HEMP AS A SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

SEMINAR REPORT

submitted by

FATHIMA LATHEEF

ICE21CE017

to

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

in partial fulfillment of requirements for award of the Degree

Bachelor of Technology
in

Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Ilahia College of Engineering & Technology, Mulavoor P.O.

Muvattupuzha - 686673

SEPTEMBER 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ILAHIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MULAVOOR P.O., MUVATTUPUZHA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “Hemp as a sustainable construction
material” is a bonafide record of the seminar presented by FATHIMA LATHEEF
(ICE21CE017) during the academic year 2024-2025, in partial fulfillment of requirements
for award of the degree, Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

Ms. Shifana UN Dr. Laju Kottalil

Seminar Guide Head of Department

Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank THE ALMIGHTY for the divine grace bestowed on
me to complete this seminar successfully and on time.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Principal, Dr. K. A. Navas, for
providing the necessary facilities for the successful completion of my seminar in this
college.

Also, I profoundly thank Head of Civil Engineering Department, Dr. Laju Kottalil, for
the valuable support and encouragement she has provided me throughout my seminar.

I am also highly indebted to Ms. Shifana UN, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, whose guidance, encouragement, suggestion and constructive criticism
have immensely contributed to the evolution of my ideas on this seminar.

I express my sincere thanks to my seminar coordinators, Dr. Laju Kottalil and

Mr.Ranjan Abraham(Assistant Professors, Civil Engineering Department) for giving
me the opportunity to present this seminar and for their encouragement & support.

I am deeply indebted to my parents and all my friends for their constant encouragement.
They were instrumental in keeping my spirit high and their association with me will be
always remembered.
 ABSTRACT

As the construction industry remains a major contributor to global carbon emissions, there
is an urgent need for sustainable building materials. This seminar focuses on the potential of
hemp-based materials to address environmental challenges in construction. Specifically, it
explores two primary applications of hemp: hemp lime concrete for building construction
and hemp fibers for enhancing asphalt in transportation infrastructure. Hemp lime concrete,
which combines hemp fibers with lime, offers notable advantages as an eco-friendly
building material. This seminar reviews recent research on the properties of hemp lime
concrete, emphasizing its effectiveness as both a structural material and an insulating
medium. Its superior hygrothermal performance contributes to energy efficiency and
improved indoor climate control, making it a compelling choice for sustainable construction
practices. In the realm of transportation infrastructure, the seminar examines the
incorporation of hemp fibers into asphalt mixtures. Hemp fibers have been shown to
improve the durability and sustainability of asphalt, potentially reducing the carbon
footprint associated with road construction. The seminar evaluates the benefits of this
material enhancement and discusses its implications for reducing environmental impact in
highway construction. It also addresses key research gaps and technical challenges related
to the use of hemp-based materials. These include issues of material consistency, cost, and
integration with existing construction methods. A holistic sustainability assessment is
provided, considering economic, social, and environmental factors to support the broader
adoption of hemp in the construction industry. Evidence from life cycle analyses indicates
that hempcrete can be considered a carbon-negative material, absorbing more carbon
dioxide than is emitted during its production. The seminar concludes with a discussion on
overcoming current barriers and fostering the adoption of hemp-based materials as viable,
sustainable alternatives in construction.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page Number

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2.NEED FOR SEMI-FLOWABLE SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE 2

2.1 Indian road infrastructure 2

2.2 Sustainability 2

2.3 Slip form paving 3

3.SEMI-FLOWABLE SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE 5

3.1 SFSCC materials and recommendations 5

3.2 Properties and testing methods of SFSCC 7

3.2.1 Design mortar 11

3.2.2 Determination of the proportion of coarse aggregates 11

3.2.3 Verification of mix proportions for SFSCC 11

3.3 Effect of different additives on properties of SFSCC 12

3.4 Studies on different properties of SFSCC 14

3.4.1 Rheology 14

3.4.2 Compressive strength 15

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 3.4.3 Elastic modulus 16

3.4.4 Shrinkage 16

3 .5 Field studies on SFSCC 17

4. USE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 18

5.SCC INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES 19

5.1 strength properties of SCC validate its application in rigid pavement 20

6. CONCLUSIONS 21

REFERENCES 22

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

Number Number
1 Material requirements for SFSCC 6

2 Fresh and hardened properties and test methods of SFSCC 10

3 Effect of materials added on properties of SFSCC 14

4 Possible usages industrial waste material 19

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure Title
Number
Number

1. On-site slip form paving technology 4

2. Vibrator trails on the concrete pavement 4
3. Test methods for green strength SFSCC 8
4. Details of mini-paver 9
5. Flow chart of SFSCC mix design process 9
6. Restrained ring apparatus for the shrinkage test of SFSCC 17

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
The construction sector, which encompasses a wide spectrum of activities, holds a
significant responsibility in the global greenhouse gas emissions. The 2022 Global Status
Report for Buildings and Construction states that the construction sector is responsible for
36% of final energy use and 39% of energy and process-related carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions globally. Which is validated by the Global Alliance for Buildings and
Construction and the World Green Building Council (WGBC), making it the third-largest
emitter after energy and transportation. The environmental impact can, in part, be
attributed to the energy-intensive production of construction materials such as cement,
steel, and aluminium. Among these, cement manufacturing stands out as a primary
contributor to carbon emissions within the industry, emitting roughly one tonne of carbon
dioxide for every tonne of ordinary Portland cement produced. Buildings emit carbon not
only during their operational phase (heating, cooling, lighting, and other energy-intensive
activities) but also through the entire lifecycle, including the extraction, transportation,
manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and disposal of materials, a factor known as
‘embodied carbon.’ This component is gaining importance and can contribute up to 50%
of a building’s total emissions. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable
construction methods, energy-efficient designs, the use of low-carbon materials, and
renewable energy sources to mitigate these emissions. In this context, bio-based materials
are emerging as a promising avenue for minimising both operational and embodied carbon
emissions while also reducing the depletion of non-renewable resources. Among various
fibrous crops suitable for bio-based materials, industrial hemp stands out. It boasts rapid
growth, resilience to diverse climates, and exceptional thermal, hygric, and acoustic
insulation properties.

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2. WHAT IS HEMP AND WHY IT IS USED AS A SUSTAINABLE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

2.1 WHAT IS HEMP?

Hemp is a plant of the species Cannabis sativa. Hemp originated in Central Asia and was
one of the most ancient, domesticated plant species, it has been part of human culture for
thousands of years. Today, it is associated with people in almost all parts of the world.
Currently, more than 30 countries involved in the global hemp trade due to its capabilities
of growing in pesticide and herbicide-free environment, noticeable resistance to rodents,
fungus and many type of weeds, wide geographical range of cultivation, and multipurpose
uses.

Fig. 1 Hemp plant

2.1.1 Hemp and Marijuana

Hemp is classified as industrial hemp containing less than 0.2% tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC) and drug type hemp with greater than 0.2% THC. Hemp is often confused with
marijuana which is the reason why hemp is illegal to produce in many countries including
the United States. All cultivars of marijuana and most cultivars of hemp produce
cannabinoids but hemp contains less than 0.3% THC. In many countries a maximum
amount of 0.2% THC is agreed as acceptable by the law. If hemp does pollinate any
nearby marijuana, genetically, the result will always be lower-THC marijuana, not higher-

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THC hemp. If hemp is grown outdoors, marijuana will not be grown close by to avoid
producing

lower-grade marijuana. A trained eye can easily distinguish the difference between the two
plants. However, after being correctly classified and realizing its environmental and
financial benefits, this prohibition is now lifted for industrial hemp. A resurgence in hemp
cultivation is seen since the European Union and the US, and other countries, have
legalized the cultivation of industrial hemp, and many other countries have reintroduced
hemp cultivation with low THC levels.

2.1.2 GROWING CONDITIONS

Hemp is cultivated in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres and can grow in a
variety of climates and soil types, thriving best in mild climates with well-drained soil.
According to FAO Stat (2018), the leading hemp-producing countries by production area
are Canada (555,853 ha), North Korea (21,247 ha), and France (12,900 ha).
Hemp requires soil with a pH of 6.0–7.5 and similar preparation to other break crops. It
grows well in loose, well-drained loam soils with a mean temperature between 16–27°C
and needs high moisture, especially during flowering time, with at least 60–70 cm of
rainfall per year. Hemp can grow up to 0.31 m per week, but for fibre production, it is
typically harvested before reaching this rapid growth stage.
During vegetative growth, hemp benefits from high daytime temperatures, which increase
growth and water needs. It can tolerate daily low temperatures as low as -0.5°C for 4–5
days and withstand frost down to -5°C. Seeds can germinate at temperatures as low as 1–
3°C. However, hemp should not be grown at altitudes higher than 200–250 m above sea
level, as it is unlikely to mature at higher elevations. Additionally, steep slopes and high
altitudes above 400 m are best avoided.
Hemp does not deplete soil but instead improves it, allowing for multiple years of
cultivation in the same location without degrading fibre quality. Nevertheless, it should
not be grown in the same spot for more than two successive years to prevent the rapid

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spread of pests like the hemp flea and hemp moth. The deep roots of hemp also help in
preventing soil erosion.

2.1.3 GROWTH AND STRUCTURE

Hemp is a tall, annual crop with a low labour-intensive production process and can be
accomplished in a short cropping period (70–90 days). Hemp cultivation has become more
appealing to farmers than flax because it has a lower chance of crop failure. It guarantees
higher yields (up to12 tons per hectare as cellulose, 20 tons as stem particles and 25 tons
as fibre matter per hectare) while also enhancing soil nutrition. The industrial norms for
producing this crop are generally guided by organic cultivation to maintain the fibre
quality in terms of fineness, strength and colour. Hemp fibre cultivation requires about
77.63% less cost in fertilization, seeds, field operation, and irrigation costs than cotton, the
most recognized natural fibre. It shows many unique properties that differ from other
natural fibres by their aseptic properties, high absorbency, protection against UV
radiation, and free from allergenic effect.

Fig. 2 Structure of different types of cannabis sativa

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2.1.4 HARVESTING FOR FIBERS

Hemp is more difficult to harvest compared to cultures like corn and wheat for example.
Cannabis plants are tall and strong which makes it difficult for standard machines to
harvest properly. In countries like France dual crops of Hemp are cultivated which allows
a normal combine to harvest the plant. The fibre from a dual-purpose crop is usually of
lower quality and is often used in low-value applications. When industrial hemp is grown
for both grain and fibre, it is necessary to re-cut the tall stalks after combining. It is likely
that the practice of dual growing will disappear due to greater specialization seeking
optimal performance of the end products.

There are also special machines developed for harvesting Hemp which are known for their
high prices. Regardless of the price, the machinery used in Hemp production should be
kept to minimum. All harvesting and transporting should also be running on clean energy
with minimal carbon emissions. Agricultural vehicles running on bio fuels or electricity
are now available and could be easily implemented in hemp cultivation. The most eco-
friendly way of harvesting hemp is by hand. This method also reduces losses of fibre and
seeds during gathering. China and the smallest hemp producers are using this method,
while other big producers in the western countries consider it uneconomical due to high
labour costs.

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Fig. 3 harvesting with modern machinery Fig.4 harvesting hemp by hands

2.1.5 FIBER EXTRACTION

It consists of

a. Hemp retting
b. Baling and storage
c. Fiber separation

a. Hemp Retting

Retting is a microbial process that breaks the chemical bonds that hold the stem together
and allows separation of the bast fibres and the core fibres (the hurds) from the rest of the
stem parts. The two traditional types of retting are field and water retting.

Field retting is also called dew retting because it requires the balance between nightly dew
and daytime drying conditions. Moisture is needed for the microbial breakdown to occur,
but then the weather must be dry enough for the stalks to dry for bailing. The rotting
should be controlled in order to make sure that the qualities if the fibres are not lowered in
the process. Field retting has been used extensively for hemp because it is simple,
inexpensive and does not require water or any bio threatening treatment. The method is
fully mechanized and brings back 40% of the nutrients back to the soil. The disadvantages
of dew retting are that it’s weather dependent and delays the planting of the next crop.

Water retting produces better quality fibre but it requires big amounts of fresh water that
must be threated before discharged. Despite the fact that it is very labour intensive, this
method is considered unsustainable and can’t be executed in countries with strict
environmental laws. A possible solution to the problem could be converting the waste
water into a fertilizer and reusing it. Mechanical retting is not very popular because it
produces only non-woven fibres. This kind of fibres is unusable in the textile industry but
have the potential to be involved in construction. The process is energy intensive, so
sustainable power and machinery must be implemented in order to make the method
sustainable.

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Stream retting (STEX) and UV treatments are all techniques that can be considered,
however, they require the usage of toxic substances which immediately puts these
practices

into the graph of unsustainable methods. Enzyme retting hides big potential but it also
requires further greater research. The method uses genetically modified bacteria to detach
the fibres form the rest of the stem tissues. Some attempts of combining mechanical and
enzyme retting have been done in China.

Fig.5 Hemp field retting

b. BALING AND STORAGE

Hemp can be balled by hand or by all common ballers into round or square bales. Sisal or
hemp twine must be used to tie bales because polyester or plastic twines could
contaminate the later processing of the fibres. The storage facilities can either be
peripheral on the farm, centralized at processing facilities or both. Since hemp is harvested
in late summer until October, it has to be able to remain stored for at least a year until the
next crop is ready. Bales can be stored both indoors and outdoors. Hemp requires straw
moisture content no bigger than 15% when balled and it should continue to dry to about
10%. Moisture content in the stalk is critical in order prevent hemp from rotting and mold
growth. When stored outside the bales suffer losses of the outer layers due to rain and

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moist. Sometimes 1/4 of the entire crop is lost due to bad weather conditions. Losses can
be reduced to 1-8% if Hemp bales are stored on gravel. Storage under a shelter or in a
ventilated structure is prescribed as even better conditions but they are not a must.

Fig. 6 Hemp bail storage

c. FIBER SEPERATION

The tree useful products of Cannabis sativa are the fibres, the hurds and the seeds. These
three products have to be separated in a processing facility in order to serve their industrial
purpose. This happens after the stalks are retted, balled and dried. The process of
separation is mechanical and it’s called ‘breaking’. The method is simple and is very close
to traditional techniques for gathering fibers. The stalks are passed between rollers to
crush and break the woody core into short pieces (hurds), separating some of it from the
bast fibers. The process ‘scutching’ separates the rest of the hurds and the remaining short
fibers from the long fibers. The result after both methods are applied is having two
products: tow (hurds and short fibers) and line fiber (fine fibers). The whole process can
be executed also by a machine called decorticator. In old times this machine used to be
driven by hand but today there are modern more sophisticated versions of this simple
device. It is also possible to process Hemp directly into tow. This is a faster and simpler
process as it eliminates ‘scutching’. The disadvantage of it is that the line fiber is cut into
small pieces making it appropriate for fewer and lower value end products.

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Fig. 7 Primitive method of breaking dry hemp stalks

2.2 WHY HEMP IS USED AS A SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Hemp is gaining traction in construction for its ecofriendly and efficient properties. Unlike
non-renewable materials like concrete and steel, hemp is a rapidly renewable resource,
growing in just a few months. This growth cycle make hemp a sustainable choice, helping
to conserve natural resources.

Hemp is also effective in carbon sequestration, absorbing significant amount of carbon

dioxide during its growth. This helps offset the construction industry’s carbon footprint
and supports climate change mitigation. Processed into hempcrete, hemp offers excellent
thermal insulation, maintaining stable indoor temperatures and reducing the need for
heating and cooling. This leads to lower energy consumption and cost savings. Hemp-
based materials improve indoor air quality by being breathable, which helps manage
moisture and reduce mold growth. Additionally, hempcrete is durable, fire-resistance and
lightweight, contributing to building safety and longevity.

Environmentally, hemp requires less energy and fewer chemicals compared to traditional
materials, minimizing soil and water pollution. It supports sustainable agriculture and

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reduces waste due to its biodegradability. Economically, hemp can be grown in diverse
climates, lowering transportation costs and boosting local economies. The hemp industry
also creates job opportunities in farming and construction. In summary, hemp offers
numerous benefits in construction, including sustainability, energy efficiency, and
environmental friendliness, paving the way for greener building practices.

2.2.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP

DENSITY (g/cm3) 1.5

LENGTH (mm) 5-55

TENSILE STREGTH(MPa) 530-1110

SPECIFIC TENSILE STRENGTH(MPa/g.cm^-3) 360-740

YOUNG’S MODULUS(GPa) 23.5-90

SPECIFIC YOUNG’S MODULUS(GPa/g.cm^-3) 30.5-47

ELONGATION AT BREAK (%) 1.6-3

2.2.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HEMP

CELLULOSE (%) 70.2-74.4

HEMI CELLULOSE (%) 17.9-22.4

LIGNIN (%) 3.7-5.7

ASH (%) 2.6

PECTIN (%) 0.9

WAX (%) 0.8

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3. HEMPCRETE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Lime-Hemp Concrete (LHC), commonly known as Hempcrete, has emerged as an eco-

friendly material in the construction industry. The key components of this eco-friendly
material are hemp shives (the inner woody fibres of the hemp plant), lime (usually in the
form of lime binder or hydrated lime), and water. Hemp shives possess low thermal
conductivity and are lightweight, making them effective thermal insulators owing to their
high porosity. Hempcrete is increasingly popular and used as an alternative construction
material is its ability to absorb CO2, primarily through a process called carbon
sequestration. Hemp plants and shives absorb CO2 from the atmosphere as they grow,
converting it into carbon through photosynthesis. When these shives are used as the
aggregate in hempcrete, this carbon remains stored within the material. Additionally, lime,
mixed with water to create a binder in hempcrete, undergoes carbonation, gradually
absorbing CO2 from the air and converting it into calcium carbonate. This process further
locks carbon within the material. Consequently, hempcrete not only has a low carbon
footprint due to sustainable hemp growth but also actively captures and stores additional
carbon throughout its lifecycle.

3.1 HEMPCRETE PREPERARION

Lime hemp concrete (hempcrete) is made using a mix of fluid phases (air and
water) and solid phases (hemp shiv and binder). Achieving the correct mix design is
crucial for its performance. The hemp stalks, also known as hemp straw, are put
through a hammer mill or a decorticator to be broken down into small particles, with
a maximum size of 40 ± 5 mm or even smaller. The typical binder used in this
process is mainly hydrated lime, along with some pozzolanic material or a
commercial hydraulic lime-based binder. For off-site casting, hempcrete is
meticulously prepared in planetary or helical mixers to ensure proper mixing without
forming lumps. For precast blocks, the mixture is poured into moulds and cured for a
specific duration, generally 28–45 days, depending on the chosen mineral binder.

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Two methods for constructing hempcrete on-site are pouring the mix into a form
(wall, floor,

roof, or other target areas) or spraying it using a projection process. However, both
methods have limitations in compaction and maturation control. Proper compaction with a
tamping rod or external compacting stresses is vital, as hemp shives have low density and
do not self-compact. Although the low energy consumption in both in-situ and ex-situ
manufacturing makes hempcrete an environmentally friendly choice, further research on
developing self-compacting hempcrete may significantly reduce the carbon footprint of
this material. Research on hemp concrete made through the projection process reveals
inconsistent mechanical behaviour and material anisotropy. However, modifying the
process with lime slurry can lead to faster drying, but it requires skilled personnel
(depending heavily on visual approximation) and has some drawbacks (material tends to
favour a specific orientation, leading to more anisotropy). Despite its challenges, the
projection process shows higher compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the
projection. While various manufacturing processes for hempcrete hold merit, the most
suitable method depends on the building design and skeleton. In multi-storied structures
with reinforced cement concrete or steel skeletons, prefabricated hemp concrete blocks or
panels are preferred. However, for smaller structures, any form of hempcrete can be used.
Notably, the infill density and thermal conductivity of hempcrete play vital roles in
achieving desired results.

Fig.7 Hemp-Lime mixture

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3.2 HEMPCRETE MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3.2.1 BINDER COMPOSITIONS

When hemp is converted into a building material, hempcrete, it relies on an essential

component known as the binder. The binder plays a crucial role in providing
cohesion and strength to the hemp shives, ultimately shaping the overall
performance of hempcrete structures.

Binder composition of hempcrete typically consists of a lime based binder, which

can be either hydrated lime or hydraulic lime, also known as Roman cement. This
binder is mixed water and hemp shives to create the hempcrete composite. It reacts
with water to form a calcium hydroxide gel, which coat the hemp shives and binds
them together. This reaction creates a strong and durable bond between the hemp
shives and the binder. Some proprietary blends may also include additional binders
such as cement, pozzolans and other additives to enhance the material’s property.

Apart from lime-based binders, researchers have explored alternative options to

enhance the performance of hempcrete. One such notable binder is a patented
composition consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate or chloride
solution, and a reactive vegetable protein. This binder has demonstrated exceptional
mechanical properties in hemp composites. Magnesium-based binders, including
magnesium oxychloride cement and magnesium phosphate cement, have also shown
promise in increasing the strength of hempcrete. These binders exhibit higher
compatibility with organic fillers compared to calcium binders, offering advantages
in terms of setting time and compatibility with bio-based products. Despite receiving
less attention than lime, magnesium-based binders have displayed excellent strength,
fire resistance, and compatibility with organic aggregates.

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3.2.2 DENSITY

Hempcrete, comprised of hemp shives and binders, demonstrates density variations

influenced by factors including the quantity and quality of materials, such as shiv size and
porosity, the degree of compaction energy applied during construction, and the proportion
of binder in the mixture.

In-wall applications, the density of hempcrete can range from 400 to 500 kg/m3 when
employing on-site pouring methods. However, utilising the spray method results in lower
densities, typically falling within the range of 200–250 kg/m3.

The compaction process plays a crucial role in determining the density of hempcrete. An
increase in the compactness ratio from 0.52 to 0.60 results in an increase in density from
816 kg/m3 to 920 kg/m3. In addition, the spatial orientation of the hempcrete within the
volume can influence its density. Density variations in hempcrete have implications for its
thermal performance. Studies have demonstrated that for every 50 kg/m3 increase in
density, the thermal conductivity of hempcrete rises by approximately 0.005 W/m.K.

3.2.3 MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE

Hempcrete is known for its modest mechanical performance, characterized by ductile

elastic-plastic behavior in compression and tension, with a dry density ranging from 200 to
800 kg/m³. Typically, its compressive strength is below 1 MPa, though it can reach up to
3.6 MPa after 28 days, with a variable Young's modulus. Due to its lightweight, porous
nature with around 80% porosity, hempcrete is best used in non-loadbearing walls with
supporting frames or as insulation for floors and roofs when its density is increased.
Factors such as high porosity, aggregate particle size, binder content, and curing
conditions significantly impact its mechanical performance. Higher compaction reduces
voids and improves strength, but can compromise thermal insulation and acoustic
properties. Optimal

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compressive strength is achieved with curing at 50% relative humidity, while higher or
lower RH levels negatively affect performance. Increasing binder content can reduce
strain, and different binder types, like starch-based or magnesium phosphate cements,
show improved mechanical strength compared to lime. Mineralizing hemp shiv can
quadruple its compressive strength, although its carbon negativity is not well-documented.
Aggregate size also plays a role, with smaller particles enhancing binder adhesion and
strength. Additionally, incorporating flax fibers into hempcrete can increase density,
mechanical strength, and reduce shrinkage.

3.2.4 PERFORMANCE AGAINST MOISTURE

Building materials interact with their environment through moisture absorption and
release, which is described by their vapor sorption isotherm. This property is crucial for
indoor comfort. Hempcrete, being highly porous and hydrophilic, can absorb significant
amounts of water-up to 270% of its weight within minutes and 400% after 48 hours. Its
high permeability allows it to act as an effective moisture buffer, controlling humidity,
reducing vapor condensation, and limiting microorganism growth. This buffering capacity
is enhanced by its higher porosity and lower density, which increase its surface area for
moisture storage. The choice of binder can influence capillary action, with more hydraulic
binders and water retainers reducing capillary absorption. However, hempcrete is not
immune to degradation from long-term exposure to rain or high humidity, potentially
leading to deformation above 60% moisture content. To mitigate mold growth and rain
absorption, applying a protective coating or breathable finish is recommended.

3.2.5 THERMAL AND HYGROTHERMAL CHARACTERISTICS

Hempcrete is a material with distinct thermal and hygrothermal properties that make it
suitable for green building applications. Its thermal conductivity varies based on factors
such as density, direction of compaction, and binder content. The anisotropic nature of
hemp shives leads to variations in thermal conductivity, with up to 30% higher values
perpendicular to compaction. Typically, hempcrete's thermal conductivity ranges from

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0.06 to 0.18 W/m·K for dry densities between 200 and 800 kg/m³. The type of binder used
has minimal impact on thermal properties, although increased binder content generally
raises thermal conductivity.

Hempcrete excels in regulating heat, moisture, and relative humidity, with a high moisture
diffusion coefficient and water vapor permeability of approximately 2.3 × 10 ⁻¹¹ kg/(Pa m
s). Its moisture buffering capacity is notably superior to that of conventional concrete.
Additionally, hempcrete has a high thermal capacity, with specific heat capacities ranging
from about 1500 J/kg·K in dry conditions to over 2900 J/kg.K at near-saturation,
compared to conventional cement concrete’s 800 to 1200 J/kg.K.

The material's hygrothermal performance is vital for its application across different
climates. External coatings that absorb water can increase thermal conductivity and lead to
durability issues due to persistent moisture. The thermal transmittance (U-value) of
hempcrete is influenced by its density and wall thickness, with higher moisture content
potentially leading to increased heat flux through the wall. Evaluating hempcrete’s thermal
efficiency requires considering dynamic features such as thermal inertia and the rate of
heat transfer over a 24-hour period. Achieving a balance between low thermal diffusivity
and high thermal effusivity is challenging, but layered hempcrete walls can help adapt the
material to varying environmental conditions. Additionally, attempts to optimize thermal
conductivity while maintaining mechanical strength have shown that smaller particle-size
hemp shives improve mechanical performance without affecting thermal conductivity.

Fig.8 Variation of thermal transmittance (U-value) with hemp densities and thicknesses

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3.2.6 DURABILITY

Hemp concrete has shown both strengths and limitations in durability. It generally
performs poorly under freeze-thaw conditions, exhibiting reduced compressive strength
due to mass washout. However, it demonstrates good resistance to salt exposure, with
large pores mitigating crystal formation, and minimal biological deterioration due to its
low nutrient content, which prevents microbial growth. Despite these advantages, natural
decomposition through mineralization makes hemp particles brittle and less porous.
Furthermore, while research indicates hempcrete’s resistance to termites, mold growth has
been observed in some cases, challenging the notion that lime alone prevents microbial
attack. Aging studies reveal that hemp concrete with lime binders suffers from binder
leaching and reduced strength, whereas hydraulic binders show improved performance
under wetting and drying cycles. Recent developments suggest that alkali-activated
cenosphere binders may offer a promising alternative to traditional lime binders,
potentially enhancing the long-term durability and performance of hemp concrete

3.2.7 FIRE BEHAVIOUR

Hemp shives exhibit ignition with sustained flaming, a relatively high heat release rate
(HRR), and a relatively low critical heat flux (CHF). However, the hemp blocks exhibited
no flaming ignition, only smouldering combustion, and an HRR an order of magnitude
lower. Hemp blocks and hemp shives produced minimal smoke. hempcrete have a reduced
propensity to contribute to the severity and spread of fires. In terms of fire resistance
characteristics, the hemp block wall system demonstrated good performance in terms of
stability, integrity, and insulation during the furnace tests. The blocks were able to
withstand 2 h of standard fire exposure without adverse effects on the stability or
significant deflection.

3.2.8 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

The acoustic property of a material determines how it responds to sound waves in the 16 to
16,000 Hz frequency range. For effective sound insulation and acoustic comfort, building

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materials must have good sound absorption characteristics. Hempcrete, with its high
porosity, excels in sound absorption and reduces reverberation time, making sound waves
dissipate quickly. The acoustic performance of hempcrete depends on factors such as the
type and density of the aggregate, the binder used, and its content. Retting the hemp
improves its sound absorption, and hydraulic lime binders are more effective than cement
binders. However, smaller particle sizes enhance sound absorption, while higher binder
content or denser materials can reduce it.

3.2.9 CARBON SEQUESTERING

Climate change poses a significant threat to life on Earth, prompting urgent efforts to
address it. The European Union aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030.
Construction is a major contributor to these emissions, as it consumes nearly half of global
raw materials and energy, with buildings alone accounting for about 47% of CO2
emissions in the UK. To tackle this, green building practices are crucial. Hempcrete offers
a sustainable alternative to traditional materials. It is lightweight, has excellent thermal
and acoustic properties, and absorbs CO2, making it carbon negative. For instance, a 260
mm thick hempcrete wall requires less energy and absorbs more CO2 compared to a
concrete wall. Additionally, hemp grows back in a year, providing a rapid carbon sink and
helping to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions more effectively than slower-regrowing
forests.

3.3 HEMPCRETE AS A BUILDING COMPONENT

3.3.1 HEMCRETE WALL

Hempcrete, a lightweight, low-density material, primarily used as a walling material, can

be applied in different construction methods for insulation and thermal purposes. Hemp
concrete walls can be cast in situ or precast into blocks and assembled on-site using
conventional masonry, as shown in Fig.10 for thermal insulation purposes. The blocks are
stacked in a staggered pattern to create a continuous thermal barrier. However, caution
should be taken by protecting the hempcrete walls from rain and dampness, through a roof

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overhang or plastering the walls with breathable materials like lime. Hempcrete with a
density ranging from 250 to 350 kg/m3 is commonly used to insulate exterior walls in
low-rise constructions and has been used in curtain walls for larger projects. While it
cannot be used for load-bearing construction on its own, when combined with a structural
wooden frame (consisting of a plinth built on the foundation at the base of the wall),
hempcrete proves to be a valuable material for sustainable and energy-efficient building
applications. The use of hempcrete resulted in a notable 45% reduction in energy
consumption compared to cellular concrete. The frame can be cast centrally, exposed, or
as a double frame. A central frame evenly distributes the weight of hempcrete around the
frames, providing stable structural support and protection against moisture and insect
attacks. An exposed frame flush with the wall’s internal or external face is used in
conjunction with horizontal rails for lateral resistance due to the uneven weight
distribution of hempcrete. Double frames are employed for permanent external and
internal cladding, using an exposed frame for structural support and a non-load-bearing
frame for cladding fixation.

(a) (b)
Fig. 10a. Hempcrete blocks as an insulation layer for load-bearing masonry; 10b Firewall
built with hempcrete

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( c ) Hempcrete wall structure

3.3.2 BUILDING BLOCKS

Hempcrete blocks are easy to use, fit within a structural frame, and speed up the construction
process while reducing wastage on site. However, due to their poor compressive strength, they
require a structural frame for support and are best suited for internal wall construction or
applications requiring
better acoustic performance. On the other hand, recent developments have shown increased interest
in pre-cast hempcrete blocks, which offer advantages such as controlled compaction, consistent
mechanical strength, and freedom from seasonal constraints during construction. Innovations, such
as physical interlocking, facilitate mortar-free block stacking (i.e., dry-stacked). Biosys hempcrete
blocks, developed by the French company Vicat, serve as a notable example of this advancement.
However, the airtightness of the process is achieved through the application of external plaster layer
or an internal sealant, depending on project needs and aesthetics. These blocks can be rapidly used
and may serve partially load-bearing applications. However, some drawbacks include the need for
specialised machinery, higher production costs, thermal bridge formation due to mortar joints, and
challenges related to transportation from the manufacturing unit to the construction site.

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Fig. 11 hempcrete blocks in construction

3.3.3 ROOFING
Hempcrete can also be used as a roofing material due to its numerous benefits. It can be easily
incorporated into flat ceilings or gently packed into vaulted roof assemblies. Embracing hempcrete
as roof insulation also presents additional advantages, such as its ability to deter pests, ensuring a
long-lasting, pest-free environment. Additionally, hempcrete demonstrates effective moisture
resistance, providing an added layer of protection and durability compared to traditional insulations.
Its design requires a one-inch breathable space between the hempcrete and the sheeting material,
whether it’s plywood or eco-friendly hemp board. One key consideration in using hempcrete for
roofs is to ensure the thickness aligns perfectly with the rafters’ depth to prevent unnecessary stress
on the underlying structure and avoid alterations in the roof’s height. To serve as roof insulation,
hempcrete with a density ranging from 200 to 250 kg/m3 is recommended. It possesses notable
characteristics, being durable and able to withstand harsh weather conditions without requiring
additional finishes. Additionally, it exhibits fire-resistant properties.

3.3.4 FLOORING
Hempcrete is being used in construction for flooring insulation as well. Its density range of 375–500
kg/m3 provides sufficient thermal properties when placed underneath floor slabs on a stable base,
acting as a vapour barrier. Hempcrete offers numerous advantages for flooring in construction,
driving its growing popularity. Notably, it reduces construction costs and promotes energy
efficiency, making it an attractive choice for environmentally conscious projects. However, the
energy and

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insulation performance of a building depends on factors beyond the insulating material alone.
Building size, insulation levels, heating and cooling systems, and occupant behaviour collectively
influence energy performance. The use of hemp blocks provides impressive compressive strength,
appealing to architects and designers for floor insulation. Its installation process is quick and
straightforward, allowing for technical flexibility with underfloor heating and ducts. The material’s
easy-cutting capabilities enable seamless customisation for various floor plans. One remarkable
aspect is its rapid installation, where an entire building can be insulated with hemp blocks in just a
few hours. The result is a durable, settled-free floor insulation that upholds sustainability principles.

Fig. 12 Hempcrete floor covering

3.4 NOTABLE HEMPCRETE PROJECTS

Hempcrete projects show promise despite challenges like supply chain issues, scalability and cost
concerns. Notable examples of successful hempcrete integration include Greencore
Construction’s residential development in Oxfordshire, which surpasses Passivhaus energy
standards with its 25 houses. However, large scale production is hindered by costly machinery and
distribution challenges. The Adnams Warehousing and Distribution Centre in Suffolk Coastal
is another significant project, featuring the UK’s largest sedum roof and achieving a BREEAM
‘excellent’ rating. The centre uses over 90000 lime/hemp blocks, resulting in a U-value of 0.18
W/m2K, well below the standard 0.35 W/m2K. The Bright Building at the University of
Bradford demonstrate hempcrete’s potential in energy efficiency and carbon reduction with its
450 mm thick monolithic hemp walls, which absorb over 50 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Despite the
challenges of achieving airtightness with porous hempcrete, the building’s use of an airtight

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barrier successfully addressed this issue. The North Yorkshire Radical Retrofit project
highlights the use of locally sourced hempcrete in renovating historic structures, improving energy
performance.

Fig. 12 Bright Building, the world’s largest monolithic hempcrete building

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4. HEMP FIBER IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

Recent research has highlighted the potential of using hemp fibers as a natural reinforcement
material in asphalt mixtures for road surfacing. Hemp fibers can enhance the performance of
asphalt pavements by increasing tensile strength, reducing rutting and permanent deformations,
and improving resistance to fatigue cracking. These fibers offer additional advantages such as
being low-cost, low-density, non-abrasive, and thermally stable. Compared to synthetic polymer
fibers, hemp fiber-reinforced pavements could be more economical, with potential cost
reductions due to the lower material costs. Synthetic fibers often lead to a 10% increase in
overall costs but achieve improvements in cracking and rutting of 35% and 32%, respectively.
Moreover, hemp fibers have shown promise in reinforcing roller-compacted concrete (RCC)
pavements, enhancing fracture performance and durability due to their high tensile strength and
improved interfacial bonding. The use of NaOH-treated hemp fibers combined with alkali
activators, such as slag and fly ash, has also been explored for stabilizing expansive soils in
pavement subgrades, leading to enhanced compressive strength, tensile cracking resistance, and
interlocking density. This summary covers the incorporation of hemp fibers in asphalt
pavements, including their properties, treatment methods, mixing procedures, testing programs,
reinforcement mechanisms, and overall mechanical performance.

4.1 HEMP FIBER PROPERTIES

Incorporating fibres into asphalt mixtures is a strategic approach to addressing specific

performance issues. For example, fibres can mitigate asphalt drain-down in gap-graded
and open-graded mixtures and enhance their tensile strength, while in dense-graded
mixtures, fibres can improve rutting and fatigue resistance. Plant fibres, such as hemp,
offer unique advantages including high-temperature stability, low specific gravity (ranging
from 0.45 to 1.43), and a diverse range of diameters (4–600 μm) and lengths (1–40 mm).
Despite their relatively low modulus of elasticity (3.5–30.23 GPa compared to steel fibres,

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which have a modulus of 140–820 GPa), plant fibres exhibit tensile strengths between
70.6 and 900 MPa and ductility from 2.3% to 25%.

Hemp fibres, specifically, have a tensile strength of 310–750 MPa, a Young’s modulus of
30–60 GPa, and come in lengths of 8.3 to 14 mm with diameters of 17–23 μm and a
density of 1400–1500 kg/m³. The natural surface roughness and high surface area of hemp
fibres enhance grip within the asphalt mastic, contributing to increased stability and tensile
strength. However, hemp fibres retain a natural moisture content of about 12%, which can
lead to moisture damage and biodegradation in asphalt mixtures under varying field
conditions.

To address these issues, several chemical treatments such as mercerization, acetylation,

and silylation can reduce the hydrophilicity and biodegradability of hemp fibres before
incorporation into asphalt. Additionally, treating hemp fibres with graphite oxide can
protect against degradation in alkaline environments, which is particularly useful for cold
mix asphalts that utilize alkaline activators.

It is crucial to assess the thermal stability of hemp fibres as they can lose up to 10% of
their tensile strength at the temperatures used in hot mix asphalt production. However,
traditional ageing tests like thermogravimetric analysis may not accurately represent the
behaviour of fibres within the asphalt mixture during production and application.
Therefore, finding reliable methods to evaluate the performance of hemp fibres in asphalt
composites is essential.

Variations in fibre properties based on their source and treatment methods further
complicate comparisons. For instance, hemp fibres from different regions or treated
differently—such as those boiled and treated with various additives versus those cleaned
and sterilized by boiling—can exhibit diverse physical characteristics like tensile strength
and moisture content.

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The high specific surface area and rough texture of hemp fibres can act similarly to fine
fillers in the asphalt matrix, influencing the optimal bitumen content. While this property
can benefit open-graded friction course asphalts or stone mastic asphalts (SMAs) by
stabilizing the mixture and preventing binder drain-down, it is critical to accurately
determine the fibre's surface or absorption rate to ensure optimal performance in different
asphalt applications.

Fig. 13 Woven hemp threads and hemp bundle

4.2 INCLUSION OF HEMP FIBER INTO ASPHALT MIXTURES

Hemp fibre can be integrated into asphalt pavements through three main methods: using a
woven geo-grid for enhanced tensile strength, employing randomly oriented yarns for
improved viscosity and cohesion at high temperatures, or adding short fibres as fillers. The
second method, fibre reinforcement, is well-researched, with the distribution of asphalt-
fibre phases and substrate penetration significantly affecting the tensile properties of the
composite. Without proper treatment, maintaining desirable air void content can be
problematic, leading to issues like rigid binder-coated fibres and fibre agglomeration,
especially at higher fibre content or length.

Fibre incorporation methods include dry and wet techniques. In the dry method, fibres are
mixed with aggregates before plant mixing. This method is suitable for plant-based fibres
like hemp. The wet method blends fibres with bitumen before adding the mixture to
aggregates, ideal for fibres that can integrate into the asphalt matrix, such as polymer-

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based fibres. The effectiveness of fibre reinforcement is influenced by fibre length relative
to the maximum aggregate size: shorter fibres act as binder modifiers or fillers, medium
lengths reinforce tensile strength, and longer fibres impact large-scale fracture behavior.

Agglomeration is a concern with fibre-reinforced asphalt. To mitigate this, gradual

addition and 5-minute blending are employed to prevent short-fibre agglomeration, but
longer fibres (16–20 mm) may still agglomerate at higher content (0.4% or 0.5%). Optimal
fibre dosage varies with mixture design, fibre type, and length, generally ranging from
0.2% to 0.5% by weight for open or gap-graded mixes.

4.3 PERFORMANCE ON HEMP FIBER ASPHALT MIXTURES

There are indirect indicators can predict the impact of fibre reinforcement on asphalt
mixtures by considering fibre geometry, strength, and the fibre-mastic interface. These
indicators use composite material theories such as the “Equal-cross section” and
“Slippage” theories. However, these methods are more suited to synthetic fibres due to
their uniform geometry and less effective for natural fibres like hemp, which have
complex surface morphology and absorption characteristics.

Standard binder-level tests, such as rotational viscosity and dynamic shear rheometer tests,
are unsuitable for hemp fibre-reinforced mastics because the fibres' size can skew results.
Consequently, mixture-level tests, like wheel tracking and 4-point bending fatigue tests,
are preferred. Caution is needed as plant-based fibres behave differently from bitumen in
terms of durability and moisture susceptibility, with limited field case studies available to
validate experimental findings.

Despite conflicting results, some studies suggest that hemp fibre can enhance asphalt
mixtures' flexibility and fatigue life, though performance varies. Failure patterns in fibre-
reinforced asphalt include interface failure, matrix failure, and fibre fracture. Numerical
models using linear elastic properties help understand these mechanisms, though plant-
based fibres' inherent flexibility may not be fully represented by these models.

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Recent findings indicate that hemp fibres (14 mm in length and 0.35% content) improve
indirect tensile stiffness, rutting resistance at high temperatures, and water resistance in
cold mix asphalt. Additionally, incorporating fibres in yarn form, especially for Stone
Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and porous mixes, is recommended to enhance bonding and
prevent binder drain down. These findings highlight the potential of hemp fibre to improve
asphalt pavement performance and durability.

Fig. 13 Summary of findings for hemp-fibre use in the highways industry

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5.SUSTAINABILITY IMPACT OF HEMP USE IN CONSTRUCTION

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Hempcrete and hemp fiber reinforcement offer significant environmental benefits,

primarily due to their role as carbon sinks. Hempcrete can be carbon-negative over its
lifecycle, meaning it absorbs more CO2 during growth and carbonation than is emitted
during production and installation. Hemp plants capture CO2 through photosynthesis, with
crop yields in the EU and UK showing an average of 6 to 9 tonnes per hectare. For every
kilogram of hemp shives, 1.5 to 2.1 kg of CO2 is sequestered, though this is slightly offset
by emissions from seed, fertilizer, and machinery use. Hemp cultivation's energy demand
is lower compared to similar crops, with diesel fuel consumption not exceeding 55 liters
per hectare. When used in construction, hempcrete continues to sequester CO2 through
carbonation, with estimates indicating that 1 m³ of hempcrete can sequester between 100
and 308 kg of CO2. Life cycle analyses show that hempcrete can be net carbon-negative,
sequestering more CO2 than is emitted during its production. Hempcrete is also
biodegradable and recyclable, with potential end-of-life uses such as mulch or waste-to-
energy incineration. However, over three-quarters of its greenhouse gas emissions are
linked to the binder used in its production, highlighting the need for more eco-friendly
binders and further research to optimize environmental benefits.

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Fig. 14 Net Negative carbon balance of hempcrete wall

5.2 MACROECONOMIC IMPACT

In 2017, investments in green building amounted to USD 423 billion, representing 8% of

the total USD 5 trillion spent on construction. This investment is projected to rise to USD
24.7 trillion by 2030, highlighting the growing interest in sustainable construction. Hemp
fiber investment can significantly enhance value across the entire supply chain, from
agriculture—through planting, harvesting, and post-harvest processes—to industry, where
it contributes to the production of construction materials like concrete and asphalt. This
value addition impacts GDP, though it may offset declines in traditional material sectors.
For example, if hempcrete reduces the need for concrete imports, it could positively affect
GDP. Additionally, investments in hempcrete can be reinvested into the industry, boosting
production.

On the demand side, the need for hemp-based construction materials is driven by
housing demand, population growth, and urbanization. As housing needs increase, so does
energy demand. Hempcrete, with its superior insulation properties, can improve energy
efficiency, helping to manage this demand. This can alleviate energy poverty, particularly
in regions like the UK, where rising fuel costs have led to significant energy poverty.

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Hempcrete also contributes to energy security by reducing overall energy demand and
lessening reliance on imports.

5.3 SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT

The socioeconomic impact of hemp-based construction materials involves assessing their

potential effects on economic, social, and community well-being. Economically, hemp-
based materials create added value through new investments and can reduce energy costs,
benefiting family budgets with improved insulation and energy savings. Socially,
hempcrete helps enhance community well-being by reducing emissions and improving the
environment, as it replaces conventional cement with a lower carbon footprint, thereby
reducing industrial waste and positively affecting public health.

Additionally, the development of hemp production can generate employment

opportunities, including direct, indirect, and induced jobs at local and national levels. This
employment potential, referred to as the “employment multiplier,” varies but generally
indicates the broader job creation impact of investment. Although specific multipliers for
hempcrete are not available, related research shows multipliers ranging from 2.5 to 2.9.
Creating jobs helps address unemployment disparities and empowers local communities
by providing income, fostering new skills, and improving overall life satisfaction and
mental health.

Fig. 14 Socioeconomic impacts of hemp-based material

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5.4 TECHNOECONOMIC CHALLENGES

This section introduces a framework for technoeconomic analysis of hemp-based

construction materials, noting that results can vary by project and location.
Technoeconomic challenges include uncertainties in supply chain costs from hemp
farming to hempcrete block manufacturing. Costs for hempcrete blocks involve both
capital expenditures (CAPEX), such as initial investments in land, infrastructure, and
machinery, and operational expenditures (OPEX), including labor, maintenance, and
energy costs. Accurate cost estimation is crucial for investment decisions, as high CAPEX
and OPEX can make hempcrete projects less economically viable compared to
conventional concrete.

To assess the feasibility of hempcrete in commercial development, it's important to

analyze incremental costs and benefits, which include the additional investment required
and the potential profits from hempcrete buildings. From a consumer perspective,
incremental costs involve higher initial expenses, while benefits may include reduced
energy bills. The technical efficiency of hempcrete affects consumer willingness to pay for
sustainable properties. The market value of these properties, influenced by profitability for
developers and consumer incentives, is known as green value and can fluctuate based on
housing market conditions.

A key economic challenge in hempcrete development is the lack of a well-defined,

sustainable business model supporting a coherent supply chain. Effective business models
must align various market actors, improve cash flow structures, and balance CAPEX and
OPEX with revenue generation.

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6. CONCLUSION
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of hemp fiber and hempcrete as construction
materials, examining their suitability for both building and highway applications. Key
findings from the study are summarized as follows:

 Hempcrete is energy-efficient to produce, making it an eco-friendly choice. The

compaction techniques used during manufacturing significantly affect its energy
consumption, thermal performance, density, and structural strengths. Lime-based binders,
favored for their availability, low production emissions, and compatibility with hemp
shives, are crucial to hempcrete’s performance. However, these binders are responsible for
a substantial portion of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with hempcrete.
 The suitability of hempcrete for various applications, such as wall units, building
blocks, roofs, and floors, is determined by its density and binder content. Natural
decomposition of vegetal materials like hemp fibers is a notable concern.
 Incorporating hemp fibers in road construction offers potential benefits, such as
improving eco-friendly asphalt mixtures (e.g., CMA, SMA, RCC, porous asphalt) by
addressing weaknesses like low tensile strength and binder drain-down. Over time, hemp
fibers may become more preferred than synthetic alternatives due to their lower
production costs and environmental impact.
 Investing in hemp-based materials can yield significant socioeconomic benefits,
including job creation, enhanced energy access, and improved societal health. These
investments can positively affect macroeconomic factors like sector value-added, GDP,
and energy security. However, challenges persist regarding the uncertainties in supply
chain costs and the economic viability of these materials.
 Future research should focus on developing self-compacting hempcrete to reduce
carbon footprints and address density inconsistencies. Exploring alternative binders and
their environmental benefits, and understanding the effects of curing conditions and shive
gradations are also essential. Additionally, further investigation into hemp’s resistance to
termites and the reinforcement mechanisms of hemp-fiber-reinforced asphalt is needed.

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Experimental ageing and moisture simulation testing of these materials could provide
better insights into their performance under real-world conditions.
 Evaluating the benefits of hemp-constructed buildings, such as improved insulation
and energy savings, is crucial. It is important to determine if these benefits justify the
capital costs. Developing a sustainable business model for hemp-based construction
materials could help address these challenges and promote wider adoption.

Overall, hemp-based construction materials hold great promise for sustainable development,
though addressing the identified research gaps and economic uncertainties is vital for their
broader implementation.

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Waste for Construction of Rigid Pavement in India

7. REFERENCE

1. Imrose B. Muhit, Eman L. Omairey, Vahid Ghorbani Pashakolaie , 2024, A holistic

sustainability overview of hemp as building and highway construction materials
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2. Yohannes Werkina Shewalul a,b, Natalia Flores Quiroz a , Dirk Streicher a,c ,
Richard Walls, 2023, Fire behavior of hemp blocks: A biomass-based construction
material
Journal of Building Engineering 80, 108147
3. Rahnum T. Nazmul , Bre-Anne Sainsbury, Estela O. Garcez , Safat Al-Deen ,
Mahmud Ashraf, 2023, Characterisation of the effects of hemp shives for internal
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Construction and Building Materials, 409, 133916
4. Jing Li , Ling Yang, Lu He, Ruiwen Guo , Xinyu Li , Youchao Chen , Yaseen
Muhammad , Yu Liu, 2023, Research progresses of fibers in asphalt and cement
materials: A review
Journal of Road Engineering 3 35-70
5. A T M Faiz Ahmed, Md Zahidul Islam, Md Sultan Mahmud, Md Emdad Sarker, Md
Reajul Islam, 2022, Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A
review
Heliyon 8, e08753
6. Raluca Fernea, Daniela Lucia Manea , Luminita Plesa , Răzvan Iernuțan , Mihaela
Dumitran, 2019, Acoustic and thermal properties of hemp-cement building material
Procedia Manufacturing 32, 208-215

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