MAINTENANCE

OFF-THE-ROAD TIRES
 1. Introduction

2. Proper Tire Selection

3. Proper Tire Use

4. Proper Maintenance

5. Specific Operations

6. Tire Component Parts

7. Others

© 2007 Off-The-Road Tire Department, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

All rights reserved.
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical
means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written
permission from Off-The-Road Tire Department, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

Notice: Although great care has been taken in producing this manual, we can accept no responsibility for
any loss or damage resulting from undetected errors or misprints which may have occurred.
Due to the constant advance of tire technology, the contents of this book are subject to change
without notice.
 Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................... 3
1-1 INDUSTRY STANDARD ................................................................ 3
1-2 EFFECTIVE TIRE USE ................................................................... 3
1-3 SAFETY WARNING ...................................................................... 4

2. Proper Tire Selection ................................................................ 5

2-1 HOW TO SELECT TIRES ................................................................ 5
2-2 ALLOWANCE IN OUTER DIAMETERS FOR DUAL MOUNTING ............... 6

3. Proper Tire Use ......................................................................... 7

3-1 INFLATION PRESSURE ................................................................. 7
3-2 LOAD...................................................................................... 10
3-3 SPEED .................................................................................... 13
3-4 TON-KILOMETER-PER-HOUR (TKPH) ............................................. 14

4. Proper Maintenance ................................................................ 20

4-1 TIRE INSPECTION ...................................................................... 20
4-2 RECORDING TIRE HISTORY AND STOCK CONTROL .......................... 23
4-3 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION .............................................. 24
4-4 TIRE MOUNTING AND DEMOUNTING ........................................... 26
4-5 ROAD MAINTENANCE ................................................................ 37
4-6 PROPER MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLE ............................................ 40
4-7 MAINTENANCE IN COLD REGIONS ............................................... 40

5. Specific Operations ................................................................. 43

5-1 DRIVE-AWAY TIRES ON VEHICLES ................................................ 43
5-2 RTG (RUBBER TIRED GANTRY CRANE) OPERATIONS ....................... 44
5-3 INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE APPLICATION ............................................. 44
5-4 LOAD-AND-CARRY OPERATIONS ................................................. 45

6. Tire Component Parts ............................................................. 47

6-1 RIM/WHEEL.............................................................................. 47
6-2 TUBE/FLAP/VALVE ..................................................................... 47
6-3 O-RING ................................................................................... 47

7. Others ....................................................................................... 48
7-1 BALLASTED TIRES .................................................................... 48
7-2 ROLLING RADIUS ...................................................................... 50
7-3 REGROOVING .......................................................................... 51
1. Introduction

Introduction
1-1 INDUSTRY STANDARD
Bridgestone Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Bridgestone”) has developed a
wide range of tire patterns and specifications, so that the proper Off-the-Road tire can
be matched to various vehicle, service, or operating conditions.

Bridgestone’s Off-the-Road tires are designed and produced to meet the commonly
accepted international standards, those set by the TRA (Tire and Rim Association) in the
U.S.A., by the ETRTO (European Tire and Rim Technical Organization) in Europe* and/or
by the JATMA (Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers’ Association) in Japan*. Load
capacities, inflation pressure, dimensions such as overall diameter and width, as well as
the relative rims and tube valves follow these standards. If a tire is to be used for a
purpose other than that for which it is originally intended, please consult the
Bridgestone Corporation for advice. It is recommended to utilize this book together with
“Bridgestone Technical Data Book”.

* Where differences exist between the TRA, ETRTO and JATMA standards, Bridgestone
selects the most applicable standard.

1-2 EFFECTIVE TIRE USE

In order to permit the effective utilization of tires, all tires must at first be selected
properly according to the operating conditions and the type of vehicle on which they are
intended for use, and then mounted, used and maintained properly.
If these basic rules are observed, tire damage will be minimized. This in turn will
prolong the serviceability of tires, prevent accidents, reduce maintenance costs and
minimize downtime.

3
Introduction

Proper Tire Selection (Section 2)

Proper Tire Use (Section 3)

Proper Maintenance of Tires,

Roads and Vehicles (Section 4)

Effective Tire Use

1. Minimization of tire damage

2. Prolonged tire serviceability

1. Reduction of tire costs

2. Minimization of downtime
3. Better utilization of equipment
4. Better cost per hour

1-3 SAFETY WARNING

In this book, enriched descriptions about safety specify our policy more clearly.
If proper safety practices are not observed serious injury or death may occur.

1-3-1 Definition of safety warnings in this booklet

DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result
in death or serious injury. This warning is limited to the most extreme situations.
WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result
in death or serious injury.
CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result
in injury. It may also be used to alert against unsafe practices.

4
2. Proper Tire Selection
Although tires must work under various operating conditions, Bridgestone offers a well-
systemized wide range of Off-the-Road tires suitable to meet every possible use.
In selecting the tire best suited for your specific requirements, all factors which may

Proper Tire Selection

affect the tire must be taken into account.
The following conditions, for example, make selection of the proper tire more
complicated:

1. When climate changes (temperature, rainfall, etc.) are extreme.

2. When several types of vehicles by different makers are in use.
3. When tires are subject to hazards by both heat and cutting at the same time.

In these cases, the worst possible conditions should be considered, and tires selected to
meet those conditions.

2-1 HOW TO SELECT TIRES

A check list for selecting the proper tire is as follows:

Machine Type Operating Conditions

1. Make, model 1. Climate
2. Maximum load capacity 2. Roads (Surface conditions,
3. Maximum speed and gradient, etc.)
horsepower 3. Operating speed
4. Standard tire size, star/ply 4. Operating load
rating 5. Operating TKPH (TMPH)

Expected Tire Performance

1. Serviceability
2. Heat and Cut resistance
3. Maneuverability
4. Other (Customer’s requirements )

Proper Tire Selection

When fitting tires on machines, inappropriate combinations may result in rapid tread
wear and other problems. Careful attention to the following will ensure maximum
serviceability.

5
 CAUTION (1) Use tires of a size (standard or optional) specified for each machine by the manufacturer.
(2) Use tires of an appropriate star/ply rating, type, specification and tread pattern.
(3) As a general rule, when two tires are to be fitted on the same axle, the same type,
construction and brand of tire (either new or used) should be used.
(4) Dual mounting of the same brand of tires are ideal. When tires of two different brands
are both of the same type (bias or radial) and of the same diameter, they can be used
together.
Proper Tire Selection

(5) Dual mounting of tires of different section widths is not recommended, even if they
meet minimum values of dual spacing, because of different deflection.

2-2 ALLOWANCE IN OUTER DIAMETERS FOR DUAL MOUNTING

The following table lists the allowance in outer diameters for dual mounting. Exceeding
the figures listed (Table 1) may result in rapid tread wear and possible damage to the
tire.
For the dual mounted tires shown in Fig. 1 , if the outer
diameter of tire No.1 is larger than that of No.2, the No.1 tire
with a larger diameter will eventually be damaged, wear
rapidly and unevenly from overloading, while the No.2 tire
with a smaller diameter will rapidly wear out in the center.
Tires already mounted on vehicles can be checked by the
following methods. Be sure that the tires to be checked are
all inflated to the their standard recommended inflation
pressures. No.1 No.2
Fig. 1 Dual Mounting

Table 1 Permissible Difference in Outer Diameters for the Dual Mounted Tires
Radial Bias
Tire Section Difference in Circumferential Difference in Circumferential
Outer Diameters Difference Outer Diameters Difference
less than 8.25 less than 6mm less than 19mm less than 8mm less than 9mm
9.00–14.00 less than 8mm less than 25mm less than 13mm less than 41mm
16.00–18.00 less than 15mm less than 47mm less than 20mm less than 69mm
more than 21.00 less than 19mm less than 60mm less than 24mm less than 75mm

(1) By placing a right angled square (2) By using a cord across both the
across duals, the difference in outer right and left duals, the difference
diameter can be obtained. (Fig. 2-1) can be obtained. (Fig. 2-2)
Or measure circumference.

Fig. 2-1 Fig. 2-2

CAUTION (3) Do not use regular tread (E3) and deep tread (E4) tires together for dual mounting.
CAUTION (4) Any object trapped between dual mounted tires represents a risk. Use of rock ejectors
between dual mounted tires is recommended. To remove an object trapped between
dual mounted tires, it is essential to deflate both tires prior to removing the wheels.

6
 3. Proper Tire Use
To maximize a tire’s potential life, they must be used within their designed capabilities.
Misuse of tires will inevitably result in rapid wear, and shortened serviceability which
means increased costs. In some cases, there is even a danger of accidents. To use tires
correctly, the following points must be observed with cooperation from the specified
staff members.

Table 2 Factors of Proper Tire Use

Proper Tire Use

Factor Person Responsible Section
1. Correct inflation pressures Tire foreman 3-1
2. Specified load Shovel operator 3-2
3. Prescribed vehicle speed Driver 3-3
Dispatch Operator or
4. Appropriate Tire-TKPH 3-4
Automatic Device

3-1 INFLATION PRESSURE

3-1-1 Correct Inflation Pressure
Tire serviceability depends on maintaining the correct inflation pressure. Correct
pressure is determined by the type of vehicle, actual tire load, driving speed and other
operating conditions. Use the inflation pressure recommended by Bridgestone for the
maximum driving speeds and actual loads by referring to the appropriate inflation
pressure-load table. (See the inflation pressure tables in Bridgestone Technical Data
Book.)

WARNING Maintenance of correct inflation pressure is absolutely necessary. Excessively high or

low inflation pressure may result in not only damage to tires but also serious injury.
Typical damage to tires resulting from improper inflation pressure is shown in Table 3
and 4.

7
 Table 3
Abnormally Low Inflation Pressure
Phenomenon Resulting damage Phenomenon Resulting damage

Distortion of Separation, High stress Ply

sidewall CBU between separation
plies

Excessive Abnormal Slippage Rim

movement abrasion of bead friction,
Proper Tire Use

of tread (Irregular Bead

wear) separation

Distortion of Rim chafing High stress Belt edge

bead area (Rubber at belt end separation
erosion)

High heat Heat

generation separation

Table 4
Abnormally High Inflation Pressure
Phenomenon Resulting damage Phenomenon Resulting damage

High cord Shock impact break Low Cut impact break

tension enveloping
power

3-1-2 Precautions When Inflating Tire

DANGER (1) Where possible a tire inflation safety cage should be used to minimize the risk of tire
rim assembly components violently coming apart during inflation. If it is not practical to
provide an appropriate restraining device (given the size and nature of OTR Tires),
extreme care must be taken at each stage of the assembly to ensure that the risk of the
assembly violently flying apart on inflation is eliminated.

8
DANGER (2) Ensure the rims/wheels are in sound condition and are of the correct type and size. A
proper new valve, valve core, valve caps and O-rings should always be used. Damaged
or fatigued rims/wheels may fail while inflating resulting in serious injury.
DANGER (3) Be sure to use an extension hose and a clip-on chuck, so that you may be able to stand
to one side. During inflation, NEVER stand in front of the assembled tire and rim.
(4) Inflate to approximately 35 kpa (5 psi) and again check for proper engagement of all rim
components. If they are correctly assembled, continue to inflate to the recommended
pressure. If the components do not engage correctly—Stop/Deflate-Correct the
assembly—and start it again.
(5) In the case of a tubeless tire, check it for air leakage with soapy water (see Fig. 3). Even
if there is no indication of leakage, check the inflation pressure 24 hours later. Before
putting the tire in service, ensure it is at the recommended inflation pressure.

Proper Tire Use

WARNING (6) The air-compressor used to inflate tires must be capable of
providing both the pressure and volume of air required
and the regulator must be adjusted accordingly.
CAUTION (7) After mounting each tire, again verify that the rim
components (lock rings, bead seat bands and flanges) are
assembled correctly. (The lock ring should be also
completely seated in the groove around the
circumference.)
Fig. 3 Soapy Water

3-1-3 Filling a Tire with Nitrogen Gas

Filling a tire with nitrogen gas when inflating has advantages over air.
Nitrogen will minimize the risk of:
1. Tire fires. 3. Rim rust.
2. Aging of inner tire. 4. Inflation pressure instability.

WARNING Inflation with nitrogen from cylinders of compressed gas must be performed by
authorized, fully-trained operators.

Nitrogen
More

Natural Rubber
Tensile Strength Retention

100˚C
Permeability

100˚C
Styrene Butadiene Oxygen
Rubber
Less
Less

Butyl Rubber

N2 Air 0
100% Aging Time

Fig. 4 Permeability of N2/Air Fig. 5 Aging Test on Nitrogen & Oxygen

through Rubber (Natural Rubber)@100˚C

9
 Table 5 Tire Volume of Radial Tire
Tire Volume Tire Volume
Tire Size Liter U.S. Gal Tire Size Liter U.S. Gal
For L5 For L5 For L5 For L5
14.5 R 15 - 89 - 24 18.00 R 33 582 - 154 -
12.00 R 20 137 123 36 32 21.00 R 33 810 - 214 -
16.00 R 20 300 - 79 - 35/65 R 33 1463 1298 387 343
335/80 R 20 130 - 34 - 37.5 R 33 2444 - 646 -
405/70 R 20 197 - 52 - 21.00 R 35 841 - 222 -
365/80 R 20 159 - 42 - 24.00 R 35 1098 - 290 -

12.00 R 24 162 145 43 38 29.5 R 35 1434 - 379 -

13.00 R 24 201 - 53 - 33.25 R 35 1780 - 470 -

37.25 R 35 2323 - 614 -
14.00 R 24 264 213 70 56
37.5 R 39 2627 - 694 -
Proper Tire Use

16.00 R 24 359 - 95 -
40.5/70 R 39 2885 - 762 -
14.00 R 25 259 - 68 -
45/65 R 39 - 2613 - 690
15.5 R 25 225 213 59 56
45/65 R 45 - 3005 - 794
16.00 R 25 353 - 93 -
24.00 R 49 1375 - 363 -
17.5 R 25 295 261 78 69
27.00 R 49 1869 - 494 -
18.00 R 25 507 457 134 121
31/90 R 49 1960 - 518 -
20.5 R 25 448 398 118 105
30.00 R 51 2514 - 664 -
21.00 R 25 751 - 198 -
33.00 R 51 3079 - 813 -
23.5 R 25 631 560 167 148
36.00 R 51 3855 - 1018 -
25/65 R 25 569 - 150 - 50/65 R 51 - 4027 - 1064
550/65 R 25 360 - 95 - 37.00 R 57 4481 - 1184 -
650/65 R 25 541 - 143 - 42/90 R 57 4799 - 1268 -
750/65 R 25 750 - 198 - 40.00 R 57 5579 - 1474 -
26.5 R 25 833 739 220 195 46/90 R 57 5841 - 1543 -
29.5 R 25 1171 1039 309 274 50/90 R 57 7800 - 2061 -
775/65 R 29 900 - 238 - 55.5/80 R 57 - 7216 - 1906
875/65 R 29 1138 - 301 - 53/80 R 63 7305 - 1930 -
29.5 R 29 1260 1118 333 295 55/80 R 63 8568 - 2264 -
33.25 R 29 1586 - 419 - 59/80 R 63 9793 - 2587 -

L5 tire has smaller tire volume than the others and the value is listed specifically.

3-2 LOAD
3-2-1 Proper Load
The shovel operator is responsible for controlling the specified payload on each vehicle
and the equal distribution of load on each tire of the vehicle. In the case of scrapers or
loaders it is the driver’s responsibility. In all cases, the prescribed load should not be
exceeded.
Table 6 Problems Caused by Overloading
WARNING (1) The load on each vehicle must be
Phenomenon Resulting damage
kept within the limits specified for the
Excessive stress on Belt separation
vehicle.
steel belt
Overloading may cause tire damage.
Excessive generation Separation from heat
(See Table 6) of heat
(2) To obtain the maximum load per tire, Excessive stress on
CBU, Ply separation
refer to the pressure-load table and sidewall
determine the permissible tire load Excessive tread Abnormal abrasion
with the tire size and ply or star movement (Irregular wear)
rating of the tire in use (Refer to Increased tension of Cut and shock impact
Bridgestone Technical Data Book). cord break

(3) Conduct a weight study regularly. Increased stress on

Bead damage
beads
(See 3-2-4.)

10
3-2-2 Maximum Excess Loads
The following guidelines apply to earthmover haulage and loader application only.
Excess loads may result from factors such as actual empty vehicle weight exceeding the
manufacturer’s specification, varying density of materials, field modifications to the
equipment, debris on tray or bucket, load imbalance, etc. Only under these conditions,
may the tire load exceed the Bridgestone load and inflation ratings in the tables (Refer
to Bridgestone Technical Data Book) not greater than that shown in the following table:

Table 7 Maximum Excess Loads*

Radial Bias
E2, E3, E4 L E2, E3, E4 L
L5/L5S**

Proper Tire Use

Maximum Excess Load 7% 7% 15% 15% 0%
Maximum Excess Pressure 14% 14% 30% 30% +100kPa
800kPa 825kPa 825kPa 825kPa
Maximum Pressure 116psi 120psi 120psi 120psi

When excess loads are *except for the following sizes

encountered, cold 11.00R20 55.5/80R57 8.25-20 5.70-12 12.5/65-18

inflation pressures must 12.00R20 9.00-20 23x8.50-12 15.5/70-18
335/80R20 10.00-20 5.50-15 15.5/70-20
be increased to
365/80R20 11.00-20 7.50-15 42x17-20
compensate for higher 405/70R20 27x8.50-15 17.5/65-20
loads. For each 1% 12R22.5 10-15 16.9-24
increase in load, the 12.00R24 12/65-15 18.4-24
33x12.5-15 16.9-28
inflation pressure must
14.0/65-15 55.5/80-57
be increased by 2%. 12.5/70-16
10-16.5
12-16.5

** For L5/L5S tires following sizes on the list below, on front tires for front end loaders,
it is permissible to increase inflation pressure up to 100kPa (15psi) above, with no
increase in load. (Maximum inflation pressure should not exceed 825 kPa (120psi).)

17.5-25 26.5-25 35/65-33 45/65-45 65/65-57

20.5-25 29.5-25 40/65-39 50/65-51
23.5-25 29.5-29 41.25/70-39 55.5/80-57

The above excess loads will result in reduced tire performance as shown in Fig. 6.

+20% +30% Overload

-20% 100%
100%
Load
Life of tire

50%
70%
100%
100%
150%

Fig. 6 Overloading Reduces Tire Mileage

11
 3-2-3 Correct Loading
(1) Maintain an even load distribution. (See Fig. 7).
(2) Protect tires from falling stones during loading.
(3) When loading with a shovel, maintain rated bucket loads, and keep weight distribution
in mind.

Fig. 7 Cautions in Loading

Proper Tire Use

3-2-4 Weight Study

Measure the loader and dump truck vehicle
weight under actual loading and transporting
conditions to calculate severity of load on
tires.

Weight scale
Fig. 8 Weight Study

Steps for Weight Study

Study conditions in which tires Material handled, vehicle capacity (vessel

will be used. or bucket capacity), loading frequency, load
conditions (flat pile, large pile, off-center
pile), road conditions, etc.

Prepare instruments for making Weight scale, data sheet, camera, etc.
measurements.

Install scales. Choose a flat, level and hard surface.

Generally, scales are installed in the ground
as shown above.

Inspect vehicle to be weighed. Check tire size, pattern, tread depth and air
pressure.
WARNING Always watch for falling objects when
inspecting tires during weight studies.

Weight study. Weigh empty and loaded vehicle. Measure

load on one or two tires, total and calculate
axle and vehicle weight. Secure on-board
scale weigh data where possible.

Analyze data.

12
 3-3 SPEED
3-3-1 Proper Speed
The Vehicle Operator will be responsible for maintaining proper machine speed.
WARNING (1) Use tires within their recommended speed limitations (maximum cruising speed /
Permissible average working shift speed (AWSS)).
Excessive speed may result in serious tire damage. (See Table 8)

Table 8 Damage Caused by Excessive Speed

Phenomenon Resulting Damage
Higher heat generation inside tire Heat separation
Increased abrupt braking Chipping, Bead damage, Shortening of tire life

Proper Tire Use

Sharp cornering Irregular wear, Quick abrasion, Bead damage
Frequent collision with obstacles on the road Cutting, Cut-impact break, Punctures

(2) Maximum permissible load will be changed subject to operating speed as stated below;

Table 9
The Variation in Load Carrying Capacity with Speed (Earthmover Service)
Operating Speed Variation in Load Capacity
(km/h) (%)
Radial Tires Bias Tires
<15 *
15 +12%
20 +10%
25 +8%
30 +6%
35 +4%
40 +3%
45 +2%
50
(Reference Speed for ± 0% ± 0%
Earthmover Service)
E2, E3 E4
55 –2% –2% *
60 –6% –6% *
65 –12% –12% *
70 –20% * *
75 –30% * *
80 –42% * *
>80 * * *
*Consult a Bridgestone Representative.
The variation in load carrying capacity with speed of earthmoving equipment
tires in relatively short haul off-the-road conditions is determined by applying
the percentages shown above to the tire load capacities specified for
EARTHMOVER SERVICE (in Bridgestone Technical Data Book) at the
corresponding inflation pressure.

(3) The respective types of vehicles are subject to the following speed limitations.

Table 10 Maximum Speed

Type of Vehicle Maximum Speed
Dump & Scraper 50 km/h (40 mph)
Grader 40 km/h (25 mph)
Loader & Dozer 10 km/h (5 mph)

13
 (4) The maximum average work-shift speed can be calculated by using the following
formula:*

Tire TKPH Rating**

Average work-shift speed =
Mean Tire Load

Note:
* For some special purposes (i.e., RTG (Rubber Tired Gantry crane), load-and-carry or drive-
away operations), refer to the sections 5-1, 5-2, 5-3 and 5-4.
** The TKPH definition is on section 3-4. Refer Bridgestone Technical Data Book for individual tire
TKPH rating.

3-4 TON-KILOMETER-PER-HOUR (TKPH)

Proper Tire Use

3-4-1 Definition of TKPH

a. Operating TKPH
Earth-moving, mining and logging tires have become increasingly important with the
development of large construction vehicles. The primary task of these heavy-duty tires
is to haul heavy loads faster, over longer distances. This heavy hauling inevitably
causes heat built-up in the tires. As tires have limited resistance to heat, deterioration of
the tire may occur at an early stage of operation if used beyond the rated TKPH.

Accordingly, it is necessary when selecting tires, to determine the amount of work

which will keep the tire within a safe range to avoid over-heating when the vehicle is
operated under given conditions. The amount of work done under the given conditions
and within a safe range is shown as “Operating Ton-Kilometer-Per-Hour (Operating
TKPH)” which can be determined by the following formula:

Fig. 9 Formula for Calculation of Operating TKPH

Operating
=
TKPH

Mean Tire-Load Average Work Shift Speed

(MTL) (AWSS)

Tire Load Tire Load

MTL (Empty) + (Loaded)
[metric tons] =
2
AWSS Round Trip Distance[km] × Number of Cycles per Shift
[km/hour]
=
Total Hours of Operation per Shift

14
 b. Tire TKPH better
Cut Resistant
Tire TKPH varies depending on the
Standard
tire’s design (size, tread pattern

Cut Resistance
Heat Resistant
and the type of compound). A High
TKPH tire generates less heat than
that of lower TKPH tire. However,
the lower TKPH tire will have
greater cut and wear resistance
than the higher TKPH one. (Fig. 10)
Heat Resistance better

Fig. 10 Compound Characteristics

Proper Tire Use

The TKPH method is applicable in the following situations.
(1) One way distance: within 16 km (10 miles)
a. When haul length exceeds 16 km one way, consult a Bridgestone Representative.
b. If the round-trip distance is less than 5km (3miles), Tire TKPH figures can be
increased by 12%.
(2) Ambient temperature: 38˚C (100˚F)
For ambient temperatures other than 38˚C (100˚F), the Tire TKPH rating should be
revised based on the following formula.
a. Radial Tire
Revised TKPH rating = [1 + α × (38˚C–Max. Ambient Temperature ˚C)]* × Tire TKPH

Below 27.00 (33.5) inches in Section Width: α=0.010

Above 30.00 (37.25) inches in Section Width: α=0.009
b. Bias Tire
Revised TKPH rating = [1 + α × (38˚C–Max. Ambient Temperature ˚C)]* × Tire TKPH

Below 27.00 (33.5) inches in Section Width: α=0.006

Above 30.00 (37.25) inches in Section Width: α=0.005
*Revising coefficient: The value is shown in Table 11.

Table 11 Revising Coefficient

Ambient Bias Tire Radial Tire
Temperature Tire Section Tire Section
˚C ˚F 27.00 and below 30.00 and over 27.00 and below 30.00 and over
14 57 1.144 1.120 1.240 1.216
15 59 1.138 1.115 1.230 1.207
16 61 1.132 1.110 1.220 1.198
18 64 1.120 1.100 1.200 1.180
20 68 1.108 1.090 1.180 1.162
22 72 1.096 1.080 1.160 1.144
24 75 1.084 1.070 1.140 1.126
26 79 1.072 1.060 1.120 1.108
28 82 1.060 1.050 1.100 1.090
30 86 1.048 1.040 1.080 1.072
32 90 1.036 1.030 1.060 1.054
34 93 1.024 1.020 1.040 1.036
36 97 1.012 1.010 1.020 1.018
38 100 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
40 104 0.988 0.990 0.980 0.982
42 108 0.976 0.980 0.960 0.964
44 111 0.964 0.970 0.940 0.946
46 115 0.952 0.960 0.920 0.928
48 118 0.940 0.950 0.900 0.910
50 122 0.928 0.940 0.880 0.892
For all ambient temperatures below 14˚C (57˚F), the same TKPH value as calculated at 14˚C (57˚F) should be used.

15
 (3) Maximum speed: 50 km/h (30 mph)
When maximum speed exceeds 50 km/h, please refer the followings;
a. Radial Tire
No revision is needed up to the speed of 65 km/h (40 mph).
Over 65 km/h: Consult a Bridgestone Representative.

b. Bias Tire
When the maximum speed exceeds 50 km/h (30 mph) under loaded conditions, the
following formula is used:

50km/h
Revised TKPH Rating = × Tire TKPH
Max. speed
Proper Tire Use

Example:
The TKPH Rating for 21.00-35, 36PR RLS E1A is 226; if the tire is to run at 60 km/h
when loaded.
50 × 226 =188
60

3-4-2 Proper TKPH

WARNING The average operating TKPH, calculated after several samples, should not exceed the

tire TKPH rating. Exceeding the tire TKPH (see Fig. 11) may result in serious tire damage
or failure.

Beyond capability
Tire Temp (°C)

Tire TKPH
Speed × Load

Fig. 11 Tire TKPH and Tire Temperature

3-4-3 Calculation of Operating TKPH

Using the TKPH calculation chart as shown in Fig. 13-1, 13-2 as an example, calculate
the operating TKPH. In calculating the operating TKPH, the following information is
required.

16
 Fig. 13-1

TKPH Assessment OFF-THE-ROAD TIRE

UNIT OF DISTANCE & SPEED : km & km/h : I /P DATE OF INSPECTION Y M D
UNIT OF WEIGHT : kg & m.ton :O / P 02 02 10
CHECKED USER COUNTRY VEHICLE WORKING DISTANCE MAX. SPEED (km/h)
Y M D CODE NAME CODE NAME MAKE MODEL DAYS / WEEK / TRIP(km) LOADED EMPTY
02 1 21 BS MINING BS 190 7 (a) 3.2 30 40
TIRE SIZE AMBIENT TEMP. ˚C
FRONT PR REAR PR TRAILER PR MAX. MIN.
37.00R57 ❋2 37.00R57 ❋2 40 10
SHIFT & WORKING HOURS
BREAK (hrs) BREAK (hrs)
SHIFT WORKING (hrs) TOTAL (hrs)
within a shift between shifts
1st 7.0 1.0 8.0
2nd 7.0 1.0 8.0 MACHINE SPECIFICATION FROM CATALOGUE
3rd 7.0 1.0 8.0
ACTUAL DATA FROM WEIGHT STUDY
TOTAL (b) 21.0 b' b" 3.0 (c) 24.0
(b) = (c) – (b")
TIME ON CYCLE FASTEST AVE. n = 10 EMPTY WEIGHT (m. ton) 121.5 GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (m. ton) 317.5
WAITING in minutes 0.00 1.48 Max. PAY LOAD (m. ton) 196.0
17

LOADING in minutes 4.55 4.87

HAULING in minutes 2.40 2.52 WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
DUMPING in minutes 1.00 1.00 EMPTY LOADED LOAD / TIRE (m. ton)
RETURNING in minutes 2.00 2.05 FRONT(%) 55% 34% EMPTY LOADED MEAN
REAR(%) 45% 66% FRONT 33.41 53.98 43.69
CYCLE TIME in minutes (d) 9.95 11.92 TRAILER(%) REAR 13.67 52.39 33.03
CYCLE TIME in hours (d) ÷ 60=(e) 0.166 0.199 TRAILER
CYCLE PER DAY (b)÷(e)=( f ) 126.63 105.70 NUMBER OF WHEELS REAR DUMP BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK
DAILY RUNNING DISTANCE ( f ) × (a)=(g) 405.23 338.26 FRONT 2
Ave. Work Shift Speed (km/h) (g)÷ (b)=(h) 19.30 16.11 REAR 4
TRAILER 0

OPERATING TKPH
Per Shift FRONT AVE. REAR AVE. TRAILER AVE.
MAX. AVE.
100% 70% 100%
FRONT 843 704 91%
68%
90% 90%
REAR 637 532 60% 56%
80% 74% 80%
TRAILER 70% 50% 70%
60% 40% 60%
RECOMMENDED TIRE SPECIFICATION 50% 50%
30%
40% 40%
SIZE PR PATT SPEC TIRE TKPH@38°C Dis./Trip (less than 5km)
30% 20% 30%
1. 37.00R57 ❋2 VRLS E1A 845 946 20% 20%
10%
2. 37.00R57 ❋2 VRLS E2A 694 777 10% 10%
0% 0% 0%
❋Ifthe round trip distance is less than 5km, the above rating can be increased by 12%. RECO.1 RECO.2 RECO.1 RECO.2 RECO.1 RECO.2
❋Please refer to MAINTENANCE BOOK about the revised TKPH based on Max. Amb. temperature.

Proper Tire Use

 Proper Tire Use

Fig. 13-2

TMPH Assessment OFF-THE-ROAD TIRE

UNIT OF DISTANCE & SPEED : Mile & MPH : I /P DATE OF INSPECTION Y M D
UNIT OF WEIGHT : lbs & s.ton :O / P 02 02 10
CHECKED USER COUNTRY VEHICLE WORKING DISTANCE MAX. SPEED (mph)
Y M D CODE NAME CODE NAME MAKE MODEL DAYS / WEEK / TRIP(Mile) LOADED EMPTY
02 1 21 BS MINING BS 190 7 (a) 2 19 25
TIRE SIZE AMBIENT TEMP. ˚F
FRONT PR REAR PR TRAILER PR MAX. MIN.
37.00R57 ❋2 37.00R57 ❋2 104 50
SHIFT & WORKING HOURS
BREAK (hrs) BREAK (hrs)
SHIFT WORKING (hrs) TOTAL (hrs)
within a shift between shifts
1st 7.0 1.0 8.0
2nd 7.0 1.0 8.0 MACHINE SPECIFICATION FROM CATALOGUE
3rd 7.0 1.0 8.0
ACTUAL DATA FROM WEIGHT STUDY
TOTAL (b) 21.0 b' b" 3.0 (c) 24.0
(b) = (c) – (b")
TIME ON CYCLE FASTEST AVE. n = 10 EMPTY WEIGHT (s. ton) 133.9 GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (s. ton) 350.0
WAITING in minutes 0.00 1.48 Max. PAY LOAD (s. ton) 216.1
LOADING in minutes 4.55 4.87
HAULING in minutes 2.40 2.52 WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
18

DUMPING in minutes 1.00 1.00 EMPTY LOADED LOAD / TIRE (s. ton)
RETURNING in minutes 2.00 2.05 FRONT(%) 55% 34% EMPTY LOADED MEAN
REAR(%) 45% 66% FRONT 36.82 59.50 48.16
CYCLE TIME in minutes (d) 9.95 11.92 TRAILER(%) REAR 15.06 57.75 36.41
CYCLE TIME in hours (d) ÷ 60 =(e) 0.166 0.199 TRAILER
CYCLE PER DAY (b)÷(e)=( f ) 126.63 105.70 NUMBER OF WHEELS REAR DUMP BOTTOM DUMP TRUCK
DAILY RUNNING DISTANCE ( f ) × (a)=(g) 253.27 211.41 FRONT 2
Ave. Work Shift Speed (mph) (g)÷ (b)=(h) 12.06 10.07 REAR 4
TRAILER 0

OPERATING TMPH
Per Shift FRONT AVE. REAR AVE. TRAILER AVE.
MAX. AVE.
100% 70% 100%
FRONT 581 485 91%
68%
90% 90%
REAR 439 367 60% 56%
80% 74% 80%
TRAILER 70% 50% 70%
60% 40% 60%
RECOMMENDED TIRE SPECIFICATION 50% 50%
30%
° 40% 40%
SIZE PR PATT SPEC TIRE TMPH@38 C Dis./Trip (less than 3 miles)
30% 20% 30%
1. 37.00R57 ❋2 VRLS E1A 579 648 20% 20%
10%
2. 37.00R57 ❋2 VRLS E2A 475 532 10% 10%
0% 0% 0%
❋Ifthe round trip distance is less than 3miles, the above rating can be increased by 12%. RECO.1 RECO.2 RECO.1 RECO.2 RECO.1 RECO.2
❋Please refer to MAINTENANCE BOOK about the revised TMPH based on Max. Amb. temperature.
 INFORMATION REQUIRED

A: Distance (Round Trip)

• Kilometers (Miles)

B: Shifts
• Working Time / Shift hour (Hours) Include for calculation Exclude for calculation
• No. of Shift per Day within a shift between shifts

• Break Time within a Shift (Hours)

Proper Tire Use

DAY SHIFT AFTERNOON SHIFT NIGHT SHIFT
• Break Time between Shifts (Hours)
“Working hours during the shift” is defined
as excluding “break time for shift change”
HOURS
and including “break time within shift.” PER SHIFT

C: Cycle Time : Break time

• Loading Time
Fig. 12 Instruction for Shift
• Hauling Time
• Dumping Time
• Returning Time
• Waiting Time
• Total Time Per Cycle

D: Load Per Tire

• Weight Distribution
Loaded and Empty
• Weight on Each Front Tire in Metric Tons (Short Tons)
Loaded and Empty
• Weight Per Rear or Drive Tires in Metric Tons (Short Tons)
Loaded and Empty

E: Calculate Mean Tire-Load Per Axle or Position

F: Calculate The Average Work-Shift-Speed

If vehicles have on-board operation monitoring systems or TKPH monitoring devices, please
consult a Bridgestone Representative to make sure the system is in agreement with
Bridgestone TKPH guidelines.

19
 4. Proper Maintenance
In order to optimize tire performance and contribute overall safety, it is vital to do
proper / regular maintenance on tires, roads and equipment. Specific maintenance
methods will be described in this chapter.

4-1 TIRE INSPECTION

4-1-1 Necessity and Frequency for Inspection

As compared with the tires used on, for example, passenger vehicles, the operating
conditions for Off-the-Road tires are extremely severe easily causing such damage as
deep cutting or impact breaks / cut burst. For this reason, frequent inspection is required
for safety and economy. Tire inspection frequency recommendations are shown in
Table 12.
Proper Maintenance

Table 12 Tire Inspection and Frequency

Inspector Items To Be Checked Frequency Section
External appearance Daily 4-1-2
Tire foreman Rims and valves Daily 6-1, 6-2
Inflation pressure Daily 4-1-4
Driver External appearance Before and after driving 4-1-2
Vibration and steering-wheel shaking While driving -

CAUTION (1) Conduct a daily tire inspection looking for unusual tire conditions (tread wear conditions
or external damage), and check tire inflation pressure.
WARNING (2) While driving, if irregular vibration or noise is detected, Stop at a safe place
immediately and check the tires, rims and vehicle for any potential problems
undertaking the risk assessments.

4-1-2 External Appearance and Tire Care

Constant inspection of each tire is necessary. Early discovery of minor tire damage
saves you from high costs in maintenance.
Table 13 is a checklist to guide you in the maintenance of your tires.

WARNING (1) When foreign objects (nails, bolts, glass) stick into a tire, remove it immediately.
WARNING (2) Do not use tires damaged into the casing without proper inspection.
CAUTION (3) Be sure to inspect the inside of the tire. Foreign objects, etc. should be removed
completely. Even if it is new, be sure to inspect the tire.

20
Table 13 Tire Damage Check List

Condition Extent of Action To Be

Defect/Damage Taken

Shallow (not reaching

Continue to use.
casing)

Deep (reaching the casing) Scrap.

Cut

Tread cut penetration

Proper Maintenance
Scrap.

Side cut penetration Scrap.

If covering the entire

Peeling of tread or tread and
Separation casing separated
circumference of the tire,
(tread separated scrap.
from belt or
casing ply) Excessive swelling Scrap.

Widespread minor swelling Scrap.

Separation or impact
Separation Scrap.
breaking from belt edge
(belt edge
separation)

Continue to use with

Chafing at bead area
monitoring.
Rim Chafing

Rotate
Rotate or
or reverse tires,check
reverse tires, check
Feathering pressures and load.
pressures load.
Abnormal Quick wearing of both Check pressures
Check pressuresand
andload.
load.
shoulders or center
Wear
Check
Check brakes, wheels,
brakes, wheels,
Spot wear, irregular wear bearings and
and alignment.
bearings alignment.

Wearing of one shoulder Check alignment.

Check alignment.

21
 Condition Extent of Action To Be
Defect/Damage Taken

Improve road surface,

Blocks chunk out from the rotate or reverse tires,
tread avoid rough driving.
Tread Chunking

Continue to use, with

Shallow cracking adequate pressure.
Groove
Cracking Consult a Bridgestone
Deep cracking
Representative.
Proper Maintenance

Tire impact breaking from

Scrap.
shock or cut

Side Impact
Breaking

Even wearing, with no

external damage or Scrap.
swelling
Worn Out

DANGER
Affected by lightning Scrap.
Others (NO PHOTO)
Damaged due to oil or
Scrap.
chemical action, fire

4-1-3 Checking Tread Depth

Positions for Measuring Tread Depth:
When grooves run in a circumferential direction, the depth should be measured at the
deepest points of all grooves across the tread pattern, and the mean tread depth
calculated. (This method is applicable to rib-shaped patterns.)
When grooves run in diagonal, or lateral directions, the position for measuring should
be at a point approximately one-fourth the width of the crown section from the crown
center. (This method is applicable to lug-shaped patterns.)

22
 Method for Measuring Tread Depth:
A depth gauge is used to measure the depths of given grooves. (Fig.14)

Depth
Gauge

(A) Lug pattern (B) Traction pattern (C) Rib pattern (D) Flotation pattern

Fig. 14-1 Position for Measuring Groove Depth Fig. 14-2

4-1-4 Checking Inflation Pressure

(1) Inflation pressure should be checked daily prior to operation, ideally at the start of each
working shift.
(2) Check the inflation pressure, and be sure that the pressures are at specified values.
When internal air temperature is the same as the ambient temperature, the pressure

Proper Maintenance
reading obtained is called “cold pressure”.
CAUTION (3) Wear safety glasses while inspecting tires.
(4) When a vehicle is used for more than 24 hours continuously and the cold inflation
pressure cannot be checked daily, monitor the hot pressure.
How to monitor hot pressure:
1. Determine the correct inflation pressure before beginning vehicle operation.
2. After a full day of vehicle operation, check the inflation pressure.
3. Repeat the inflation pressure check at least ten times or on ten vehicles.
4. Average the result of each inflation pressure check and use this figure to monitor hot
inflation pressure.
(5) Record the tire-pressure readings. Reference to these records is an effective method for
early detection of tire problems. For example, if one tire loses pressure more rapidly
than the others, the tire should be dismounted and inspected.
(6) Always use an accurate pressure gauge.
(7) Check the gauges in use against a master pressure gauge, and have the master gauge
calibrated frequently by the manufacturer.
(8) Pay scrupulous attention to the appearance of each tire. If there is a cut deep enough to
reach the casing, there is a possibility of air leakage. Demount the tire and inspect.

4-2 RECORDING TIRE HISTORY AND STOCK CONTROL

(1) Review of tire inspection records help to determine the causes for scrapping and
conditions of wearing, conditions of tires.
The records serve as the basis for all aspects of tire management such as estimating
serviceability, analyzing damage and wearing and stocking of tires.
Analysis of tire performance draws upon various records. These records can also be
used as a basis for future tire orders.
(2) There are many records for tire management. The types of records shown in Table 14
are basically necessary.
(3) Fig. 15 shows the type of tire card used by Bridgestone.

23
 Table 14 Types of Records
Type of Records Contents Person in Charge Note
Mounting &
demounting Work order Mechanic Original tire cards
cards (When work is done)

Pressure & exterior Daily check table

Check tables Mechanic (daily)
checks

Date, vehicle,
Tire cards Tire foreman Basis of tire record
position, mileage,
(See Fig. 15) (when work is done) (one cart per tire)
tire condition

Tires sorted as per Tire foreman

Stock table
control table (when work is done)

TIRE NUMBER

MAKE OF TIRE SIZE & PLY

SERIAL NUMBER PATTERN & SPEC
Proper Maintenance

Distance
Vehicle Wheel Date Date Meter TREAD DEPTH
KMS Hours Reason for Removal
No. Position Fitted Removed or
On Off Miles ON OFF

TOTAL

Fig. 15 Tire Card

4-3 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

4-3-1 Example of Grouping

Tire stock is divided into New, Part-worn, and Scrapped tires. This classification
facilitates subsequent use.
Table 15 Example of Grouping
New tires Not mounted on rims
Part-worn tires Mounted on rims / Tires on vehicles
Demounted tires Unexamined tires / Examined tires
Scrapped tires -

4-3-2 Methods of Storage (New / Part-worn Tires)

WARNING (1) General Storage
a. Indoor storage ...a cool, dark, dry place.
b. Outdoor storage ...covered with waterproof tarpaulin.
c. Tires not mounted on rims must not be laid on top of one another. If doing this, it

24
 may be difficult to mount them. Tires need to be placed vertically. Take appropriate
measures to block the tires so they do not roll over and fall down.
d. Keep away from motors, power switch boxes and cables, oil, fuels and lubricants. If
exposed to oil, fuel or lubricants, carefully wash them out.
e. Do not expose tires to water, oil, sunlight, ozone or heat sources.
f. Do not let water, stones, sand, metal or wood be stored or left inside the tires.
Remove any material immediately.
g. Keep a fire extinguisher ready for use.
h. Do not remove the bead protector or steel band until you are ready to mount the tire.
i. For storage of used tires, attach a tag showing the tire’s outer diameter or
circumference for easy reference when the tire is used again.
(2) Guidelines for tires on machines parked for long periods:
a. If possible, place the vehicle on jacks to keep the weight off the tires.
b. If the vehicle cannot be placed on jacks, move the vehicle at least once a month to
prevent permanent distortion of tires, and keep the inflation pressure as
recommended.

Proper Maintenance
4-3-3 Precautions for Transporting Tires
DANGER (1) Off-the-Road tires are very heavy, so attempting to move them without the proper
equipment may cause serious injury. Handle with care.
CAUTION (2) When lifting tires, use wide fiber sling or belts. Do not use ropes. (Fig.16)

Correct Incorrect

Fig. 16 Handling of Tire with Nylon Sling

WARNING (3) Always be sure to stand clear when using a cable or chain sling, as there is a possibility
that it might snap and strike you.
WARNING (4) Do not stand under or near a suspended tire.
CAUTION (5) Always assure the lifting vehicle capacity corresponds to the weight of tire being
moved.
(6) Transport tires as they are packed, with the bead protector and steel band in place.
(7) When using a forklift, lift the tire from its outer circumference. Do not insert the forks
through the center or inner of the tire. (Fig. 17-1) It is advisable to use a forklift with
specially designed rubber-coated holder. (Fig. 17-2)

25
 Correct Incorrect

Fig. 17-1 Handling of Tire with Forklift Fig. 17-2 Rubber-Coated Holder
Proper Maintenance

Inner Bead area

Fig. 18 Examples of Tire Damage by Forklift

4-4 TIRE MOUNTING AND DEMOUNTING

4-4-1 General Cautions when Mounting and Demounting

DANGER (1) Be sure to exhaust all the air from the tire before removing it from a vehicle. You should
make sure that the valve stem is not blocked by running a piece of wire through it. On
dual assemblies, be sure to remove the valve cores from both tires, and exhaust all the
air from both tires before loosening the lug nuts. Should you forget to do this, a
fatigued or damaged rim part under pressure could fly apart and cause serious injury or
death.
WARNING (2) NEVER deflate an excessively hot tire.
If extreme hot pressure is measured (+30% over cold inflation pressure as guide), leave
the tire and machine at safe place and do not approach the tire for at least 24 hours.
(3) When inflating, mounting or demounting tires on rims equipped with lock rings, or on
split rims, a safety tire rack, cage, or other protection devices should be used.
(4) Be sure to use the appropriate base plate or cribbing under the jack, even on a hard or
firm ground.
(5) Before you use the jack, be sure to block the tire and wheel on the other side of the
vehicle. To avoid possible slipping of the jack, be sure to crib up with blocks.
(6) Please refer to section 3-1 for more information about proper inflation pressure,
maintenance and caution.

26
4-4-2 Horizontal Setting for Small and Medium Sizes
a. Demounting
DANGER Be sure to exhaust all the air from the tire before removing it from a vehicle.

No. Procedure Matters to note

1 After removing the tire, slowly
lower it with a crane.
Set the bead breaker and adjust
the bolt. (In certain older types, it
should be set at the pry-bar
pocket.)

Apply pressure to the bead WARNING Slant the bead breaker

2
breaker using a hydraulic pump. about 10 degrees, so that it holds firmly.
As it can fly with a lethal force, should it
Occasionally stop to check the slip off, be sure to stand to one side
hooking status. when applying hydraulic pressure. Watch

Proper Maintenance
If conditions are good, resume your fingers, as bead breakers and rams
apply pressure to bead flanges.
pump operation to remove the
bead. CAUTION Do not allow others to stand
near the operation as the bead breaker
If the bead cannot be easily might move suddenly.
removed, insert a nut or similar CAUTION If inserting a nut or similar,
item and relocate the bead after proceed with the job signaling the pump
the bead breaker is replaced. operator. (Take care not to let fingers
catch in the opening.)

3 Insert the lever between the lock

ring and bead seat band and pry
the ring to make an opening
around it.

4 Use the tire lever to pry the ring WARNING Be careful not to catch
from the tire. fingers, or deform the lock ring
by excessive prying.

5 Remove the O-ring using the tire WARNING Use the tire lever with
lever. caution to protect fingers.

27
 No. Procedure Matters to note

6 Removing the bead seat band WARNING Use the tire lever
requires two persons. with caution to protect fingers.

WARNING When removing the

bead-seat band, be sure to
support the band with your
thigh, lowering it slowly to the
ground. In this way, you will
avoid straining your back or
crushing your toes.

7 Remove the flange. WARNING Use the tire lever

with caution to protect fingers.
Proper Maintenance

8 Turn the tire over using a WARNING Before doing so, the
crane. crane operator must make
sure no one else is nearby.

Take off the bead in the same WARNING Do not allow others
manner as with the outer to stand as the bead breaker
bead. might move suddenly.

WARNING Take care not to

allows finger to be caught.

9 After removing the bead, turn WARNING Before doing so, the
the tire over with the crane crane operator must make
and remove the rim. sure that no one else is
nearby.

If the job is done on a concrete

floor, cover it with plywood or
other material to protect the
surface and tire rim.

10 Items removed in order from

the left:

1. Lock ring
2. Bead seat band
3. Flange (or side ring)
4. Flange (or side ring)
5. Rim base

28
b. Mounting
CAUTION Do not mount a tire marked as “TG” on a Flat Base Rim.

No. Procedure Matters to note

Clean the rim and valve and CAUTION An assessment must be
11 inspect them. made to verify that the rim base and
components are in sound condition
(free from wearing, gauling, cracking
or deformation) before proceeding.

Clean following items CAUTION Remove mud and

thoroughly with a wire brush: rust completely. If heavily
a. Bead seat band rusted, clean with jet chisel,
b. O-ring groove of the bead seat etc.
c. Knurled portion of the rim
d. O-ring groove of the rim

Ensure that all of the interface sur- CAUTION Remove all mud and
12 faces of the rim assembly are free rust.
of any material that would prevent
or limit complete contact (eg back
fixed flange, lock ring and lock
ring groove). Care must be also

Proper Maintenance
given to the interface surface of
the 28deg taped mount rim
assembly as well as the interface
surfaces of the centre plate on the
wheel assembly.
The application of paint on any of
the nominated interface surfaces
may result in the assembly loos-
ening during initial service.

13 Inspect the interior of the tire. CAUTION When lifting the tire,
(Completely remove any foreign do not place wire or chain
materials, water, etc..) directly on the bead. (Fig. 16)
Confirm the tire is in a sound
condition.

CAUTION Be sure to inspect

interior of the tire even if new.

14 Apply recommended lubricant CAUTION Make sure to use

thinly on the bead base. proper lubricant when mounting
on a rim. Non-volatility grease
may cause bad tire indexing on
the rim.

15 Apply lubricant to the O-ring

groove of the rim and the
knurled portion.

Set the lower flange to the rim.

29
 No. Procedure Matters to note

16 Lift the tire with the crane and CAUTION Hasty operation of
move it to the rim. crane must be avoided. Do it
slowly.

17 Lower the tire completely. The

job can be done faster if the
crane operator signals the
person.
Proper Maintenance

18 Place the flange on the rim. WARNING In case of a large

tire, the flange will be heavy.
The job should be done by
two persons instead of one
person.

19 Inspect the bead seat band to CAUTION Apply lubricant on

verify it is in sound condition. the O-ring groove.

20 Apply lubricant to the knurled WARNING If heavy, it should

portion and insert the bead be done by two persons
seat band. instead of one person.

30
No. Procedure Matters to note

21 Assembly after bead seat band

is inserted.

22 Insert the O-ring. WARNING Take care so that

fingers are not caught.

CAUTION Set the O-ring

evenly to prevent twisting.

Proper Maintenance
It can be easily inserted if the
rim is lifted by a chain sling or
a wooden block is placed
under the rim.

23 Fitting the lock ring. CAUTION Take care so that

fingers are not caught.

The lock ring fitment

completes the assembly of the
rim.

24 Inflate the tire.

Check the fitment by tapping

the lock ring while inflating the
tire.

Initially inflate to approximately WARNING Be sure to stand to

25 35kPa (5psi) and tap the lock ring one side when tapping lock
with a soft metal hammer to ensure
the lock ring is home on the lock
rings with a hammer. Should a
ring groove and bead seat band. lock ring dislodge, the flying
After confirmation of the position- parts could cause serious
ing of the rim line, inflate to the injury.
nominated inflation pressure level.
(In case of using a tire handler,
CAUTION Do not increase
lower the value to 98 - 196kpa (14 -
28 psi) after fitting, then adjust it to pressure above the maximum
the specified value after the tire is value set by manufacturer.
fitted to the vehicle.)

Check for possible air leaks.

31
 4-4-3 Vertical Setting for Small and Medium Sizes*
*The job can be conducted at the inner part of a disk-type vehicle when changing front tires.
a. Demounting
DANGER Be sure to exhaust all the air from the tire before removing it from a vehicle.

No. Procedure Matters to note

1 Set the bead breaker and operate CAUTION Slant the bead breaker
the hydraulic pump: about 10 degrees, so that it holds
firmly. As it can fly with a lethal force,
(In older types, it should be set at should it slip off, be sure to stand to
the pry-bar pocket.) one side when applying hydraulic
pressure. Watch your fingers, as bead
If the bead cannot be easily breakers and rams apply pressure to
bead flanges.
removed, insert a nut or similar
CAUTION Be careful to set it firmly as
item and relocate the bead after the bead breaker may move suddenly.
the bead breaker is replaced.
WARNING If inserting a nut or
similar item, do the job while
signaling the crane operator. Take
care so that fingers are not caught.

2 Insert the lever between the lock

ring and bead seat band and pry
the ring to make an opening
Proper Maintenance

around it.

3 The photo shows the state of the

rim after the lock ring is
removed.

4 Remove the O-ring using the tire

lever.

5 Move the crane to above the tire CAUTION Check to make sure if
and fit the chain sling to it. the chain sling is firmly inserted.

The bead seat band and side ring

can be easily removed if the tire
is lifted from the rim.

32
No. Procedure Matters to note
Remove the bead seat band. WARNING When removing the
6 bead-seat band, be sure to support
the band with your thigh, lowering
it slowly to the ground. In this way,
you will avoid straining your back
or crushing your toes.

WARNING Be careful of feet when

removing the bead seat band.
CAUTION If the job is done on a
concrete floor, cover it with
plywood or other material to
protect the surface and bead seat
band.

7 Remove the flange. CAUTION Be careful of feet

when removing the flange.

Proper Maintenance
Complete the job by dropping CAUTION If the job is done on
the outer bead and remove a concrete floor, cover it with
each ring. plywood or other material to
protect the surface and flange.
The removed rings should be
kept together.

8 Remove the inside bead in the CAUTION Take special care to

same way as with the outer prevent dropping breaker on
bead. feet.

CAUTION Keep in good

communication with the pump
operator.

9 Lift the tire with the crane. CAUTION Avoid hasty crane
operation. Do so slowly.

33
 b. Mounting

No. Procedure Matters to note

10 Clean the rim and inspect it as CAUTION Remove all mud and
well as the valve. rust.

Clean each part completely

with a wire brush or the like.

Confirm the rim and

components are free from
cracks.

11 Inspect interior of the tire. CAUTION Be sure to inspect

(Completely remove any interior of the tire even if new.
foreign materials, water, etc..)
Proper Maintenance

12 Apply approved lubricant CAUTION When lifting the tire,

thinly to the bead base. do not fit wire or chain directly
on the bead.

13 Apply lubricant to the O-ring

groove and the knurled portion
of the rim.

Set the inner flange to the rim.

14 Lift the tire with the crane. CAUTION Avoid hasty crane
operation. Do it slowly.

CAUTION If a tire handler is

used, holding the tire too
tightly may distort it and
prevent its correct positioning
on the rim.

34
No. Procedure Matters to note

15 Fit the cleaned outer flange. CAUTION In case of a large

tire, the flange also becomes
heavy.

WARNING The job should be

done by two persons instead
of one person.

16 Apply lubricant to the O-ring

groove and the knurled
portion of the bead seat band.

Proper Maintenance
17 Fit the bead seat band. CAUTION Be careful not to
drop it on feet.

18 Fit the bead seat band using a CAUTION Do the job while
tire lever and hammer until signaling to each other.
the O-ring groove appears.

(The job can also be done CAUTION Put a wood block

slowly using the crane.) on the tire so as not to
damage the tire.

19 Fit the O-ring. WARNING Take care so that

fingers are not caught.

CAUTION Fit the O-ring

evenly to prevent twisting.

35
 No. Procedure Matters to note

20 Fit the lock ring. CAUTION Take care so that

fingers are not caught.

Initially inflate to approximately CAUTION Check for proper

21
35kPa (5psi) and tap the lock ring assembly by tapping the lock
with a soft metal hammer to ring while inflating the tire.
ensure the lock ring is home on
the lock ring groove and bead seat
band.
Proper Maintenance

After confirmation of the position-

ing of the rim line, inflate to the
nominated inflation pressure level.

Check for possible air leaks. CAUTION Do not increase

pressure above the maximum
value set by manufacturer.

36
 4-4-4 Off-the-Road Tire Mounting and Demounting Equipment for Giant Sizes
There are complete, self-contained machines for mounting and demounting of large off-
highway vehicle tires. The entire operation is performed on the machine, without the
need for any auxiliary jacks, pry-bars, sledge hammers, etc. A remote operator’s
pedestal converts air pressure to hydraulic pressure and controls a powerful hydraulic
ram between the stand and the grapple head which applies pressure uniformly to the
bead-seat ring and to the side rings of the rim through adjustable mounting and
demounting shoes. A grapple, clamps, and a hoist eye, all integral with the removable
head, are used to lift the tire and rim on and off the equipment. Mounting and
demounting of all sizes of off-highway vehicle tires is easily and quickly accomplished
with these machines. (Fig. 19)

Proper Maintenance
Fig. 19 Mounting and Demounting Machine

For front end loader use, sometimes slippage between tire and rim base occurs due to
strong torque on the front tire. This is often observed just after mounting the tire on a rim.
After the tire is used for some period, it will stop. If this slippage does not stop, remount
the tire because in most of cases this is caused by mis-fitting of the bead on the rim.
As another countermeasure, check the amount and type of rim lubricant used.

4-5 ROAD MAINTENANCE

Off-the-Road tires are generally used on unpaved, rough roads, where such
impediments as stones, pieces of wood and metal chips are often encountered. Clearing
the hauling roads of such obstructions should be considered the responsibility of
everyone on the job site and not simply that of the road maintenance staff.

4-5-1 Road Maintenance Procedures

CAUTION (1) Carefully maintain the road and remove obstructions regularly. Poor maintenance of
roads may result in damage as shown in Table16.

Table 16 Poor Roads and Tire Damage

Road Condition Tire Damage
Rocks, wood and other obstacles on the haul Cutting, Puncturing and Cut-impact break
roads
Irregular surfaces and holes Irregular wear and shock-impact break
Continuous grades / Steep grades / Shortening of tire life /
Soft surfaces and river-bed roads Cuts and Cut-separation
Continuous high speed driving for long Heat separation and separation impact break
haulage

37
 (2) Remove stones/rocks from loading
area, dumping area and curves.
(3) Grading of uneven and/or
corrugated road surfaces and filling
up of holes and puddles.
(4) Watering of dusty roads.
(5) Rolling excessively soft surfaces Fig. 20-1 Fig. 20-2
and/or dewatering after heavy rain. Example of Haul Road Needing Example of Loading Area
Maintenance Needing Maintenance

4-5-2 Proper Road Conditions

a. Road Grade
(1) Calculation of road grade

Vertical distance
Road Grade [%] = × 100
Horizontal distance
Proper Maintenance

(2) The grade should not exceed 10%.

MAX
10m

100m
Fig. 21 Road Grade

(3) When the grade increases, a 120

tire is more likely to slip. This 110
increases tire wear and Flat
100
reduces fuel efficiency. The Max, 5% Grade
% of Average Life

ideal road grade is no more 90 Max, 10% Grade

than 5–6%. 80

70

60

50

40
0 10 20 30 40
Loaded Speed (mph)
Fig. 22

b. Road Camber and Lane Width

Drainage
3
100

Ideal Camber : 3%

Lane Width
Fig. 23

38
 Higher camber Lower camber

Incline of vehicle
Difficulty in draining water

Shift of the center of gravity

Uneven weight distribution

Table 17 Recommended Lane Width

Vehicle Width 1 lane 2 lanes 3 lanes 4 lanes
2.4 m 4.8 m 8.4 m 12.0 m 15.6 m
2.7 m 5.4 m 9.45 m 13.5 m 17.55 m
3.0 m 6.0 m 10.5 m 15.0 m 19.5 m
3.3 m 6.6 m 11.5 m 16.55 m 21.45 m
3.6 m 7.2 m 12.6 m 18.0 m 23.4 m
3.9 m 7.8 m 13.6 m 19.5 m 25.35 m
4.2 m 8.4 m 14.7 m 21.0 m 27.3 m

Proper Maintenance
4.5 m 9.0 m 15.75 m 22.5 m 29.25 m
4.8 m 9.6 m 16.8 m 24.0 m 31.2 m
5.1 m 10.2 m 17.85 m 25.5 m 33.15 m
5.4 m 10.8 m 18.9 m 27.0 m 35.1 m
5.7 m 11.4 m 19.95 m 28.5 m 37.05 m
6.0 m 12.0 m 21.0 m 30.0 m 39.0 m
6.3 m 12.6 m 22.05 m 31.5 m 40.95 m
6.6 m 13.2 m 23.1 m 33.0 m 42.9 m
6.9 m 13.8 m 24.15 m 34.5 m 44.85 m
7.2 m 14.4 m 25.2 m 36.0 m 46.8 m
7.5 m 15.0 m 26.25 m 37.5 m 48.75 m
7.8 m 15.6 m 27.3 m 39.0 m 50.7 m
8.1 m 16.2 m 28.35 m 40.5 m 52.65 m
8.4 m 16.8 m 29.4 m 42.0 m 54.6 m
8.7 m 17.4 m 30.45 m 43.5 m 56.55 m
9.0 m 18.0 m 31.5 m 45.0 m 58.5 m
9.3 m 18.6 m 32.55 m 46.5 m 60.45 m
9.6 m 19.2 m 33.6 m 48.0 m 62.4 m

c. Radius and Bank

To prevent excessive tire stress when a vehicle turns a corner, please follow the radius
and bank recommendations listed below.

Table 18 Recommended Bank

Radius Speed km/h(mph)
16 24 32 40 48 56 64
Meters Feet
(10) (15) (20) (25) (30) (35) (40)

23 75 8.5 %

30 100 6.5 % 15 %

46 150 4 % 10 % 17.5 %

61 200 3 % 7.5 % 13.5 %

76 250 2.5 % 6 % 10.5 % 16.5 %

91 300 2 % 5 % 9 % 13.5 %

107 350 1.5 % 4 % 7.5 % 12 % 17 %

122 400 4 % 6.5 % 10 % 15 %

137 450 3.5 % 6 % 9 % 13 % 18 %

152 500 3 % 5 % 8 % 12 % 16 %

183 600 2.5 % 4.5 % 7 % 10 % 13.5 % 17.5 %

213 700 2 % 3.5 % 6 % 8.5 % 11.5 % 15 %

244 800 2 % 3 % 5 % 7.5 % 10 % 13 %

274 900 1.5 % 3 % 4.5 % 6.5 % 9 % 12 %

305 1000 2.5 % 4 % 6 % 8 % 10.5 %

366 1200 2 % 3.5 % 5 % 7 % 9 %

427 1400 2 % 3 % 4 % 6 % 7.5 %

488 1600 1.5 % 2.5 % 3.5 % 5 % 6.5 %

39
 4-6 PROPER MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLE
From the standpoint of safety and economy, proper maintenance of the vehicle is
absolutely necessary. This, of course, requires constant, meticulous work by the
maintenance personnel.
WARNING (1) Avoid using any vehicles not inspected for maintenance and repair. Use of vehicles in a
poor state of repair is a major cause of damage and/or accidents.
(2) Some possible damages to tires resulting from vehicles in disrepair are listed in Table 19.
(3) Vehicle misalignment can cause both irregular wear and tire vibration. Please follow the
maintenance recommendations outlined in each vehicle’s maintenance manual.

Table 19 The Damage Caused by Poor Maintenance of Vehicles

Problem Tire Damage
Misalignment Irregular wear, Shortening of tire life, Tread separation
Broken suspensions Irregular wear, Quick wearing and cutting
Fuel and oil leakage Swelling and aging of rubber which shortens tire life
Proper Maintenance

4-7 MAINTENANCE IN COLD REGIONS

4-7-1 Operational Precautions

CAUTION (1) Avoid operation when vehicles have been immobile for a long time in temperatures
below – 40˚C (– 40˚F) [for E2A-LS: – 30˚C (– 22˚F)].
CAUTION (2) Immobile for a short time (within 1 hour) after running in temperatures below – 40˚C
(– 40˚F) [for E2A-LS: –30˚C (– 22˚F)], can be permitted only at unavoidable park.

4-7-2 Inflation Pressures

(1) When inflating tires outdoors with an air compressor which is also outdoors, inflate
according to Bridgestone recommendation.
(2) Tires that are inflated indoors at room temperature and operated outdoors, where the
air temperature is much lower, require inflation pressure adjustments. When
temperatures drop, there is also a significant drop in inflation pressure. Fig. 24 shows
the relationship of descending tire temperature and inflation pressure.
(3) Tires with low inflation pressure are subject to excessive distortion and movement,
which easily leads to tire damage. To compensate for changes in indoor and outdoor
inflation pressures, the initial inflation pressure indoors should be increased. For these
adjustments, refer to Table 20.
(4) If the inflation pressure is checked at extremely cold temperature, make sure the air
does not leak out due to frozen valve core.

40
 Indoor Temperature: 4~8˚C (39~46˚F)
Outdoor Temperature: –23~ –21˚C (–9~ –6˚F)
80
(176.0)
70
(158.0)
Tire Temperature

Tire Temperature ˚C (˚F)

60

Inflation Pressure kPa (psi)

(140.0)
50
(122.0)
540 40
(78) (104.0)
Inflation Pressure
520 30
(75) (86.0)
500 20
(73) (68.0)
480 10
(70) (50.0)
460 0
(67) (32.0)
440
(64)
420
(61)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Elapsed Warehousing Time (hrs)
Fig. 24 Tire Temperature and Inflation Pressure

Proper Maintenance
Table 20 Adjusted Inflation Pressure When Inflating Indoors at 18˚C (65˚F)
Recom- Outside Ambient Temperature ˚C (˚F)
mended
Inflation 18 10 4 –1 –7 –12 –18 –23 –29 –34 –40 –46
Pressure
kPa (psi) (65) (50) (40) (30) (20) (10) (0) (–10) (–20) (–30) (–40) (–50)
210 210 210 220 230 230 240 250 260 270 280 280 300
(30) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (39) (40) (41) (43)
240 240 250 260 260 280 280 290 300 310 320 320 340
(35) (35) (36) (37) (38) (40) (41) (42) (43) (45) (46) (47) (49)
280 280 290 300 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
(40) (40) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (48) (49) (51) (52) (54) (55)
310 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 430
(45) (45) (47) (48) (49) (51) (52) (53) (55) (57) (58) (60) (62)
350 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 410 430 440 460 470
(50) (50) (52) (53) (55) (56) (58) (59) (61) (62) (64) (66) (66)
380 380 390 400 410 410 430 450 460 470 480 500 520
(55) (55) (57) (58) (60) (61) (63) (65) (67) (68) (70) (72) (75)
410 410 430 440 450 460 480 490 500 510 530 550 560
(60) (60) (62) (64) (65) (67) (69) (71) (72) (74) (77) (79) (81)
450 450 460 480 490 500 510 520 540 550 570 590 600
(65) (65) (67) (69) (71) (72) (74) (76) (79) (80) (83) (85) (87)
480 480 500 510 520 540 550 570 580 590 610 630 650
(70) (70) (72) (74) (76) (78) (80) (82) (84) (86) (89) (91) (94)
520 520 540 550 560 570 590 610 620 640 660 670 690
(75) (75) (78) (79) (81) (83) (85) (88) (90) (92) (95) (97) (100)
550 550 570 590 600 610 630 640 660 680 700 720 740
(80) (80) (83) (85) (87) (89) (91) (93) (96) (98) (101) (104) (107)
590 590 610 620 640 650 670 680 700 720 740 760 780
(85) (85) (88) (90) (92) (94) (97) (99) (102) (104) (107) (110) (113)
620 620 640 660 670 690 700 720 740 760 780 800 810
(90) (90) (93) (95) (97) (100) (102) (105) (107) (110) (113) (116) (118)
660 660 680 690 710 720 750 760 780 800 820 840 860
(95) (95) (98) (100) (103) (105) (108) (110) (113) (116) (119) (122) (125)
690 690 710 730 750 770 780 800 820 840 860 890 910
(100) (100) (103) (106) (108) (111) (113) (116) (119) (122) (125) (129) (132)
720 720 750 770 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 930 960
(105) (105) (106) (111) (113) (116) (119) (122) (125) (128) (131) (135) (139)
760 760 790 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 950 980 1000
(110) (110) (114) (116) (119) (122) (125) (128) (131) (134) (138) (142) (145)
Note: Do not exceed maximum rim pressure limitations.

41
 4-7-3 Storage
(1) When warehouse temperatures are below – 40˚C (– 40˚F) [for E2A-LS: – 30˚C (– 22˚F)]
Maximum + 40˚C or 104˚F), store tires in a vertical position. Storage in temperatures
above – 40˚C (– 40˚F) [for E2A-LS: – 30˚C (– 22˚F)] is advised.
For below the temperature – 40˚C (– 40˚F) [for E2A-LS: – 30˚C (– 22˚F)] , consult a
Bridgestone Representative.
(2) Outdoor storage is not recommended. If outdoor storage is unavoidable, cover the tires
with a water-proof tarpaulin. Tire should have no inflation pressure.

4-7-4 Transporting Tires

Protect tires from impact or damage when transporting in temperatures below –40˚C
(–40˚F) [for E2A-LS: –30˚C (–22˚F)].

4-7-5 Working with Rims

(1) When the surface temperature of the tires is below – 40˚C (– 40˚F) [for E2A-LS: – 30˚C
(– 22˚F)], avoid the mounting and demounting of rim-assembled tires as well as bead
Proper Maintenance

seating.
(2) For the above rim-related operations, take the tire indoors and perform the necessary
work after the tire has reached a temperature close to that of the room.

4-7-6 Road Maintenance

To avoid shock damage, spin outs and other tire damages caused by scattered rocks
and road hazards during cold periods, maintain roads thoroughly with a dozer,
compactor or other appropriate equipment.

42
 5. Specific Operations
5-1 DRIVE-AWAY TIRES ON VEHICLES

5-1-1 Recommendations for Off-the-Road Tires

Because of the special extra-heavy construction of Off-the-Road tires, special
precautions must be observed to protect these expensive tires when the vehicle is
driven over the highway for delivery, or moved by an operator to a new job site.

CAUTION If the precautions are not observed, excessive tire heat is built up and the tires most
likely will fail prematurely. These precautions are as follows and apply to tires on all
vehicles in transit—driven or towed. Consult a Bridgestone Representative for specific
information before starting out on a drive-away trip.

5-1-2 Load and Pressure

(1) Vehicles must be empty during transportation.
(2) Inflation pressure is to be checked before starting, each break and adjusted to the
pressure recommended for over-the-highway transit by Bridgestone.
(3) Inflation pressures are not to be reduced by “bleeding” tires during transportation.
WARNING (4) Periodical inflation pressure checks during transportation (i.e. every 2 hours) is

Specific Operations
recommended. Although operational pressure build-up in tires is normal during
transportation, when it increases 20% or more than the cold pressure reading, it
indicates over heating, and the vehicle should be stopped and a Bridgestone
Representative should be consulted.
(5) To avoid damage from excessive heat build-up, vehicles on tires with “Dry ballast” (See
7-1) in them should not be driven or towed in highway transit.

5-1-3 Speed
(1) Regular tread tires (E-3):
(Note: For deep tread tires (E-4), always consult a Bridgestone Representative.)
a. Maximum highway speed:
Table 21 Maximum Speed (Drive-Away)
Maximum Speed
Regular 50 km/h 30 mph
Radial / Bias
Wide Base 32 km/h 20 mph

b. Stop for a 30-minute cooling period after each 80 km (50 miles) of driving or before 2
hours of continual operation, whichever comes first. (Fig. 25)
c. One-hour minimum midday lunch stop should be observed during full day operations. (Fig. 25)

STOP STOP STOP

0.5 hr. 0.5 hr. 0.5 hr.

2 Hrs. or 80 km 2 Hrs. or 80 km 2 Hrs. or 80 km

(50 miles) (50 miles) (50 miles)

Fig. 25 Drive-Away

(2) Vehicles in transit should be accompanied by responsible personnel in a pilot car to

enforce these precautions and maintain a check on equipment. This is good insurance
for a valuable investment.

43
 5-2 RTG (RUBBER TIRED GANTRY CRANE) OPERATIONS
In RTG operation, ‘Static steering’ is often conducted to change its
operating position or direction.
CAUTION (1) Limit the effects of static steering by putting down steel plates and resin
pads. (Fig. 26) If it is not observed, it may result in excessive tread wear
and tire casing damage.

Fig. 26-1 Steel plate Fig. 26-2 Resin pad

(2) It is recommended to use outriggers and hydraulic jacks while static steering.
(3) Tire carrying capacity of RTG shall be restricted by following table.

Table 22
Specific Operations

Type of RTG operation Load Capacity*

Non-Static Steering or Static Steering on Steel plate, 100% of
Water spread, Outrigger / Jack-up Max. load

80% of
Static Steering on Asphalt or Concrete surface
Max. load

*Max. load – Maximum permissible load at standard inflation pressure for respective tire size and star rating.
Please refer to the load – inflation pressure table for industrial service in Bridgestone Technical Data Book.

5-3 INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE APPLICATION

(1) Industrial vehicles comprise vehicles such as counter-balanced lift trucks, container
handlers, straddle carriers, aircraft tow tractors, mobile crushers, log stackers etc., used
on hard improved surfaces, smooth floors and runways .
(2) Use specifications for industrial service only.
(3) To obtain the maximum permissive loads on industrial vehicles steering wheels,
multiply the above loads by 0.8.

44
5-4 LOAD-AND-CARRY OPERATIONS

5-4-1 General Information

Service conditions of a loader is defined as “picking up material and relocating a short
distance away, a maximum of 76m (250 feet), one way, with a maximum speed of
10km/h (5 mph)”. However, a loader can pick up a load and transport such load to
another location and return unloaded for a longer distance. This type of service is called
as Load-and-Carry operations. Transportation usually occurs at low speeds, up to
25km/h (15 mph), and distances are limited.
The tires when used in Load-and-Carry operations may encounter heat problems
especially on the front axle tires. To avoid such problems, Bridgestone recommends the
following operating conditions.
For tires over 33" inch rim diameter tires, careful study is required to maximize tire life
while considering Ton-Kilometer-Per-Hour limits. Please consult a Bridgestone
representative for more information.
If you need to use the tire beyond this recommendation, please consult a Bridgestone
representative.
Table 23

Specific Operations
Earthmover Earthmover & Loader Loader
Articulated Dump Truck Shuttle Truck LHD Front End Loader
under ground

High Speed Low

Standard Load Severe

5-4-2 For Front End Loader Service

Table 24
[Radial Tire]
Inflation Pressure
Rim Diameter
Maximum Cycle Allowable Average
Tread 29" and below 33" and above Load Capacity** Distance Work-shift Speed
Class Conventional size Wide base size Wide base size 10km/h (5mph) (m) (km/h)
(95 series) (85, 65 series) (65 series)

*1 *2 *1 *2 *1 *2
L2, L3 16
1800
L4 14
550kpa 825kpa 500kpa 650kpa 600kpa 750kpa 100% of
1500 (VSDT) 10
L5 (80psi) (120psi) (73psi) (94psi) (87psi) (109psi) STD.load
1200 (VSDL) 6
L5S 1200 5
** STD.load: Maximum permissible load at standard inflation pressure for respective tire size and star rating.
Please refer to the load - inflation pressure table for loader and dozer service “10km/h (5mph) service” in Bridgestone Technical Data Book.

[Bias Tire]
Load Capacity**
10km/h (5mph) Maximum Cycle Allowable Average
Tread Inflation Pressure
Class for Front Tires Distance Work-shift Speed
Rim Diameter
(m) (km/h)
29" and below 33" and above
L2, L3 Standard inflation 85% of 1200 10
L4 pressure 90% of STD. load 500
L5 + STD. load 3
100kpa (15psi) *** 300
L5S
** STD.load: Maximum permissible load at standard inflation pressure for respective tire size and star rating.
Please refer to the load - inflation pressure table for loader and dozer service “10km/h (5mph) service” in Bridgestone Technical Data Book.
***Not permissible
The inflation pressure must meet Table 7 for maximum excess load.

45
 5-4-3 For Load Haul Dump Service
Since a load haul dump (LHD) unit has a similar structure and operational
characteristics as load and carry service on a front end loader,
the following operating parameters are recommended.

Table 25
[Radial Tire]
Inflation Pressure
Load Capacity** Maximum Cycle Allowable Average
Tread Conventional size Wide base size
Class (95 series) (85, 65 series) 10km/h (5mph) Distance (m) Work-shift Speed (km/h)

*2 D2A
L2, L3 ***
L4 1800 14
825kpa 650kpa 90% of 1500 (VSDT) 10
L5
(120psi) (94psi) STD. load 1200 (VSDL) 6
L5S 1200 5
**See note in Table 24. ***Not permissible
For MS D2A, consult a Bridgestone Representative.

[Bias Tire]
Load Capacity**
Tread Inflation Pressure 10km/h (5mph) Maximum Cycle Allowable Average
Distance Work-shift Speed
Class for Front Tires Rim Diameter
(m) (km/h)
29" and below 33" and above
Specific Operations

L2, L3 ***
L4 Standard inflation 500
pressure 90% of 85% of
L5 +
3
STD. load STD. load 300
L5S 100kpa (15psi)
**See note in Table 24. ***Not permissible
The inflation pressure must meet Table 7 for maximum excess load.

5-4-4 For Shuttle Truck Service

Shuttle truck service is defined as small and low vehicle height dump truck used in
underground mines. However, the application is considered to be similar to load and
carry operation which has relatively slower speed and shorter distance with more load
than normal dump truck use.
Consequently, the severity to the tire is estimated using the load and carry concept.
Bridgestone defines the recommendation in this section.

Table 26
[Radial Tire]
Speed
Tread Class Inflation Load Capacity** Maximum Allowable Average
&
Pressure 10km/h (5mph) Speed Work-shift
Pattern
(km/h) Speed (km/h)

L3 VMT 16
Wide base size L4 VSNT 14
650 kpa 90% of
(85, 65 series) L5 VSDT *2 D2A 25 10
(94psi) STD. load
25" – 33" VSDL 6
L5S VSMS 5
Conventional size VELS 700kpa 115% of
(95 series) E4 *2 E2A 30 14
25" – 35" VMTP (102psi) STD. load
** See note in 5-4-2.
For over Maximum Speed, consult a Bridgestone Representative.
For MS D2A, consult a Bridgestone Representative.

[Bias Tire]
Not recommendable.

46
 6. Tire Component Parts
6-1 RIM/WHEEL
DANGER (1) Be sure to use undamaged rims/wheels of the correct size. Attempting to mount a tire
onto damaged, broken, bent, chipped or improper rim parts may result in serious injury
or death.
DANGER (2) Be sure to use rim/wheel parts of the same brand. Do not mix brands.
CAUTION (3) Keep rims/wheels free from rust. If rusted, properly refurbish before use.
WARNING (4) All dirt and rust must be removed from the lock-ring gutter, so that the lock ring will fit
securely into position. After inspecting the rim base and lock-ring gutter, should you
find any damaged, cracked, or sprung rim base flange or lock ring, the defective part
should be immediately replaced.
(5) Handle rims carefully to avoid scratching the beads and distorting rim flanges.
(6) Do not place a lever or equivalent in the valve holes to lift rims.
DANGER (7) Violent tire explosions can occur from a fire started within the tire caused by an external
heat source. NEVER weld on a rim/wheel. Welding a rim which has a tire mounted to it
may cause a tire fire or explosion.

6-2 TUBE/FLAP/VALVE
CAUTION (1) Use new tubes, flaps, valves and valve cores appropriate for the tire size and structure.
CAUTION (2) Do not use tubes and flaps that are damaged, cracked, wrinkled or stretched. They may
result in puncture.
(3) Keep tubes stored properly as follows.

Tire Component Parts

a. New tubes should be kept packaged and in a cool, dry place.
b. Used tubes should be deflated, cleaned and stored.
c. Arrange tubes and flaps in storage by size.

6-3 O-RING
CAUTION (1) Whenever mounting a tire, replace the O-ring with a new one.
CAUTION (2) Do not use O-rings exposed to a foreign substance, damaged or deformed.
(3) O-rings should be stored in a cool, dry place.

47
 7. Others
7-1 BALLASTED TIRES

7-1-1 General Information

The following is an explanation of how
weight can be added to the driving
wheels of such vehicles as tractors,
motor graders and tire-dozers. This can
be accomplished by injecting liquid or
dry ballast into the tires. (Fig. 27)

Fig. 27 Ballasted Tires

7-1-2 Liquid Filled Tires
Generally a solution of calcium chloride and water is considered most suitable for this
purpose. By filling tires with this solution, the weight can be increased from 20% to
30%, with a resulting increase in operating efficiency.
This solution is recommended because:
* Rubber is not eroded by calcium chloride and water solution.
* This solution will not freeze and is not expensive.
(1) Amount of Solution to be pumped in:
The recommended amount of solution for filling the tires of construction type vehicles
is 75% of the tire’s inside volume. A 100% filling is not recommended, except in certain
special cases. This is because the change in pressure caused by the drastic change in
loads may cause inflation pressure to rise and to develop subsequent stresses, leading
to damage. The amount of solution needed, and the amount of additional weight gained
for tires mounted on recommended rims at recommended pressure can be determined
by the following formula:

Unit Conversion
3/4 volume in cubic inches = U.S. Gallons • Liter = 3.79 × U.S. gallon
Others

231 • k.gram = 0.45 × pound

Amount of water needed

(Gal.) × 3.5=Pounds of calcium chloride needed. The numerical value of 3.5 is calculated
on the basis that 3.5 pounds of calcium chloride is the proper amount to be mixed with
one gallon of water. This formula of 3.5 pounds per one gallon of water will prevent
freezing down to a temperature of –34˚C (–30˚F). The amount of calcium chloride to be
put in solution, however, should vary, determined by the actual operating conditions
and objectives of the work to be accomplished. The suitable calcium chloride for each
operating condition can be determined by cross reference to Table 27.
Table 27
Specific Gravity at Lbs. CaCl2 Kgs. CaCl2 Freezes below
17˚C (62˚F) Per Gal. H2O Per Liter H2O ˚C ˚F
1,000 0.0 0.00 0 +32
1,050 0.7 0.07 – 6 +21
1,100 1.5 0.15 – 13.9 + 7
1,150 2.3 0.23 – 23.3 – 10
1,218 3.5 0.35 – 34.4 – 30
1,250 4.2 0.42 – 41.1 – 42

48
 (2) Valve, Air Gauge and Rim to be Used:
The tube that is to be filled with calcium chloride and other solutions, is fixed with a
specially sealed base valve to prevent separation of the rubber valve base from the
valve metal. Also, air-water valves such as the TR-218 and the TR-220 are required.
When checking the tire pressure, hold the tire with the valve in the uppermost position,
then measure the air-pressure with the special anti-corrosion air gauge.
The rims for tubeless tires will not corrode from calcium chloride.

Fig. 28 Air-Water Valves (TR-218)

(3) Advantages of Using Calcium Chloride Solution Filling Liquids:

Use of solution-filled tires will contribute greatly to reducing tire expenses and improve
operating efficiency. It increases traction, reduces slippage, tread cuts and fuel costs. It
also prevents internal pressure from lowering through loss of pressure.

7-1-3 Dry Ballasted Tires

Dry ballast is used only for tire-dozers, tractors and front-end loaders designed
especially for such use. These vehicles are operated at lower speeds.
Consequently there is very little danger of internal heating of tires.
In other cases, operational speeds should be determined with directions provided by
manufacturers. Dry ballast usually consists of clay, limestone and barium sulphate.
These materials are somewhat heavier than liquids. Some weights per liter (gallon) of
generally available dry ballasts are:

Others
• Approximately 1 kg per liter (10 pounds per gallon) material.
• Approximately 1.5 kg per liter (15 pounds per gallon) material.
• Approximately 2.0 kg per liter (20 pounds per gallon) material.
These mixtures will depend on the weight-increase required.
Special large bore valves, larger in diameter than the Jumbo air valve, are
recommended for filling and exhausting dry ballast. Dry ballast materials differ
according to manufacturers.
Recommended methods for filling and exhausting dry ballast will therefore differ.
For this reason it is advisable to select dry ballast from Bridgestone Tire dealers, or
distributors of the manufacturer. For your reference, the required dry ballast gallon and
liter for each tire size, calculated on the basis of Bridgestone tire capacity, is described
in Table 28.

49
 Table 28 Liquid and Dry Ballast Tables
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Total Tire Volume 75% of Total Tire Volume Required CaCl2 For 75% Full Total Weight Increase
Tire Size
(A)x0.75 (B)x0.42 (B)x3.5 (B)+(C) (B)x8.3454+(C)
Liter U.S. Gal Liter U.S. Gal Kgs. Lbs. Kgs. Lbs.
12.00-24 179 47 134 35 56 124 191 420
13.00-24 197 52 148 39 62 137 210 463
14.00-24 219 58 164 43 69 152 233 514
16.00-24 324 86 243 64 102 225 345 761
16.9-24 298 79 224 59 94 207 317 700
18.4-24 369 97 277 73 116 256 393 866
14.00-24 244 64 183 48 77 169 260 573
15.5-25 223 59 167 44 70 155 237 524
17.5-25 288 76 216 57 91 200 307 676
18.00-25 455 120 341 90 143 316 485 1068
20.5-25 377 100 283 75 119 262 402 885
21.00-25 629 166 472 125 198 437 670 1477
23.5-25 593 157 445 117 187 412 632 1392
26.5-25 769 203 577 152 242 534 819 1806
29.5-25 1064 281 798 211 335 739 1133 2498
16.9-28 283 75 212 56 89 197 301 665
29.5-29 1141 301 856 226 359 792 1215 2679
18.00-33 568 150 426 113 179 394 605 1334
35/65-33 1266 334 950 251 399 879 1348 2973
40/65-39 2008 530 1506 398 633 1395 2139 4715
41.25/70-39 2034 537 1526 403 641 1413 2166 4776
45/65-45 2855 754 2141 566 899 1983 3041 6704
50/65-51 3800 1004 2850 753 1197 2639 4047 8923
55.5/80-57 5700 1506 4275 1129 1796 3959 6071 13384
65/65-57 7550 1995 5663 1496 2378 5244 8041 17728

7-2 ROLLING RADIUS

As a provisional method to determine a rolling radius of Bridgestone Off-the-Road tires,
the following formula is recommendable. This is to be used for reference and, when the
accurate value is required by original equipment manufacture, please consult a
Bridgestone Representative.
(1) For Radial Tires
RR = OD x 0.331 + SLR x 0.316 + 12.2
RR: Rolling Radius [mm]
Others

OD: Overall Diameter [mm]

SLR: Static Loaded Radius [mm]
(Regarding specific value for each tire, please refer to Bridgestone Technical Data
Book)
(2) For Bias Tires
RR = (OD/2 – VD) x (k1 + k2 x VD/OD)
VD: Vertical Deflection (VD= OD/2 – SLR) [mm]
Table 29
Regular (90-95 series) Wide base (65-80 series)
k1 0.983 0.959
k2 1.60 2.40
(Regarding specific value for each tire, please refer to Bridgestone Technical Data
Book)

50
 7-3 REGROOVING

7-3-1 General Information

(1) Regrooving increases tire wear life. It may also provide fuel savings because the tire’s
useful life is extended into a period where its rolling resistance is usually the lowest.
CAUTION (2) Bridgestone’s Workmanship/Material Warranty offers no coverage for any regrooved
tires. Regrooving should only be carried out by specially trained personnel.

7-3-2 Regroovable conditions

(1) The following Bridgestone tires are regroovable. The actual remaining depth should be
measured at several places around the tire.

Table 30 Regroovable Tires and Conditions

Regrooving depth Regrooving width Regrooving R
Size/Pattern [mm] [mm] [mm]
385/95R24 *3 VHS 3.0 8.0 4.0 or 5.0
385/95R25 *3 VHS 3.0 8.0 4.0 or 5.0
445/95R25 *2 VHS 3.0 8.0 4.0 or 5.0

Regrooving width

Original Regrooved
Profile Profile

RTD
(over 3.0mm)
Regrooving R
Regrooving

Others
depth

Fig. 29 Section of Regrooving Area

Fig. 30 VHS Pattern Image of Regrooving Area

(Tread Pattern at RTD=3mm)

51
 (2) Regrooving can be executed only when RTD is greater than 3mm. The standard depth is
that of the shallowest area on the circumference.
CAUTION (3) Excessive regrooving may cause the following problems.
• Damage leading to the premature removal of the tire
• Exposing the crown plies at the base of the tread groove, which is prohibited by law in
most countries
CAUTION (4) All regrooving operations must be done on demounted tires.
Others

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