A PROJECT REPORT

ON

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF ALUMINIUM POWDER AND RICE

HUSK ASH WITH FINE AGGREGATES
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of

Mrs. G. Sailaja Kumari, M Tech.,

Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering

By

A. VENU GOPAL (18751A0101)

E. RAKSHITHA (18751A0103)
M. R. SAI CHAITANYA (18751A0112)

R. KEERTHI (18751A0117)

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT STUDIES, CHITTOOR -517127, A.P.
(AUTONOMOUS-NAAC Accredited )
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA,
Ananthapuramu)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(2018-2022)
 SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND
MANAGEMENT STUDIES, CHITTOOR -517127, A.P.
(AUTONOMOUS-NAAC Accredited)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)

This is to certify that the project work entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

ALUMINIUM POWDER AND RICE HUSK ASH WITH FINE AGGREGATES”
is a genuine work of

A. VENU GOPAL (18751A0101)

E. RAKSHITHA (18751A0103)
M. R. SAI CHAITANYA (18751A0112)

R. KEERTHI (18751A0117)

Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In CIVIL ENGINEERING from
Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University Anathapuramu.

Signature of the supervisor Signature of the Head of Department

Mrs. G. Sailaja Kumari , M .Tech, Dr. U. Anand Anil, Ph.d.,
Assistant Professor, Associate Professor,
Department Of Civil Engineering, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering
SITAMS Chittoor , A.P. SITAMS Chittoor , A.P.

Submitted for University Examination held on ----------------------------------

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work was made possible with the help
and guidance received from various quarters. We would like to avail this opportunityto
express our sincere thanks and gratitude to all of them.

We would like to express the heartfelt gratitude to our Management, Chairperson

Sri.K. Ranganatham Garu for providing excellent institutional supportto complete
this project.

We would like to express the profound gratitude to our beloved principalDr.

M. Saravanan, M. E Ph.D. for giving us the opportunity to embark upon this course
and make use of the facilities available in college.

We pay our sincere note of felicitation to Dr. U. Anand Anil, Ph. D Asso. Professor
&Head of the Civil Engineering Department for providing excellent departmental
support as well as motivation to all of us which enhance our thrust to complete the project.

We thank our project guide Mrs. G. Sailaja Kumari M. Tech Asst.

Professor his valuable guidance, support and offering necessary material and willingly
giving us advice whenever needed.

Finally, we thank all the teaching faculty and non-teaching staff of the
Department of Civil Engineering for giving their advices and their help during the course
of our project work as well as studies.

WITH REGARDS,

A. VENU GOPAL (18751A0101)

E. RAKSHITHA (18751A0103)

M. R. SAI CHAITANYA (18751A0112)

R. KEERTHI (18751A0117)

Course Outcomes for project work

On completion of project work we will be able to,

CO1. Demonstrate in-depth knowledge on the project topic.

CO2. Identify, analyze and formulate complex problem chosen for project work to
attain substantiated conclusions.

CO3. Design solutions to the chosen project problem.

CO4. Undertake investigation of project problem to provide valid conclusions.

CO5. Use the appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering tools
necessary for project work.

CO6. Apply project results for sustainable development of the society.

CO7. Understand the impact of project results in the context of environmental

sustainability.

CO8. Understand professional and ethical responsibilities while executing the project
work.

CO9. Function effectively as individual and a member in the project team.

CO10. Develop communication skills, both oral and written for preparing and
presenting project report.

CO11. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of cost and time analysis required
for carrying out the project.

CO12. Engage in lifelong learning to improve knowledge and competence in the

chosen area of the project.
 CO – PO MAPPING

CO\PO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO1 0 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO.1 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 3

CO.2 - 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 3

CO.3 - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 3 3

CO.4 - - - 3 - - - - - - - - 3 3

CO.5 - - - - 3 - - - - - - - 3 3

CO.6 - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 3

CO.7 - - - - - - 3 - - - - - 3 3

CO.8 - - - - - - - 3 - - - - 3 3

CO.9 - - - - - - - - 3 - - - 3 3

CO.10 - - - - - - - - - 3 - - 3 3

CO.11 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - 3 3

CO.12 - - - - - - - - - - - 3 3 3

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 ABSTRACT

Rapid increase in construction activities has resulted in shortage of conventional

construction materials. In the present scenario, the high cost of conventional building
materials is a major factor affecting housing delivery in the world. This has necessitated
research into alternative materials of construction. The effective housing techniques deal
with reduction in cost of construction as well as providing strength to buildings. Mainly
gravel, sand and cement are used in the preparation of conventional concrete. While the
use of product i.e. rice husk and aluminium powder as a partial replacement with the
conventional fine aggregates is expected to serve the purpose of encouraging housing
developers in building construction. Rice husk is produced in about 100 million tons per
annum in India. Twenty kg of rice husk are obtained from 100 kg of rice. It contains organic
substances and 20% inorganic material. Ash from rice is obtained as a result of combustion
of rice husk at suitable temperature. Proper utilization of it aims to save the environment,
encourages the Government to find solutions regarding disposal to land fills of waste
materials, and provides new knowledge to the contractors and developers on how to
improve the construction industry by using rice husk and aluminium powder to sustain
good product performance and to meet recycling goals. The rice husk ash concrete aims to
prepare light weight structural concrete which may reduce considerably the self load of
structures and permits large precast units to be handled. The main objective is therefore to
encourage the use of these ‘seemingly’ waste products as construction materials in low
cost housing. The various basic properties of rice husk concrete are reviewed in this paper.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE Page.
No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE 1

1.1.1 NORMAL CONCRETE 1
1.1.2 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE 2
1.1.3 HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE 2
1.1.3.1 PROPERITIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE 3
MIX
1.1.4 AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE 4
1.1.4.1 FREEZING AND THAWING 4
1.1.4.2 DRAW BACKS OF AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE 5
1.1.5 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 5
1.1.5.1 USES OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 5
1.2 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 5
1.2.1 HISTORICAL OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC) 6
1.2.2 TYPES OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC) 7
1.2.2.1 LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE (LWA) CONCRETE 8
1.2.2.2 AERATED CONCRETE 8
1.2.2.3 NO-FINGS CONCRETE 9
1.2.3 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC) CLASS FLOATION 10
1.2.3.1 LOW DENSITY CONCRETE 10
1.2.3.2 MODERATE STRENGTH CONCRETE 10
1.2.3.3 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 10
1.2.4 USES OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC) 11
1.2.5 ADVANTAGES OF USING LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 11
(LWC)
1.2.6 DURABILITY OF LWC 12
1.2.7 APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 13
1.3 NORMAL CONCRETE 13
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 14
3 METHODOLOGY 18
3.1 MATERIALS USED AND THEIR PROPERTIES 18
3.1.1 CEMENT 19
3.1.2 COMPRESSION STRENGTH 20
3.1.3 INITIAL LENGTH 20
3.1.4 USES AND APPLICATIONS 20
3.1.5 PRICES 20
3.1.6 BRANDS 20
3.2 COARSE AND FINE 24
3.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATES 24
3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATES 24
3.2.3 LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATES 25
3.3 WATER 25
3.3.1 QUALITY OF WATER 25
3.4 ALUMINIUM POWDER 25
3.5 RISE HUSK ASH 26
3.6 MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE 27
3.6.1 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 27
3.6.2 TYPES OF MIXES 28
3.6.2.1 NORMAL MIXES 28
3.6.2.2 STANDARD MIXES 28
3.6.2.3 DESIGNED MIXES 28
3.6.3 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 29
3.6.4 PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN REQUIRES 30
FOLLOWING STEP BY STEP PROCESS
3.6.5 DATA REQUIRED FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 38
3.6.6 PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF M25 38
GRADE CONCRETE
3.7 PREPARATION OF TESTING SPECIMEN 39
3.7.1 BATCHING 39
3.7.2 VOLUME BATCHING 40
 3.7.1.2 WEIGHT BATCHING 40
3.7.2 MIXING 41
3.7.3 CASTING OF TEST SPECIMENS 41
3.7.4 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE 42
3.7.5 CURING OF TEST SPECIMENS 43
3.8 TESTS CONDUCTED ON CONCRETE 44
3.8.1 SLUMP TEST 45
3.8.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 48
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52
CONCLUSION 55
REFERENCES 56
 LIST OF TABLES

TITLE Page No.

Table-1 Properties of rice husk ash 26
Table-2 Standard deviation for target strength 31
Table-3 Determination of aggregate air content 33
Table-4 Selection of water content for concrete 34
Table-5 Shape of aggregates 34
Table-6 Cement content in plane cement concret 35
Table-7 Cement content in reinforced concrete 36
Table-8 Nominal maximum size of aggregates 36
Table-9 Comparison of compressive strength 54
Table-10 Weight of the cube for W/c ratio 54

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 3.1 Materials 18

Fig 3.2 Weight Batching 40
Fig 3.3 Mixing 41
Fig 3.4 Casting 42
Fig 3.5 Compaction 43
Fig 3.6 Curing 44
Fig 3.7 Measuring Slump of Concrete 46
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF ALUMINIUM POWDER AND RICE HUSK ASH WITH FINE
AGGREGATES

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It consists of cement, sand
and aggregate (e.g., gravel or crushed rock) mixed with water. The cement and water form a paste or
gel which coats the sand and aggregate. When the cement has chemically reacted with the water
(hydrated), it hardens and binds the whole mix together. The initial hardening reaction usually occurs
within a few hours.It takes some weeks for concrete reach full hardness and strength. Concrete can
continue to harden and gain strength.

TYPES OF CONCRETE

Some common and main types of concrete are:

1. Normal concrete

2. High Strength Concrete

3. High Performance Concrete

4. Air Entrained Concrete

5. Light Weight Concrete

6. Self-Compacting Concrete

7. Shotcrete

8. Pervious Concrete

9. Roller Compacted Concrete

Explanation of different types of concrete are as below:

Normal Concrete

The concrete in which common ingredients i.e. aggregate, water, cement are used is known
as normal concrete. It is also called normal weight concrete or normal strength concrete.It
has a setting time of 30 - 90 minutes depending upon moisture in atmosphere, fineness of
cement. The development of the strength starts after 7 days the common strength values is
10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi). At about 28 days 75 - 80% of the total strength is
attained. Almost at 90 days 95% of the strength is achieved.

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Properties of Normal Concrete

▪ Its slump varies from 1 - 4 inches.

▪ Density ranges from 140 pcf to 175 pcf.
▪ It is strong in compression and weak in tension.
▪ Air content 1 - 2 %.
▪ Normal concrete is not durable against severe conditions e.g. freezing and thawing.

High strength concrete

Compressive strength of high strength concrete mix is usually greater than6,000 pounds
per square inch. High strength concrete is made by lowering the water cement (W/C) ratio
to 0.35 or lower. Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium hydroxide
crystals in the cement, which might reduce the strength at the cement aggregatebond. Low w/c
ratios and the use of silica fume make concrete mixes significantly less workable, which is
particularly likely to be a problem in high-strength concrete applications where dense rebar
cages are likely to be used.

To compensate for the reduced workability in the high strength concrete mix,
superplasticizers are commonly added to high-strength mixtures. Aggregate must be selected
carefully for high strength mixes, as weaker aggregates may not be strong enough to resist
the loads imposed on the concrete and cause failure to start in the aggregate.

High Performance Concrete

This mix has the following main properties:

▪ High strength.
▪ High workability.
▪ High durability.

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▪ Ease of placement.
▪ Compaction without segregation.
▪ Early age strength.
▪ Long-term mechanical properties.
▪ Permeability.
▪ Density.
▪ Heat of hydration.
▪ Toughness.
▪ Volume stability.
▪ Long life in severe environments.

Preparation

High strength concrete mix can be prepared with careful selection of ingredients andoptimization of
mix design. High workability is attained by super plasticizers, they lower the water cementratio
to 0.25 which is the amount required only for hydration process. High durability is attributed to fly
ash and silica fume which modify the e mineralogy of the cement; it enhances the compatibility of
ingredients in concrete mass and reduces the CH amount. Fly ash also causes ball bearing effect
increasing workability.
The admixtures are 20-25% fly ash of partial replacement of cement and rest 70% is Ordinary
Portland Cement. As it is not usually durable against freezing and thawing so air entrained
agents canalso be utilized.

1.1.3.1 Properties of high performance concrete mix

▪ Strength of high performance concrete ranges from 10000 psi - 15000 psi
▪ Water cement ratio can be reduced to 0.25.

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Air Entrained Concrete

One of the greatest achievements in field of concrete technology is development of air

entrained concrete. It is used where the concrete is vulnerable to freezing and thawing action.
It is used where the concrete is vulnerable to freezing and thawing action. It is prepared by
adding the air entraining admixture.

The air entrainment in concrete does the following functions:

1. It lowers the surface tension of water and thus bubbles are created.

2. Secondly the air entraining agents prevents coalescing i.e. the combining ofbubbles. The
diameter of these bubbles ranges from 10 micrometre to 1000 micrometre and in entrapped
air the diameter of bubble is greater than 1mm.

Air entraining agents OR air entrained admixtures are used for the purpose of making entrained air
in concrete.

FREEZING AND THAWING:

There are two phenomenon’s regarding the freezing and thawing action on concrete.

Phenomenon 1 when water inside concrete mass freezes it expands 9-10% due to this
increase in the size it exerts pressure on its surrounding and thus creating a tensile force
due to which micro cracks appear in the concrete. Due to freezing these micro cracks
developinto fissures which results in disruption of concrete. When the air entrained agents
are present, extra amount of air is there as water expands these air bubble provide them
thin space and the exertion of pressure is prevented.

Phenomenon 2 is of osmotic pressure: In a concrete structure there are two parts, frozen
and unfrozen. As the water content is higher in the frozen part, the osmotic pressure is
developed and water tends to flow towards the low water concentration part. If capillaries
are not available, the water develops cracks.

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▪ Normal concrete cannot sustain 3-4 cycles of freezing and thawing whereas the
AEA concrete can sustain 100 cycles of it.

DRAW BACKS of Air Entrained Concrete:

It has low strength as compare to normal concrete.

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

The concrete which has substantially lower mass per unit volume then the concretemade of
ordinary ingredients is called lightweight concrete. The aggregates used are lighter in weight.

▪ Density of light weight concrete is 240 kg/m³ (15pcf) -1850 kg/m³ (115 pcf).
▪ Strength of light weight concrete blocks varies from 7 MPa (1000 psi) - 40 MPa
(5800 psi).

▪ Sometimes Air Entrained Admixtures are also added to it giving resistance to

freezing and thawing along with strength.

1.1.5.1 Uses of Light weight concrete:

Used where extra load is not applied e.g. parapet wall, road lining etc. or to reducedead load.

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

The use of LWC (Lightweight concrete) has been a feature in the construction industryfor centuries,
but like other material the expectations of the performance have raised and now we are expecting a
consistent, reliable material and predictable characteristics.

Structural LWC has an in-place density (unit weight) on the order of 90 to 115 lb / ft³(1440 to 1840
kg/m³) compared to normal weight concrete a density in the range of 140 to 150 lb/ft³ (2240 to 2400
kg/m³). For structural applications the concrete strengthshould be greater than 2500 psi (17.0 MPa).
The concrete mixture is made with a lightweight coarse aggregate. In some cases a portion or the entire
fine aggregates maybe a lightweight product. Lightweight aggregates used in structural lightweight
concrete are typically expanded shale, clay or slate materials that have been fired in arotary kiln to
develop a porous structure. Other products such as air-cooled blast furnace slag are also used. There
are other classes of non-structural LWC with lower density made with other aggregate materials and
higher air voids in the cement paste matrix, such as in cellular concrete.

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HISTORICAL OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC)

Generally, the properties of LWC can be indicated by doing laboratory testing, but the overall
performance of the material can only be demonstrated adequately by its performance in the field by
testing LWC structure under service. LWC has been successfully used for marine applications and
in shipbuilding. LWC ships wereproduced in the USA during the 1914-1918 war, and their success led
to the productionof the USS Selma (a war ship). In both 1953 and 1980 the Selma’s durability was
assessed by taking cored samples from the water line area. On both occasion little corrosion was
noted.

In 1984, Thomas A. Holm estimated that there were over 400 LWC bridges throughout the world
especially in USA and Canada. The research carried out by The Expanded Clay and Slate Institute
proves that most of the bridges appeared to be in good condition. According to ACI Material Journal
by Diona Marcia, Andrian Loani, MihaiFilip and Ian Pepenar (1994), it was found that in Japan LWC
had been used since 1964 as a railway station platform. The study on durability was carried out in
1983 has proven that LWC exhibited similar carbonation depths as normal concrete. Even though
some cracks were reported, but these posed no structure problems. A second structure comprising
both LWC and normal concrete which had been in sea water for13 years was examined for salt
penetration.

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TYPES OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC)

It is convenient to classify the various types of lightweight concrete by their method of production.
These are:

1. By using porous lightweight aggregate of low apparent specific gravity, i.e. lower
than 2.6. This type of concrete is known as lightweight aggregate concrete.

2. By introducing large voids within the concrete or mortar mass; these voids should be
clearly distinguished from the extremely fine voids produced by air entrainment. This
types of concrete is variously knows as aerated, cellular, foamed or gas concrete.

3. By omitting the fine aggregate from the mix so that a large number of interstitial
voids is present; normal weight coarse aggregate is generally used. This concrete
as no-fines concrete.

LWC can also be classified according to the purpose for which it is to be used: it can distinguish
between structural lightweight concrete (ASTM C 330-82a), concrete usedin masonry units (ASTM
C 331-81), and insulating concrete (ASTM C 332-83). Thisclassification of structural lightweight
concrete is based on a minimum strength: according to ASTM C 330-82a, the 28-day cylinder
compressive strength should not be less than 17 MPa (2500 psi). The density (unit weight) of such
concrete (determined in the dry state) should not exceed 1840 kg/m³ (115 lb/ft³), and is usually
between 1400 and 1800 kg/m³ (85 and 110 lb/ft³). On the other hand, masonry concrete generally
has a density between 500 and 800 kg/m³ (30 and 50 lb/ft³) and a strength between 7 and 14 MPa
(1000 and 2000 psi).

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LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE (LWA) CONCRETE

In the early 1950s, the use of lightweight concrete blocks was accepted in the UK forload bearing
inner leaf of cavity walls. Soon thereafter the development and production of new types of artificial
LWA (Lightweight aggregate) made it possible to introduce LWC of high strength, suitable for
structural work. These advances encouraged the structural use of LWA concrete, particularly where
the need to reduceweight in a structure was in a structure was an important consideration for design
or for economy.

Listed below are several types of LWA suitable for structural reinforced concrete:-

i. Pumice – is used for reinforced concrete roof slab, mainly for industrial roofs in
Germany.

ii. Foamed Slag – was the first LWA suitable for reinforced concrete that was
produced in large quantity in the UK.

iii. Expanded Clays and Shales – capable of achieving sufficiently high strength for
pre stressed concrete. Well established under the trade names of Aglite and Leca (UK),
Haydite, Rocklite, Gravelite and Aglite (USA).
iv. Sintered Pulverised – fuel ash aggregate – is being used in the UK for a variety of
structural purposes and is being marketed under the trade name Lytag.

AERATED CONCRETE
Concrete of this type has the lowest density, thermal conductivity and strength. Like timber it
can be sawn, screwed and nailed, but there are non-combustible. For works in situ the usual
methods of aeration are by mixing in stabilized foam or by whippingair in with the aid of an
air entraining agent. The precast products are usually made bythe addition of about 0.2 percent
aluminium’s powder to the mix which reacts with alkaline substances in the binder forming
hydrogen bubbles. Air-cured aerated concrete is used where little strength is required e.g. roof
screeds and pipe lagging. Full strength development depends upon the reaction of lime
with the siliceous aggregates, and for the equal densities the strength of high pressure steam
cured concrete is about twice that of air-cured concrete, and shrinkage is only one third or less.

Aerated concrete is a lightweight, cellular material consisting of cement and/or lime and sand
or other siliceous material. It is made by either a physical or a chemical process during which
either air or gas is introduced into a slurry, which generally contains no coarse material.
Aerated concrete used as a structural material is usually high-pressure steam-cured. It is thus
factory-made and available to the user in precastunits only, for floors, walls and roofs. Blocks
for laying in mortar or glue are manufactured without any reinforcement. Larger units are
reinforced with steel bars to resist damage through transport, handling and superimposed
loads. Autoclaved aerated concrete, which was originally developed in Sweden in 1929, is
now manufactured all over the world.

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NO-FINES CONCRETE
The term no-fines concrete generally means concrete composed of cement and a coarse (9-19mm)
aggregate only (at least 95 percent should pass the 20mm BS sieve,not more than 10 percent should
pass the 10mm BS sieve and nothing should pass the5mm BS sieve), and the product so formed has
many uniformly distributed voids throughout its mass. No-fines concrete is mainly used for load
bearing, cast in situ external and internal wall, non-load bearing wall and under floor filling for solid
ground floors (CP III: 1970, BSI). No-fines concrete was introduced into the UK in 1923, when 50
houses were built in Edinburgh, followed a few years later by 800 in Liverpool, Manchester and
London.

This description is applied to concrete which contain only a single size 10mm to 20mmcoarse aggregate
(either a dense aggregate or a light weight aggregate such as sinteredPFA). The density is about two-
third or three quarters that of dense concrete made with the same aggregates. No-fines concrete is
almost always cast in situ mainly as load bearing and non-load bearing walls including in filling
walls, in framed structures, but sometimes as filling below solids ground floors and for roof screeds.

No-fines concrete is thus an agglomeration of coarse aggregate particles, each surrounded by a

coating of cement paste up to about 1·3 mm (0·05 in.) thick. There exist, therefore, large pores
within the body of the concrete which are responsible forits low strength, but their large size means
that no capillary movement of water can take place. Although the strength of no-fines concrete is
considerably lower than thatof normal-weight concrete, this strength, coupled with the lower dead
load of the structure, is sufficient in buildings up to about 20 storeys high and in many other
applications.

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC) CLASSIFICATION

LWC can be classified as

1. Low density concrete

2. Moderate strength concrete

3. Structural concrete

LOW DENSITY CONCRETE

These are employing chiefly for insulation purposes. With low unit weight, seldom exceeding 800
kg/m³, heat insulation value are high. Compressive strength are low, regarding from about 0.69 to
6.89 N/mm2.

MODERATE STRENGTH CONCRETE

The use of these concrete requires a fair degree of compressive strength, and thus theyfall about
midway between the structural and low density concrete. These are sometimes designed as ‘fill’
concrete. Compressive strength are approximately 6.89 to 17.24 N/mm² and insulation values are
intermediate.

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STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Concrete with full structural efficiency contain aggregates which fall on the other endof the scale and
which are generally made with expanded shale, clay, slates, slag, andfly-ash. Minimum compressive
strength is 17.24 N/mm². Most structural LWC are capable of producing concrete with compressive
strength in excess of 34.47 N/mm². Since the unit weight of structural LWC are considerably greater
than those of low density concrete, insulation efficiency is lower. However, thermal insulation values
for structural LWC are substantially better than NWC.

USE OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC)

1. Screeds and thickening for general purposes especially when such screeds or
thickening and weight to floors roofs and other structural members.

2. Screeds and walls where timber has to be attached by nailing.

3. Casting structural steel to protect it against fire and corrosion or as a covering for
architectural purposes.

4. Heat insulation on roofs.

5. Insulating water pipes.

6. Construction of partition walls and panel walls in frame structures.

7. Fixing bricks to receive nails from joinery, principally in domestic or domestictype

construction.

8. General Insulative walls.

9. Surface rendered for external walls of small houses.

10. It is also being used for reinforced concrete.

ADVANTAGES OF USING LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE (LWC)

I. Reduced dead load of wet concrete allows longer span to be poured un propped. This
save both labour and circle time for each floor.

II. Reduction of dead load, faster building rates and lower haulage and handling costs.
The eight of the building in term of the loads transmitted by the foundations is an
important factor in design, particular for the case of tall buildings. The use of LWC
has sometimes made it possible to proceed with the design which otherwise would

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have been abandoned because of excessive weight. In frame structures, considerable

savings in cost can be brought about by using LWC for the construction floors,
partition and external cladding.

III. Most building materials such as clay bricks the haulage load is limited not by volume
but by weight. With suitable design containers much larger volumes of LWC can
haul economically.
A less obvious but nonetheless important characteristics of LWC is its relatively low thermal
conductivity, a property which improves with decreasing density in recent years, with the
increasing cost and scarcity of energy sources, more attention has been given the formerly to the need
for reducing fuel consumption while maintaining, and indeed improving, comfort conditions
buildings. The point is illustrated by fact that a 125mm thick solid wall of aerated concrete will give
thermal insulation about four times greater than that of a 230mm clay brick wall.

DURABILITY OF LWC
Durability is defined as the ability of a material to withstand the effect of its environment. In a
building material as chemical attack, physical stress, and mechanicalassault:-

I. Chemical attack is as aggregate ground-water particularly sulphate, polluted air, and

spillage of reactive liquids LWC has no special resistant to these agencies: indeed, it
is generally move porous than the ordinary Portland cement. It is not recommended
for use below damp-course. A chemical aspects of durability is the stability of the
material itself, particularly at the presence of moisture.

II. Physical stresses to which LWC is exposed are principally frost action and shrinkage
and temperature stresses. Stressing may be due to the drying shrinkage of the
concrete or to differential thermal movements between dissimilar materials or to
other phenomena of a similar nature. Drying shrinkage commonly causes cracking
of LWC if suitable precautions are not taken.

III. Mechanical damage can result from abrasion or impact excessive loading of flexural
members. The lightest grades of LWC are relatively soft so that they subject to some
abrasion were they not for other reasons protected by rendering.

APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

Light weight concrete finds its use generally in situations like:

▪ Decks of long span bridges.

▪ Fire and corrosion protection.
▪ Covering for architectural purposes.

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▪ Heat insulation on roofs.

▪ Insulation of water pipes.
▪ Filling for floor and roof slabs.
▪ Construction of partition walls and panel walls in framed structures.
▪ Production precast building blocks and low cost housing.

1.3 NORMAL CONCRETE

Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It consists of cement, sand
and aggregate (e.g., gravel or crushed rock) mixed with water. The cement and water form a paste or
gel which coats the sand and aggregate. When the cement has chemically reacted with the water
(hydrated), it hardens and binds the whole mix together. The initial hardening reaction usually occurs
within a few hours.It takes some weeks for concrete reach full hardness and strength. Concrete can
continue to harden and gain strength.

Earlyhistory
In a Neolithic settlement excavated at Yiftahel in southern Galilee in Israel, a floor ofburnt lime
plaster was found. It is thought to be the earliest use of concrete. The fragments of a kiln were found
on the site - the lime to make the concrete may have been burnt in it. The lime had been mixed with
stone and laid 30-80mm deep and given a smooth finish. Mesolithic hut floors at Lepenski Vir in
Serbia (the former Yugoslavia) were also made of a lime-bound concrete. Egyptian murals from the
second millennium BC depict the making of mortar and concrete. Around 500 BC, at Camiros on
Rhodes, the ancient Greeks built a 600,000 litre capacity underground cistern lined with fine
concrete.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The construction industry relies heavily on cement for its operations in the development of shelter
and other infrastructural facilities. It then becomes extremely difficult for majority of the people to
own their own houses or many collapse structuresin attempt to reduce cost. A way out is either by
reducing the energy costs in the burning of clinker or by increasing the production of the composite
cement. The laterinvolves replacing a proportion of the clinker-high calorie consuming portion by
otherproducts that are suitable and do not require further heat treatment.

RICE HUSK ASH

Various research workers in the recent past had look into the utilization of agriculturalwastes that are
known to be pozollanas to partially substitute cement that is the major component of concrete. The
use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) concrete in minimizing thermally
induced expansion cracks has been identified. This is because the OPC/RHA paste hydrates slowly
and therefore evolvedlow heat making their suitable for use in concrete in the tropics.

Okpala recommended the use of 40% partial replacement of the OPC with RHA. Mbachu and
Kolawole examined the influence of coarse aggregate on the drying shrinkage and elastic moduli of
concrete with OPC partially replaced with RHA. Results showed that OPC/RHA concrete cast with
quarry granite as coarse aggregateexhibited the least drying shrinkage over time and also gave the
highest values of elastic moduli when compared with river gravel.

G.A.Habeeb et al (2009), investigated on the influence of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Average Particle
Size (APS) on the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of theproduced RHA blended concrete.
Locally produced RHA with three different APS (i.e., 31.3, 18.3, and 11.5 μm, respectively) were
used to replace cement by 20 % of its weight. Mixture proportioning was performed to produce high
workability RHA mixture (200-240 mm slump) with target strength of 40MPa. Incorporation of RHA
in concrete resulted in increased water demand, for the mechanical properties, inclusion of RHA
provided similar or enhanced mechanical properties when comparedto the control Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) mixture, with finer RHA giving better improvement. Fine RHA exhibited the highest
shrinkage value due to the effect of micro-fine particles which increases its shrinkage values
considerably.

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Dao Van Donget al (2008) presented several key properties of high strength concreteusing rice husk
ashes (RHAs). RHAs obtained from two sources: India and Vietnamwere used with various contents
to partially replace for cement binder in high strengthconcrete. Key properties of concrete, including:
slump, density, compressive strength, water and chloride permeability resistances, were
investigated incomparison between samples without using RHA and samples using two types of
RHAs. Experimental results showed reasonable improvements in compressive strength, water and
chloride permeability resistances of concrete using the RHAs. The results also presented that the
improvements of samples composed the India RHA was much better than that of the Vietnam RHA.
The utilisation of RHA in concrete can obtain several benefits. On the one hand, it contributes to
reduce of agricultural waste that is the main cause of environmental problems in agricultural
countries. On the other hand, it is an approach to improve the quality of concrete without using
costly additives such as silica fume.

Nagrale S D et al (2012) evaluated how different contents of Rice Husk Ash addedto concrete may
influence its physical and mechanical properties. Sample Cubes weretested with different percentage
of RHA and different w/c ratio, replacing in mass the cement. Properties like Compressive strength,
Water absorption and Slump retention were evaluated. With the addition of RHA weight density of
concrete reduces by 72-75%.Thus, RHA concrete can be effectively used as light weight concrete
for the construction of structures where the weight of structure is of supremeimportance. Thus, the
use of RHA in concrete leads to around 8-12% saving in material cost. So, the addition of RHA in
concrete helps in making an economical concrete. The Compressive Strength will increase with the
addition of RHA. The useof RHA considerably reduces the water absorption of concrete. Thus,
concrete containing RHA can be effectively used in places where the concrete can come in contact
with water or moisture. RHA has the potential to act as an admixture, whichincreases the strength,
workability & pozzolanic properties of concrete.

K.W. Tan, Redzuan Abdullah (1998) this study is to attempt to produce the structural light weight
concrete with mixing the stone chipping, sand and with the aluminium powder however, the
experiment is focusing on determining the effect of optimum content of aluminium powder in the
normal concrete. The concrete was test todetermine the compressive strength, density and water
absorption. 15 cube samples of light weight concrete were prepared with different percentage of
aluminium powder content which varies from 0.2 – 0.8 % of the weight of the cement content. The
size of cube sample was 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm with constant water – cement ratioof 0.5 and
the cement: sand ratio of 1: 3.15. British standard used as a reference for preparing the cube samples.

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Tomas U. Ganiron (2013) This experimental study aimed to analyse the effect of rice husks as fine
aggregate in terms of water-cement ratio, quality and size of coarseaggregate, and consistency of the
mixture and determine how rice husk differ with other ordinary concrete mix as fine aggregate in
terms of water adsorption, compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. This
also aims to help contribute to the industry in saving the environment, to encourage the government
to find solutions regarding the disposal to landfills of waste materials and save the environment, to
provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on how to improve the construction
industry methods and services by using rice husk, and to sustain good product performance and
meet recycling goals. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the laboratory
where precise data were gathered and completely attained.

Godwin A. Akeke, Maurice E. Ephraim, Akobo and Joseph O. Ukpata (2013) this research was
experimentally carried out to investigate the effects of introducingRice Husk Ash (RHA) as a Partial
Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) on the Structural Properties of Concrete. Rice
Husk Ash which is an Agro-Waste andknown to be a Super Pozzoland have been used for mass
concrete and found to have compressive strength ranging from 33-38.4N/mm2 at replacement
percentages of 10-25% in a mix of 1:1.5:3. A further study was carried out on its flexural properties
todetermine their moduli of rupture as well as its tensile strength characteristics for thedetermination
of cracking, the values obtained at 28days are 3, 2.5 and 2.4N/mm2 while the tensile strength
values are 1.94, 1.17 and 0.91N/mm2 at replacement percentages of 10%, 20% and 25%. This
research has proved that RHA Concrete canbe used as a Structural Concrete at suitable replacement
percentages. This research therefore is an investigation of the performance of the concrete made of
partially replacing OPC with RHA on the structural integrity and properties of RHA concrete.

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3. METHODOLOGY

MATERIALS USED AND THEIR PROPERTIES

The different types of materials are used for making the concrete as light weight areas follows:

I. Cement
II. Coarse aggregate
III. Fine aggregate

IV. Water
V. Aluminium powder
VI. Rice husk ash

Fig.3.1. Materials

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Cement

The cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement (KCP 53 grade).

A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other
materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand and gravel
(aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand
and gravel aggregates to produce concrete.
Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calciumsilicate based, and
can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the
cement to set in the presence of water (see hydraulicand non-hydraulic lime plaster).
Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater; rather, it sets as itdries and reacts
with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.
Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction
between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not
very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water andsafe from chemical attack. This allows setting
in wet condition or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The
chemical process forhydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash (pozzolana) with
addedlime (calcium oxide).
The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, usedto describe
masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.
The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a
hydraulic binder, were later referred toas cementum, cementum, cement, and cement. In modern
times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in concrete.
Difference between 43 Grade Cement and 53 Grade Cement

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is graded according to their strength. The grade indicates the
compression strength (mpa) of the concrete that will attain after 28 daysof setting.

Compression Strength:

Cement grade indicates the compression strength of the cement concrete after 28 daysof setting. 43
Grade Cement attains compression strength of 43 mpa (mega pascals) in28 days of setting compared
to 53 mpa attained by 53 Grade cement.

Initial Strength:

53 Grade cement are used for fast paced construction were initial strength is to be achieved quickly.
53 Grade cement has fast setting compared to 43 grade cement. 53 Grade attains 27 mpa in 7days
compared to 23 mpa by 43 grade cement.

Uses & Application:

53 Grade OPC cement is Used in RCC and pre-stressed concrete of higher grades, cement grouts,
instant plugging mortars etc. where initial higher strength is the criteria.43 Grade OPC Cement are
commonly used for plastering works, Non-RCC structures,pathways etc where initial setting time is

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not of importance.

Prices:

53 grade cements are 2-3% costlier compared to 43 grade cement.

Brands:

Birla Cement, Ultratech Cement, ACC Cement, Zuari Cement, Coramandel Cement, Ramco Cement,
Dilma Cement are some of the well-known brands in Southern India.

In addition to ordinary cement, following are the other important types of cement:

1. Acid resistant cement

2. Blast furnace cement
3. Coloured cement
4. Expanding cement
5. High Alumina cement
6. Hydrophobic cement
7. Low heat cement
8. Pozzolana cement
9. Quick setting cement
10. Rapid hardening cement
11. Sulphate resisting cement
12. White cement
13. Air entraining cement

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Above types of cement are discussed briefly here:

Acid-resistant cement

Acid-resistant cement is composed of the following:

1. Acid-resistance aggregates such as quartz, quartzite, etc.

2. Additive such as sodium fluosilicate Na2SiF6
3. Aqueous solution of sodium silicate or soluble glass.

The addition of additive sodium flousilicate accelerates the hardening process of soluble glass and it
also increases the resistance of cement to acid and water.

The binding material of acid-resistance cement is soluble glass which is a water solution of sodium
silicate, Na2O.nSiO2 or potassium silicate, K2O.nSiO2, where n is the glass modulus.

The acid-resistance cement is used for acid-resistance and heat resistance coatings ofinstallations of
chemical industry. It is not water-resistant and it fails when attacked by water or weak acids. By
adding 0.5 percent of linseed oil or 2 percent of ceresit, itsresistance to the water is increased and it is
then known as the acid and water resistantcement.

Blast furnace cement

For this cement type, the slag as obtained from blast furnace is used. The slag is a waste product in
the manufacturing process of pig-iron and it contains the basic elements of cement, namely alumina,
lime and silica. The clinkers of cement are ground with about 60 to 65 percent of slag.

The properties of this cement are more or less the same as those of ordinary cement. Its strength in
early days is less and hence it requires longer curing period. It proves to be economical as slag,
which is a waste product, is used in its manufacture. This cement is durable, but not suitable for use
in dry arid zones.

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Coloured cement

The cement of desired colour may be obtained by intimately mixing mineral pigmentswith ordinary
cement. The amount of colouring material may vary from 5 to 10 percent. If this percentage exceeds
10 percent, the strength of cement is affected.

The chromium oxide gives green colour. The cobalt imparts blue colour. The iron oxide in different
proportions gives brown, red or yellow colour. The manganese dioxide is used to produce black or
brown coloured cement.

These types of coloured cement are widely used for finishing of floors, external surfaces, artificial
marble, window sill slabs, textured panel faces, stair treads, etc.

Expanding cement

This type of cement is produced by adding an expanding medium like sulpho- aluminate and a
stabilising agent to the ordinary cement. Hence this cement expands whereas other cements shrink.

The expanding cement is used for construction of water retaining structures and also for repairing
the damaged concrete surfaces.

High Alumina cement

This cement is produced by grinding clinkers formed by calcining bauxite and lime. Itis specified that
total alumina content should not be less than 32 percent and the ratio by weight of alumina to lime
should be between 0.85 to 1.30.

Hydrophobic cement

This type of cement contains admixtures which decreases the wetting ability of cementgrains. The
usual hydrophobic admixtures are acidol, napthenesoap, oxidized petrolatum, etc. Use of
hydrophobic cement considerably increases the water resistance of a concrete.

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Low heat cement

The considerable heat is produced during the setting of cement. In order to reduce theamount of heat,
this type of cement is used. It contains lower percentage of tricalciumaluminate C3A of about 5% and
higher percentage of dicalcium silicate C2S of about 46%.

This cement possesses less compressive strength. The initial setting time is about one hour and final
setting time is about 10 hours. It is mainly used for mass concrete work.

Pozzolana cement

Pozzolana is a volcanic powder. It is found in Italy near Vesuvius. This type of cementis used to
prepare mass concrete of lean mix and for marine structures. It is also used in sewage works ad for
laying concrete under water.

Quick setting cement

This cement is produced by adding a small percentage of aluminium sulphate and by finely grinding
the cement. The percentage of gypsum or retarder for setting action is also greatly reduced. The
addition of aluminium sulphate and fineness of grinding areresponsible for accelerating the setting
action of cement. The setting action of cementstarts within five minutes after addition of water and it
becomes hard like stone in lessthan 30 minutes or so.

The extreme care is to be taken when this cement is used as mixing and placing of concrete are to be
completed in a very short period. This type of cement is used to layconcrete under static water or
running water.

Rapid hardening cement

The initial and final setting times of this cement are same as those of ordinary cement.But it
attains high strength in early days. It contains high percentage of tricalcium silicate C3S to the
extent of about 56%. Sulphate resisting cement. In this cement, the percentage of tricalcium
aluminate C3A is kept below 5 percent and it results in the increase in resisting power against
sulphates.

This type of cement is used for structures which are likely to be damaged by severe alkaline
conditions such as canal linings, culverts, siphons, etc.

White cement
This just a variety of ordinary cement and is prepared from such raw materials whichare practically
free from colouring oxides of iron, manganese or chromium. For burning of this cement, the oil fuel
is used instead of coal. It is white in colour and is used for floor finish, plaster work, ornament work,
etc.

Air entraining cement

It is produced by adding indigenous air entraining agents such as resins, glues, and sodium salts of

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Sulphates etc. during the grinding of clinker. This type of cement is especially suited to improve the
workability with smaller water cement ratio and to improve frost resistance of concrete.

COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregates
Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm, but generally range between 9.5mm to 37.5mm
in diameter. They can either be from Primary, Secondary or Recycled sources. Primary, or 'virgin',
aggregates are either Land- or Marine-Won. Gravel is a coarse marine-won aggregate; land-won
coarse aggregates include gravel and crushed rock. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate
used in concretewith crushed stone making up most of the remainder.

Secondary aggregates are materials which are the by-products of extractive operationsand are derived
from a very wide range of materials. Recycled concrete is a viable source of aggregate and has been
satisfactorily used in granular subbases, soil-cement, and in new concrete. Recycled aggregates are
classified in one of two ways, as:

1. Recycled Aggregate (RA), or as

2. Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA).

Fine aggregates
Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment. Fine aggregates
generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing through a 9.5mm sieve.
As with coarse aggregates these can be from Primary,Secondary or Recycled sources.

Lightweight aggregates
Lightweight aggregates are manufactured from natural materials or from the manufacture or
processing of industrial by-products. The required properties of the lightweight concrete will have a
bearing on the best type of lightweight aggregate to use.

WATER
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemicalreaction with
cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is
required to be looked into very carefully. In practice, very often great control on properties of cement
and aggregate is exercised, but the control on the quality of water is often neglected. Since quality of
water affects the strength, it is necessary for us to go into the purity and quality of water.

3.3.1 Quality of water

Some specification also accept water for making concrete if the pH value of water liesbetween 6 and
8 and the water is free from organic matter. Instead of depending uponpH value and other chemical
composition, the best course to find out whether a particular source of water is suitable for concrete
making or not, is to make concrete with this water and compare its 7 days and 28 days strength with
companion cubes made with distilled water. If the compressive strength is up to 90 %, the source of

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water may be accepted.

ALUMINIUM POWDER
It is used to obtain aerated concrete by a chemical reaction generating a gas in fresh mortar, so that
when its sets it contains a large number of gas bubbles. Aluminium powder with grain size less than
50 micrometre.

RICE HUSK ASH

Rice husk ash is obtained by burning rice husk in controlled manner without causing environmental
pollution. When properly burnt it has high SiO2 content and can be used as a concrete admixture.
Rice husk ash exhibits high pozzolanic characteristics and contributes to high strength and high
impermeability of concrete. Rice husk ash essentially consist of amorphous silica (90% of SiO2), 5 %
of carbonand 2 % K2O. The specific surface of rice husk ash is between 40- 100 m2/g. Agro silica
exhibit super pozzolanic property when used in small quantity i.e., 10% by weight of cement and it
greatly enhances the workability and impermeability ofconcrete. It is a material of future as concrete
admixtures.

Table: 1 Chemical composition and Physical properties of Rice Husk Ash

Chemical Percentage
Analysis (%)
Silica - SiO2 90.63
Al2O3 1.78
Fe2O3 0.79
Carbon 0.70
CaO 0.13
MgO 0.87
K2O 2.45

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Others 2.65
Moisture 0.63
Physical
Properties
Mean Particle 25 microns.
Size
Bulk Density 580 Kg /
cbm
LOI < 6.0%
Solid -
Physical State Non
Hazardo
us
Appearance Powder
Colour Grey Black
Odour odourless

MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

Requirements of Concrete Mix Design

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mixingredients are:

1. The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration

2. The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.

3. Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate

durability for the particular site conditions.
Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle inmass concrete.

Types of Mixes
Nominal Mixes

In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate strength are termed
nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and under normalcircumstances, have a margin of strength
above that specified. However, due to the variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a
given workability varies widely in strength.

Standard mixes
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The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength and may
result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive strength has been
included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes. IS 456-2000 has designated
the concrete mixes into a numberof grades as M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this
designation the letterM refers to the mix and the number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix
in N/mm2. The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix
proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.

Designed Mixes
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mixproportions are
determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement content can be laid down.
This is most rational approach to the selection of mix proportions with specific materials in mind
possessing more or less unique characteristics. The approach results in the production of concrete with
the appropriateproperties most economically. However, the designed mix does not serve as a guide
since this does not guarantee the correct mix proportions for the prescribed performance. For the
concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes (prescribed in the codes by
quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and byslump) may be used only for very small jobs,
when the 28-day strength of concrete.
does not exceed 30 N/mm2. No control testing is necessary reliance being placed on the masses of
the ingredients.

Advantages of Concrete Mix Design:

Concrete mix design is economically proportioning of concrete ingredients for better
strength and durability based on construction site. While the nominal concrete mix may have
higher amount of cement, when it is designed mix, the cement requirement may be low for
the same grade of concrete for a given site. The proportions resulting from concrete mix
design are tested for their strength with the help of compressive strength test on concrete
cubes and cylinders. The concrete mix design proves to provide better quality economically.
Following are the advantages of concrete mix designs:
1. Good quality concrete as per requirements – this means the concrete will haverequired
strength, workability, impermeability, durability, density and homogeneity.

2. Nominal mix concrete may suggest more cement than other materials, and concrete mix
designs gives the accurate quantity of cement consumption. Thus it is aneconomical solution
for large projects. It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with
the helpof concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the savings.
Lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage
cracks.

3. Best use of available materials:

The nominal mix of concrete does not consider the quality of local construction materials.
The concrete mix design is based on the quality of available materials locally. Thus it is also
an economical solution to reduce the transportation cost of materials from long distance.

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4. Desired Concrete Properties:

The designed mix concrete will have desired concrete properties based on project or
construction requirements. Requirements such as durability, strength, setting times,
workability etc. can be controlled with the type of construction with concrete mix design.
Other requirements such as early de-shuttering, pumpability, flexural strength, and
lightweight concrete can also be controlled. Procedure for concrete mix design calculation as
per IS 10262-2009 based on strengthand durability, workability, economy is discussed in this
article.

To produce concrete of required strength and properties, selection of ingredients and their quantity
is to be found which is called concrete mix design. Proper mix design will solve every problem arises
in concrete while placing or curing etc.. The mix design also helps to produce economical concrete.
Generally, cement is more costly than other ingredients of concrete. So, quantity and quality of
cement is designed by proper mix design concept. In this article we are going to discuss about the
concrete mix design concept as per IS 10262-2009.

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Concrete mix design concept is majorly depending upon the following

1. Strength and durability

2. Workability
3. Economy
4. Specifications

Concrete Mix Design Procedure as per is 10262 – 2009

Procedure for concrete mix design requires following step by step process:
1. Calculation of target strength of concrete.
2. Selection of water-cement ratio.
3. Determination of aggregate air content
4. Selection of water content for concrete.
5. Selection of cement content for concrete.
6. Calculation of aggregate ratio.
7. Calculation of aggregate content for concrete
8. Trial mixes for testing concrete mix design strength

Step 1: Calculation of Target Strength of Concrete

Target strength is denoted by ft. which is obtained by characteristic compressivestrength of concrete
at 28 days (fck) and value of standard deviation (s)
ft. = fck + 1.65 s
Standard deviation can be taken from below table 2

Grade of concrete Standard deviation(N/mm2)

M10 3.5

M15 3.5

M20 4.0

M25 4.0

M30 5.0

M35 5.0

M40 5.0

M45 5.0

M50 5.0

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Step 2: Selection of Water-Cement Ratio

Ratio of the weight of water to weight of cement in the concrete mix is water-cementratio. It is the
important consideration in concrete mix design to make the concrete workable.

Fig: Selection of Water-Cement Ratio for Concrete Mix Design

Water cement ratio is selected from the below curve for 28 days characteristic compressive strength
of concrete. Similarly, we can determine the water-cement ration from the 7-day concrete strength,the
curves are divided on the basis of strength from water cement ratio is decided. Which is observed
from the below graph.
Fig: Concrete Compressive Strength vs. Water Cement Ratio

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Step 3: Determination of Aggregate Air content

Air content in the concrete mix is determined by the nominal maximum size of aggregate used. Below
table will give the entrapped air content in percentage of volume of concrete.

Table 3: Determination of aggregate air content

Nominal maximum Air content (% of

size ofaggregate volume ofconcrete)

10mm 5%

20mm 2%

40mm 1%

Step 4: Selection of Water Content for Concrete

Select the water content which is useful to get required workability with the help of nominal
maximum size of aggregate as given in below table. The table given below isused when only
angular shaped aggregates are used in concrete as well as the slump should be 25 to 50mm.

Table 4: Selection of water content for concrete

Nominal maximum Maximum

size ofaggregate water content

10mm 208

20mm 186

40mm 165

If the shape of aggregate or slump value is differing from above, then someadjustments are
required as follows.

Table 5: Shape of aggregates

Condition Adjustment

Reduce the selected value by10%

Sub angular aggregate

Reduce the selected value by20kg

Gravel with crushed stone

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Reduce the selected value by25kg

Rounded gravel

Decrease the selected value by5-10%

Using plasticizer

Step 5: Selection of Cement Content for Concrete

Water – cement ratio is determined in step2 and quantity of water is determined in step-4. So, we can easily
calculate the quantity of cement from these two conditions. But, the value obtained should satisfy the
minimum conditions as given in the below table.The greater of the two values is decided as quantity of
cement content.

Table 6- Cement Content for Plain Cement Concrete

Plain Cement Concrete (P.C.C)

Max
Minimum Free
Cement Water Minimu
Exposure
Content – m Grade
Kg/m3 Cement
of
Concrete
Ratio
Mild 220 0.6 –

Moderate 240 0.6 M15

Severe 250 0.5 M20

Very
260 0.45 M20
severe

Extreme 280 0.4 M25

Table 7 Cement Content for Reinforced Concrete

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Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

Minimum
Exposure Max Free Minimum
Cement
Content Water – Grade of
Cement Ratio Concrete
Kg/m3
Mild 300 0.55 M20

Moderate 300 0.5 M25

Severe 320 0.45 M30

Very
340 0.45 M35
severe

Extreme 360 0.4 M40

Step 6: Calculation of Aggregate Ratio

For the given nominal maximum size of aggregate, we can calculate the ratio of volumes of coarse
aggregate and volume of total aggregates for different zones of fineaggregates from the below table.

Table 8: Nominal maximum size of aggregates

Ratio of volume of coarse aggregateand

Nominal volume of total aggregate for different
maximum zones of fine aggregate
size of
aggregate
Zone Zone Zone Zone
–1 –2 –3 –4

10mm 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50

20mm 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66

40mm 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75

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Step 7: Calculation of Aggregate Content for Concrete

We already determine the coarse aggregate volume ratio in the total aggregate volume.So, it is very
easy that, 1 – volume of coarse aggregate will give the volume of fine aggregate. Alternatively, there
are some formulae to find the volume of fine and coarseaggregates as follows.

Mass of fine aggregate is calculated from below formula

Similarly, mass of coarse aggregate is calculated from below formula.

Where, V = volume of concreteW = water

content
C = cement content
GC = sp. Gravity of cement
P = aggregate ration obtained in step6
F.A & C.A = masses of fine and coarse aggregates
Gf & Gca = sp. Gravities of fine and coarse aggregates.

Step 8: Trial Mixes for Testing Concrete Mix Design Strength

Based on the values obtained above, conduct a trail test by making at least 3 cubes of150mm size as
per above standards. Test that cubes and verify whether the required strength is gained or not. If not,
redesign the mix with proper adjustments until required strength of cube occurs.

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Data Required for Concrete Mix Design

• (i) Concrete Mix Design Stipulation
• (a) Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days grade
designation — M 25

• (b) Nominal maximum size of aggregate — 20 mm

• (c) Shape of CA — Angular
• (d) Degree of workability required at site — 50-75 mm (slump)
• (e) Degree of quality control available at site — As per IS:456
• (f) Type of exposure the structure will be subjected to (as defined in IS: 456) —
Mild
• (g) Type of cement: OPC 53 JAYPEE

• (h) Method of concrete placing: pump able concrete

• (ii) Test data of material (to be determined in the laboratory)
• (a) Specific gravity of cement — 3.15
• (b) Specific gravity of FA — 2.64
• (c) Specific gravity of CA — 2.84
• (d) Aggregate are assumed to be in saturated surface dry condition.
• (e) Fine aggregates confirm to Zone II of IS – 383

Procedure for Concrete Mix Design of M25 Grade Concrete

Step 1 — Determination Of Target Strength
• Hemsworth constant for 5% risk factor is 1.65. In this case standard deviation is
taken from IS: 456 against M 20 is 4.0.
• ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S

• = 25 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 31.6 N/mm2

• Where,
• S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1 of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:-
• From Table 5 of IS 456, (page no 20)
• Maximum water-cement ratio for Mild exposure condition = 0.5
• Based on experience, adopt water-cement ratio as 0.45.
• 0.45<0.5, hence OK.

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Step 3 — Selection of Water Content

• From Table 2 of IS 10262- 2009,
• Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum size of aggregate — 20
mm)
Estimated water content = 186+ (3/100) x 186 = 191.6 kg /m3

Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content

• Water-cement ratio = 0.45
• Corrected water content = 191.6 kg /m3
• Cement content = 450 kg/m3
Step 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate proportion:-
• From Table 3 of IS 10262- 2009,
• For Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm,
• Zone of fine aggregate = Zone II
• And For w/c = 0.45
• Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 0.62
Step 6: Estimation of the mix ingredients
• a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
• b) Volume of cement = (Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement) x (1/1000)
• = (450/3.15) x (1/1000) = 0.142 m3

• c) Volume of water = (Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) x (1/1000)

• = (191.6/1) x (1/1000) = 0.1916 m3

• d) Volume of total aggregates = a – (b + c ) = 1 – (0.126 + 0.1916) = 0.6824 m3

• e) Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6824 x 0.558 x 2.8 x 1000 = 1478 kg/m3
• f) Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6824 x 0.442 x 2.6 x 1000 = 684 kg/m3

PREPARATION OF TESTING SPECIMEN:

BATCHING
The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching. There are two
methods of batching:

1. Volume batching

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2. Weigh batching

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Volume batching:
Batching of concrete means measuring different ingredients of concrete (i.e. cement, sand, coarse
aggregate and water) before mixing it. When this measurement is done on the basis of volume, we
call it Volume Batching.

Volume batching is not a good method for proportionating the material because of thedifficulty it
offers to measure granular material in terms of volume. Volume of moistsand in a loose condition
weighs much less than the same volume of dry compacted sand.

Cement is always measured by weight. It is never measured in volume. Generally, foreach batch mix,
one bag of cement is used. The volume of one bag cement is taken as35 litres.

Weigh batching:
Weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the materials. For important concrete, invariably,
weigh batching system should be adopted. Use of weigh systemin batching, facilitates accuracy,
flexibility and simplicity.

MIXING:
In the present work, the hand mixing process is employed. The individual mix ingredients are
weighed with their proportions exactly and then the materials are placed on pan. The materials
are thoroughly mixed in their dry condition before wateris added. The prepared mix was then
immediately used for testing workability of fresh mix. In case replacement cement with fly ash
and rice husk ash, the fly ash andrice husk ash are first thoroughly mixed with cement in dry
state and then this was mixed with aggregate.

Fig.3.2 Mixing

CASTING OF THE SPECIMENS:

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The cast iron moulds are cleaned of dust particles and applied with oil on all sides before concrete
is poured in to the moulds. The moulds are placed on a level platform.The well mixed green concrete
is filled in to the moulds by vibration with needle vibrator. Excess concrete was removed with
trowel and top surface is finished level and smooth as per IS 516-1959.

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Fig.3.3. Casting

COMPACTION OF CONCRETE:
Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the concrete. In
the process of placing and mixing of concrete, air is likely to get entrapped in the concrete. If air is
not removed fully, the concrete loses strength considerably. In order to achieve full compaction and
maximum density Table vibrator is used in this experiment.

Fig.3.4 Compaction

CURING OF TEST SPECIMENS:

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After casting, the moulded specimens are stored in laboratory in room temperature for 24 hours.
The room temperature in the laboratory should be maintain as 27+2 degrees. After these periods
the specimens were removed from the moulds and immediately submerged in clean, fresh water
curing tank for required period as per IS 516-1969. After the specimens are placed in a clean,
fresh water curing tank are removed after 7 days and 28 days. The specimens are cured for 7
days and 28 days in present experimental work.

TESTS CONDUCTED ON CONCRETE

WORKABILITY:
Workability is the ability of a fresh concrete mix to fill the mould properly with the desired vibration
and without reducing the concrete`s quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate
(shape and size distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration) and can be modified
by adding chemical admixtures, like super plasticizer. Raising the water content or adding
chemical admixtures will increase concrete workability. Excessive water will lead to increase
bleeding and segregation of aggregates, with the resulting concrete having reduced quality.

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Slump test
Concrete slump test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix prepared at the
laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work. Concrete slump test is carried
out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.
The slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and provides
immediate results. Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workabilitytests since 1922. The
slump is carried out as per procedures mentioned in ASTMC143 in the United States, IS: 1199
– 1959 in India and EN 12350-2 in Europe. Generally concrete slump value is used to find the
workability, whichindicates water-cement ratio, but there are various factors
including properties ofmaterials, mixing methods, dosage, admixtures etc. also affect the concrete
slumpvalue.

Factors which influence the concrete slump test:

1. Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture
content and temperature of cementitious materials. Size, texture, combined grading,
cleanliness and moisture content of the aggregates,

2. Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of addition

and its effectiveness

3. Air content of concrete

4. Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,

5. Temperature of the concrete

6. Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test equipment

7. The amount of free water in the concrete

8. Time since mixing of concrete at the time of testing.

Equipment’s required for Concrete Slump Test:

Mould for slump test, non-porous base plate, measuring scale, temping rod. The mould for the test
is in the form of the frustum of a cone having height 30 cm, bottomdiameter 20 cm and top diameter
10 cm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm diameterand 60cm long and rounded at one end.

Sampling of Materials for Slump Test:

A concrete mix (M15 or other) by weight with suitable water/ cement ratio is prepaidin the laboratory
similar to that explained in 5.9 and required for casting 6 cubes afterconducting Slump test.

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Fig.3.7. Measuring Slump of Concrete

PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.

3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.

4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the
tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.

6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.

7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.

8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested.

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NOTE:
The above operation should be carried out at a place free from Vibrations or shockand within a
period of 2 minutes after sampling.

Slump Value Observation:

The slump (Vertical settlement) measured shall be recorded in terms of millimetresof subsidence
of the specimen during the test.

RESULT OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:

Sl. No %of Al powder % of RHA Slump Height (mm)

1 5 5 27

5 10 28

5 15 28

2 10 5 25

10 10 26

10 15 27

3 15 5 24

15 10 24

15 15 25

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When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump thatcan be
observed:

Types of Concrete Slump Test Results

• True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after
the cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
• Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which
results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road construction.

• Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high,
i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.

• Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and
concrete to be retested.

Compressive strength of concrete:

Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives anidea about all the
characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or
not. Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cementratio, cement strength,
quality of concrete material, and quality control during production of concrete etc. Test for compressive
strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard codes recommends concrete cylinder or
concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test. American Society for Testing Materials ASTM
C39/C39M provides Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical ConcreteSpecimens.
Procedure: Compressive Strength Test of Concrete Cubes .For cube test two types of specimens either
cubes of 15cm X 15cm X 15cm or 10cm X 10cm x 10cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used.
For most of

The works cubical moulds of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used.

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This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have anyvoids.
After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing.
The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. Thisis done by putting
cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen. These specimens are
tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or28 days curing. Load should be
applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the
failure divided by area of specimen givesthe compressive strength of concrete.

Following are the procedure for testing Compressive strength of Concrete Cubes

APPARATUS
• Compression testing machine

PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS

• The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same
concrete used in the field.

SPECIMEN
• 21 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M25 or above

MIXING
• Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer

HAND MIXING
(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour.

(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch.

(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of thedesired
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consistency

SAMPLING
(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil
(ii) Fill the concrete in the moulds in layers approximately 5cm thick
(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

CURING
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens
are marked and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until
taken out prior to test.

PRECAUTIONS
The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of water must be at
27+-2oC.

PROCEDURE
(I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.
(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to
the opposite sides of the cube cast.
(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surfaceof the
specimen.
(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

NOTE
Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength of anyspecimen varies
by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen should be rejected. Average
of three specimens gives the crushing strengthof concrete. The strength requirements of concrete.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5 % of AL powder+ % varies of RHA

25

20
compressive strength

15

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
w/c ratio

The above graph shows the plot between the compressive strength and the w/c ratiofor the 5
% of aluminium powder keeping as constant and varies the percentage ofrice husk ash for
different water-cement ratio.

10% OF AL POWDER + % VARIES OF RHA

25

20
compressive strength

15

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
W/c ratio

The above graph shows the plot between the compressive strength and the w/c ratiofor the 10 % of
aluminium powder keeping as constant and varies the percentage ofrice husk ash for different water-
cement ratio.

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15 % OF AL POWDER + % VARIES OF RHA

18
16
compressive strength

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
W/c ratio

The above graph shows the plot between the compressive strength and the w/c ratiofor the 15 % of
aluminium powder keeping as constant and varies the percentage ofrice husk ash for different water-
cement ratio.

The above graph shows the plot between the compressive strength and thepercentage of
aluminium powder

➢ As the percentage of the aluminium powder is increased in the concrete

the compressive strength of the concrete is decreased

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Table no-9 comparisons of compressive strength.

Sl. % of Al % of RHA Compressive strength

No powder
7 days 28 days
N/mm2 N/mm2
1 5 5 13 20
5 10 14.3 22
5 15 15.27 23.5
2 10 5 12.35 19
10 10 13 20
10 15 13.65 21
3 15 5 9.1 14
15 10 10.43 16.05
15 15 10.63 16.36

Table-10 Weight of the cubes for 0.4 w/c ratio

SI.NO % of AL % of RHA Weight of

powder cubes kgs
1 5 5 6.750
5 10 6.180
5 15 5.530
2 10 5 6.800
10 10 6.630
10 15 6.260
3 15 5 6.120
15 10 5.920
15 15 5.700

• The weight of the normal concrete cube is 8.250kgs.

• The compressive strength of the normal concrete for w/c ratio is 29.22 N/mm2.

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CONCLUSION

• By using the aluminium powder as an air entraining agent and rice husk ash as
giving strength to concrete making the concrete as light weight concrete.
• The dry density of the light weight concrete is lighter than the normal concretewhich
ranges from 350 Kg/m3 to 1850 Kg/m3.
• The dry density of the normal concrete is ranges from 2200 Kg/m3 to 2400
Kg/m3.
• The percentage of aluminium powder is increased in the concrete the strengthof the
concrete is decreased.
• If the percentage of the rice husk ash is increased in the concrete, the strengthof the
concrete is increased and it absorbs the more amount of water.
• The strength of the concrete is increased with the increase the age of the concrete.
• The strength of lightweight concrete is less when compared to the normal
concrete. Normally the strength of the cube for normal concrete is 29.22 N/mm2
and the strength of the light weight concrete is 23 N/mm2.
• From this project we concluded that the percentage of aluminium powder should
be used in a limited quantity i.e., < 1 % in the preparing of the light weight
concrete.

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REFERENCES

1. Mat Lazim Zakaria, (1978). Bahan Dan Binaan, Dewan Bahasa Dan
Pustaka.

2. Mohd Roji Samidi, (1997). First report research project on lightweight

concrete, University Technology Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru.

3. Dao Van Dong, Pham DuyHuu, Nguyen Ngoc Lan, “Effect of rice husk ash on
properties of high strength concrete”, The 3rd ACF International Conference-
ACF/VCA 2008

4. IS 456 -2000 “Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete”, Bureauof Indian
Standards, New Delhi.

5. IS: 12269-1987. Specification for 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement.Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

6. IS: 383-1970. Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from naturalsources
for concrete.

7. M.S SHETTY, Concrete Technology

8. IS: 10262-2009 for mix design of concrete

9. Formed Lightweight Concrete.

10. Shan Somayuji (1995), Civil

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Evaluation Rubrics For Project Work

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Annexure I
Title of the Project: PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF ALUMINIUM POWDER AND RICE
HUSK ASH WITH FINE AGGREGATES

Name of the students:

A. VENU GOPAL (18751A0101)
E. RAKSHITHA (18751A0103)
M. R. SAI CHAITANYA (18751A0112)

R. KEERTHI (18751A0117)

Name of the Guide & Designation: Mrs. G. Sailaja Kumari, M.Tech, Assistant Professor
TABLE 1: OUTCOME ATTAINED AND ITS JUSTIFICATION

PO Justification

The knowledge about benefits of fine aggregates was gainedthrough this project
PO1 work.

PO2 Analysed the problems of fine aggregates in the environment.

Preparation of concrete cube by partial replacement of aluminium powder and rice husk
PO3 ash for Compressive test.

PO4 We used research based data to provide valid conclusions

We implemented our work with well appropriate techniques, good resources

PO5 modern engineering tools to uplift the project.

This solution increases the accuracy of utilizing fine aggregates forsustainable development
PO6 of the society.

This solution increases the accuracy of the concrete cube. Hence reduction in wastage of
PO7 fine aggregates happens, leading to reductionin environmental problems.

PO8 We followed the ethical principles.

We worked in this project function effectively as a member of the projectteam.

PO9

Oral and written communication skills are improved while planning, implementing and
PO10 executing the entire project and till submission of thereport.

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We demonstrated our knowledge and understanding of cost and timeanalysis required for
PO11 carrying out the project.

Facilitated ourselves in Lifelong learning to improve technical knowledgeand competence

PO12 in the chosen area of the project.

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