DC-DC Converters
Chopper
Chopper circuits are known as DC to DC converters.
Similar to the transformers of the AC circuit, choppers
are used to step up and step down the DC power.
They change the fixed DC power to variable DC
power. Using these, DC power supplied to the devices
can be adjusted to the required amount.
It circuit consists of a semiconductor diode, resistor,
and a load. For all type of chopper circuit, the output
voltage value is controlled by periodic closing and
opening of the switches used in the circuit.
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Chopper
The chopper can be viewed as an ON/OFF switch that
can rapidly connect or disconnect the source to load
connection. Continuous DC is given as source to the
chopper as Vs and chopped DC is obtained across the
load as V0.
During the period of TON the load voltage V0 is equal
to the source voltage Vs. But when the interval
TOFF occurs, the DC voltage step downs to zero
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DC-DC Converter
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DC-DC Converter
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Parameters
1. When sw in on, then find VL and ic
2. When sw is off, then find VL and ic
3. Volt-sec Balance Equation
4. Amp-sec Balance Equation
5. Ripple in inductor current; ΔIL
6. IL max
7. IL min
8. Source Current
9. Switch Current (Average and RMS)
10.Diode Current (Average and RMS)
11.Ripple in Capacitor Voltage or Output Voltage
12.At what ‘D’, Ripple is Maximum and Maximum Ripple Value
13.Critical Inductance
14.Critical Capacitance
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Buck-Boost Converter
Buck-boost converter circuits can be used for either
stepping up the input DC voltage or stepping down the
input DC voltage to specific output DC voltage levels.
Since a buck-boost converter allows the input voltage to
be either stepped up or stepped down, hence it is
named as buck and boost converter or buck-boost
converter.
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Buck-Boost Converter
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Buck-Boost Converter
Referring to the basic buck-boost topology diagram
above, when the switch S is closed, the input voltage
VIN is blocked by the diode D, since D is reverse biased.
Therefore the voltage has no other option but to flow
through the inductor L.
The inductor L due to its inherent reluctance property
initially tries to block the current. Due to this, initially
the voltage drop across L is high. However, slowly as the
reluctance of the coil decreases and the current through
the inductor increases.
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Buck-Boost Converter
Referring to the basic buck-boost topology diagram
above, when the switch S is closed, the input voltage
VIN is blocked by the diode D, since D is reverse biased.
Therefore the voltage has no other option but to flow
through the inductor L.
The inductor L due to its inherent reluctance property
initially tries to block the current. Due to this, initially
the voltage drop across L is high. However, slowly as the
reluctance of the coil decreases and the current through
the inductor increases.
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Buck-Boost Converter
During this phase the inductor L stores the energy
(voltage and current) inside its winding.
Ideally this the point when the switch S needs to be
opened.
When switch S is now opened, the voltage VL stored
inside the inductor reverses direction, and it passes
through the diode D which is now forward biased. In the
process VL also passes through the output capacitor and
charges it full
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Buck-Boost Converter
During this phase the output capacitor stores energy
inside it and gets fully charged, simultaneously the load
across VOUT also gets the energy from the inductor for
its operation.
Depending how how fast or how slow the switch S is
closed and opened, the output DC can be a stepped up
or boosted output, or it can be a stepped down or buck
output.
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Example
In figures, the ideal switch S is switched on and off with a switching
frequency f=100kHz. The switching time is T= TON+TOFF 100 µs. The
circuit is operated in a steady state so that the inductor current I is as
shown in Figure. Find, the on-time TON of the switch, and the value of the
peak current Ip
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Example
A buck-boost DC-DC converter, shown in the figure below, is used to
convert 24V battery voltage to 36V DC voltage to feed a load of 72W. It is
operated at 20kHZ with an inductor of 2mH and an output capacitor of
1000 µF. All devices are considered to be ideal. Determine the peak
voltage across the solid-state switch
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Example
The input voltage Vdc of the buck-boost converter shown
below varies from 32V to 72V. Assume that all components
are ideal, inductor current is continuous, and output voltage
is ripple free. Find the range of duty ratio D of the converter
for which the magnitude of the steady-state output voltage
remains constant at 48 V.
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