The document provides instructions for students to complete 6 math activities exploring various concepts. For each activity, students are instructed to include objectives, materials, procedures, diagrams, observations, calculations and results. They are also told to neatly cover and label their record books. The activities explore topics like: 1) one-to-one and onto functions using colored shapes, 2) the relationship between common and natural logarithms by graphing functions, 3) limits and continuity of functions, 4) increasing and decreasing functions using tangents of curves, 5) maximum area of rectangles with the same perimeter, and 6) maximum volume of an open box cut from a sheet.
The document provides instructions for students to complete 6 math activities exploring various concepts. For each activity, students are instructed to include objectives, materials, procedures, diagrams, observations, calculations and results. They are also told to neatly cover and label their record books. The activities explore topics like: 1) one-to-one and onto functions using colored shapes, 2) the relationship between common and natural logarithms by graphing functions, 3) limits and continuity of functions, 4) increasing and decreasing functions using tangents of curves, 5) maximum area of rectangles with the same perimeter, and 6) maximum volume of an open box cut from a sheet.
The document provides instructions for students to complete 6 math activities exploring various concepts. For each activity, students are instructed to include objectives, materials, procedures, diagrams, observations, calculations and results. They are also told to neatly cover and label their record books. The activities explore topics like: 1) one-to-one and onto functions using colored shapes, 2) the relationship between common and natural logarithms by graphing functions, 3) limits and continuity of functions, 4) increasing and decreasing functions using tangents of curves, 5) maximum area of rectangles with the same perimeter, and 6) maximum volume of an open box cut from a sheet.
The document provides instructions for students to complete 6 math activities exploring various concepts. For each activity, students are instructed to include objectives, materials, procedures, diagrams, observations, calculations and results. They are also told to neatly cover and label their record books. The activities explore topics like: 1) one-to-one and onto functions using colored shapes, 2) the relationship between common and natural logarithms by graphing functions, 3) limits and continuity of functions, 4) increasing and decreasing functions using tangents of curves, 5) maximum area of rectangles with the same perimeter, and 6) maximum volume of an open box cut from a sheet.
Session: 2023-2024 MATHS ACTIVITIES GRADE XII Important Instructions: Write all activities and multidisciplinary project works in record book.
Mention activity number of each activity above the margin- (example - ACTIVITY -1)
Each activity consists of the following subheadings:
o Objective o Material required o Procedure o Diagram and Graphs (Draw on the plain side) o Observation o Calculations (If required in the activity) o Result
The subheadings must be written with black pen in the CAPITAL LETTERS.
Diagrams and graph must be drawn neatly with pencil or coloured pencils.
Cover your record book with brown cover and write your particulars (Name, Class Roll No., Subject) neatly. ________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 1 OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Coloured sheets and ruler. PROCEDURE: 1. Cut out two rectangles of different colours which represents the two sets X and Y. 2. Mark two points ‘a’ and ‘b’ on one sheet and three points 1, 2, 3 on the other sheet. 3. The set X = {a, b} and the set Y = {1, 2, 3}. 4. Join the elements ‘a’ with 2 and b with 3, this is showing the relation between the two sets X and Y.
FIGURE: (draw on the plain side)
Page | 1 OBSERVATION: 1. The image of the element a of X in Y is __2___. The image of the element b of X in Y is ___3___. So, the fig 3 represents a __function____. 2. Every element in X has a __distinct __ image in Y. So, the function is __ one-one __. 3. The pre-image of the element 1 of Y in X __does not exist __. So, the function is ___ not onto __ RESULT: The Fig 3 represents a function which is one-one but not onto. _________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2 OBJECTIVE: To establish a relationship between common logarithm (to the base 10) and natural logarithm (to the base e) of the number x. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Graph paper, pencil, scale, log table or calculator (scientific). PROCEDURE: 1. Draw the graphs of y = log10 x and y′ = loge x on the graph paper. 2. Take any point on the positive direction of x-axis and find the value of y-coordinates for both the graphs of y = log10x and y′ = loge x by actual measurement, using a scale, and record them as y and y’ respectively in table. y 3. Find the ratio . y′ 4. Repeat the above steps for some more points on the x-axis (with different values) and find the corresponding ratios of the ordinates.
FIGURE: (plain side)
CALCULATIONS: y = log10 x at x = 1, y = log10 1 = 0 Page | 2 at x = 2, y = log10 2 = at x = e (2.718), y = log10 e = at x = 10, y = log10 10 = 1 y = loge x at x = 1, y = loge 1 = 0 at x = 2, y = loge 2 = at x = e (2.718), y = loge e = 1 at x = 10, y = loge 10 = Ratio of y and y’ 𝑦 log10 𝑥 1 = = log10 𝑒 = = 0.434 (approx.) 𝑦′ log𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 10
ACTIVITY 3 OBJECTIVE: To find analytically the limit of a function f (x) at x = c and also to check the continuity of the function at that point. MATERIAL REQUIRED: scientific calculator PROCEDURE: 𝑥 2 −16 , 𝑥≠4 𝑥−4 1. Consider the function given 𝑓(𝑥) = { 10, 𝑥=4 Page | 3 2. Take some points on the left and some points on the right side of c (= 4) which are very near to c and find the corresponding values of f (x). 3. Record the values in observation table.
Table (plain side)
OBSERVATION: 1. The value of f (x) is approaching to __8___, as x→4 from the left. 2. The value of f (x) is approaching to __8____, as x→4 from the right. 3. So, lim 𝑓(𝑥 )___8____ and lim+1 𝑓(𝑥 )___8____. 𝑥→ 4 −1 𝑥→ 4
4. Therefore, lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )___8____, f (4) = ___10_____.
𝑥→ 4 RESULT:
Since lim 𝑓 (𝑥) ≠ f (4) , so, the function is _ not continuous __ at x = 4.
ACTIVITY 4 OBJECTIVE: To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Graph paper, geometry box, trigonometric tables or scientific calculator. PROCEDURE: 1. Draw the two curves representing two functions as shown in the figure. 2. Draw tangents to the curve (on the left) at different points say P1, P2 , P3 and making an angle α1, α2, α3 with the positive direction of x-axis. 3. On the curve (on the right), take three point Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , form tangents at each of these points making angles β1 , β2 , β3 , respectively with the positive direction of x- axis. Page | 4 FIGURE: (plain side)
OBSERVATION: 1. α1 = _______ tan α1 = _______ 2. α2 = _______ tan α2 = _______ Derivatives are negative 3. α 1 = _______ tan α3 = _______ 4. β1 = _______ tan β 1 = _______ 5. β 2 = _______ tan β 2 = _______ Derivatives are positive 6. β 1 = _______ tan β 3 = _______
RESULT: 1. Derivatives of the function at P1, P2 and P3 are negative. Therefore, the function given by the curve (on the left) is a decreasing function. 2. Derivatives of the function at Q1, Q2 and Q3 are positive. Therefore, the function given by the curve (on the right) is increasing function.
ACTIVITY 5 OBJECTIVE: To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the maximum area. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Coloured papers, ruler, coloured pens, adhesive and pencil. PROCEDURE: 1. Make rectangles each of perimeter say 48 cm on colour papers. (Rectangles of different dimensions are shown in the figure) 2. Cut out these rectangles and paste them. 3. Calculate the area of each rectangle and record in observation table.
FIGURE: (Plain side)
Page | 5 OBSERVATION: Perimeter of each rectangle is __48 cm__. Rectangle Length Breadth Area of rectangle R1 16 cm 8 cm 128 cm2 R2 15 cm 9 cm 135 cm2 R3 R4 R5 12 cm 12 cm 144 cm2
RESULT: 1. All the rectangles with same perimeter, the R5 has the maximum area. 2. The rectangle R5 has the dimensions 12 cm × 12 cm and hence it is a __square_. _________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 6 OBJECTIVE: To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal squares from each corner. MATERIAL REQUIRED: White paper, pencil, scale and calculator. PROCEDURE: 1. Draw a rectangle of size 20 cm × 10 cm and name it as ABCD. 2. Draw four equal squares each of side x cm from each corner A, B, C and D. 3. Repeat the process by taking the same size of rectangle and different values of x. 4. Find the volume of the rectangular box at different value of x.
Page | 6 FIGURE: (plain side)
CALCULATION
OBSERVATION: S. Value of x Dimensions of the box Volume of the box No. 1 x=1 L = 18 cm , B = 8 cm, H =1 cm 144 cm2
2 x = 1.5 L = 17 cm, B = 7 cm, H = 1.5 cm 178.5 cm2
Page | 7 3 x=2 L = …. , B = ….., H = ……
4 x= 2.1 L = …. , B = ….., H = ……
5 x=3 L = …. , B = ….., H = ……
RESULT: Volume of the open box is maximum when x = ___2.1 cm__. _________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 7 OBJECTIVE: To verify that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Coloured pens, geometry box PROCEDURE: 1. Draw a circle, with centre O and radius 10 cm. 2. Take a diameter AB and mark two points P and Q in semi-circle as shown in the figure. 3. Make vectors OA, OB, OP, AP, BP, OQ, AQ and BQ.
ACTIVITY 8 OBJECTIVE: To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice. MATERIAL REQUIRED: Coloured pens, pencil, eraser and a pair of dice PROCEDURE: 1. Make a square and divide it into 36 unit squares of size 1cm each. 2. Write pair of numbers as shown in the figure. 3. Figure represents the sample space of the experiment.
Page | 9 4. to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event B has already occurred, where A is the event “a number 4 appears on both the dice” and B is the event "4 has appeared on at least one of the dice” i.e, to find P(A | B).
FIGURE:
OBSERVATION: 1. Outcome(s) favourable to A : _________ 2. n (A) = _________ 3. Outcomes favourable to B : _________ 4. n (B) = _________ 5. Outcomes favourable to A ∩ B : _________ 6. n (A ∩ B) = _________ 7. P (A | B) = _________ = _________.
RESULT: Conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has already occurred i. e. P (A | B) = _________.
