DATE: J —~x Creat Amalygrs x-easene: gS 4 =pNetworka Tin electaical network there ts just EEE IIe formlbimation of electric: ctacult element and Source a2 em# = =4Baanch = Post of meliork ot path of Cunzen! in_ which Current zemains Camstant is Caled 7 Baamch of metre rk. Nodes ~ aa D 4 fo ex. im Oem v __ickt AB, go,2nce 7 axe branche : tt Node = Ton a metinnsk “paint ox 7? whare tue om: emane brovches be i oe __#x-= Poimt @: Mesh ox loop = The closed. path Laganed log di? Posen! saute bacrnches in a ckt 1s called mesh ox loab. | (is Vallage Sous ce woltage Source provide +h - : Rs Cimtemnal Resi'stanc Current In the ced of Sous t= Me : © [4s (load Rs+Re sSSESas fet : | GRR ce Naltage acness load Wes Vie Re : Rot Re b+ RsDATE PAGE NO. i? Reso then Vis Ww (hale \wollage Z : is apblred om = load. > Val ce_is assumed to havir esis tamce Rs ioy . Se ares. Nol tage S 4 piniesrmol Resistance ez is_colled ideal vol tage unce. Bul im proche cohale uxce have Some | mon-ze70 intexnal resistance i) Giewemt — Sounco — + Ti a we Tis Tx RS ‘i eset en? Rs +Ri ay Rs then T= Te (e: whale. Current. _ > on ideal, current source “inte: mal “resis tance must be imfinite.ile+oa) ae reese fos dee otfesea bog limeaa tan be. dence. ag -_ =z Ex. => Resis tor God ee. sasanaiad Set a Cj ’ . yo omust pe acs | odd Bnetiom Qs Vv ae = %* Diode is mot a _bilimen ——— | Se an fon ideas Pox 4 fro de Linde. imbedemce =0 imbedMa Umit of R= ohm = Velt oe F am b 2 - Cmitr 3 py - Obes aus i H Basic law Tso E|—> that is cilso called _| smicro form. of ohms frac P| tow HEE T= volume cumnemt demsity | c= Surface charge density ___| a £ = frre om hex Umit change Oe Pee fad SS Sbecitic Resistance Cdeperds om ree ey: sh ? demg de amodrial maiuxes | 7 Cro. ection axeg 4 : x Fo}} 2 fos small Chamize in tomb. [f= @ wf i? Senve Combinatinn = _ Req. =baactical inducing jiwt® + a7? Xp Ty Unit b= He = UW Eee pgil eeepc Copa Fame | = T PitRo4R3 Vvlau / mode aus — at amy mide os junction algebric_sum of cumzent be ¢ egal, Agena | WO cup emt apo ger re mamma | fo’ curraremn + goieng. Pponn junchicn, a af eIeso =? Tis To 7g “Taro | This _(s_called change Comserwattorn CS Se at amy dum ction Wicchhal'a second lauw/ Voltage lave) Loo} to 2 aoe enesgy (onsex vation lau = in any ci | o% mesh gatme tar ortioular definite direction. | Ceithey clockwise ax_andi dock wise) them Algebate Sum oF Voltage’ wilt pe equal to zero. —____—loop analysis > - +. q : — (-ve) 4o (ve) = tve ie aan Hee SV = ‘ +5 ~lot +19 =~ 20T =O * bss IS > 90T oe EEE 2 f= 0-5 amp Ry R. a e.g — r | CVS 2) He Ry L) Ry iH | V-T, 2, - (1 -T2) R3=0 : z | = CT2= 2,0 R3 =T2 Ro- Te Py =o f” Node analy sis = os eee T=t+T2 ii Te V-Va = VA-0 + VA-0 Ry Rs But Best Ma=V VATO + va-0 20 Ry Re Ra sussaseed Bee 2. kr a 4. Nn-Vi V4 Yaa 0 po Oa h Re RS a yt! Re Ng-Va + Va-Vo + VB 0 | + Ng-V R3 Rs Ry ae — avas Ved Ve — Find= Val tage Source are Commected indo the fe erates (Voltage sousce )_ chi! othes es by thet nies iompe dence Cimcuti + cf liens imebedence So Current thasughbeg im a anny Pleaenent Is. mae ee ee 4Diagcam 0 “Neos + ve Pa) fee Ss [be se sulbsi 4: La. ingle volt = Gl culation of Zin Zim = Zain 7% Za Art ZoZee tox go = 4g = Jorge . : | Cys lox (3o4Gor = Gy 9 30% 604 (0 pee 2 eee “faiiexy willbe shot — amd cunxeant ouxce cil) be o' oben cet Zm = 4x12) 2 SX Q Eee a i Ia +4 F i Va=- 20 + VA-o ~ 5 =O 0 7 “ S 1g evap tat > Sue = Va = - Us cal ir | C8” ree = tn. eeeranch — = HS = te fet Vac = US 4 BOY a Gy = a Nos tom +theawem— Nostom theanem state cd any” : Complex “etmcuit cam tse seplace by a | ~ imcul h L 2 Tu_and eaualant impedence Zn Comnected. im. pa- {_____||4o dhe Curremt Source, In 4 4 cixcut Ae imals amd Zu i | bin toad dearmimale tuthile 4eeet ing, dhem oben g Rs ais t 7 | 4 =” Glculation of Im L vite vet Bee eee Rit RoRs Aa gaeeeee eT Te Iy-= I xRe ee ae | Roi Ra Riot 3) + RR(ios 100.9 AS. Clotigo) . S50 S410 tloo VS" Tn = _ /o Qamb sAR R=Ry Zn = 4a Cateulation 6 Zam. a | -Caleulatian of: Dy : Tw = 1g 2S amp. aaa — ——epare: / PAGE NO. : F? Maximum bowen transden theorem — toa any be equal to the combley camjugate of load the loop whem. intemal imbedemce of tne Sounce Tocet || tompe demcl EEE EEE Eee Re = Re SS 7 5p Reci paocity theox em = Th it depo | lon pe demce Comtaimiry only one voltage as Source having em? £ is sMuated ina tank (Say fingtd. amd gemewates Cuaremt Lim acthen loop | (Say secomd) them iP wie neblace vollage sotace Loser | _TS* 40 tad —_loob_then cugsent ime first loob totlt he algo = i ere eee at) | {oop=2— = | Ot G+ Zt\—5 ~4r 97 = 2 =sr = = t= 3°: EEeEeE acre ~2 Es 3. amb Al aa Na = 47, -8 tal = Vo T2112 - lo -SI2 =0 VA- Vg = Ux [-10 5 #a[- 2 ha x zo ja x2fote) to ; Vag = = 20 + 9 +90 & z ~tot 4+ 6b ~ 2#5 _1=2 ee — By FR Et B -Ur -19 - $2 -Gr tys-aso Sait = 36 ate T= 36. !2 amb J a + | ae 7 wv an <= I~ * wor a® Nan pn — Ws? oe 3y Vs GA é Wro +V-v2 = 6 -© al Va-Mt 4 Ve>0 + Vo-3" =0 a 3 1Zth = Sxb. gp" = 30 9 nn 4 | fetin EEE EE Hee Heong een do OH EH gy - \ f oz) B= tt ete 28 — *F oe AF amb a Se oe A \a_— ne = Va ares peo Ey = Vag = 18 57.4 = (9 8-4% _ 1S0 y Ww Wt 1 a Gin = Va + yaA-20° = \g_ = 30%Q 5 5 > Ss IMA = @ 12 ot = VA af BouVoltage ac-ro SQ = Sv 802 Amp Cunrent through 109 £37 -244 -lo =o tos, = -6 AI, = 13 73 Anny Q(-06 58) + Urt- a) ~ S92 4-03Tops peop pepe otpate: sf —* Diode x— mena Heat Aidan tae aoa gee a limeo eee active Cincut @lement.s Lr > diode. Toy ee sresistoa lout wo |___cuawnems relation is mon=limeax fea dinde + ie | Tn the beyiming vaccume tube diades nese ae ee imtao ‘duced: _1___|_-Gathode glass abe. be} Medal plates ——~] | Dinect —r if Tmdisect > 12 Le: e8_ ee ee _| | Called Nacctme tube dioderT ame | PAGE NO.: | 4 HEI Semi conductor digde— ce Point Contact dinde— a_ometal wire is. commected at a blece point uidh — Semlcy ond ictorcrg Shale Tan com = em! com duck = 4 ano then m=type} ame sandwithed ol inex atomic level as shown be loin — zs __ eee faba JumeHam i aE Come touction — | acebH <~fe-6,4 4188 Booe. Coceet+ PO) loa.qaaa ee’ 10 QO | ac Whee P22. QSO GQ) = IS 22 @Tegion near Ioy the junction. ic _diplected | 7 of mobil cha’ ge thats why called _ || depletion reqiam, (Space Change charge medion | Ot Sranster transistor negion ) Poten ta] i : : : r = 1 SE Potente! bamies _ : ipo 2 fox hole cosoeet a : Potential basles for 20Dare: / J PAGE NO. : 4 = BEIgion. get aeduced I he abblicatiom of for uaad hing polendial till Iessume © im m= type. metarial ond hales im_- type bs aatlanial to ae combine with | the foms meat the. boundasy and tne veduds ‘tno usid Ha > Resulting amine “ eae Change __tn_anagmt dude Since the Conduction __.— fe inna ‘ of imbualhites in the métariale ond do nea EDATE: / PAGE NO.: botembral ill be Cduced As the abblied ion £520 Sing in. delle ti iom —untll contain to decrease in iom Be giam __usidth umlile if — Plaod of. e© com pass to tne umetion - Vo wap? Reverse Biasing a - |@ @ Oi QO Oi ©O6! LS eee oe Ay | Vv width of deletion negion 2 incxeases._ ree @© amd holes dra at to fie repe pert Hive -potentia ot abblied voltage so the nel. efPect of Coideniny of debleetion aegion. eee iissutessuae pe. } ® Bocause majority. charge costes Com not pass thoraugh Hee the “dumction so curxemt itll toe only due to_ et : amninoanlty. Chaceg.e Corps} 6 nh eet tet ete tee |+ linea Cot h gh FE FB ___ Cerin) — emia! Gow catrent ) Comin: 4B. appli - | whom cursent Sstaris do | oe ams Pou) a Pee i i j m Ws Up +i : tom's jar Je ple Lis logon will tLe NA x Ax Wp = Nox AxWy Se SN Up,| A> i? dopbing mesrase mone of the Section either bag | m them width of depletion layox imPH# Bice! th, dnothey® q Section. PRGENO: igh td T= To = to fe ™™ =] Vrs. ket — heamnal Vallage = 25-3 nV I 7 Kg = ick = 0723 TY, Tos Saturation current / leakage Cumnent % Poswand current ‘t aly due to majority chaay 4 Cosp'exs So it ts almonst imdedendent of tombature | de —Is(m) = Ts(t) 3 = <_T? leakage cureemt is small a -hove_verg. good thermat i = : The greatest advantage oF : leakage Cuxmemd. smaller _ ——jP_dinde cam _act..as__capisitex fos. S4eb gvaded I” Banff CMbaupt I") we define daansttion cabicitonce. i Cee A w SU ec Vie Step aden” os «x vyls_ Linear gradedfe 80 wt Saseyet igae rote Oe alt bie MSE! PAGE NOL: Dittusion of o cabicatance_ fh EEE He _di flu sion asian ari aura brag diode. ts_malnly mesponsible fog Singage of eenT oy Seema gy HIST) Coz AG 2 Ce ; dv NM a Eee iE eee T= [fotime | Reletion. sna Re laxihtan ime | po - Te: forward bias current. siden_a_Osymavetaical Sillicam date and Leb the | mean life Sime of holes be tomono seavnd) and- ideality tector = 2. then for ben Se Lon Aes fo mine “cusromt find sud tne defy tom _Cabicatance Cos TTP jo xto~4 x (x19 74 Tvs. 2X Ip 25.9 «1073 ee = to 7 7 5 i a $4.6 exponential.—mg PAGE NO. : i || Limea® onadal. A —} Peet po } Tr j eet ew 4a Gretant source Wellage) at | oe —|+ — +} ee 2 v oa i Cliphess | vallage current selector / Slivers/ Chobbess— |_| Cliphens ame med work that eanble tades < ; eee —boxtion of amin igna i ——__|_ distrating —theremaiming part of abblie > Steps 4o solue clipbes clacut — Note 2 Lenede | -3) 1m fox ward lorag diode act os short } Nofe the _electaic pressuxe due _to_all_voltage Sabily. kt im Reverse jyias act as oben cixcutt.th Ve Fo a 7 mbar ae . tom Gast bald bositise cyctdindecoll_be EA. tf |_ by om State ox Short ~ckt i : then Vo 2 Ve will be Ra. ne off state aor Obenthi _ _ then Ve = 0 = % = + Vo =Ve ve _Wwso +e g + = fog NHC diode is onward brosed /shost ckt [am stale op fete Vo =O _ STi roio cee PeeryDATE: =f I PAGE NO: 9g oe = —4 Te GteCy A Bw ae bosidive oli i Fo) TY ce HEePEE ei ay ed Srswand do the diode fepHc = Input signal gives Reverse btas Ni< uy fos Very | Diode reversed Bios —_— = cee es fou wii 9 dinde fostoid Diosfor-PC UV Batley hiasod reverse to tne dinde [fo PHE tnt “sigeat_tied diode te ese fox Vr <4 a Diode is x@vensed $a eee cece eee for Ve 24 Dinde tc mevessed oo Shon ee tow NHC | imbut sigma Biased Toa banat if oWw<4 them eee Ve = Ve Vo 74 hem dit Vo = 4 Out pul f= i XE “a . : aa nef m2oe Batleoy a Brag Qraord Se ee ~ ff Batten Reverse BragDATE: PAGE NO. Hese moF detimed iv Phe cg DD, reverse Bias i Me se | _éMicy DiA., De RB. Sree reer Vo Ay Ver 4 DD FB. Vo = hha Cunt debime |_| NHC D.Do seversé Bias bo = Me__cithin a fos Siz oF —_f Cad ian = i Bond gap fas Si tl { Band gap for Qe v= O93 ay + | Scere creer | 4 fos uc = My < 3:3 Diode 2B. Vo = 33V + Wr 3:3 Drode BB Vo = Ve foo NHC > PB Ue = 9:3R Seo ey a L OF ; tc Yaw 7 Ly fog PHC Ve Vo = Vi 2 4 ee how Puls Do fR Dore JoS OF Dip, RB Ne = Vee Verod py $B Dy RB Np =PAGE NO. : * fot i.e oDi= RB. De = PR Ve <0-F Di, O0.- RB Vo=Ve EieeebMecAooce D-R-B. Da-$B Vo = o-+ these is also a vollage drab tm Resistashish.avre ‘cheval Shemale PAGE NO. > Claomn bes — \ Clamber of a dinde , a xests teat shifts a wave form toa diff. dic. level. ee the abblie d signal Clam pi. ping _metuork have a Capacitor cnanected divectly foam input 4 do_out pus uit, 0 aesistivie clement im parelll Li’ tat tn eee ee dlso__pazeliel «itn the output bud may. 0% anoy nor have a series dic. _subbly Preeti e173 a + aca Y | y — Sor Clambexr ck peak da forak Volbage —_ Pmains Com ent / Unchanged i Pro.coduxe to —selue_tlaanpex ohh A) Start the crnalyste by “euaminig the eshance | of the boahion of the im put signa) ther} will Soxuacd bras the diode. lla teem stale of dinde assume. that Cabacttar: Gall _chaage b_instenfantusly to a yoltage Iu) 4 dolevmined Ivy the sn94u1o aDATE: PAGENO: 4 asstime that aay the peated shen tne sie i sin. off | established valtage level tt . 4 ToT raeete iat 4 a i —> Troms fer chawactemte4ic— f- el Vege Vase i = Trons formes — device to inesease ox the _aemplitude of sigHRases comscimed boy ac = Powers Consumed [ogre Bas 7 [pace wo. : J 7 Wor es On anutual imductinas | toductiom eee ai tronsPoame Pepe eee eee eee eet oe ety £ Z a Step ub dep down Ne < N: Nip >_N: foe ‘ TI SEE ESE EEE See Hee ee ecb Cea 7 %, meas = Wen (= Gswt J Mo {as x —(wso] i T Low J, wT 4 = + Ninn =. Nor i wT n oP Ver 1 Viel Sentunt ef Trait esse 3 Lv (La Cosine Jd ye ay i | a [ Wi tl Ue {oar 2 J Q agenerated P= T°R=VUR=VI — DMs Value of Current (s the Value whids genetate DATE: -/ J) Same power in batdrculag Lime period [aces | by adc.Value of Cuvrent~ form Pectos Fs Dems. 7x Tde 2 Peale “Fe uerse Volta te — 1 Peal Tnverse Vo 02 dhe dinde difimed os Ae aman ian revewst Vobiage diode Som usith Stem d | Rectifier efPiciemey mS ty = Pde = Z| IL Poe. Rie = Vue Te Ea = Pac = NegnsTo-an > Y= Nac Tae _ 4 | Pm Crest Pectan- Pea value CO ms « Pins Value+ af ‘ vn film Sincat ace catdi Ea Af EE ET n = Cit triFawm fector 7, Fe Tyms- *% . * ss Tae WB «gr Rie a i : aibb le Pectos ae | - ae ae SM = [RZ 2 J > a 4h Ps Roc ifioy ePtretemcy = m= Pde Pac” ce Vae Tide Norms Tram é aq = MB s5 Rex ne 8 t KD Crest. Pectam = Peak Va Ras Valuepare: os ene _diode — is a sbectal p-N Temetion Dinde as ——heavely Doped on —)>— > Nosmal diode Zener dinde <= | doping — 1: 19% [7 Fonwand biog Chanacteriste js same 4 and zemex diode On_tmcic easing Tevesse biag volta ame fix \p Malue of Voltage maximal diode be eng Nigh Nerttegpehectia i toatl imenease o 14 wore linge aflex that Voltage in break down FJumvneling effect go travagh log penetoate [ool [paczna: a Barre in_Pmeak down reign aninort coxxio Coollistam amd then they mabe a dre _co- velent band _Inase bia tetra yelend Bond atom and +n} See eccer + Reverse ava lence thatls hy zene diode _is stable “ot —Baeali down volioge ae. * Fox Fixed situation Ve and Riare dived. Li fe a Z | CQ 7 [7 Tamsition state 3 a e | 4 Tast Remove the dinde yee Ziv. Fe, Cohen cht) amd cnlmulale | — {ana out pert 4 Veo Vz No Brakdocan Vi'> My! Brakedsuim ns | Nz élVe)open Bneakdowae 2 Nz 7! (Veapem No Break’ dow» =" See cL Ve < VR foo Break dawn R+ A | Nit perrounls ik in Cone z Lys 0 [PP Reece & Ve < ve for Break dowry | o- | Fee ed | re if No load Comdibian (Ry =0 ) I Me eve for Baeak dodain AdPAGE Ni Pind out .t1, Tz,Le =WVR OU Beale dourmP Powex of —gemes._dinde— a ReVWies Poin = Ve Yani as stoax. _disip} teded Foues acm enex dinde ts called Pawen dating 2 amin. Be Roig is sme Bubs alin Vy = Meriahte ; Wt R= Vertable Vo = Constant Ve = Comstan.— (Baim 2 Kmee cuxtent | Th ton be ascumed peta if on 0 ee isi ot given hood Regula ane tTM iat han Vo = Cons hand Ss R Poy tH eee oe poe Yo = Ti & i . &t ve Fetaittigy + © Veni Ry TVS Crstant Vern Te £ Tp = + Te eR Te Vor VesiableDe = (Ti)mas + (L2)mim — © Tes (2. ymin -+ (Tz)ma —o® ate (Eidonin = Ne @ Ti man = Ve = po ARI Rania _(omsidex Shimnt” Regulate d Ckt as shawn in figune wide | p26, and mer cumsent is SmA Col culate the smunValue of “8. and emin Mower Rating of zeney |code Suche _4het Output Btmain Constant as ty. CV (Ze) Poe d 00 A, ‘Sour (Rien = 2 mR yi ‘Om. , Te = 20-6 _ Bor i (Tider i = 235 ma oe oe i (Rimin = Vo ,1000 = 6 xlood = gx4o _ 240 ay os eee ‘i ae = 21.84 9. am. Powes Rattay_(feymax = Ve Ue) mas i Gmin = Vz eee ee ee _ ee (Ruenox (Roma = = Gz max = Te = (Tidonin = 269 op i Retire = 6x 28kOmw = 16% mW,DATE [Page no. : cukh Ve=6V and knee cunwent 15 Sama and Lowes tating of genes dinde is aonanw ‘tind EB ie >Re Qeus ATdmin = Te = E0me, = 2 Cidavoe = 880 - 5 = 275 MA (Rurmin 2 6 KM 2 2138 Se08> RZ AG?DATE: =f J PAGE NOL: | GFavemable = tTzdvanrble + (Dey _| = Te) max = e)mrax + Te — Oo ; 2 (Te)mim = (To mim + Ee. — 6 R-=Vz =0 Nz + Tek Wanta =) Vz + Te )min R= @) att We = Vz + (Te danax R Ane chi shown im the Pigune ic used 4a provide meguiaied “Valdage SY acanss tie Mo Resistance. assure hod genex dinde hos Constant brea}e doinan Volto qe. Tie Knee curtent fs danA input Sigma 4 hy So _-__||_its mominal Value of Gv eee eee L oboe Seo eee Abind_oul the amin power pe = i rating. amd R= 72 Tis § = SmA Tka= _—__§ | edema = 6+ GS ~65 100130 Ipanh 7 — a if - =. love : = . | ademas = Te onae~ Te = IQ - S = Bema ‘ Prax = Mz x Temnag = S*x8 mW = —Yornw Calculate the. —aunge of input sigmal for husk 1 Zenex diode ts im 6m State — Vz22 20. (Tz dime = 600A eee D205. ~ : oo : Wxl2oo'. 90 _f I i | |_ 1200-4390 Me: od = ey 12% | Me 20% tuz0 | 140. — Me 284 23.6F¥ ebmae = Govt i T= 20 mA = 268 lov ma - 2 Ta 6 pat= 60+ so. [fo +50 ~~ a) Eanes = [Veleme =Vs 2 220 230 ap = Velmae = 20 4 x10UD 220 i 2 (Warns, = 930x990 +90 2 i Bxou0 be FAG BEE .6F + 20 = 16886670 2 lo. 864 +20 See ass aa 36-864 vy > Ce)min 204 7 pein = O+ Tes | ; ; 3 Wi aain = 20 ° ae _. 220 3000 Ne amim = 220450 B Oud =_ Ft = 23.63 vo 3 aPC re Pixed— Ce)max = Oz noe + Te = (Te domin = Cz) min Te — ana = co aa i Tro= Woe Pee eee R Rinax = Vi Ve Te) natn.pare: =f} Gamay = Gar A po SY —] ot a (—— Goma + SimA = 1OmA Ss 2-5 Ve Kp lo g ss Cedonne = Te = lm | mon = &o-S = IskD : 1 @y"| Zones cinde as Refenence level — fesse ee ——— - Vem pe _| ves TN Vea [eV set p> EPPect of tembratune om semen diode ~ t gene_diode is sensetive fox tembnoiuse , dembacta | Co- efficient. is given by - | Tes Av /ye % ! T= To feat i ; i Te = AVz Nz. = Change tn gene ¢ Vo Laie Ve (T-To) Ve = Zemen Vottate at - To ~ “T= Term p rolaePAGE NO. ~ Colewlate Ine dus geex lage iP gente — Joltaye at f lo Vand mew temp. is 100'C Tei oe _T = 0093 ~ 4% =. QV2 loo 10 Cloo-23) 43S0 ANg = aia, 450 = S06 — o45v \ovv0e Loreee = (8060 x3 0. 54 = a 54yu lovee \oo SPEEeee eee eeeimeee eee eeeee eee eeer eee eeee eee eee eee eee Reeeeeeeeeeeeeere eee eeee eee ee enea Cugremt. have Rongo 4 from Sh 40 190 -™m A i CW ash G2 Preble Range of Load come. (Te) max = Te - (Tz Janta = Jas - = 180m Temi (T)anax = 18S — 1b = 25 mA (Ri) vwtnx HB = 48 KP 2 1928. ee Gi) navn as s (Rd min = 48 = 48 KX = 400 Toman... 180#6 Mo = SOx ES __228 Se rHeeee een eee I 25 s_ cw} a : ey Eee 4 Knee cumcent 1 Sma ren f. tuhat fs tne Undue VT bv : RiP out U onot Polt below 6Te= '-6. 4 = 80mA | i © amin = Sma (Lanav = @O-S) mA = 7SmA (Rud min = 6 = G Ke = 6000. 80.9 = (dmc #5 ia _ Lox Ry &v 4 Rei $0 7 > JOR = 6R +300] , r i i * TP Uz )amnin=0 | san TRS oy Bipales = Tt contains: hot Curgent cuwsiess ( €2 oF holes) device — Preld ~camtanl the 7 Curent Cantaoled device 9p fout_chamuclerisiie | Bemuse input Signal comtxns —? Caibales (i+ Comsists | 4o_ouppui signal, Input __Omly ome type of + —|-—Sigenal Cuasent (Te) Comba Charge Corr | the Character stics of oul pul either 28 os hole. Guerent (Ti) by ofecharp.. <7 id te emi tex Bas Callecto x i dev dul} ___wide marr ___uride ee doping high fous. anidarat © 1 N TaN] aN Te = diPbusiom current [ T= Recombination Grrarot pT P_ | 4) e5 1] Tes dott cusrent = Chow Rermmbino dif Fasten CONES ChargeKVL KVL Veg + Vec +Ven = 0 Ven + Vec + Vee =0 HH Vac + Vea = Vee =Neat Vac = Vi i amoades of Obetation — 7 Siunchion —1 ume tivn ~. Region Base eanittes Gllector~ age | fond dL Pvetscrmel | Sarhuveetonn | foxwarrd EE ue —Ackive _ t A crevense | __wevense | Gut oPP | OFF Suntech | | xfuerse fae ura a inverse deannblifiex ae ee active gor ssince tne deamp ification com be dene sing Resisdox only Tee ~ So_4mamsisiox is mot osed to Ten ver active ee gion TP? Collector cunsent. Gmpaises tur fa —due to majoacty Charge cametens and ln due_to minoaity Charge carers Te = Lmajosity + Lminostty z Seep eee (Seer HE certo ree eae coment Te J | 7 CF 3 ) leakage Cummeng Te = es 2 aes thearnal Cumremd. inhen Ta =O Yen Collects 2 hes it3 043m Current Teo 7 | duets minomiy Charye. TT” Impoxtont Values (Standerd 1— iy Ved active = O-4V iy (Vag) salurattons EC ) roy = v eet | | How to find deansistes & im achive region of | Satu ration Region ~ eee fu Set us subbose tromsi'staa in Suration Teyioh os x U ing the 2 bon Me) sertasatta lve the Pose - emitter (moh and Pind Ate value of Tp then solve emiller~ collorter loops cmd find Te. iP £6 7 Fe thon Region Be| Besant: during the eel af B-£ lob. and t-€ leoh dows use [Fe = Ba ee et gun 4-0 c on = pn 7 ad im B-E loop= 4 " +5 -4-In - 0% = 0:5 Te = -]€ = at Hg = tte +OoS5Te - F in C-€ loop - 10-3 tc - 0-9 ~ Iefo's) = 0 > 3tc = 18-7 OS Te if teams: stor isin eee aciive Ke gion then lobe ts fhe Veilue tas of Te and ve a Bere ee eee daewe=0V, Ver), 03 Nes <2 2Vim acdive Te = BIg Jp _< Te >a? os 4, 95-9 Te 2 y x 100 > 4ak300- WeTe =< 684-35 Ie 2 t 4 e=35 Te 2 [24BAGT Ter ikea Ee _ Te : 1260 =6 6 165 Te > Tex Te ia > Te = 48 -oSTe 4 43 -0.5 Te \ 3 + | > Taite = 686 - 35 Te +!aq -Ol-S Te 2 le Te = BIA —|_} Te = 65.94 mA Te = 48-05 «8-09 | 3 Te = 2-4 mA meDATE: / / we : PAGE NO.: bs macalsss oe - 7 sf Stent —_ let B-£ loop im achive xegian use. z Neg = 0-4 and find 2 thea using —__» ee eee Tez Rie fimd I sist Siep2 ~ tenened the Le calculated fan achive» bow fen ag CT cJactive = _Stepe— Pond tne eens smelter Leann tne CE anf ini hese shalom leon tn altaes fox ha ni am _leve staat aaa Short 4dne CE ne Vee=o , To Te, Tp = “GeJactive > & Fe) satu tom. are gi am. aoe Jill be im saturating Step F — S~ So Ta we ~ Vac -d Tg = S-0-4. 4.3 am) So ‘So Tes Aa = 90xus 2 astm! 7 So Bi Step T — (Ractive = 2.5 gma =P. att _ Step Th = Lo. -— 35¢ Wedd g Pte Te lo-o — — Me Beate -7-(To).achive L active! TeYyi onBb Step | — S- Iax¢ - Vee -0-S Le=0 2 S-4Iy -0-1 - 0-5 (Ig+BI,)=0 -41g ~ 0-4 ~ 50:5 Ta =o sis Ty = 4.3 Te = 6.04432 mA + md = 1CO_ lo = 2Te ~0- fond te £ Vo 2 Loe Tb? ke 2 10-8 Tec- ag To = 0 > Terlo . agge i 3S Gesu < Ge dacire — Salutation — jov 7 a Bike Step = lo - 240 Tp -O-4 - | (Tg +P Jn) =0 9.3 = F0+101) Tp — a Th = 43 O09 S06ma | Let 341 - Gedactive = (314 = 25 ama Step 2 - lo- ite - th =O — | ! Te = SmA Wo Tactive < Csi sataause [active a ia <5 eee Shebt_ cind _Step-2 _ Step8 = find Ve it will decide the regia _ if collectox is Reverse —> active iP collector is Posed > Foto retian Eb Biasing — herecally -it_ts assumed that 4 doansis tax _7reu the level of 7 Opphied Gc 4m but uritnoul be Use the assiteamce of tye _aresalt 2 wtaenatee oben 4 bosom tne Qbblied D.C. subblie i So. twithaut D.C Biasing dranciela -is_mo_qmore véefuh Operating boint { Guar Paik — Q= point is ne Dec tnt van point | Quiscent point— Vallage om Curxemb cd: imactive Point (Still paimt = a specified terminal = of am achive deurce wid mo imbut Signal pro vide equalant — Charcur't dp Eining ley ae pola.ciing. i Capacitors log" Open Circuit and tmdudciors by mH Shot kd. it is used to detexomine the covert dG -l Obecrahtng ‘boi. ae tee aaei im _ loo}: B-£ Mee = Te Re = Vee = 0 _}Te = Vec - Vee Ra _____.1n__leala _C>£ EPETEL [Nee = Ven Ve ] icc Vac = Ve-Ve Ee Vee = Ve 7 He || Saluwation lovel— when Ce is short _ (Fe)satumation = Vee - | [ Re eae Qedmae = (Ve danae = Veo EP Ne (ahem Ze = © C0) Ve {o) ee || Wed min = 10 wlio (Te mae = Mee Re \pati Nec = RY PAGE Nt rc (Tara, (Tela. Vee, Ve, Va, a a __doarg Veg. Saquation level ~T ee > + te . —|—- bo pees SEE Eo Bee Tt eee WRT = Mee = Tga24o- Vor =O z oe : qe Te = !2-0-7% _ | Per ate a 240 | seSIPEEIEeE Z Ta = G:04% mA Ht Ege { Nee = Ve = Nae = Va are Ta I Mee =. Ve= Ve O-ta- 6:83 GILErni lew stabyite: y Bias, Gon! : gration = a “| Mec ' ¥ : in B-£ loop = as Re +p — Nee =p Ps ~ Vise ~Te Re =0 | 7 _} > Mec - Ta Rp - Vae~- (811979 Re=0 | iF aS 2 Nee = Vane = [Rer(eenRe] Jo _| >} >» [Ip = Vee - Vee ac Re HHS [Ra sth Re} | | + See = Vee = Va -Ve) = Veo -T3 Rn Z 4 in CE loop —_ | | [= p Ta] % Veo ~ Zeke = Vee ~TeRe =O | 2 Mec = Te Re = Wee (tet de} Re =o. BJ a 1 | 2 | Ver = Vee = Te a | | Bey Ro +fitt }R Bea B Ne = Vcc = Te Re bo i . Nee = Ve =Ve" = Vel fo] eS eee [Ne = Vee + Ve Sod uae bigeg Level — ae , uSaeaets (eds. = FVee * hEOr Ere) 2 Ret Re 7 Wee)max = Nee (Veco) = Vee [7Te Je. Vac Va Ve, (Teen. Ta 80-430 Ts - Vee — fet 0) = | 2 Qo-o-4 = (43041450) Te “3 0 u Eee i He = 19.3 _ d-ovolyma | 481 i pfs - leet Me i = 7 a er = a => Ne = Ver + Ve = 0-5 +0eRe = 6-4+(2-04) => 2 Neo = Te Re a.dN vy FAO = AxQX = I6 F <> Vacs OW Ie = abso -i9ag — (Telsat 2 Veco 20 Ret Re 2H _| conerhe } a ae L /— I lise sR tg LK aa ref in| ee hs | Rx Re in | im — BE loop a oo — SH _5-———Nee_= Tox Rak. \igg — Te Re = 0 | F oe Rie eereeCeEeeee PH Poet retry 4 2 2 _Vec_ = InxR2f~ Vee ~ (Tas BTa) Re = | Rut Ra eee eo