1 The alkenes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

(a) The table below gives the names, formulae and boiling points of the first members of
the series.

name
ame for boiling point / oC

ethene
t 2H4 -1

propene
r 3H6 -

butene
u 4H8 -

pentene
e 5H10 30

hexene

(i) Complete the table by giving the formula of hexene and by predicting its boiling
point.
[2]

(ii) Deduce the formula of the alkene which has a relative molecular mass of 168.
Show your working.

[2]

(b) Describe a test that will distinguish between the two isomers, but-2-ene and cyclobutane.

test

result with but-2-ene

result with cyclobutane [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Alkenes undergo addition reactions.

(i) What class of organic compound is formed when an alkene reacts with water?

[1]

(ii) Predict the structural formula of the compound formed when hydrogen chloride
reacts with but-2-ene.

[1]

(iii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from but-2-ene.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo addition reactions.

(a) Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of
chloroalkanes.

(i) Complete an equation for the cracking of the alkane, decane.

C10H22 → ............................. + ......................................

(ii) Propene can be made by the thermal decomposition of chloropropane.

reagents propane and ..............................

conditions ................................................... [4]

(b) The following alkenes are isomers.

CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 CH3–C=CH2
|
CH3

(i) Explain why they are isomers.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with
the above.

name ......................................................

structural formula

[4]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.

steam .........................................................

hydrogen ....................................................

bromine ...................................................... [3]

(d) Alkenes can polymerise.

(i) Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the
polymer.

冢 冣
H H
兩 兩
————C————C————
兩 兩
CH3 H n

name of monomer .......................................................

structural formula

(ii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.

O
储
H O ᎏ C ᎏ CH3
C C
H H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[4]
 (iii) Describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of polymers in landfill sites
and by burning.

landfill sites ...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

burning ......................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Two homologous series of hydrocarbons are the alkanes and the alkenes.

(a)
a) One general characteristic of a homologous series is that the physical properties vary in
a predictable way.

State three other general characteristics of a homologous series.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) How can the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon show whether it is an alkane
or an alkene?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) How do alkanes and alkenes differ in their molecular structures?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Cracking is the thermal decomposition of alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons and possibly
hydrogen.

(i) State two conditions required for the cracking of an alkane.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) One type of cracking produces an alkane and an alkene.

Complete an equation for the cracking of heptane into an alkane and an alkene.

C 7H16 o
................ + ................ [1]

(iii) Complete an equation for the cracking of heptane into hydrogen and two other products.

C 7H16 o
................ + ................ + H2 [1]

(iv) Suggest one reason why cracking is important.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Hydrocarbons burn in excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydro
excess of oxygen, 200 cm3. After cooling, the volume of the residual gas at r.t.p. was 150 cm3, 50 cm3
oxygen.

(i) Determine the volume of the oxygen used.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Determine the volume of the carbon dioxide formed.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The hydrocarbon was an alkane.

Determine the formula of the hydrocarbon.

[1]

[Total: 15]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 Alcohols can be made by fermentation or from petroleum.

(a) Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of glucose.

yeast
C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) exothermic reaction

Yeast are living single-cell fungi which ferment glucose by anaerobic respiration. This
reaction is catalysed by enzymes from the yeast.

(i) What is meant by the term respiration?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen.

Name the products formed from respiration in the presence of oxygen.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) What are enzymes?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The following observations were noted.

• When a small amount of yeast was added to the aqueous glucose the reaction started
and the solution went slightly cloudy.
• The reaction rate increased and the solution became cloudier and warmer.
• After a while, the reaction rate decreased and eventually stopped, leaving a 14%
solution of ethanol in water.

(i) Why did the reaction rate increase?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the increase in cloudiness of the solution.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Give two reasons why the fermentation stopped.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) One use of ethanol is in alcoholic drinks.

Give two other uses of ethanol.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Alcohols can be made from petroleum by the following sequence of reactions.

alkanes from petroleum → alkene → alcohol

Describe the manufacture of ethanol from hexane, C6H14. Include in your description an
equation and type of reaction for each step.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 17]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com