders including the representation
from Indigenous nationality coordination committee, Dalit coordination committee is
one of the very important mechanism with the important responsibility. There is a
Monitoring Sub Committee under the convenership of the Planning, Monitoring and
Administrative Officer of DDC.
Villege Enterprise Development Committee (VEDC) chairs by the chief of VDC
accompanied by the concerned stakeholders is the smallest unit of this model which
starts its planning and programming from the grassroots level.
6.5 Funding through Micro Enterprises Development Fund (MEDF)
The program has provisioned to flow the fund through MEDF. There will be a MEDF
under the DDC. The fund and resources from government, Development Partners and
of local Agencies go to the same basket; MEDF and will channelize it through the
local level offices of cottage and small Industries after getting the approval from
DEDC.
7. Some problems and the Challenges of the Program
As it is a kind of test case of internalization of the donor funded program to the government
own system and this is in the transition phase some confusion and the difficulties have been
seen in its implementation. some of such problems have been highlighted below.

102
 7.1 There are some policy gap between the MEDPPA Strategy, MEDEPA Guideline and
the MEDEP fourth phase document.
7.2 There is some confusion in creating the MEDF in local level.
7.3 Heterogeneous capacity of DDC to allocate and raise the sufficient fund for MEDPA.
7.4 Lack of adequate knowledge and skills of DCSI and CSIDB to internalize the full
fledge package of MEDPA.
7.5 Poor capacity of DEDC to monitor the result based program of MEDPA.
7.6 Independent selection of capable BDSPO.
7.7 Consolidation of MED plan in district level 14 steps planning process.
7.8 Mechanism to streamline the flow of funds from the central government to
decentralized, district level MED activities still needs to be fully realized.
7.9 Poor infrastructure in DCSI and CSIDB to implement the MEDPA program.
7.10 Inadequate trained human resources in district CSIDB and DCSI offices.
7.11 Retaining the trained Enterprise Development Facilitators to implement the MEDPA
program by the BDSPs,
7.12 Receiving of the budget from development partners in scheduled time as provisioned
in MEDPA strategy document.
7.13 Maintaining and minimization of fiduciary risk, transparency and accountability in the
program.
7.14 Creation and channelize the fund through MEDF
8. Way forward:
Some of the issues need to be addressed which has created some difficulties in
implementation of the program specially the creation of MEDF, gaps between the policy
documents of MEDPA and the MEDEP fourth phase documents, the issue of funding gaps
of the programs, BDSPO selection etc.
To address such issues following steps should be started carefully and timely.
8.1 Coordinate with the Ministry of local Development to creat and operatiolize MEDF in
the district level.
8.2 Thoroughly review of the policy documents( MEDEPA Strategy , MEDEPPA
guideline) of the government and the MEDEP fourth phase document to avoid the
confusion and the obstacle in implementation level.
8.3 Organize a meeting and explore the agenda with the development partners to look for
the potentials donors and funding for the MEDEPA to bridge the funding gap of the
program.
8.4 Quickly assess the capacity of DDC, CSIDB/DCSI, DMEGA and BDSP in the district
by mobilizing short term consultant to address the capacity gap of such organizations.
8.5 Organize frequently review meeting by incorporating centre and district level
stakeholders on the status of fund raising and resource generation in the district as per
the programme strategic document and plan.
8.6 Thoroughly orient and mentor the district level political parties, DDC and other public
and private stakeholders.
8.7 Recruit the staff in the district level DCSI and CSIDB offices as per stated in the
human resource plan in MEDPA strategy document.

103
 8.8 Thoroughly orient the staffs of DCSI and CSIDB along with other DEDC stakeholders
regarding MEDPA model, result based subcontracting approach, participatory and
result based monitoring process.
8.9 Develop more than one capable BDSPs in the districts to provide sustainable service.
8.10 Involve the staff of DCSI/CSIDB along with MEDEP to consolidate the MED plan in
district level 14 steps planning process.
8.11 Plan the sufficient budget for developing the infrastructure in DCSI and CSIDB to
implement the MEDPA programme.
8.12 Initiate to implement the incentive package and exposure to the staffs involved in the
programme based on their performance. Likewise, apply punishment system as
provisioned in Guideline.
8.13 Strictly implement the feedback of sub monitoring committee as well as internal,
external and third party monitoring to minimize fiduciary risk and maintain
transparency and accountability.
8.14 Organize steering committee meeting, executive committee meeting and DEDC
meeting frequently as provisioned in the strategy document and guideline.
8.15 Formulate Sub-contracting policy that helps to link the micro and small entrepreneurs
to big business houses and maintain buy back guarantee.

References
Industrial Policy 2010, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Industry, Five years MEDPA Strategy, 2013,
Approved by the Cabinet.
MEDPA Guideline, Approved by Ministry of Industry .
MEDEP fourth Phase Documents.
Progress Reports of MEDEP, up to 2014, June.

104
Nepal’s Export Trade, Supply Side Constraints
And National Trade Integration Strategy 2010
-
Rabi bhattrai

Background
There is high interdependency between export trade, industry and agriculture. Industry and
agriculture are the major suppliers of products for domestic consumption and international trade.
Trade provides incentives of expanded market and high profit for the producers, which
encourages the existing producers to expand, diversify and add value to their production and to
the enthusiastic new producers to enter into production. It also avails state of art technology
through imports and helps to attract Foreign Direct Investment by availing expanded
international markets. Whereas, surplus production, make merchandise trade (export) possible.
This is true for Nepal as well. On the one hand, Nepal does not have sufficient agricultural and
industrial production for domestic consumption as well as for export, and, on the other hand, it
does not have sufficient industrial and technological base to further add value on imported
products and re-export them. The re-exporting is also hindered by Nepal’s land locked situation
and its long distance from sea which, in the course of importing and exporting, incur extra costs,
time and many other procedural complexities. Consequently, Nepal is suffering from high
import growth and creeping export, resulting in ever widening trade gap.

Current trade scenario

Nepal’s current trade scenario does not raise hope. The import is skyrocketing while export
growth is sluggish. The value of total export does not cover the value of import of even one
single product i. e., Petroleum product. As a result, economic dependency is ever growing. The
following tables explain the trend of Nepal’s foreign trade:
Table 1
Total Trade Export-import
Export Import
Trade Deficit Ratio
F. Y. 2008/09 68. 60 291. 00 359. 00 222. 40 1:4. 2
F. Y. 2009/10 60. 95 375. 61 436. 56 314. 66 1:6. 2
F. Y. 2010/11 64. 56 397. 54 462. 10 332. 97 1:6. 2
F. Y. 2011/12 74. 09 498. 16 572. 25 424. 07 1:6. 7
F. Y. 2012/13 77. 35 601. 21 678. 56 523. 86 1:7. 8
(5 Year’s average) (12. 75%) (106. 60%) (89. 01%) (135. 55%)
Source: TEPC

-
under secretary, ministry of commerce & Supply
105
 Share of Nepal in World merchandise trade, 2012 %
Export 0. 003
Import 0. 028

Growth rate %
Growth rate of GDP, 2069/70 10. 8
Growth rate of Total Trade, 2069/70 18. 6
Growth rate of Export, 2069/70 4. 4
Growth rate of Import, 2069/70 20. 7
Source: LDC Report 2013, TEPC and self calculation

From the figures it is obvious that in the last 5 years the total trade has increased by around 89
%, in which, import has contribution of around 106%, while export has shown very sluggish
growth, i. e., of only around 13 percent. In fact, in 2009/10, it even reduced by around 11
percent. Nevertheless, in the last fiscal year export grew by 4. 4 percent while import grew by
20. 7 percent. Moreover, in the total export value, only 15 products contributed around 69%, the
rest of products covered only 31% which indicates the extreme concentration of export to few
products. This makes the export trade highly vulnerable to global economic shocks. The
situation is worse when comparing country wise trade data, i.e. 67% of total export and 66. 2%
of total import are with India. The statistics also shows that the contribution of export to total
trade has been declining over the years, i.e., it was 19.1 % in 2008/09 which declined to 11.4 %
in 2012/13 while imports’ contribution to total trade was 80. 9 % in 2008/09 which increased to
88. 6 % in 2012/13. Consequently, the trade gap has been increasing tremendously. In the last 5
years the trade deficit has increased by around 136 percent and the export import ratio has also
increased massively, i. e., to 1:7.8 in FY 2012/13 from 1:4.2 of FY 2008/09. In addition,
frequently fluctuating and sluggish export growth but immense increment in import, especially
of final consumer goods, have created alarming economic situation in the country. The ever
widening trade gap is putting extreme pressure on the national economy and foreign exchange
reserve. But, due to substantial remittance, tourism income and foreign grant and loan; foreign
exchange reserve is at the satisfactory level. The current foreign exchange reserve can afford the
payment of around 10 months’ import which is quite comfortable situation for the economy.
However, in the new international economic model, increasing import is not a challenge at all.
Rather, in the long run, it may also contribute to huge increment in export. Nowadays, many
countries import raw materials, machineries and intermediate products in large volumes, add
value in them by further processing and then, they re-export them. In this new trade model, the
traditional way of producing holistic domestic products or developing complete value chain by
one company or country is getting less importance. Rather, many companies of many countries
or one multinational company, having production and sales chains in many countries, work
together on the same products. They are involved in different stages of value chain development
of the same products in accordance to their competitiveness and comparative advantage. The I-
phone sets best example in this regard. An I-Phone produced in China assembles accessories
produced in 48 countries. Thus, the new value chain development process has set a new trend for
global production and trade. It has globalized the production process which brings out high

106
quality and low cost products by the maximum efficient use of resources available anywhere in
the world. The new trend highly emphasizes on the global competitiveness and comparative
advantage of products. Countries produce and export only those products in which they have
high competitiveness and comparative advantage. Because of the internationalized nature of
products, the products automatically expand their market in the countries where the value chain
processes were completed at different stages. It creates win-win situation for all the
stakeholders. Thus; many countries which do not have sufficient agro, mining and other natural
resources; also have been able to develop their industrial base by importing such products
including semi finished intermediate products and further processing and assembling them with
the help of financial as well as advanced human and technological resources which they have in
abundance, e.g. Singapore, Hong Kong etc. The Nepalese business sector also has adopted this
practice to some extent, e.g., Nepal imports enormous quantity of iron and steel products and
after further processing, exports them. Iron and steel products are the second largest import of
Nepal while they are the first largest export also. Similarly, the garment industry imports
everything related to the industry, such as, cotton, sewing machine, buttons and threads, and
stitches them in Nepal and exports. There are some other products which follow the suit.

COMPARISON OF TOTAL EXPORTS OF SOME MAJOR COMMODITIES

In '000 Rs
F . Y . 2010/11 F . Y . 2011/12 F . Y . 2012/13 Annual Change % in value
S .N. Commodities Unit Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value compared to previous year

F .Y.2011/12 F.Y.2012/13
1 Woolen Carpet Sq . Mtr . 833,409 4,920,085 684,455 6,001,657 528,611 5,660,341 22 . 0 -5 . 7
2 Readymade Pcs . 17,084,925 4,084,040 13,263,015 4,059,964 11,804,471 3,824,297 -0 . 6 -5 . 8
Garments
3 Hides & Skins Sq . ft . 16,759,063 801,648 16,653,950 1,039,714 16,326,467 1,237,932 29 . 7 19 . 1
4 Lentils Kg . 37,425,040 3,349,101 33,151,322 2,677,970 21,961,195 2,677,319 -20 . 0 0.0
5 Cardamom Kg . 4,821,971 2,043,716 5,311,393 3,496,733 5,102,811 3,849,995 71 . 1 10 . 1
6 Tea Kg . 10,532,633 1,549,891 9,198,080 1,573,651 10,708,598 2,043,220 1.5 29 . 8
7 Ginger Kg . 13,238,723 281,949 23,941,159 507,590 62,843,364 1,332,453 80 . 0 162 . 5
8 Vegetable fats and Kg . 2,111,794 202,454 2,168,562 238,117 1,810,862 146,771 17 . 6 -38 . 4
oil
9 Noodles, pasta and 702,567 603,021 601,396 -14 . 2 -0 . 3
like
10 Medicinal Herbs 710,593 805,371 1,272,947 13 . 3 58 . 1
11 Essential Oils Kg . 31,939 82,032 37,400 76,851 64,202 87,037 -6 . 3 13 . 3
12 Juices 1,348,507 3,072,512 3,806,099 127 . 8 23 . 9
13 Dentifrices 980,850 1,085,598 937,448 10 . 7 -13 . 6
(toothpaste)
14 Yarns ( Polyester, 5,545,075 6,320,684 5,835,539 14 . 0 -7 . 7
Cotton and others)
15 Textiles 3,701,384 5,217,213 5,399,932 41 . 0 3.5
16 Woolen and 1,635,629 1,908,766 2,179,794 16 . 7 14 . 2
Pashmina shawls
17 Jute bags and 2,112,879 2,342,476 2,545,345 10 . 9 8.7
sacks
18 Cotton sacks and 639,297 568,985 522,188 -11 . 0 -8 . 2
bags
19 Hats and 640,270 687,616 591,965 7.4 -13 . 9
headgears

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20 Handicrafts 521,935 397,043 530,318 -23 . 9 33 . 6
( Painting,
Sculpture and
statuary)
21 Nepalese paper 456,214 566,430 549,866 24 . 2 -2 . 9
and paper
Products
22 Articles of silver 388,355 226,310 194,111 -41 . 7 -14 . 2
jeweler
23 Flat rolled Kg . 36,678,484 3,031,827 24,544,535 2,409,130 28,826,052 2,513,504 -20 . 5 4.3
products of iron or
non-alloy steel, of
a width of 600mm
or more, plated or
coated with
corrugated zinc
24 Flat rolled product Kg . 37,933,605 3,251,178 36,117,991 3,562,484 14,217,762 1,322,872 9.6 -62 . 9
of iron or non
alloy steel, of a
width 600mm or
more plated coated
with zinc
25 Wire of iron or Kg . 23,972,890 1,777,830 29,822,341 2,459,047 32,834,978 2,732,414 38 . 3 11 . 1
non-alloy steel
26 Tubes, pipes and Kg . 28,901,666 1,642,720 35,120,788 2,353,348 54,974,287 3,571,119 43 . 3 51 . 7
hollow profiles of
iron and steel
27 Copper and 1,677,159 1,691,689 1,636,940 0.9 -3 . 2
articles thereof
28 Meat and edible 45,083 365,045 711,406 709 . 7 94 . 9
meat offal
28 Others 16,438,176 17,774,045 19,036,141 8.1 7.1
Total 64,562,444 74,089,060 77,350,709 14 . 8 4.4

Source:- Trade & Export Promotion Centre (Provisional)

Note: 15 (4 iron products considered as one) products cover export worth Mrs. 53442062 which is
53442062/77350709=0. 6909059101191 69. 09% of total export in 2012/13

COMPARISON OF TOTAL IMPORT OF SOME MAJOR COMMODITIES

(Provisional) In '000 Rs.
Annual Change %
F.Y. F.Y. F.Y.
S.N. Commodities compared to previous year
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13
F.Y. 2011/12 F.Y. 2012/13
1 Gold 10,720,989 25,773,887 26,009,969 140 . 4 0.9
Iron & Steel and products
2 42,173,356 49,644,704 57,407,785 17 . 7 15 . 6
thereof
3 Copper and articles thereof 2,713,827 3,935,748 4,058,131 45 . 0 3.1
4 Aluminum and articles thereof 2,930,103 3,626,370 5,452,184 23 . 8 50 . 3
5 Zinc and articles thereof 1,885,275 2,668,535 2,467,319 41 . 5 -7 . 5
6 Machinery and parts 26,650,497 26,340,288 33,441,134 -1 . 2 27 . 0
Electronic and Electrical
7 19,292,154 21,307,024 23,372,669 10 . 4 9.7
Equipments
Transport Vehicles and parts
8 24,228,688 23,916,218 32,300,773 -1 . 3 35 . 1
thereof
Telecommunication
9 10,672,175 10,188,830 13,995,983 -4 . 5 37 . 4
Equipment and parts

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10 Aircraft and parts thereof 1,916,311 1,632,262 2,300,030 -14 . 8 40 . 9
11 Rubber and articles thereof 2,630,139 3,643,026 4,901,068 38 . 5 34 . 5
12 Cotton ( Yarn and Fabrics) 2,771,162 3,547,604 4,373,118 28 . 0 23 . 3
Man-made staple fibers
13 4,767,580 8,010,800 8,711,057 68 . 0 8.7
( Synthetic, Polyester etc)
Articles of apparel and
14 6,372,824 7,852,395 8,990,286 23 . 2 14 . 5
clothing accessories
Wool, fine or coarse animal
15 2,090,309 2,524,017 2,723,533 20 . 7 7.9
hair
16 Cereals 5,030,478 13,413,363 20,923,444 166 . 6 56 . 0
Low erucic acid rape or colza
17 2,415,852 2,696,172 2,541,617 11 . 6 -5 . 7
seeds
18 Crude palm Oil 3,982,498 3,698,380 3,432,460 -7 . 1 -7 . 2
19 Crude soybean oil 8,115,443 10,131,122 10,909,747 24 . 8 7.7
20 Pharmaceutical products 11,725,083 13,718,169 15,211,298 17 . 0 10 . 9
21 Chemicals 4,807,676 6,159,903 6,967,115 28 . 1 13 . 1
22 Cement 4,639,161 3,471,213 3,941,956 -25 . 2 13 . 6
23 Cement Clinkers 8,066,303 6,904,343 5,993,044 -14 . 4 -13 . 2
24 Fertilizers 6,192,188 9,503,137 16,478,583 53 . 5 73 . 4
25 Polythene Granules 6,367,676 10,897,876 12,508,571 71 . 1 14 . 8
Industrial mon-ocarboxylic
26 1,968,142 1,857,906 2,346,919 -5 . 6 26 . 3
fatty acid

27 Petroleum Products 75,758,276 97,039,163 28 . 1 14 . 5

111,127,152
28 Others 96,651,777 28 . 4 27 . 6
124,058,619 158,320,579

Total 397,535,942 498,161,074 25 . 3 20 . 7

601,207,525
Source:- Trade & Export Promotion Centre

Supply side constraint

The average economic growth rate of Nepal for last half decade is around 4 percent which is
much lower even in the average LDC standard, i.e., more than 5 percent. The Istanbul Program
of Action of LDCs has fixed 7 percent growth rate for LDCs for the next decade for their
graduation from the LDC status. Similarly, the growth rate of industry and agriculture are
minimal in FY 2012/13, i.e., 1.3 % and 1.5% respectively. The contribution of agriculture to
GDP in FY 2012/13 is 34.3% while industry contributed by merely 6.2%. Thus, the overall
performance of the national economy is not satisfactory at all. Low economic growth rate,
traditional agriculture with low production and productivity, low and declining contribution of
manufacturing sector in the economy are causing scarcity of products for both domestic
consumption and export. Low production generally implies low investment, small scale of
production and traditional method of production. All of these factors contribute to increased cost
and time on the one hand and lower the quality on the other, causing less demand in the
international markets. In this way, the conclusion may be drawn that the major problem of
Nepal’s foreign trade is, inter alia, mainly inadequate availability of products for domestic
consumption and export which causes more import and less export. The supply side constraint
has been created due to several reasons. Most important of them are as following:

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1. Economic infrastructure:
The basic requirement for development, both industrial and agricultural, is well developed
infrastructure, such as rail and roadways, electricity, irrigation facilities, air and sea ports. Most
of these infrastructures in Nepal are very scanty due to various reasons, such as, due to difficult
mountain terrain of the country developing roads and railways are technically complicated and
financially very expensive. Therefore, Nepal, because of its financial and technical limit cannot
afford to develop them immediately and abundantly. Although, significant progress have been
made over the years in this regard, they are still not enough. A lot more needs to be done.
Similarly, air transport is expensive for the cargo of goods so it cannot be used as a means of
transport in normal times and for normal goods. The low volume and high value products can be
exported through the airports, but Nepal’s only international airport is very congested and is
suffering from inadequacy of modern facilities. The smooth functioning of air cargo needs
immediate construction of new spacious and modern airport, which, though planned, is not being
implemented in action due to various reasons. Although, there is high potentiality of developing
hydro electricity and irrigation facilities in the country, due to political instability, limited
technical and financial resources in public and private sectors, low priority of the government in
practice, these potentialities could not be utilized in an appropriate way. As a result, only a very
small chunk of cultivable land is well irrigated resulting in low productivity and production in
agriculture. Similarly, due to acute shortage of electricity, the country is suffering from around
12 hours a day outage which; in addition to increasing imports of petroleum products, generators
and their accessories, UPS and their accessories and other alternative energy equipments; has,
along with polluting the environment, increased cost of production and also reduced the
availability of time for production . Hence, the outcome is low production with low quality and
high cost.

2. Poor financial and technological base:

Nepal is a resource poor Least Developed Country with limited financial and technical resources
in both private and public sectors. As a consequence, it neither has been able to identify the
highly potential new products for production and export, nor it could sufficiently invest in
various productive sectors that are already identified as economically viable. Moreover, the
modern trade is highly dependent on modern technology. The state of art technology used in
facilitating trade significantly increases its efficiency and competitiveness. The use of modern
technology gadgets, not only enhance the competitiveness and comparative advantage of trade
but also enhance the quantity and quality of trade, e.g. production and export of ICT products
and services . But due to its technological backwardness and financial limit, Nepal neither could
use state of art technology in a normal way, nor could it make big investments in manufacturing
and agriculture sector. Hence, the production is carried through traditional method and in small
scale which reduce the benefits of scale and quality of products making them uncompetitive on
both the grounds, i.e., quality standard and cost. In addition, due to less conducive business
environment, small size of market, long transit route and many other constraints, FDIs also have
not been attracted in the country to the satisfactory level . Due to less priority for research and
development and also to application of modern technology; most of the production processes are
primitive resulting in low productivity as well as low production. Consequently, fewer products
are available for domestic consumption and export. The small scale of production incurs high
per unit cost and the quality of production is also compromised to some extent due to small scale
and high cost. To address the problem, the government needs to emphasize upon technology
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transfer, use of advanced technology in production process and in trade facilitation. It, in
coordination with the business community, should work on research and development.

3. Inadequate and inefficient human resource:

Nepal is also suffering from inadequate human resources in terms of both numbers and quality.
There is contradiction emerging in Nepal’s labor economy. More than 526000 youths enter the
labor market every year. There is no satisfactory job for them in the domestic market. Hence,
there is massive outflow of Nepalese youths abroad in search of job. But, in the same time the
domestic agriculture and manufacturing sectors have started to suffer from the unavailability of
human resources. This has adversely impacted the quality and quantity of domestic production.
In last few decades a new trend has been set in the Nepalese economy, i.e., the highly educated
human resources seek to migrate to developed countries for further studies and white collar jobs
while the unskilled and semi skilled labors leave the country mostly for Malaysia, Korea and the
Middle East in search of blue collar jobs leaving the domestic economy in the acute scarcity of
workers. According to the official statistics currently around 3 million Nepali youths are
working abroad excluding India. This new trend has long term adverse impacts on Nepalese
economy as well as society. On the one hand, the productive sector is suffering from the
insufficiency and inefficiency of working hands which has reduced the production and
productivity of domestic productive sectors. The rural area and the agriculture sector are the
most victim of it. On the other hand, the migrant workers are suffering very inhumane working
and living conditions abroad which have been humiliating the workers as well as the nation
itself. In many cases the social and family threads also have been seen broken. Furthermore, the
families of migrant workers leave their village and move to urban areas for better education of
their children and for better living standards which creates further scarcity of working hands in
rural areas and agriculture while urban unemployment rate increases. Lastly, these youths will
spend their productive life abroad working for the development of the host countries and, when
they will grow old and incapable to work, will return back home as old age pension holders that
will add economic and social burden to the national economy . The domestic economy will have
to bear the cost of their social security from the national coffer. Moreover, one of the main
reasons of excessive increment in the import is large remittance income. In fact the remittance
has two types of impacts on import; first, as the youths leave the country, there is scarcity of
manpower in terms of both quality and quantity in the productive sectors which reduces the
quantity and quality of domestic production necessitating additional imports for the satisfaction
of existing demand, and second, the remittance income generates excessive new demands for
imported consumable goods. Both of these factors are putting high pressure on imports

4. Non Tariff Barriers (NTBs):

The fourth indirect reason for creation of supply side constraint is NTBs. In the present day
international trade practices, the governments, due to their membership in the WTO, have
avoided to take recourse of tariff barriers to protect their domestic production. Instead, they use
several types of complex technical barriers in the excuse of health and quality standards,
security, moral and environment exceptions; some of which are real concerns, while the others
are just fake technical protections to their domestic products. To counter these protections the
exporting countries need to issue certificates at the international standard guaranteeing that there
are no such anomalies in their export products. But, for the issuance of such certificates, they
need to develop quality infrastructures at global standard. Many resource poor countries, like

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Nepal, lack the technical and financial resources for the development of such infrastructures. As
a result, the private sector and the governments in such countries do not try to expand production
of such products which require quality certificates for export. Nepal has been suffering from
such problems time and again. The problem of certification has discouraged the business sector
to expand even their economically most viable export products. In many cases the Nepalese
private companies have suffered loss because of the unexpected rejection of their products by
the importing countries on the basis of quality standard. The case of honey may be cited as one
of the many examples. Nepal had been exporting honey few years ago to Norway worth millions
of rupees. After EU adopted a common guideline for all of its members requiring residue free
certification for importing agricultural products including honey, the export of Nepalese honey
collapsed immediately because Nepal lacked the mechanism for issuing such certificates. The
Nepalese farmers were great victim of it. They stopped the bee farming. Consequently, honey
production, since then, has dropped substantially in Nepal.
Similarly, many of the developed and developing countries have in principle provided duty free
quota free market access to all products of all LDCs. Therefore, Nepal, as a LDC, also has duty
free quota free market access for its products in those countries. But Nepal, in the absence of
internationally recognized quality standard certification mechanism, has not been able for the
optimum utilization of those market access facilities. Many of the importing countries have not
even open market access for many of Nepali products on that ground. The government is trying
to solve the problems by developing various types of quality infrastructure. A draft accreditation
bill is under the process of parliamentary approval. Once it is enacted by the parliament a major
problem will be sorted out. In parallel, the government has launched various projects to establish
new and improve several types of existing laboratories in different parts of the country including
in Nepal Bureau of Standards and Measurement. The private sector is also coming very
aggressively in this regard. Some parameters of certain export potential products have been
accredited by some public and private laboratories with the Indian Standards which have
allowed those products to be exported to India. This will certainly encourage the business sector
to expand their production. However, the government needs to do more, in particular to get
priority approval of Accreditation act at the earliest and then immediate implementation of it.

5. Market access and promotion:

Nowadays, the global market is available for everyone. The needs are to comply with certain
global trade rules and to negotiate with the host governments to fix the rule of game in favor of
one’s product. In fact it is negotiation that decides the terms and conditions of market. In case of
Nepal it is easier as the WTO provisions provide more flexibility to the LDCs in their favor.
Most of the developed countries have already provided duty free quota free market access to all
products of all LDCs. Many of the developing countries are also on the same track. On this
basis, at least in theory, Nepal, as all other LDCs, does not have market scarcity. Nepal can sell
all of its products in the international markets. But in practice, it is not happening and the reason
is there are several terms of conditions set for LDCs import in those countries. The need of the
hour is to negotiate with the trade partners to soften their terms and conditions on rules of origin,
standard, health and environmental requirements and other stringent conditions along with
enhancing its capacity to meet the requirements of importing countries. If the market is ensured
in this way, the private sector will be encouraged to produce more and export more.

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Another lacuna of Nepali export is less market promotional activities. In the absence of market
promotion, there is less demand for Nepali products which discourages the business sector to
expand production. Nepal is famous in the world as a unique high mountainous country. This
carries a brand name in itself. There is good fame of Nepali products, especially agricultural,
non timber forest, handicrafts and traditional medicinal products in the global market. But Nepal
has not been capable to reap optimum benefit from this comparative advantage. It is because of
the less priority on market promotion activities by the private sector and the government and
also because of the small scale of production and limited financial resources in both the sectors.
Therefore, both the business sector and government need to work together to launch aggressive
market promotion activities in the international market and to substantially expand its production
base to benefit from the large scale of production in terms of both increased export and reduced
cost.

6. Less Conducive Business environment:

The business environment of Nepal is not very business conducive. The long political transition,
frequent changes in the government, frequent general strikes in the country, especially in
industries, poor labor relations, lack of corporate culture, extortions and intimidations, frequent
road blocks disturbing ‘Just in Time Delivery Mechanism’ and uncertainties and low
transparency in government offices are normal business environment in the country which
discourage the business entrepreneurs and investors, in particular the foreigners. As an extreme
result, even the domestic business persons and investors are not enthusiastic to operate business
in Nepal. Many local as well as foreign reputed businesses even closed down their operations in
Nepal in last one and half decade. This tendency has caused reduction in production, in
particular, in manufacturing sector.
All these factors have contributed to supply side constraint not only in terms of low production
and productivity but also in terms of delivery mechanism, per unit cost and quality of products.
Hence, the government, in collaboration and cooperation with private sector and development
partners, need to act immediately and effectively to address these problems and enhance and
expand domestic economy as well as foreign trade.

National Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS)

Keeping in view all the above considerations and in particular, the dismal performance of
overall economy; poor capacity for the optimum utilization of the preferential market access
opportunities created by the accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) and various other
regional and bilateral trade agreements (RTAs); poor mainstreaming of trade; slow pace of
export growth and immensely growing trade deficit over last few fiscal years; poor
implementation of Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) 2004 and needs of updating it as
per the changed context; and need to bring back the overshadowed economic agenda in the fore
front in the prevailing political transition and, most importantly, to remove the supply side
constraints of export trade, by enhancing the production of highly export potential products, in
terms of both quantity and quality, the Government of Nepal with the technical and financial
assistance of Enhanced Integrated Framework Mechanism of World Trade Organization (WTO)
conducted an intensive diagnostic study of Nepal’s Trade situation. The study was named as
National Trade Integration Study (NTIS). In fact, it is a comprehensive review and update of
DTIS 2004. The NTIS made in depth analysis of prevailing trade scenario of Nepal and

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identified major trade barriers, viz. supply capacity constraint; market negotiation efficiency,
Non Tariff Barriers and capacity for mobilizing foreign resource. It also identified 19 + 5 highly
export potential products and services, their weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats
(SWOT Analysis) and their possible top ten markets. On the basis of the study, it has set long
term goal and objectives for Nepal’s trade capacity enhancement. It also prepared an Action
Matrix to address the above problems and to enhance the national capacity to trade. The Action
Matrix contained altogether 256 Actions of which 85 actions belong to Cross Cutting issues and
remaining 171 actions are Product Specific.
The study report was completed in 2010 and the Government in the same year approved and
adopted it as its midterm (3-5 years) trade strategy. After the government’s adoption of it as a
midterm trade strategy, it has been renamed as “National Trade Integration Strategy 2010”.
Currently it is under implementation in the same status.
The NTIS has identified 19 products as highly export potential products and five other potential
products on the basis of the following four criterions, i.e., prevailing export performance, world
market conditions, domestic supply conditions and socio economic impacts.

Table
The list of NTIS Products
Agro Food Processing
1 Cardamom 2 Ginger 3 Honey
4 Lentils 5 Tea 6 Noodle
7 MAPs

Crafts and Industrial Goods

8 Hand Made Paper 9 Silver Jewellery 10 Iron & Steel
11 Pasmina 12 Wool Products

Services
13 Tourism 14 Labor Services 15 IT & BPO
16 Health Services 17 Education 18 Engineering Services
19 Hydro electricity

Exports of NTIS Products

Value 000 Rs.
Products 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 Change %
(2008/09 2009/ 2010/1 2011/ 2012/1
(2009/10) (2010/11) (2011/12)
(2012/13) 10 1 12 3

Cardamom 1,343,571 1,171,597 2,043,716 3,496,733 3,849,995 -12. 8 74. 4 71. 1 10. 1

Lentils 5,660,781 3,744,922 3,349,101 2,677,970 2,677,319 -33. 8 -10. 6 -20. 0 0. 0

Tea 1,240,864 1,195,318 1,549,891 1,573,651 2,043,220 -3. 7 29. 7 1. 5 29. 8

114
Medicinal Herbs 758,307 440,463 710,593 805,371 1,272,947 -41. 9 61. 3 13. 3 58. 1

Ginger 403,468 456,014 281,949 507,590 1,332,453 13. 0 -38. 2 80. 0 162. 5

Noodles, pasta and like 835,314 675,005 702,567 603,021 601,396 -19. 2 4. 1 -14. 2 -0. 3

Essential Oils 55,061 36,935 82,032 76,851 87,037 -32. 9 122. 1 -6. 3 13. 3

3,239.
Natural Honey 2,438 230 7,667 1,898 21 -90. 6 7
-75. 2 -98. 9

Iron and Steel products 9,227,928 10,016,265 10,120,304 11,319,821 11,637,554 8. 5 1. 0 11. 9 2. 8

Woolen and Pashmina

1,818,891 1,317,065 1,635,629 1,908,766 2,179,794 -27. 6 24. 2 16. 7 14. 2
shawls

Nepalese paper and

560,806 404,977 456,214 566,430 549,866 -27. 8 12. 7 24. 2 -2. 9
paper Products

Woolen Products 308,166 189,762 320,697 434,518 427,837 -38. 4 69. 0 35. 5 -1. 5

Articles of silver jeweler 337,735 177,852 388,355 226,310 194,111 -47. 3 118. 4 -41. 7 -14. 2

Source: NTIS 2010

Objectives of NTIS:
Keeping in view the prevailing overall economic and trade scenario, the NTIS identified four
areas of intervention in Nepalese Foreign Trade Sector and, in order to properly address them,
has adopted the following four objectives:

1. Ensuring Proper Market Access :

The first objective is focused on strengthening the national capacity to negotiate efficiently at
multilateral, regional, and in particular, at bilateral level to expand market access for Nepalese
export.

2. Building Domestic Support Institutions:

The second objective is focused on removing Non Tariff Barriers to trade including meeting SPS
requirements by developing the basic infrastructures, such as legal, human resource and physical
infrastructure; Trade Facilitation measures; formulation of new, improvement of existing of
Intellectual Property Rights measures including GI, GR&TK and their strong enforcement;
Formulation and enforcement of effective Domestic Service Regulations and organic agriculture
manuals etc.
Strengthening Supply capacity of priority export sectors:
The third objective has focused on removing supply side constraint of trade by expanding the
quantity and quality of 19+5 Products through developing their entire value chains.

Mobilizing overseas development assistance:

The fourth objective, in order to remove the financial and technical constraints, has focused on
developing the capacity of trade related institutions for the coordinated and effective
mobilization of Aid for Trade and Trade Related Technical Assistance.

115
In order to meet the above objectives the NTIS has recommended the following main activities:

Prioritize the entire value chain development of 19 export product as identified by the NTIS,
especially on agro-food and service sector.
Expand and strengthen the capacity of Trade Negotiators to negotiate at bilateral, regional and
multilateral level to increase proper market access and to reduce NTBs.
Focus on building a competitive export supply capacity, especially in agro-food sector.
Establish a Board of Investment to attract FDI.
Establish a Trade Support Network (TSN), to extend trade information and trade support
services throughout the country.
Strengthen agreements with the labor importing countries.
Establish Nepal Business Forum to monitor the progress.
Establish mechanism for strengthened coordination and management capacity of AfT and
TRTA.
Many of the suggestions provided by the NTIS have been fully or partially implemented, e. g.,
BOI, NBF and Donor Facilitator have been established and they are functioning well, labor
agreements with six countries have been signed and some more are in the process, many of the
remaining suggestions are either partially implemented or are under continued implementation
process. Only few of the NTIS suggestions are waiting actions

Conclusion:
The prevailing Nepalese economic and trade scenario do not raise hope. The economic growth
rate is low. Industrial and agricultural production and productivity also are not satisfactory. As a
result, import is increasing tremendously while export growth is very sluggish which is causing
increasing trade deficit every year. In addition, the direction of trade is also highly concentrated
to some products and few countries, which make it highly vulnerable to economic and political
shocks.
There are several reasons for such negative scenario of trade, but among them, the low
production and resultantly, low availability of products for both domestic consumption and
export has been considered as the most serious. In fact the low availability of products has, in
addition to causing increased import for domestic consumption, created a negative trap for the
economy and trade, i. e., Low production - low investment - lower benefit of scale of production
- lower grade of technology used - high cost of production and transport - lower demand (both
domestic and international) for domestic products - lower production and so on. In addition,
there are no sufficient financial and technological bases for assembling industries, which process
the imported products and re-export them with value addition. The land locked situation and
long distance from the sea are other reasons which create hurdles for such industries.
The reasons for the supply side constraints are many but the major ones are: inadequacy of
infrastructure development, poor national financial and technological bases, inefficiency and
insufficiency of human resources; inefficient and insufficient trade negotiation and promotion
activities, weaknesses of trade supporting institutions and TBTs and less conducive business

116
environment. The government has been putting efforts and resources to address the problems
and improve the situation but they have not been fully effective and need to do more.
In order to remove the constraints and improve the national economic and trade scenario, the
government with the support of EIF conducted NTIS and adopted and implemented it in 2010 as
the government’ midterm trade strategy.
The NTIS has identified four strategic areas where interventions are required, they are trade
negotiation capacity enhancement, building TBT infrastructure and enhancing the capacity of
domestic trade support institutions, identification of highly export potential products and
development of their entire value chain for poverty alleviation and export increment, and lastly
strengthening capacity to effectively coordinate and mobilize AFT and TRTA.
The full and faithful implementation of NTIS is essential not only for the increment in export but
also for the proper utilization of available domestic resources and to create employment, reduce
regional imbalances and alleviate poverty, especially development of agro and food processing
industries and crafts and industrial goods sector will significantly contribute to achieve such
goals.
There are weaknesses in implementing the NTIS. There is lack of proper coordination among
the stakeholders. The role of stakeholders during the implementation process is not clearly
identified. The NTIS is less prioritized by the stakeholders. Insufficient budget is apportioned
for NTIS implementation on the ad-hoc and piecemeal basis without considering the entire value
chain development which makes the expenditure less effective.

Over enthusiasm on NTIS products, due to their production capacity limitations and the
enormous size of trade deficit, will not support meeting our expectation. In particular, the
possibilities of expansion of production and export of agro food processing and crafts and
industrial goods are limited. Presently, the NTIS merchandise products altogether contribute
around 34% in total export, keeping 66% out of it. In the same way, some of the products which
contribute substantially to total export are out of the list of NTIS. Thus, the above scenario
exhibits that the NTIS products can reduce the trade deficit to some extent, but cannot create
trade surplus. Of course they can be instrumental to generate employment, eradicate abject
poverty, contribute to social equity, maintain food security and preserve environment and
biodiversity. But to create trade surplus, achieve full employment and foster national prosperity,
Nepal should focus on infrastructure development, mainly hydro electricity, which, on the one
hand, itself is a highly potential export product, and on the other, it also greatly contributes to the
expansion of production of other exportable products. In addition, the focus should also be on
the development of other services sector such as tourism, ICTs, health and education. The
development of other basic infrastructures, such as rail, roads, irrigation, communication, etc.,
will be an achievement in itself, in regard to foster employment and income, but more
importantly, it will reinforce development of many other productive sectors such as,
manufacturing, agriculture, services, knowledge industry and many other complementary
infrastructures. However, very little progress has been made in those sectors. In this context, the
government needs to take immediate measures in cooperation and coordination with private
sector and development partners to develop the basic infrastructure to the optimum level. The
NTIS is a midterm trade strategy adopted in 2010 for five years. It has already consumed four
years. Considering the little progress in its implementation in four years, not much can be
expected in the remaining one year. Hence, this is an appropriate time to review the past

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performance, weaknesses and strengths and to make recommendations to the concerned
authorities accordingly. Moreover, trade is a very dynamic sector. It is changing all the time.
With the changing time there are changes in domestic and global economy as well as trade.
Many new avenues might have been opened while some existing ones might have lost
significance. The trade strategies need to address them in an appropriate manner. All these
factors are necessitating the timely review and updates of NTIS. This is a matter of great
satisfaction that the government has already started the process to review and update NTIS
which is expected to be completed by the end of this year.
Lastly, it can be said that the economic challenge in Nepal is not the overall growth of import
per se, but the poor industrial and manufacturing base, and traditional subsistence agriculture.
Because of the insufficiency of agro and industrial products for domestic consumption and
export, the export is recording sluggish growth over the years. On the contrary, due to low
domestic production and increasing consumption, import dominated by final consumer products
with no possibilities of value addition and re-exporting, is showing fast acceleration resulting in
increasing gap between export and import. To improve the situation the stakeholders need to
make joint efforts immediately and efficiently so that the supply constraints could be removed at
the earliest. In this regard, as mentioned earlier, there is need to expand and commercialize the
agriculture sector and to increase the industrial production, by both, utilizing the available
domestic resources and by developing feasible assembling industries. The priority should also be
changed to exporting high value addition products from the primary exports. Regarding
agriculture, emphasis needs to be given to unique Nepali products which can attract GI, and
organic agriculture. Both types of agriculture products have good reputation in international
markets and fetch high price. In addition, the agro industries should be promoted to add value in
agricultural production. There is also need to use modern production technology and improve
the quality of products. There are also requirements of branding the products and registering
trademarks. Some of the services sectors are most promising sector and the government should
give high priority to develop and exploit them, in particular those services which are mentioned
in NTIS.

Refrence:
Three Year Plan, 2070-73 Published by National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal.
Nepal Trade Policy 2009, Published by Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, Government of Nepal
Nepal Industrial Policy 2009, Published by Ministry of Industry, Government of Nepal
Economic Survey of Nepal, Volume I, 2012/13; Published by Ministry of Finance, Government of
Nepal
Economic Survey of Nepal, Volume II, 2012/13; Published by Ministry of Finance, Government of
Nepal
Budget Speech, 2012/13, Published by Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepal
LDC Report 2013 Published by UNCTAD Geneva, Switzerland
LDC Report 2014 Published by UNCTAD Geneva, Switzerland
The WTO Legal Texts, Published by WTO, Geneva, Switzerland

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 The Industrial Revolution and Nepal
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Durga Prasad Dahal

Industrialization in economic condition marked by an increase in the importance of industry to

an economy. During the process of industrialization per capita income increases and
productivity levels increase. Extensive development of industry in a country is called
industrialization if the Industries contribute to the national economy for the development. It can
be said that no industry no economic transaction. Industrialization absolutely results many
advantages. The economy of the country is strengthened as the result of industrialization.
Industries supply many goods to the people. People do not have to face the lack of certain goods,
which they need. Industries help the country to reduce the problem of unemployment. Various
categories of skilled and well-educated hands are required in the industry. Industrialization in a
country certainly reduced the import and increase exports. Through export, a country can earn
foreign currency. As a result, a country becomes richer and richer. If countries can rich, it can
provide its people with all the facilities, security, and dignity. Therefore, industrialization
develops the country rapidly. In the world, Industrial Revolution was started from the 18th to the
19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and
technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It
began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and
eventually the world.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of
daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to
exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's
average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-
fold. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the
living standards of ordinary people had begun to undergo sustained growth. Nothing remotely
like this economic behavior has happened before". Starting in the later part of the 18th century,
there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labor and draft-animal–
based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the
textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined
coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canal, improved roads and railways.
The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and
powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in
production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the
19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other
industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th
century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialization. The
impact of this change on society was enormous.
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second
Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained
momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th

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Vice-President-Youth Forum For Research and Development

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century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. This is still a
subject of debate among historians. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial
Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy. The Industrial Revolution
began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in
agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of
humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.
The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they enabled
manufacturing machines to be made. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th
century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to
batch-produce small mechanisms. The mechanical parts of early textile machines were
sometimes called 'clock-work' because of the metal spindles and gears they incorporated. The
manufacture of textile machines drew craftsmen from these trades and is the origin of the
modern engineering industry. Machines were built by various craftsmen-carpenters made
wooden framings, and smiths and turners made metal parts. A good example of how machine
tools changed manufacturing took place in Birmingham, England, in 1830. The invention of a
new machine by Joseph Gillott, William Mitchell and James Stephen Perry allowed mass
manufacture of robust, cheap steel pen nibs; the process had been laborious and expensive.
Because of the difficulty of manipulating metal and the lack of machine tools, the use of metal
was kept to a minimum. Wood framing had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with
temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the
Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal frames became more common, but they
required machine tools to make them economically. Before the advent of machine tools, metal
was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.
Small metal parts were readily made by this means, but for large machine parts, production was
very laborious and costly.
A lathe from 1911, a machine tool able to shape parts (usually metal) for other machines. Apart
from workshop lathes used by craftsmen, the first large machine tool was the cylinder boring
machine used for boring the large-diameter cylinders on early steam engines. The planting
machine, the slotting machine and the shaping machine were developed in the first decades of
the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed
as a serious workshop tool until during the Second Industrial Revolution. Military production, as
well, had a hand in the development of machine tools. Henry Maudslay, who trained a school of
machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was employed at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich,
as a young man where he would have seen the large horse-driven wooden machines for cannon
boring made and worked by the Verbruggans. He later worked for Joseph Bramah on the
production of metal locks, and soon after he began working on his own. He was engaged to
build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block
Mills. These were all metal and were the first machines for mass production and making
components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need
for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops
he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as Richard Roberts, Joseph Clement
and Joseph Whitworth. James Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first
third of the century, as did Matthew Murray of Leeds. Roberts was a maker of high-quality
machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.

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In the same way, Nepal is also doing its best to be industrial country. However, Nepal has to do
a lot for this. It can be said that Nepal is yet about 250 to 300 years back than top most
developed countries like; United States, Russia, China, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, the
mother land of industrialization; United Kingdom as well as many more. Nepal is in starting
phase. Here are some multinational industries however it is not enough for Nepal that is why we
are facing the problems of employments. Every year more than 500,000 work forces go abroad
mostly in Middle East for employments. Here are just the limitation of job with current
industries whether it is agricultural, tourism or other. Associated with low level of economic
growth, Nepal is characterized as a country with a large portion of rural population, high poverty
rate and subsistence agriculture. On various levels, all of these factors are interconnected. About
eighty percent of the country’s population lives in rural areas and agriculture is their primary
livelihood where the rural poverty rate is over three times that of urban areas.
As a result to develop the Nepal, environmental friendly industries should be promoted with
securing its natural beauties and clean environments. In the name of industrialization, forest
should not be cut off and natural beauties should be maintained for the forthcoming generation
so that they will be proud of being preserved the natural beauty of Nepal. Nepal can entertain the
following opportunities if industrialization is started in full phase.
Employment opportunity: - Industries have provided employment to people. As we know an
industry requires skilled, semi skilled and unskilled manpower. So people having different
abilities are employed in different sectors. In the context of our country “Nepal” industrialization
has been of great importance in reducing unemployment. According to the data it is found that
even now 48% of total population of Nepal are unemployed as well as underemployed. It can be
of great help in reducing unemployment. The agriculture industry may have
Affordable price: - An industry produces goods in large quantities so the production cost is
reduced and the price becomes affordable like for example a computer is a demand of people it
is imported from other countries, the costing is definitely very high but if the same computer is
started to be produced in own country the price will be reduced and it will be affordable to
everybody.
Development of skills: - An industry develops skills and ability in an individual, so we can say
industry is a factor which is responsible to built up a country’s manpower. It makes a person
specialize in a particular field. For example a person is employed in a noodle factory s/he can
learn the skills to manufacture noodles and s/he can start own noodle business. Thus, an industry
is of great importance in developing individual skills
Utilization of resources: - Industry utilizes the resources present in country, and produce finished
products, which are of affordable and best quality. For example there is sufficient sugar cane
present in the ” Tarai ” side of Nepal so it can be used to produce sugar in the sugar industry.
Earning foreign currency: - If the goods are produced in bulk quantities then the goods can even
be used for export purpose, which will help in earning foreign currency. Our country Nepal is
specialized in production of carpets and pashmina shawls so it exports the products in order to
earn high foreign currency.
The contribution of industry in the economy of Nepal are very significant. Industry contributes
to the national income and at the same time, it provides employment to the unemployed people.
Above all, it makes the country self-dependent.

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In Nepal, cultivation lasts only for four or five months. After that, our farmers have nothing to
do. During this period, some of them make paper, pots, furniture, shoes and weave clothes. For
this, they use local raw materials. Such industries are run by the farmers and their family
members. These sorts of industry are called Cottage Industry. In addition to the cottage industry,
there are small, medium and large-scale industries in our countries. According to the industrial
Policy, 2049 BS, industries in Nepal have been classified on the basis of capitals in the
following way:
Small Scale Industries: Industries employing a small number of people and investing capital up
to one crore rupees, are called small scale industries.
Medium Scale Industries: Industries having fixed capital from 1 to 5 crore rupees, are medium
scale Industries.
Large Scale Industries: Industries which have their fixed capital more than 5 crore rupees and
employ a large number of laborers, are known as large-scale industries.
The number of medium and Large-scale industries in Nepal is small. Most of our industries are
small Scale Industries. According to another classification, there are following types of
industries:
Manufacturing Industries: Such types of industries prepare goods from raw materials or semi-
refined materials or the things, which have been destroyed. Leather industries and jute industries
are an example of this.
Agricultural and Forest-based Industries: These are the industries, which use agricultural and
forest-based products as their raw materials. Silk industries, tea factories, fruit-canning, fish-
rearing, poultry farming, animal husbandry, herbal industries etc are included in this category.
Mineral-based Industry: Industries such as mining iron, copper, bronze, stone and refining them.
Manufacturing of utensils, knives, brass pots and idols etc lies in this category.
Power-based industry: These industries includes industries based on water resources, air, solar
power, coal, natural gas and oil for example generation of hydroelectricity, LPG gas industry
etc.
Construction Industry: Industries established for the construction of road, bridges, ropeway and
those industries, which provide tools and physical facility for the offices, commercial and
residential buildings are construction industries.
Tourism Industry: Management of the residences, restaurants and hotels for tourists and
establishment of travel agencies and activities concerned with the management of various kinds
of games like Elephant polos, gold and riding, Pony-Trekking, Bungee-Jumping, Paragliding,
Rafting, Mountaineering, Jungle Safari etc are included in this category.
Service Motive Industry: These industries provides services to the public through press,
workshop, consultation, hospital, educational institutes, public transport etc.
Nepal is crawling in these sectors in its own pace. Due to the political instability, most industries
are facing the difficulty to move properly. Despite these some positive signal is being seen.
Thus, we must be optimistic and support morally.

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