EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

By – Garvita Agrawal and Priyal

Budhwani
Class – 9th A
Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry
• Euclidean geometry is the study of geometrical shapes (plane and solid)
and figures based on different axioms and theorems. It is basically
introduced for flat surfaces or plane surfaces. Geometry is derived
from the Greek words ‘geo’ which means earth and ‘metrein’ which
means ‘to measure’.
• Euclidean geometry is better explained especially for the shapes of
geometrical figures and planes. This part of geometry was employed by
the Greek mathematician Euclid, who has also described it in his
book, Elements. Therefore, this geometry is also called Euclid
geometry.
• The axioms or postulates are the assumptions that are obvious universal
truths, they are not proved. Euclid has introduced the geometry
fundamentals like geometric shapes and figures in his book elements
and has stated 5 main axioms or postulates. Here, we are going to
discuss the definition of euclidean geometry, its elements, axioms and
five important postulates.
•
History of Euclidean Geometry
o The excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro depict the
extremely well-planned towns of Indus Valley Civilization
(about 3300-1300 BC). The flawless construction of
Pyramids by the Egyptians is yet another example of
extensive use of geometrical techniques used by the people
back then. In India, the Sulba Sutras, textbooks on Geometry
depict that the Indian Vedic Period had a tradition of
Geometry.
o The development of geometry was taking place gradually, when
Euclid, a teacher of mathematics, at Alexandria in Egypt,
collected most of these evolutions in geometry and compiled
it into his famous book, which he named ‘Elements’.
•
 Elements in Euclidean Geometry
• In Euclidean geometry, Euclid’s Elements is a
mathematical and geometrical work consisting of 13
books written by ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in
Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. Further, the ‘Elements’
was divided into thirteen books that popularized
geometry all over the world. As a whole, these
Elements is a collection of definitions, postulates
(axioms), propositions (theorems and constructions),
and mathematical proofs of the propositions.
• Book 1 to 4th and 6th discuss plane geometry. He gave
five postulates for plane geometry known as Euclid’s
Postulates and the geometry is known as Euclidean
geometry. It was through his works, we have a
collective source for learning geometry; it lays the
foundation for geometry as we know it now.
•
 Euclid’s Definitions
1. A point is that which has no part.
2. A line is a breadthless length.
3. The ends of a line are points.
4. A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.
5. A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
6. The edges of a surface are lines.
7. A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight
lines on itself.
 AXIOMS
qThings which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
 AXIOM
• THINGS WHICH COINCIDE WITH ONE ANOTHER ARE EQUAL TO ONE ANOTHER.
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•
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 AXIOM
• THINGS WHICH ARE DOUBLE OF THE SAME THINGS ARE EQUAL TO ONE
ANOTHER.
•
•

• THINGS WHICH ARE HALVES OF THE SAME THINGS ARE EQUAL TO ONE
ANOTHER.
•
Euclid’s Five Postulates
vA straight line may be drawn from any one point to any
other point.
vA terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
vA circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.
vAll right angles are equal to one another.
vIf a straight line falling on two straight lines make the
interior angles on the same side of it taken together less
than two right angles , then two straight lines , if
produced indefinitely , meet on that side on which the
sum of the angles is less than the two right angles.
Euclid’s Postulate 1
• “A straight line can be drawn from any one point to
another point.”
• This postulate states that at least one straight line passes
through two distinct points but he did not mention that
there cannot be more than one such line.
•
 Euclid’s Postulate 2
• “A terminated line can be further produced indefinitely.”

• In other words what we call a line segment was defined as a

terminated line by Euclid. In the figure given below, the line
segment AB can be extended as shown to form a line.
•
 Euclid’s Postulate 3
• “A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.”
 Euclid’s Postulate 4
• “All right angles are equal to one another.”
• That means all the right angles (i.e. angles whose measure is 90°)
are always congruent to each other i.e. they are equal irrespective
of the length of the sides or their orientations.
•
Euclid’s Postulate 5
• "If a line crossing two other lines forms interior angles on the same side that
sum to less than two right angles, then the two lines, when extended
indefinitely, will intersect on that side where the interior angles sum to less
than two right angles.“
• In simple words, the Parallel Postulate implies that if a line intersects two
other lines in such a way that the interior angles on one side of the
intersecting line add up to less than 180 degrees (two right angles), then the
two other lines will eventually meet on that side when extended infinitely.
•
 QUIZ TIME
• RULES-
• THERE ARE FOUR TEAMS ROW A,
 QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
• How Many Lines Can Pass Through A Given Point?

• Ans- Infinitely Many

•

• In How Many Points Can Two Distinct Lines At Most Can Intersect?

• Ans-one
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•
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
• What was the 6 and 7 axiom?

• Ans-things which are double of the same things are equal to one
another.
• Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.
•
QUESTION-
• WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING NEEDS PROOF?
• A. THEORM
• B. AXIOMS
• C.POSTULATE
•
• ANS-A.
QUESTION-
• EUCLID STATED THAT ALL RIGHT ANGLES ARE EQUAL TO ONE
ANOTHER IN THE FORM OF?
• A. AN AXIOM
• B. A POSTULATE
• C. A PROOF
•
• ANS-B
QUESTION-
• ‘LINES ARE PARALLEL IF THEY DO ONT INTERSECT’ IS STATED IN THE
FORM OF -
• A. A PROOF
• B. A POSTULATE
• C. A DEFINITION
•
• ANS- C.
QUESTIONS
• TWO DISTINCT POINTS IN A PLANE DETERMINE A _____ LINE.
• ANS- UNIQUE

•
• TWO DISTINCT_____ IN A PLANE CANNOT HAVE MORE THAN ONE
POINT IN COMMON.
• ANS-LINE
QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
• In India, the _________textbooks on Geometry depict that
the Indian Vedic Period had a tradition of Geometry.
• ANS- Sulba Sutras
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•