1. Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied through various operations.
2. The inverse of a matrix allows matrices to be multiplied in reverse order.
3. Determinants provide a value for matrices and can be used to solve systems of equations.
4. Cramer's rule allows solving systems of equations using determinants.
1. Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied through various operations.
2. The inverse of a matrix allows matrices to be multiplied in reverse order.
3. Determinants provide a value for matrices and can be used to solve systems of equations.
4. Cramer's rule allows solving systems of equations using determinants.
1. Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied through various operations.
2. The inverse of a matrix allows matrices to be multiplied in reverse order.
3. Determinants provide a value for matrices and can be used to solve systems of equations.
4. Cramer's rule allows solving systems of equations using determinants.
1. Matrices can be added, subtracted, and multiplied through various operations.
2. The inverse of a matrix allows matrices to be multiplied in reverse order.
3. Determinants provide a value for matrices and can be used to solve systems of equations.
4. Cramer's rule allows solving systems of equations using determinants.
Objectives: 1. Use matrix notation. 2. Understand what is meant by equal matrices. 3. Add and subtract matrices. 4. Perform scalar multiplication. 5. Solve matrix equations. 6. Multiply matrices.
7.1 Matrix Operations
Notation for Matrices Matrices normally will be denoted by capital letter such as A, B, C and etc.
A = [aij]
aij is an element in the in the ith row and jth column. A matrix of order m x n has m rows and n columns. If m = n, a matrix has the same number of rows as columns and is called a square matrix.
Equality of Matrices Two matrices A and B are equal if and only if they have the same order m x n and aij = bij for i = 1, 2,…, m and j = 1, 2, …, n.
Transpose of a Matrix If A is a matrix, the matrix formed from A by interchanging its rows with its columns is called the transpose of A.
Definition: The transpose of an m x n matrix A, denoted AT, is the n x m matrix whose ith row is the ith column of A.
1 Topic 7: Matrices and Determinants DIM5058 Example:
Matrix Addition and Subtraction
Addition A + B = [aij + bij]
4 7 1 3 Example: 0 2 5 8
Subtraction A – B = [aij bij]
4 7 1 3 Example: 0 2 5 8
Properties of Matrix Addition
If A, B and C are m x n matrices and O is an m x n zero matrix, then the following properties are true. 1. A + B = B + A 2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) 3. A + O = O + A = A 4. A + (A) = (A) + A = O
Scalar Multiplication A = [aij] is a matrix of order m x n and c is a scalar, then matrix cA is the matrix given by cA = [caij]
4 1 1 2 B 8 5 , find Examples: If A 3 0 and a) –6B b) 3A + 2B
2 Topic 7: Matrices and Determinants DIM5058 Properties of Scalar Multiplication A and B are m x n matrices, and c and d are scalar, then following properties are true. 1. (cd)A = c(dA) 2. 1A = A 3. c(A+B) = cA +cB 4. (c+d)A = cA+dA
Matrix Multiplication 2 x 2 matrices a b e f ae bg af bh AB c d g h ce dg cf dh
3 2 0 0 Example: Find AB, given A 1 5 and B 5 6 For the product of two matrices to be defined, the number of columns of the 1st matrix must be equal to the number of rows of the 2nd matrix. x A B x x xx Pij mxn nxp x ith row of A jth col AB of B mxp Examples: Compute: 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 a) 3 2 4 4 3 b) 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 3 1
3 Topic 7: Matrices and Determinants DIM5058 1 Let A be an n x n matrix. If there exists an n x n matrix A such that A A1 =In and A1A=In then A1 is the inverse of A.
Find the Multiplicative Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix
a b 1 d b A c d , then A 1 If ad bc c a . The matrix A is invertible if and only if ad – bc 0. If ad bc = 0, then A does not have an inverse.
Examples: Find the inverse of the given matrix, if exist.
2 5 3 3 a) b) 1 3 2 2
7.3 Determinants The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix a1 b1 a1 b1 The determinant of matrix is denoted by a b and is defined by a 2 b 2 2 2
a1 b1 a1b2 a2b1 a2 b2
Examples: Evaluating the determinant of a 2x2 matrix
2 1 7 4 3 3 a) b) 1 2 5 2 3 4
Solving Linear Systems of Equations in Two Variables Using Determinant
(Cramer’s Rule) c1 b1 a1 c1 a 1 x b1 y c 1 c 2 b2 a c a1 b1 If x y 2 2 0 a2 x b2 y c2 then a 1 b1 and a 1 b1 where a2 b2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2
Example: Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system:
5x 4y 12 3x 6y 24 4 Topic 7: Matrices and Determinants DIM5058 The Determinant of a 3 x 3 Matrix A third-order determinant is defined by a1 b1 c1 b2 c2 b1 c1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a1 a2 a3 b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3
Examples: Evaluate each determinant
4 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 4 2 2 3 a) b) 2 3 5 3 2 1
Solving Three Equations in 3 Variables Using Determinants
Cramer’s rule If a 1 x b1 y c 1 z d 1 a2 x b2 y c2 z d2 a 3 x b3 y c 3 z d 3 then Dx D D x ,y y ,z z . D D D
where a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 D a2 b2 c2 , D x d2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
