SS SS BE S2Eb- BASIC GLECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEER! Ini (BEE ea eC oa Neste ue eo. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ; aan ee eee Elechic current | (z) Dane > Continuous flow cy eleckions Arrrough ameciurre constitukes an oleckvic wren. > Also defined as vol of Flow 4 elecki?c charge . Li Ampere Eleckiic Potenbial: cE) > tee is genorally meauread betwenn two polled and iksutk & Volk (Y= :wae Eledstcal conductance (6): : ‘ The red procal of nostctance {5 called conduckane . \ : R Thre three hase crit components ana 2 Registoy * Capacitey *& Inductor > 4r is an eledsical component mode from the-makerial which opposes the low of eurment Aherough ake. ges denoted as'g/ and itsurit ts chair). > Rolakion between voltage Zavvonk 8 iven bey obr'slew!CE Pooevay & acloage clomart which can store and deliver wrgy in an gleckric qeld . > 4b igdonoted as c’p ite unit is Fanad . > Ary two mutalplates bekween Which an electric field canbe maintsined constibube os Capacitor cs el Ke Trduchor: SO Ge i dike a cal wound on a magnebic cove, > Je is on element sh which enong{ canbe stored in the fom of electromagnetic 4eld . 2 gris donoted as 1% and ths unit is Very (8) ° Ve t oe >_500001—_ ciel Elecksical nokwork: WAR OR Avrongernent 4 tho joo along ac elesae * An independent So enorgy, continuously ¥€ Adve Clement aa a * Voltage Sous ce X¥ cement Soudce x panive Clamorss ubiidn doos nok delier erongy wmoas RE can gkore We enongy or disciptale the onoyy ye Povsive cloments ane vecictoy, capa choy and Pnducoy . wd eledoical welworke S Taper ch Ce IS ars clue at x Lincos Nekwovk —2 Rasa tive. of 0 in . yolto4\2 aq Lemperabnys ¥ Non \incan Network, S har ya her > poramekers cage re * Rilakeval Network with change ta Gna ctampeTate eet ear pete ye orilakeral Network, Bj cnange in cbredion of auzent > chancteristics depends on ths & Adine Network. Change 11 divaction af wren —> containe & energy Source * Pamive NebwovK —s contains no coutce *¥ Lumped Ne kwork, > Network elorrents ane + Distributed ne bwork at wxce which can deliver ov dbwibs ts called ackive clomont yuk aneCusoank Sources! — won SU Circe chien dabivers enogyp wlth a cpedhiel wren orhtth ts shdapandlonk of tho voltage alsits terminals . | tropedance af an idocs| cunment Source > d's saternel ZOO. 2Saran docanok dopond on ay oon So nthe Gruit , ANCA, 4+ canbe classiitieal as X€ Volbage Source. 3e auuunk Source 2 Sovwce wen REWROTE 1s Srdulivers wl agi 48 indopon cupped by the Aouree,igs wetargstes foe pooblems or ie rot will be the awaonk doarawn ly a lamp caked at onov, howatks connecked to 4 220 ey B Slny ==" Rated Power = 4oW Raed vol tage 2 Q50V TE Rke the tesictane aptte filament é= Pexe 4o =(260)~ R R aes ee Soo) a é2eoene Oo curmonk doen bron 280 sus | Upp pe iat 2 = 289 1562-57 J 4) AN decbi« Panker op250 -3)-252 $ ES r nett BP A ts. =e s\oy eG, a Ve \Lage voling oF ceed (ek ie tts Power 9 aking . d soln! Ve D + raking = — P owe R A) A vesigboy with @ asvenk py) BA through i convetts Soo7y ot Cleebte energy inte Jeakenengy mn I2Secerds. pShal tc Wre Volbage. accrogst ha negic tor) goln : Eroagy = VIL f s S00 = VxBx 12.Rs, = oe R Vo > s a oie Vvoltane gource has a veststente connocted tn eri03 , WL anbe dranyormed jnto an eqpivalord current source with avesistance connected th paralle| . HTP o curvenk curcehas a rostctance connected in Panaltel , ib an bo, branrpormed into an equivalent Volbane source with a resistance connected fn genio, ids Ro => Vea Ra\-Convert -the given curnenl Aource to voltage d Source ee ee dln SL aly ley \oA 52 => a NiaT Re = l0xs V=50Vv [v=sov 9. convert the Volbage Aource. into curmank Source Wi, lov adn:Furdarental laws 4 Fledic Clruits Ohm's Law: - R > when Voltage fs applied to cu closeck draut, [E cours o flow ¢ gis elections and consequently pheno exits currant inate cfuuit.The retctance athe clrcuit opposes tive Comment tou. % ae > Theackual value ofthe usmrenk flowing through the dreuit depends onthe applied. ound veststance in the drait, the velationchip is given by ohm’s Law, Statement of ohm's |aw 3 toRen-tompenckurre Temains cnstank, wart flow Hhrough the Concluctoy ts drecky proportional to We potential Aifeeronce acrogs the conducksy, VavT ( temperature being constant) WV aR, whore R 3S conank Limikalfons > B F rh Ohm's law doesnok oprMnthore!s Laws: Ktrchors!s avownt Law : Statement : The sum or juctton is eqpoal te cue) promt Ar is « junctfon oy redo formed by S& conductors. The awvent Ty Tate condutkors VOT, 7). Ty Some q tre awoonks ane flowing, bowarrds A ard come othoy auscrents dea flowing ou dom cae Accords bo krichays lat, Hho ewvrent plowing houands & Aho Aum 4 Me avvants flowing—————— TT kirchops's Voltage law \ Statement dna closed druit, Aho sum a the potential dnops is equal to the Sum of the potential rises nits $24, ABCDA Jom 8.5 Ro a a closed dvutt, c Re j Sam of plenkial drop t aie =TR\+ TRy = ia Vv Soro ¥ piterkia| xke = : x Sum of potential rise =a of potent drop y = TR tTRo+TRg Soueg and Pasalle| eras es tor Resistor Netwosk Resistovs in Series Ry Roddd Each vesisboy has a vollagedep across TE given by ohm 8 Raw thus Viet,» Vee cea» Yaeibky ae ae to Kiychop ps Volkage laws, . = Vi tVo +My =o) ae Vv =TR, +TRo4 TRa A V=T(R+RotRa) @ »* “oyeres oe @ R= Ry +Ro tRo Hence, the total ve vesistance 4 a number eststors cours in Series given by = 2 Re Se=\ Pe an R, fg fee oA eTR, =M Pe RK ‘ fy “TR ue Total Power p —oR Roa Ra WL we t s = —— $n asotes duit, 1 The Aame uonenk Housthrough all tho yeristoxc 2. For each vesktes, tora will be Voltage drop according be ohm's law. 2. the Aum Voltage dnep will be equal bo the. applied pita Resictors in parallel :- T tshon Resisonc ana connackeol ain parialll, volbage acsoss each vesistox will be Same, Ro Louk curment tn Cah vosistay“TV. Me peereees Var Roy o Ret Ri a” ee When nesickoss ana connected in tel, ofpective sexsistane will be qven by ek com t.ho vdlage across of, the panalle| ; ‘ i | 8 the AanDippean@ belweon series and parallel Grait a | - The volkage Sentes chrauik the total eppective Feristance 15 {he AM of Aho individual vests tance ee) Rey Renbareect crt Only one path tox the auvenk to How . The wont Powtng The a\\ wesictances will be’ came ie divided across each yosistance. actording totho value yeststan ce. the tapuk wl tage ts eyral bo-tha sum of tha Vole drop in individual pediskancos (DV 2 WaVod Va parallel cirait tho ved procal of the hotal ecktve veatstance Fs Hho Sun of trovecderoals of individual seaiskan ces eee els Rey, Ri on ea Move than one pasth otha curvank te tlovo The wormenk flowin through each veatstance is (pawl the voltage actress each. yesistance i$ Samo which estll be equal to the Inpak wlbage. a. =the total wvent is the Sum gf the cwwonks lowing Arrough Varlous yoxtskances connedied in panalle) Cy WY =T, 4+Tat---405 =H.Ditston af tellago tm gorder creuil Ry Ro pees ct Pe Ve so cl hes Vv By ahs law, v, = LR, : Vali ee —W) by KyL, VeMt Vo V=eTRrTRe =L(RixRa)Cronorall ly , eu e total voltage Vela Ce eee Valus of the See as Civeutt Past teular resi barr Summ ofthe Trdvélual venti Division of aovient ty paral ctveutt According ts Ker, fc T=T4%, -() 4Problerat to Solve. yr?" Sigh 4 Erny ZA -—|h-—- pal Fie aise ea hemes ag Fall in voltae Rise in wltag2 ve s —v (nega AV (postive gi ah, voltage drop a ie v ; fc 6 a +B Fall in voltage Rise In vol aN (negate) _ -4vCpost vie ) Find ths Voltage across the resistor R gen in5) Debemine unkrown voltege dowop Vy athe £5 Apry RYE ae oo OO —V\ #14 =0 aes al Steady akake dolulton a Ve Circuits >. se unknown élechtcal pooamalers in te De Cradk can be debeuninad oi re tose methed . 1 Mech Analysis od. Nodal —i) Caleulet We Mex, aants and alss caluulats voltage across 0-0. tiny Mesh analysis, 02 0.3L 2nv \ Vie o Ee curvonts ano mankod uring oi » aww. Ree ly KVL fer loop ABEFABi Ayrl v cramons rule, We cor find ob 47 Ei oJ | : Bi 0-8 1 og og WV Ixtl “esx08) 10.64 =6-4£- 22 og Qu tl " ~ 22X11 -o.g X2y eos os eg,Comrsnk trougheo.s. 2, = 10:86 Cusvyont Neough O32T, =13-1A Cwwunt Hrrough ossle Ti +b, = 10:86-+13.9 Au ab, = Que Voltage Across Gg a Y =Ziad)xk S241 AS V=I%ey }) Determine the oqnivalent veststance betweon teunuhals A and 8 Abown below, Ro 3En-Now ths cyauil bec mes 352. ean (O22 102 ano senies $0 10410 =20 A 8c Bs by B09 S20 & Bo 420 are nel BoX~20 Re BOL20 | gose CR &’ petri th fetal curmont Faken 420M the Source, 100_2- Son Son: BER A Bon aro insortes, WW tea 21002 ane in Series, So+S5o0 =l(00n_ BOXSS_ 9 too + loo = 2een_ 5d Now \oo.2 & (oor ara | connected in Me |Now Sak £ lo ane Onnocled in servos. Yo 460 =Jon. si ay : we pacesA opvent Heo ind tho Power ciesipiatad by io Bins. Given: == T=3A Retort Powen dish plated leydhe:) diestplated an 5 uns 5x bo = 3605 Enorqay Brogy > pxt = 48 RSX bo iE =AF 000 Ws =o 000 Tt tod Him vesctance acres’ MB lodal| Aral: sf Jn this method we solve equations "4 cl. applied ab yorwous nodes 4h elechic ctraut. ete. is opined os ojundfon Or a point of Qa mide component Beuvtinals, sing Nodal Analysts, Herough tho 20 9_teaKk jos uLLL Spludfon: Convert al te voltage sources Into thety equivalent quvenk Aowr ces ieee 1d Ty =_20 a Seal (k “® HE Na aK thon Arry ket akwabey, is oe =W 4 M4 Vi pamaeom (0)) Using Nodal Analysts, obtain the crore plowir Anall the yesistors qe tho devout as chown uh the $4 WW , 60 a4, WL MWA SN +L L ke ee Ax — 4S v dlubton: Convert Voltage Source Inte Uovond ) Source . Tr ~ Fa Ge Ta= gas =15A Now The ctxcuit Beco aalNoe ANG Log.eeV ese ons eee Qweiant Hrfough ba vwisbor = om oo G = 4:28 caroonk-thnoughn Ase toisber = Tha volta ty divedion @r) polorctty ;(1 ) Z| \ bo ¢ omplete one uycle {c7) the Lime, @ UMe bakon t ankerval, T anton whith he wave form yeped ks itself. Is called tro Hmo ported the qpan Me ea (F) The Ae as suth wycles ocuing per second ts called Greco ih £ = tr Ha Arnpli Lude + - The maximum value positive or nagabve ae qpontity is called ths amlitude. Gnascidal vollage ‘ ie Viselll 9 : cata Sirunsoi cde cwuen can be coritlen a tee an h Whore js inatantoneots voluo of ewvonk Ta> Peale value wo => Anquley froquon in radian gon second, ye Vmsinok > Vm sin came) & re seer gin (am)Root Mean Square Value (rR Ms ) V \ Toms = [oF eeu \ ar Jor hodt 6 \ P Epfedive value 4 Ac is the value Ot} steady stake dtred ewvrt wolhich produces tho Are Aoak as that produ ced by tho altemnatinguerrart Ron famos Merough tha Aoma mosttor £oV tha Samo tnbewal of Hime . Form Fackov Ces) Jk ts dajine d a Raralto af RMS value %& Average Vand . Farm Fatkor = Rus Value. Avetage Value, Poaktackor : (crt 4 adey) ; the qt dagied ae ‘ole_ An alternaling Voltage fs given by .V= a 4 0 | calulates) Pre epiney CY Perfo tl) Maxi rum value ty) Rms value gon : RE ernaltag Volt ict equcctton. d Ve sto sin3iy L - 0) Vc Vm sinwk —@) whore peo vies gO*© W = 31 OME = BI ee Sa wVV _ -—v——_] ‘ Tt. rer Oe Naess T V =Vm Sineot Oe V= Vmsinwt o> Ser T= ~Teysinot — Vensinwt 1 tas Seely TS 3 me T =qasinwt ae whee im =e © z () Saysthat alhomating ol a aurea ane dn phase with cline ge e aiternalin 3a tht hang in lux ,a Ve Because / Prductar propore« o 4 AN riduced Xn the xt woronk { ange , ¢ ty (a) Em inducod eH ea ea as ee 4 MS See Eo) QM=@ de 3 On easr bath sides. we gok ae fx gnwt-de i <= Mm —coswt | os wk = sin(wet-y L wo = VmAverag 2 powe nthe pune. inductor f J & Zono. Jow Since wah Lethe tnduvtoy Bho AONE. Thais is Arored tn the magnohic Held and vekurmec| te tha Aowrce during ao ragolive hale yele - positive hay ageler crongy ‘s delivered hax diagrom en Gh Oe Riese o i wie Ja Sees oot ..RL: fe dente: x eo | ‘ ¥ Trmpecance ’ Ke onr-p ( vie Tmpee tance oak R+(4j Xo) earxe l= (Rae ay ct \ + eur t ) Phase angl< phrase te a a * a pee ie Power fackor Power fackers powe re = & =o se a (ons ae EU sad) Aprerunt powey p= & poo pe Salele} 6. eC \ fe Raol powed & powet =\v e {url a4 =|v\\r\ esl Powe , os amas fs ool = Wit cos i —— p =\uiwleost We Powe aa = 8 os Q@= wie) sing = = a Pepperet pa = ils sing me stopSuse Through Capa dtoy b= ae = = (em enw) “ ay hp(2cos wk) ew ¢ Vin sin(wt + ) c = Vm ain @r+M/2) gic eos fy a6 jabs Ven sin(wh-+T/a.) Xe at vgs OE ue ees) are oLenam yee z yolk ge aay @_Pnoblem » L=laimH Ric Gant, Rar, o fs fre supply volt fh. ape we. Fd ) Gysivalont {mpedance chy pouerf: acko , 60 (i Jewvent Gv) Power (w) talent 66.3¢F ak te Te Lind ayo, Sokez w) Lm peau Prauckve veattanto Xp= 27t te i = QNKGOXIAIAIO =72D— 3sQ4le 2b /-53-13" Ly) Real powee P =\viirl cos> = 2oxbxob = S64 WwW 1) Readtive Pawev @* ITI stop = 2orbxX oF = \152 VAR a) A coil yestcane 52and induckanw tes mit is conn in Series with 2coN capacttor a.cress a Da0v, SoH S supply: \eulade Uy the induct! ve “reatkan tec in) capac ance Gi) Impedance ed whe whole dradt Jo V (y poueY Sader (vi) total rch+) Tduck 2thy eo x 20x Io ) Impedance Z = R+j(X_-Ke) = 5+) (srtis -l ats) a Is. 5=. eae TN aK = 13 —— 2 x57 3h wi s> ve = oqeyv ) Voltage acrest ho capacitor Ve= eL, Xe = oe -X 15a Vy, 2 Bee v >A too we Tonstor and | conmerred pn series as and tre Svat Im pe Volkage across ‘vesistar apparent power, ade {09este lL Th ductive youctane XL= _ Sa xixSox 20x10" 3 261 2S3 GU CAexbe = Vied™4(b.293)* = = lo. (94 Grudk oy Ampedan Ca 2 Adnition to 1) oe oy bs We tae Cwvont T _ vy eee “he = ee ee [I 2.245, Voltage avs S -yesTstey Vp = TR = 2-295 x100 = 229.5 Vee ea ie ga 20W, 0-86 PF eon vou c machine a 220, Sot fs connected’ across apply Colurtote Vo curoont ncthe a yeutt Given: PA gi : P= ZooW +L Pe = Cos} 208s V =230V f= Cats. a = NAS T cosh Power| ‘ Tak) cand ng 0% i G)vdhy sem 1 G) pour pak. Sm 7 ele NM Awn____| qe pa v 15> | GR BA Ome parallel 9x16 Saleen | 44s 2 6+h = jon Dn & Fn Golp oetururd: Heaush. 18-9 | | aay JF =1A | Ag (i) ee Asya i a ) verte fa. mpl ssoanl ware | es ah one! he Ln ib h 223A | > Bee | 19-4368 re fey) xt = 44-620 T= 6-39 (0-548)| Fahd. De rpiplanca -aerepp DB \ i an Ae—— an ___ i ay erie (eu | \ " = pasar and 6 ore tr parol fog =HXG oA = Oe 1, +6 Ic pe cee A ah & Pepin 9A and 22) 0 Ot Jn Guy Rag = 2+ 2h = bey| Mente nor e-Ob. ote in Soxlep | fog = F+3-05 = (0-6 village ot 18-0 aepigtor =18 XI =18Vsiz + GooV Aphiig Ku fo ABDCA ~4 (Br3s)-# (+) +h80 = 0 — 41) +40, -41, ~ te $48 = © =I) -422 419 = 480 Woy+tiet Alp = 480. —— (0) Aphjng kv fev CDEFC)rphirg cram’ Suh * AI, = |' + 4fo FU eo 4 | EEE [e-p0[ of L2/ = 1(-220+ 16) -4(-No -16) ~4(-1-14) = 11-204) -#(- 166) ~4 (-¥3) 1 = 2244 + 10% + 288 B= -864 =ti(0+ 2400) — ¥(0- 2400) +480(-28 44) = (2480) -# (2400) +450 (-42) = 2400 + 6800 - 3h 560 Aly = 8640 Ty= Aly = 8by0 pate| up raph Lngpi | Hwoh 4.2 suppor |De \wllog pave awe ‘ 2 8s “ilk find Tho Lurtort AM dhe in He cixeuil prawn balew « din chad analy ) | ty Appling KVL) ABGHA * -6(s) 2) +i2.=0 61-120 tieTg tle =O \eT)-122 12 —) dphig wun) BFE | 4s) 42-5) "og -F 5p -yla tht “Pte -I2-T, +282 -44p = LOEFC Ky, a5) Ay bTatH 41, -4T2 =I ’Equalion ( YC) SQ) ae cxamer's suk | B298)-2 a | is -lz oO = 2 28 | Oo -h ‘| i 4In 41, — |ie-e wl = ae © -h 12 pee Ale \8 (20% -16) +12(-108) =U 18135 o7/ 13(o+ 48) -i2(- oe Bane PAT. oto = 2160) 19246) +12 (-144) +12(48) ATs = 3816IRR Sa Blabu cal Jay cael, 1Pad) Hee, come! Je Janek by Meda Anolip MM MM.OB ow ie oe (1-28) (0-4) — ~ (08) (0-2) =h5 +o+| (0-925) 0.) ~ -o2)(u-2g) +2695 +.9.25 = 25195 VFd Je unnnt — Jhseugh 2.0 saiplin dv du rebink | aging nodel anolypis ba is |A = 1-5438 - 0-908 A= \.9928 Ay, = |'6 -0-8 2 0-93 = [+4838 +1 DVs = }'66 6 ely ee *G2 + 0-8