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2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Circles
Outline
• Graphing Equations by Plotting Points
• Intercepts
• Circles
• Symmetry
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An equation in two variables, expresses a relationship between two quantities. A point (𝑥, 𝑦)
satisfies the equation if it makes the equation true when the values for 𝑥 and 𝑦 are substituted
into the equation.
The equations below are equations in two variables.
𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25 𝑦=
𝑥+1
The solution of an equation in two variables is an ordered pair whose coordinates satisfy the
equation.
Example. The ordered pairs (3, 4), (4, −3) and (0, 5) are some of the solutions of 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25.
Generally, there are an infinite number of solutions of an equation in two variables. These
solutions can be displayed in a graph.
Definition 2. (Graph of an Equation)
The graph of an equation in the two variables and is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) whose
coordinates satisfy the equation.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
[1] Graph of an Equations By Plotting
The graph of an equation is a curve, so to graph an equation, we plot as many points as
we can, then connect them by a smooth curve.
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Example 1. Sketch the graph of the equation 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
Example 2. Sketch the graph of the equation −𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
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Example 3. Sketch the graph of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 .
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
[2]Intercepts
• The 𝑥-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the 𝑥-axis are called the 𝒙-intercepts
of the graph and are obtained by setting 𝑦 = 0 in the equation of the graph.
• The 𝑦-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the 𝑦-axis are called the y-intercepts
of the graph and are obtained by setting 𝑥 = 0 in the equation of the graph.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
Example 4. Find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3.
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Example 5. Find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts of the graph of the following equation:
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
9 4
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
Example 6. Consider the equation
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3
(a) Graph the equation in the viewing rectangle [−5, 3] by [−5, 5].
(b) From the graph, find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts .
(c) Verify your answers to part (b) algebraically.
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
[3] Equation and Graphs of a Circle
• Frequently you will sketch graphs by plotting points. However, some graphs can be
sketched merely by recognizing the form of the equation.
• A circle is an example of a curve whose graph you can sketch after you have inspected its
equation.
Definition (Circle).
A circle is the set of points in a plane that are a fixed distance from a specified point. The
fixed distance is the radius of the circle, and the specified point is the center of the
circle.
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Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle
The standard form of the equation of a circle with center at (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 is
𝑥−ℎ + 𝑦−𝑘 =𝑟
If the center of the circle is the origin (0, 0), then the equation is
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
Example 7. Graph each equation.
a. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25 b. (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 + 1) = 25
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Example 7. Find an equation of the circle with radius 3 and center (2, −5).
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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Example 8. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle that has a diameter with endpoints
at (−1, 4) and (5, −2).
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Example 9. Find the center and radius of the circle given by 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 = 0.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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[4] Symmetry
Figure 13 shows the graph of
𝑦=𝑥 .
• Notice that the part of the graph to the left of the 𝑦-axis
is the mirror image of the part to the right of the 𝑦-axis.
• The reason is that if the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph, then
so is (−𝑥, 𝑦) and these points are reflections of each
other about the 𝑦 -axis. In this situation we say that the
graph is symmetric with respect to the 𝑦 -axis.
• Similarly, we say that a graph is symmetric with respect
to the 𝑥-axis if whenever the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph,
then so is (𝑥, −𝑦).
• A graph is symmetric with respect to the origin if whenever (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph, so is
(−𝑥, −𝑦). (We often say symmetric “about” instead of “with respect to.”)
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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Example 10. Test the equation 𝑥 = 𝑦 for symmetry and sketch the graph.
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Example 11. Test the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 9𝑥 for symmetry.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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Example 12. Test the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 for symmetry.
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Exercises
19, 20, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39
49, 53, 55, 56
57, 59
68, 70,71, 72
74, 75, 78
81, 82
84, 85
95, 97
112
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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Exercises 15–40. Make a table of values and sketch a graph of the equation.
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Exercises 47–56. Find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts of the graph of the equation.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
Circles
Exercises 57–60. An equation and its graph are given. Find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts.
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Exercises 67–72. Find the center and radius of the circle and sketch its graph.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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Exercises 73–80. Find an equation of the circle that satisfies the given conditions.
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Exercises 81–82. Find the equation of the circle shown in the figure.
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1.2 Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; JIC_MATH 021
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Exercises 83–90. Show that the equation represents a circle and find the center and radius of the
circle. Sketch the graph of the equation.
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Exercises 95–100. Test the equation for symmetry.
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