Mat100 Differentiation

ELEMENTARY CALCULUS: Differentiation
A. Musopole
Kamuzu University of Health Sciences

amusopole@kuhes.ac.mw
May 10, 2023
A. Musopole (KUHeS) Differentiation May 10, 2023 1 / 72

Overview
1 Intended Learning Outcomes
2 Introduction
3 Differentiation from First Principles
4 Power Rule
5 Product Rule
6 Quotient Rule
7 Chain Rule
8 Higher Order Derivatives
9 Implicit Differentiation
10 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
11 Differentiation of Exponential Functions
12 Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

Intended Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to

Describe what a derivative of a function is.
Determine the derivative of a function using first principles.
Determine the derivative of a function (functions) or an equation
using appropriate techniques.
Determine the higher order derivative of a function.

Introduction
Differentiation is used in finding rates of change- for example the rate

at which a tumour is growing or shrinking, rate at which an
experimental drug changes a patient’s body temperature.
Apart from looking at rates of change, differentiation is useful in
coming up with graphs which is one of the precise means of displaying
information.
Differentiation is also useful in handling optimisation problems-
prescribing drugs at a dosage with maximum strength.

Differentiation from First Principles
Imagine walking in along a straight line- one walks in the same

direction all the time, and the gradient is constant.
Suppose one is walking along a curve- the direction changes

continuously. The gradient of a curve is not constant- it has different
values at different points on the curve. If we move from B to A in the
diagram below, our direction is changing all the time.
If we decide not to change our direction when we reach A, we will be

moving in a straight line AT.
Differentiation from First Principles...
The gradient of the curve at A is the same as the gradient of the

tangent to the curve at A (gradient of AT).
change in y
For a straight line the gradient is given as change in x (any letters can
be used).
When it comes to a curve, a precise method is needed for finding the
gradient.
Suppose for the curve below we are interested in finding the gradient
at A. If B is another point fairly close to A, then the gradient of AB
will be an approximation of the gradient at A.

As B gets closer to A, the line AB gets closer to the tangent at A- the

approximation becomes more accurate.
Thus we can say
lim (gradient of line AB) = gradient of tangent at A.

B→A
The process of identifying several points that are close to the point of
interest and finding corresponding gradients with an aim of
approximating the gradient at a point of interest is tadious.

Suppose we have a curve f (x) and we are interested in finding the

gradient of the tangent at the point A= (x, f (x)). Suppose
B= (x + h, f (x + h)) is a point close to A- here h is a small change,
i.e. x + h means a small increase in x (the small change in x is also
given as δx or ∆x). Then the gradient is given by
f (x + h) − f (x) f (x + h) − f (x)
= .
(x + h) − x h
As h becomes smaller and smaller (gets closer to 0, i.e. B gets closer

to A), the gradient is given by
f (x + h) − f (x)
lim .
h→0 h

Suppose
f (x + h) − f (x)
lim
h→0 h
exists for some x. This limit is called the derivative of f at x. We
0
write f (x), and f is said to be differentiable at x.
Thus
0 f (x + h) − f (x)
f (x) = lim .
h→0 h
We cannot merely set h to 0 (h = 0). Also f (x + h)6=f (x) + f (h) and
f (x + h)6=f (x) + h.
0 df (x) 0
f (x) is sometimes given as dx . Where y = f (x), f (x) may be
given as dy
dx .
dy
dx which is read ’dee wy by dee x’ is ’the derivative of y with respect
to x’; dfdx(x) is ’the derivative of f (x) with respect to x’.

Determine the derivative of the function f (x) = 2x + 1 using first

principles.

The gradient for this function is 2 which we can show this.

f (x) = 2x + 1 and f (x + h) = 2(x + h) + 1. Thus
0 f (x + h) − f (x)
f (x) = lim
h→0 h
[2(x + h) + 1] − [2x + 1]
= lim
h→0 h
2x + 2h + 1 − 2x − 1
= lim
h→0 h
2h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim 2
h→0
= 2.

Example
0
Using first principles, determine f (y ) where f (y ) = y 2 + 2y .

Working: We have f (y ) = y 2 + 2y and

f (y + h) = (y + h)2 + 2(y + h)
0 f (y + h) − f (y )
f (y ) = lim
h→0 h
[(y + h)2 + 2(y + h)] − [y 2 + 2y ]
= lim
h→0 h
2hy + h2 + 2h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim 2y + h + 2
h→0
= 2y + 2.

Example:
Given that f (x) = x1 , determine d
dx f (x) (derivative of f (x) with
respect to x).

1 1
Working: We have f (x) = x and f (x + h) = x+h
0 f (x + h) − f (x)
f (x) = lim
i h
h→0
h
1 1
x+h − x
= lim
h→0 h
−h
= lim
h→0 x(x + h)h
−1
= lim 2
h→0 x + hx
−1
= 2.
x

Given that q and p are differentiable functions,
0 0 0
if f (x) = q(x) + p(x), then f (x) = q (x) + p (x),
0 0
if f (x) = λq(x), then f (x) = λq (x), where λ is a constant and
0
if f (x) = λ, then f (x) = 0 where λ is a constant.
0 0 0
But f (x) = q(x)p(x) does not imply f (x) = q (x)p (x)- an emphatic
NO!. Given f and g which are differentiable functions, we have
0 0 0
(fg ) = f g + fg (product rule) and
0 0
f f g −fg
g = g2
(quotient rule).

TRY
Differentiate the given functions from the first principles.
(a) f (x) = 4x 2 + x
(b) g (x) = −8x 2 − 5x + 13
(c) m(y ) = − y8
1
(d) f (x) = 1−yx
√ √ √
(e) f (x) = x, (hint: multiply by √x+h+√x )
x+h+ x

Power Rule
Consider the equation y = x (y = f (x)). The slope, which is the

0 0
derivative, is y = f (x) = dfdx(x) = change
change in y dy
in x = dx = 1 (you can check
using the first principles). For the function y = x 2 , the slope (derivative)
is dy 3 dy 2
dx = 2x. Given the function y = x the derivative is dx = 3x . If we
have y = x 4 , the derivative is dy
dx = 4x .
3
In general, given a function y = x n , the derivative is

dy d n n−1 (can use first principles to check- binomial
dx = dx [x ] = nx
expansion is applied too).

Power Rule...
Example:
Differentiate the function f (x) = x 7 .

Power Rule...
Working:
0 df (x)
f (x) =
dx
d 7
= x
dx
= 7.x 7−1
= 7x 6 .

Power Rule...
Example:
Given y = 3a4 − a6 + 9, where y is a function of a, find the derivative
of y .

Power Rule...
Working:
0 dy
y =
da
d 4
3a − a6 + 9

=
da
= 4×3a4−1 − 6×a6−1 + 0×9a0−1
= 12a3 − 6a5
0 df (x)
Note that if f (x) = c where c is a constant, f (x) = dx = 0.

TRY
For each given function, find the derivative.

(a) f (x) = x 10
(b) g (y ) = −4y 6
(c) p(x) = 3x −2
(d) h(x) = 3 − k
(e) v (x) = 4x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x + 10
(f) f (x) = −x 7 + 4x −5
3
(g) g (y ) = y − 5y 2
√
(h) y (h) = h+ √1
h

Product Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable functions of x. Then
0 0 0
(f .g ) (x) = f (x)g (x) + f (x)g (x)
We can show this using the first principles.
Example:
Differentiate k(x) = x 2 − 5x x 24 .


Product Rule...
0
Working: Let f (x) = x 2 − 5x and g (x) = x 24 . Then f (x) = 2x − 5
0
and g (x) = 24x 23 . Thus using product rule we have
0 dk(x) 0
k (x) = = (f .g ) (x)
dx
0 0
= f (x)g (x) + f (x)g (x)
= (2x − 5)x 24 + x 2 − 5x 24x 23 .


Product Rule...
Example:
Differentiate y = 5 − 3x 6 4x 3 + 3x .


Product Rule...
Working: Let f (x) = 5 − 3x 6 and g (x) = 4x 3 + 3x. Then

0 0
f (x) = −18x 5 and g (x) = 12x 2 + 3. Thus using product rule we
have
dy 0
= (f .g ) (x)
dx
0 0
= f (x)g (x) + f (x)g (x)
= −18x 5 4x 3 + 3x + 5 − 3x 6 12x 2 + 3


Quotient Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable functions of x. Then
0 0 0
f f (x)g (x) − f (x)g (x)
(x) =
g g 2 (x)
We can show this using the first principles.
Example:
2x−1
Determine the derivative of y = x3
.

Quotient Rule...
0
Working: Let f (x) = 2x − 1 and g (x) = x 3 . Then f (x) = 2 and
0
g (x) = 3x 2 . g 2 (x) = x 6 . Thus using quotient rule

dy d 2x − 1
=
dx dx x3
0
f
= (x)
g
0 0
f (x)g (x) − f (x)g (x)
=
g 2 (x)
2 x 3 − 3x 2 (2x − 1)

= .
x6

TRY
Determine the derivative in each case below- use any (correct) method.
(a) y = x −3 x 2 + 1

4x−5
(b) f (x) = 3x+2
x3 + x8 − 9 + x7

(c) h(x) = 4
3
(d) z = x − 4 + x
1+x 2
√
x 3 +4 x
(e) k(x) = x

Chain Rule
We use the chain rule to find the derivative in a case where we are
dealing with function of a function- the function we wish to
differentiate has another function as its input. Suppose f and g are
differentiable functions. Assume the input to function f is function g -
thus we have f (g (x)). In this case f depends on g , and g depends on
x. What will be the derivative of f with respect to x?
In this case the derivative of f can be computed as the product of the
derivative of f with respect to g and the derivative of g with respect
to x.
df df dg
= .
dx dg dx

Chain Rule..
Example:
Determine the derivative of y = (x + 7)8 .

Chain Rule..
Working:
y = (x + 7)8 . Let g = x + 7. Thus y = g 8 .
dy dg
We have dg = 8g 7 and dx = 1.
Thus
dy dy dg
= .
dx dg dx
= 8g 7 .1
= 8(x + 7)7 .

Chain Rule..
Example: 5
Differentiate y = 2 − 4x 3 − x 2 .

Chain Rule..
Working:
5
y = 2 − 4x 3 − x 2 . Let g = 2 − 4x 3 − x 2 . Thus y = g 5 .
dy dg
We have dg = 5g 4 and dx = −12x 2 − 2x.
Thus
dy dy dg
= .
dx dg dx
= 5g 4 −12x 2 − 2x

4
= 5 2 − 4x 3 − x 2 −12x 2 − 2x .


TRY
For each case below, evaluate dy

dx .
5
(a) y = x 2 − 4x − 7

4
(b) y = 4 x 3 + 5x
√
(c) y = x + x 2
5
(d) y = x − 4x 3 + 3 2
3 −4
(e) y = −5 x 2 + 5x 2x 3 − 4x 2 + x
1
(f) y = x 1 − x 3 3
−3
x
(g) y = x 2 + 1+2x

Higher Order Derivatives
Suppose y = f (x) is differentiable. Then we can form a new function
0 0 df (x)
which is the first derivative: y = f (x) (the same as dy dx = dx ).
This derivative is also a function of x.
If the above new function is differentiable, we may differentiate it to
obtain a new function, the second derivative, h i denoted
h by
i
00 00 d 2y df (x) 2
y = f (x) which is given as dx 2 = dx dx = dx dx - this, ddxy2 ,
d dy d
is read ’dee two wy by dee x squared’. We differentiate twice.

We may also form the third h derivative
i
000 000 d3
y = f (x) = dx 3 = dx dx dfdx(x) . Thus differentiating three
d d
times.
2 f (x,s)
∂2y
[Suppose f is a function of x and s, say y = f (x, s). ∂x∂s = ∂ ∂x∂s
means differentiating f (or y , whichever you choose- they are the
same in this case) with respect to s first, then differentiating the
obtained derivative with h respect
ii to x. Thus
∂2y ∂ 2 f (x,s) ∂ ∂y
∂x∂s = ∂x∂s = ∂x ∂s .
Higher Order Derivatives...
Example:
d 2y
Given that y = 3x 3 − 4x + 1, evaluate dx 2
.

Working:
0 dy
We have y = dx = 9x 2 − 4.
Then
00 d 2y
y =
dx 2
d dy
=
dx dx
d 2
= 9x − 4
dx
= 18x.

Example:
4 d 2y
Given that y = x 2 − 7 , evaluate dx 2
.

Working:
dy 3
We have dx = 8x x 2 − 7 .
Then
00 d 2y
y =
dx 2
d dy
=
dx dx
d h 3 i
= 8x x 2 − 7
dx
3 2
= 8 x 2 − 7 + 6x x 2 − 7 .8x
3 2
= 8 x 2 − 7 + 48x 2 x 2 − 7 .

TRY
00
(a) In each case below, evaluate f (x).
1 f (x) = 40x − 700
2
2 f (x) = x 2x+9
1 5
3 f (x) = x 2 − x 2
x 7
4 f (x) = 10
√ + 7 3+ x
5 f (x) = x + √x
6 000
(b) Given y = 5x 3x 2 − 8 , evaluate y .
(c) Suppose y = r 2 x − rx 3 + 5r . g is the same as the derivative of y
with respect to r . Determine dgdx .

Implicit Differentiation
So far the derivatives that we have considered are of functions of the

form y = f (x).
Unfortunately, not all functions that we will work with will be in this
form.
In some cases, two variables can be related by an equation- for
example xy = 1, x 2 + y 2 = 9, x 3 + y 3 = 4xy .
Remember the chain rule- when we have z = f (y ) and y = g (x), we
dz dz dy
can have dx = dy . dx .
Suppose z = y 3 and y is a function

of
x. We know that
dz
= 3y 2 . And dz = dz . dy = d y 3 dy = 3y 2 dy .
dy dx dy dx dy dx dx
In general, when differentiating a function of y with respect to x, we

differentiate the function with respect to y and then multiply by dy
dx .

Implicit Differentiation...
Example:
dy
Given x 2 + y 2 = 4, determine dx .

Working:
x2 + y2 = 4
d 2 d
x + y2 =

⇒ [4]
dx dx
d 2 d 2 d
⇒ x + y = [4]
dx dx dx
dy
⇒2x + 2y =0
dx
dy
⇒2y = −2x
dx
dy −2x x
⇒ = =− .
dx 2y y

Example:
Given x 2 + (y − a)2 = 1, determine dy
dx .

Working:
x 2 + (y − a)2 = 1
d h 2 i d
⇒ x + (y − a)2 = [1]
dx dx
d 2 d h i d
⇒ x + (y − a)2 = [1]
dx dx dx
dy
⇒2x + 2(y − a) =0
dx
dy
⇒2(y − a) = −2x
dx
dy −2x x
⇒ = =− .
dx 2(y − a) y −a

Example:
dy
Given x + xy − y 3 = 7, determine dx .

Working:
x + xy − y 3 = 7
d d
x + xy − y 3 =

⇒ [7]
dx dx
d d d 3 d
⇒ [x] + [xy ] − y = [7]
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
⇒1 + y + x − 3y 2 =0
dx dx
dy
⇒1 + y + x − 3y 2 =0
dx
dy
⇒ x − 3y 2 = −1 − y
dx
dy −1 − y 1+y
⇒ = 2
= 2 .
dx x − 3y 3y − x

Suppose x is a function of t, and y is also a function of t, i.e x = f (t) and

y = g (t).
.
dy dy dt dy dy dx
Then we have dx = dt . dx which is the same as dx = dt dt .
Consider the example below.
Example:
dy
Given x = 10t 2 − 40 and y = t 3 + 4t, find dx .

dx dy
Working: We have dt = 20t and dt = 3t 2 + 4, Then
3t 2 + 4

dy dy dx
= = .
dx dt dt 20t

TRY
dy
In each case below, find dx
(a) xy = 50
(b) xy + y + 1 = x
(c) x 2 − xy − y 2 − 2y = 0
(d) x 2 + y = 1 + y 3
(e) y 2 + x 3 − y 2 + 6 = 3y
(f) x 3 + y 3 = 1 − 7xy 3
2
(g) x x 2 + y 2 = x 2 − y 2
5
(h) x = 2t + 3 and y = t
1 1
(i) x = t+1 and y = t−1

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Our focus now will be on derivatives of trigonometric functions. We will

look at how derivatives of two trigonometric functions are
obtained/derived- the rest will be left to you (the derivation follows a
similar manner).
d
sin(x) = cos(x), where −∞ < x < ∞
dx
The proof is on next slide.

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions...
d sin(x + h) − sin(x)
sin(x) = lim
dx h→0 h
sin(x).cos(h) + cos(x).sin(h) − sin(x)
= lim
h→0 h
(sin(x).cos(h) − sin(x)) + cos(x).sin(h)
= lim
h→0 h
sin(x) [cos(h) − 1] + cos(x).sin(h)
= lim
h→0
h
cos(h) − 1 sin(h)
= lim sin(x). + lim cos(x).
h→0 h h→0 h

cos(h) − 1 sin(h)
= sin(x). lim + cos(x). lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= sin(x).0 + cos(x).1
= cos(x).
d
tan(x) = sec 2 (x)
dx


d d sin(x)
tan(x) =
dx dx cos(x)

cos(x).cos(x) − sin(x)[−sin(x)] d
= 2 note: [cos(x)] = −sin(x)
[cos(x)] dx
cos 2 (x) + sin2 (x)
=
cos 2 (x)
1
=
cos 2 (x)
= sec 2 (x).


d
For each case below, determine dx f (x).
(a) f (x) = 6 + 2cos(x) − 3sin(x)
sin(x)
(b) f (x) = 5−4cos(x)
(c) f (x) = 4cos(x)sin(x) + 6csc(x)

Working:
0
(a) f (x) = −2sin(x) − 3cos(x)
(b)
0 cos(x)[5 − 4cos(x)] − sin(x)[4sin(x)]
f (x) = 2
[5 − 4cos(x)]
5cos(x) − 4cos 2 (x) − 4sin2 (x)
= 2
[5 − 4cos(x)]
5cos(x) − 4 cos 2 (x) + sin2 (x)

5cos(x) − 4
= 2 = 2
[5 − 4cos(x)] [5 − 4cos(x)]
(c)
0
f (x) = 4sin(x)[−sin(x)] + 4cos(x)cos(x) − 6csc(x)cot(x)
= 4cos 2 (x) − 4sin2 (x) − 6csc(x)cot(x)
TRY
0
Determine y of each given case below.
(a) y = 2sin(x) − 7cos(x)
(b) y = x 2 cos(x)
(c) y = [x + cos(x)]4
(d) y = [cos(x) + sin(x)]2
(e) y = sin(x).cos(x)
sin(x)
(f) y = 3x+4

Example:
0
Determine y given y = cos(2x).

Working:
du d
Let u = 2x. Then dx = dx [2x] = 2.
dy d
y = cos(u) and du = du [cos(u)] = −sin(u).
0 dy dy du
Then y = dx = du . dx = [−sin(u)]2 = −2sin(2x).
TRY
d
Determine dx f (x) given
(a) f (x) = x 2 sin(2x 2 + 20)
(b) f (x) = [40 + cos(4x)]2
p
(c) f (x) = 30 − cos(3x)
q
(d) f (x) = 30 + sin2 (x)

Differentiation of Exponential Functions
The next set of functions that we are going to consider are
exponential functions. A simple general form of an exponential
function is f (x) = ax where a > 0. The natural exponential function,
f (x) = e x in simple form, is one of the exponential functions.
Given f (x) = ax , then

0
f (x) = ax ln[a].
0 d
For f (x) = ag (x) we have f (x) = dx [g (x)] .ag (x) ln[a].
Given f (x) = e x , then

0
f (x) = e x .
0 d
For f (x) = e g (x) we have f (x) = dx [g (x)] .e g (x) .

Differentiation of Exponential Functions...
0
Example: Determine f (x).
(a) f (x) = e x
(b) f (x) = 2e 5x
(d) f (x) = 4x
(e) f (x) = 3x e 2x + 10x 3

Differentiation of Exponential Functions...
Working:
0 d d
(a) f (x) = dx [e x ] = dx [x].e x = e x .
0 d
5x d
(b) f (x) = dx 2e = 2 dx [5x] e 5x = 10e 5x .
0 d
(d) f (x) = dx [4x ] = 4x ln4.
(e)
0 d x 2x d x 2x d
3 e + 10x 3 = 10x 3

f (x) = 3 e +
dx dx dx
x 2x x 2x 2

= (3 ln3) e + 3 2e + 30x .

TRY
0
Evaluate y .
(a) y = 2e 3x
2
(b) y = e 3x .
(c) y = 4xe 3x+4 .
4e 3x
(d) y = 3e 2x +5
.
(e) y = (x + 1)3 e −4x .
(f) y = 10x .
1
(g) y = 4x − 4e 2x −3x 2
.
2
(h) y = 53x +2x

Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions
Now we will briefly look at derivatives of logarithms.
Suppose y = loga g (x), then
0 d d 1
y = [loga g (x)] = [g (x)] . .
dx dx g (x)lna
0 1
For y = loga [x], we have y = xln[a] .
Given that y = lng (x), we have
0 d d 1
y = [lng (x)] = [g (x)] . .
dx dx g (x)
0
For y = ln[x], we have y = x1 .

Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions...
Consider the examples below.
0
Determine f (x).
(a) f (x) = log7 x.
(b) f (x) = lnx.
(c) f (x) = 4ln(3x + 5).
(d) f (x) = 2xlog5 (4x + 3).

Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions...
Working:
0 d d 1 1
(a) f (x) = dx [log7 x] = dx [x] . xln7 = xln7 .
0 d d 1
(b) f (x) = dx [lnx] = dx [x]. x = x1 .
0 d d 1 12
(c) f (x) = dx [4ln(3x + 5)] = 4 dx [3x + 5]. 3x+5 = 3x+5 .
(d)
0 d d
f (x) = [2x].log5 (4x + 3) + 2x [log5 (4x + 3)]
dx dx
8x
= 2log5 (4x + 3) + .
(4x + 3)ln5

TRY
0
Evaluate f (x).
(a) f (x) = log2 (x).
(b) f (x) = 10log2 (9).
(c) f (x) = ln(2x).
(d) f (x) = ln(4).
(e) f (x) = ln 4x − 2x 3 + 10

(f) f (x) = log9 4x 2 + 3x − 5

(g) f (x) = 10x 4 ln(x).

x2 ln(4x 2 +6)
(h) f (x) = log13 (2x 3 +3)
+ x .

References
Bostock, L. and Chandler, S. (1981), Mathematics, the Core Course

for A-Level, Nelson Thornes Ltd, UK.
Choi, C. (2014), Calculus in Medicine, Retrieved on 4th September
2018 from
https://prezi.com/fqwwg6tcuqqp/calculus-in-medicine/.
Martin, A., Brown, K., Rigby, P. and Riley, S. (2000), Pure
Mathematics, Stanley Thornes, UK.
Patel, T. (2013), Calculus: Applications to Biology and Medicine,
Retrieved on 4th September 2018 from
https://prezi.com/z56alvfoyncf/
calculus-applications-to-biology-and-medicine/.

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Mat100 Differentiation

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ELEMENTARY CALCULUS: Differentiation

Kamuzu University of Health Sciences

May 10, 2023

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By the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to

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Differentiation is used in finding rates of change- for example the rate

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Imagine walking in along a straight line- one walks in the same

Suppose one is walking along a curve- the direction changes

If we decide not to change our direction when we reach A, we will be

The gradient of the curve at A is the same as the gradient of the

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As B gets closer to A, the line AB gets closer to the tangent at A- the

Thus we can say

lim (gradient of line AB) = gradient of tangent at A.

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Suppose we have a curve f (x) and we are interested in finding the

As h becomes smaller and smaller (gets closer to 0, i.e. B gets closer

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Determine the derivative of the function f (x) = 2x + 1 using first

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The gradient for this function is 2 which we can show this.

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Working: We have f (y ) = y 2 + 2y and

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Differentiate the given functions from the first principles.

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Consider the equation y = x (y = f (x)). The slope, which is the

In general, given a function y = x n , the derivative is

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For each given function, find the derivative.

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Suppose f and g are differentiable functions of x. Then

We can show this using the first principles.

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Working: Let f (x) = 5 − 3x 6 and g (x) = 4x 3 + 3x. Then

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Suppose f and g are differentiable functions of x. Then

We can show this using the first principles.

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