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Linear Algebra Essentials

Determinants are used to represent the value of a square array of terms used in solving linear equations. Cramer's rule utilizes determinants to find values of variables in systems of linear equations. Matrices are rectangular arrangements of numbers organized into rows and columns, with operations like addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and matrix multiplication. Special matrices include the transpose, symmetric, skew-symmetric, singular, and inverse matrices.

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214 views13 pages

Linear Algebra Essentials

Determinants are used to represent the value of a square array of terms used in solving linear equations. Cramer's rule utilizes determinants to find values of variables in systems of linear equations. Matrices are rectangular arrangements of numbers organized into rows and columns, with operations like addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and matrix multiplication. Special matrices include the transpose, symmetric, skew-symmetric, singular, and inverse matrices.

Uploaded by

Isha Mancenido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Determinants and Matrices

Determinants

 A square array or arrangement of terms called elements or entries with m columns


and n rows (m = n) enclosed by vertical bars and which represents a certain value.

 It is used in the analysis of linear equations and their solution. (Cramer’s Rule)

Important Properties of Determinants

(v) The value of the determinant D is equal to the summation of the product of the
elements of a particular row or column with their respective cofactors
Cramer’s Rule

 Utilizes determinants in finding the values of the variables in the system of linear
equation.

Matrices
 A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns.

For example, matrix A has two rows and three columns

Matrix Dimensions - tells its size: the number of rows and columns of the matrix, in that
order.eg 2X3, 3X2

Matrix elements - is simply a matrix entry. Each element in a matrix is identified by naming the
row and column in which it appears

In general, the element in row I and column j of matrix A is denoted as aij

Matrix Operation

 Addition of Matrices
 Subtraction of Matrices
 Scalar Multiplication
 Multiplication of Matrices
 Transpose of Matrices

The addition of matrices can only be possible if the number of rows and columns of both the
matrices are the same. While adding 2 matrices, we add the corresponding elements
Matrices subtraction is also possible only if the number of rows and columns of both the
matrices are the same. While subtracting 2 matrices, we subtract the corresponding elements.

Scalar Multiplication

The product of a matrix A with any number 'c' is obtained by multiplying every entry of the matrix
A by c, is called scalar multiplication. i.e., (cA)ijij = c(Aijij)

Properties of scalar multiplication in matrices

The different properties of matrices for scalar multiplication of any scalars K and l, with matrices
A and B are given as,

 K(A + B) = KA + KB
 (K + l)A = KA + lA
 (Kl)A = K(lA) = l(KA)
 (-K)A = -(KA) = K(-A)
 1·A = A
 (-1)A = -A

Multiplication of Matrices

Matrices multiplication is defined only if the number of columns in the first matrix and
rows in the second matrix are equal.
Example:

Show that:

Special Matrices:
1. Transpose of a Matrix
2. Symmetric Matrix

3. Skew Symmetric

4. Singular and
Non-
singular

Matrices
5. Adjoint of a Matrix
6. Inverse of a Matrix
Group Activity 1:

Solve the following problems manually:

1. Use matrices to find the solution set of the following sets of linear equations:

a.

b.

c.
2.

Find :

a. AB
b. BC
c. ABC

3. Find the inverse of the coefficient matrices in problem 1.

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