This document provides equations and definitions for various physics concepts related to kinematics, dynamics, energy, momentum, and rotational motion. Key equations included are those for position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity/acceleration, projectile motion, Newton's second law, conservation of energy/momentum, work, power, and rotational kinematics like centripetal acceleration. Universal gravitation, Kepler's laws, and Hooke's law are also defined.
This document provides equations and definitions for various physics concepts related to kinematics, dynamics, energy, momentum, and rotational motion. Key equations included are those for position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity/acceleration, projectile motion, Newton's second law, conservation of energy/momentum, work, power, and rotational kinematics like centripetal acceleration. Universal gravitation, Kepler's laws, and Hooke's law are also defined.
This document provides equations and definitions for various physics concepts related to kinematics, dynamics, energy, momentum, and rotational motion. Key equations included are those for position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity/acceleration, projectile motion, Newton's second law, conservation of energy/momentum, work, power, and rotational kinematics like centripetal acceleration. Universal gravitation, Kepler's laws, and Hooke's law are also defined.
This document provides equations and definitions for various physics concepts related to kinematics, dynamics, energy, momentum, and rotational motion. Key equations included are those for position, displacement, average and instantaneous velocity/acceleration, projectile motion, Newton's second law, conservation of energy/momentum, work, power, and rotational kinematics like centripetal acceleration. Universal gravitation, Kepler's laws, and Hooke's law are also defined.
Average Acceleration: → − a av,x ≡ ∆− →vx → − a av = aav,x î + aav,y ĵ + aav,z k̂ ∆t
Instantaneous Acceleration: → − ax = dvx î = ax î → − a = ax î + ay ĵ + az k̂ dt
→ − → − → − → − 2-D vector: A = A x + A y A = Ax î + Ay ĵ Ay direction ccw from x axis: θ = tan−1 A p magnitude of A: A = A2x + A2y x → − → − → − → − R = n A + mB R = (nAx + mBx )î + (nAy + mBy )ĵ
Kinematic Equations of motion for constant acceleration:
Relative Motion: (→ − r S )L = (→ − r S )M +(→ − r M )L (→ − v S )L = (→ − v S )M +(→ − v M )L (→ − a S )L = (→ − a S )M
→ − P→ − F = m→ − P P P Newton’s second law: F tot ≡ a Fx = max , Fy = may , Fz = maz → − v 2 For rotation: F tot = −m r r̂ . → − Hooke’s law: F H = −k∆→ −x Kinetic Friction: Fk = µk FN Max. Static Friction: Fs,max = µs FN Rolling Friction: Fr = µr FN Drag Force: FD = 12 CρAv q 2 2 Centripetal Force: Fc = m vr = mω 2 r Terminal speed: vt = CρA2mg
Kepler’s laws: First law: planetary orbits are ellipses with the Sun at one focus. Second law: a line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 4π 2 Third law: T 2 = [ GM ]a3 If period T is measured in years and the semimajor axis a is measured in astro- 2 nomical units (AU), Tyr = a3AU .
Energy:
Kinetic Energy: K = 21 mv 2 = p2 √ 2m Momentum: p = mv = 2mK
~ ·B D=A ~ ≡ AB cosφ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz ~ and B φ is the angle between vectors A ~
Rr R x ,y ,z Potential Energy: ∆U ≡ Uf −Ui ≡ − rif F~conservative ·d~r = − xif,yi ,zf i f (Fx dx+Fy dy +Fz dz) Gravity near surface of the Earth: Ug (y) = mgy The Universal gravitational potential energy: UG (r) = −G m1rm2 The elastic potential energy: Us = 21 kx2
Mechanical Energy: E = K + U For a circular orbit: E = −K = 12 UG = − 12 GMr m K = − 12 UG For an elliptical orbit: E = − 12 GMa m
Conservation of Mechanical Energy: Ei = Ef Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
Work is the amount of energy transferred to (or from) the system by an external force. Rr Rr Work: W ≡ rif F~ · d~r = rif (Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz) = F ∆rcosθ
Thermal energy: ∆Eth = Fk s
Work-kinetic energy theorem: Wtot = ∆K
Work-mechanical energy theorem: Wtot = ∆K + ∆U Work-energy theorem: Ki + Ui + Wtot = Kf + Uf + ∆Eint Work-energy equation: Ki + Ugi + Uei + Wtot = Kf + Ugf + Uef + ∆Eth Power: P = dWdt P = F~ · ~v → − P→− − → A general form of Newton’s second law: F tot ≡ F = ddtp → − d− → p CM d− → p tot Newton’s second law applied to a system of particles: F ext = dt = dt → − If the system’s mass is constant: F ext = M → − a CM n Momentum: → − p ≡ m→ − v → − → − pj = → − X p tot = p CM j=1
Conservation of momentum: →−p tot, i = →
− p tot, f → − p CM, i = → − p CM, f n n Center of mass: → − mj → − X X r CM = M1 rj xCM = M1 mj xj j=1 j=1 P→ − Rocket Equation: ∆→ − vR =→ − MR → − F ext + → − M v ER ln( MRf Ri ) a R⊕ = v ER dM dt R
→ − → − Rt →− → − Impulse-momentum theorem: I tot = ∆→ − p I ≡ tif F (t) dt = F av ∆t
~ =A R ~×B ~ |R| ≡ AB sin ϕ ~ and B ϕ is the angle between vectors A ~ ~ = (Ay Bz − Az By )~i + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )~j + (Ax By − Ay Bx )~k R Rotational Dynamics: Torque: ~τ = ~r × F~ τ = rF sinϕ = rF⊥ = r⊥ F Newton’s 2nd law: τ ~ tot = I α ~ I = ατ Xn mi ri2 R Rotational Inertia: I = I = r2 dm i=1 Parallel-axis theorem: I = ICM + M h2 Idisk = 21 M R2 Ihoop−ring = M R2 Angular Momentum: L ~ = ~r × ~p L = rpsinϕ = r⊥ p = rp⊥ ~ tot dL~ dL Newton’s 2nd law: dt = P ~ ext τ dt =τ ~ tot Angular momentum conservation: L ~ tot, i = L ~ tot, f Ii ωi = If ωf Rθ Rotational Kinetic Energy: Kr = 2 Iω1 2 Work: W = θif τ dθ Power: P = τ ω ~ = Iω L ~ Conservation of energy: Ki +Kri +Ui +W = Kf +Krf +Uf +∆Eth
Pure Rolling: xCM = s = θR vCM = ωR aCM = αR
K = KCM + Kr = 21 mvCM2 + 12 ICM ω 2
Conditions for Equilibrium: F~tot = 0 ~τtot = 0
Compression Stress: σ = FA Shear stress: τ = FA
Strain: = ∆l /l Shear strain: γ = ∆x h Y Young’s modulus: σ =Y G Shear modulus: τ = Gγ
Fluids: Pressure: P = FA P = ρgy + P0 Density: ρ = m ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 V 1 atm = 1.013×103 Pa Buoyant Force: FB = ρf Vdisp g ∆V Continuity equation: A1 v1 = A2 v2 Volume flow rate = Q = ∆t = A1 v1 = A2 v2 1 1 Bernoulli’s equation: P1 + 2 ρv1 + ρgy1 = P2 + 2 ρv22 + ρgy2 2
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):
Angular frequency: ω ≡ 2πf = 2π T yi Phase: ϕ = cos−1 ( ymax ) ay (t) = −ω 2 y(t) y(t) = ymax cos(ωt + ϕ) ay (t) = −ymax ω 2 cos(ωt + ϕ) vy (t) = −ymax ω sin(ωt + ϕ) amax = ymax ω 2 vmax = k qymax ω Hooke’s Spring: ay (t) = − m y(t) k pg ωs = m Simple Pendulum: ωsmp = l Physical pendulum: ωphy = mgrl CM p Torsion pendulum: τ = −κθ Torsion pendulum: ωtor = κI p
Energy: E = K + U = 12 mv 2 + 12 ky2 = 12 m vmax 2 = 12 k ymax 2 = 21 m ymax 2 ω2 E = Kmax = Umax
Damped Harmonic Motion
y(t) = A(t) cos(ωD + ϕ) A(t) =qymax e−t/τ q b2 y(t) = ymax e−bt/2m cos(ωD t + ϕ) ωD = ω 2 − τ12 = ω 2 − 4m2 Time constant : τ = 2m b Critically dampled: b = 2mω Underdamped: b < 2mω Overdamped: b > 2mω
