1 Chlorine is a reactive element. It forms many compounds.
(a) (i) Complete Table 2.1 to show the maximum oxidation number of the elements Na to P in
their chlorides.
Table 2.1
element Na Mg Al Si P
maximum oxidation number
[1]
(ii) State what determines the maximum oxidation number of elements in Period 3.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An excess of cold water is added to the chloride of silicon.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between an excess of cold water and the chloride of
silicon.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest the pH of the solution produced in (b)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) An excess of cold water is added to the chloride of phosphorus.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between an excess of cold water and the chloride of
phosphorus.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest the pH of the solution produced in (c)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with water.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with hot NaOH(aq).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
5
(e) Bleach is used as a cleaning product to kill bacteria. It is made by adding compounds like
sodium chlorate(I), NaCl O, to water.
(i) Identify the formula of the ion present in bleach that kills bacteria.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Sodium chlorate(I), NaCl O, reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce sodium chloride,
water and oxygen gas.
Construct an equation for this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) A sample of bleach W contains an unknown concentration of sodium chlorate(I).
10.0 cm3 of W is diluted with distilled water to make a total volume of 100 cm3 of
bleach solution. 25.0 cm3 of this diluted bleach solution is added to an excess of
hydrogen peroxide and the volume of gas produced measured under room conditions.
The experiment is repeated and on average 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution produces
42.0 cm3 of gas.
Calculate the concentration, in g dm–3, of sodium chlorate(I) in W.
concentration of NaCl O in W = .............................. g dm–3 [3]
[Total: 13]
[Turn over
2 Fig. 3.1 describes a sequence of reactions that can be used to produce a food additive,
compound Y, from CH3CH2Cl .
X
step 1 step 2 step 3
CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2CN CH3CH2COOH Y
dilute acid Ca(s)
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) State the reagent and conditions for step 1 in Fig. 3.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give the systematic name of X.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Identify the type of reaction that occurs when dilute acid is added to X in step 2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) In step 3, Y and a gas are produced.
Construct an equation for step 3.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) CH3CH2COOH can also be formed from propan-1-ol and potassium dichromate(VI).
State the conditions required.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Complete Table 3.1 to show the number of sigma bonds (σ ) and pi bonds (π) present in a
molecule of X.
Table 3.1
type of bond number of bonds in X
sigma (σ )
pi (π)
[2]
[Total: 8]
7
3 In industry, ethanol is made by reacting ethene with steam in the presence of H3PO4.
reaction 1 C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g)
(a) Use the bond energy values in Table 4.1 to calculate the enthalpy change, ΔHr , for reaction 1.
Table 4.1
bond bond energy / kJ mol–1
C–C 350
C=C 610
C≡C 840
C–H 410
C–O 360
C=O 740
O–H 460
ΔHr = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
(b) Reaction 1 reaches equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure.
Deduce what effect increasing the pressure will have on the amount of ethanol in the new
equilibrium mixture. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your answer.
effect of increasing pressure .....................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Turn over
(c) The mechanism for reaction 1 can be described in three steps. Steps 1 and 2 for reaction 1
are shown in Fig. 4.1.
step 1
H2C CH2 H H
H2C C+ H
H
O O–
HO P OH HO P OH
O O
step 2
H H H
H3C CH2 O+ H
+ O
H2C C
H H
H
Fig. 4.1
(i) Describe the behaviour of H3PO4 in step 1 in Fig. 4.1. Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the species that behaves as an electrophile in step 2 in Fig. 4.1. Explain your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
9
(iii) Complete Fig. 4.2 to show the mechanism for step 3 of reaction 1. Include charges,
dipoles, lone pairs of electrons and curly arrows, as appropriate.
H3C CH2 O+ H H3C CH2 O H
H
H
O–
O
HO P OH
HO P OH
O
O
Fig. 4.2
[2]
(iv) Describe how a catalyst affects a reaction. Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) Use Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2 to justify why H3PO4 is described as a catalyst in reaction 1.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) Propene also reacts with steam. A mixture of organic products is produced.
Explain why propan-2-ol is produced in the higher yield.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Describe the covalent bonds present between the carbon atoms in an ethene molecule by
completing Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
sigma (σ ) pi (π)
type of orbitals involved in bond
how the orbitals overlap
[2]
[Total: 15]
[Turn over
4 (a) Describe structural isomerism.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A and B are structural isomers with molecular formula C5H10O.
They are both straight-chained molecules with only one functional group.
Table 5.1 describes observations when separate samples of A and B are added to different
reagents.
Table 5.1
reagent A B
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
orange precipitate appears orange precipitate appears
(2,4-DNPH reagent)
Tollens’ reagent silver mirror appears no reaction
alkaline I2(aq) no reaction no reaction
(i) Name the functional group present in both A and B.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Draw the structures of A and B in the boxes.
A B
[2]
11
(c) C is a structural isomer of A and B.
C is straight chained and has two functional groups.
C shows only one type of stereoisomerism.
Table 5.2 describes observations when separate samples of C are added to different
reagents.
Table 5.2
reagent C
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
no reaction
(2,4-DNPH reagent)
Br2(aq) orange to colourless
alkaline I2(aq) yellow precipitate appears
(i) Draw the structure of C in the box.
[2]
(ii) Name the type of stereoisomerism shown by molecules of C.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Turn over
(d) D reacts in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst to form E and water.
The structure of E is shown in Fig. 5.1.
O O
Fig. 5.1
(i) Name the functional group present in E.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the type of reaction that occurs when D reacts to form E.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Draw the structure of D in the box.
[1]
13
(iv) The infrared spectrum of E is shown in Fig. 5.2.
100
transmittance / % 50
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
wavenumber / cm–1
Fig. 5.2
Table 5.3
bond functional groups containing the bond characteristic infrared absorption range
(in wavenumbers) / cm–1
C–O hydroxy, ester 1040–1300
C=C aromatic compound, alkene 1500–1680
C=O amide 1640–1690
carbonyl, carboxyl 1670–1740
ester 1710–1750
C≡N nitrile 2200–2250
C–H alkane 2850–2950
N–H amine, amide 3300–3500
O–H carboxyl 2500–3000
hydroxy 3200–3600
Use Fig. 5.2 and Table 5.3 to predict two differences in the absorptions above 1500 cm–1
of the infrared spectrum of D compared to E. Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
14
Important values, constants and standards
molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
Faraday constant F = 9.65 104 C mol–1
Avogadro constant L = 6.022 1023 mol–1
electronic charge e = –1.60 10–19 C
molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p. (101 kPa and 273 K)
Vm = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions
ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 10–14 mol2 dm–6 (at 298 K (25 C))
specific heat capacity of water c = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 (4.18 J g–1 K–1)
9701/22/M/J/23
15
The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
16
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba lanthanoids
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra actinoids
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –
