Euclid's Geometry
By Varnit Sharma
IX-E
Who is
Euclid??
Euclid, sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to
distinguish him from Euclid of Megara, was a Greek
mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of
geometry" or the "father of geometry". He was active in
Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I. In the Elements,
Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called
Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid
also wrote works on perspective, conic sections,
spherical geometry, number theory, and mathematical
rigour.
Euclid was famous as the author of the Elements, a
treatise that taught geometry through rigorous proofs of
theorems.
Born: Mid-4th century BC
Known for: Euclidean geometry; Euclid's Elements;
Euclidean algorithm
What is Euclid Geometry?
Geometry appears to have originated from the need for measuring
land. Euclidean geometry is the study of plane and solid figures based on
axioms and postulates employed by the Greek mathematician
named Euclid. It deals with the properties and relationship between all
the things. Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system
attributed to Alexandrian Greek
mathematician Euclid, which he described in his
textbook on geometry: the Elements. Today,
however, many other self-consistent non-
Euclidean geometries are known, the first ones
having been discovered in the early 19th century.
Some
Important
Facts
The word “geometry” comes from the
Greek words “geo”, which means the
“earth”, and “metron”, which means
“to measure”. Euclidean geometry is
a mathematical system attributed to
Euclid a teacher of mathematics in
Alexandria in Egypt. Euclid gave us
an exceptional idea regarding the
basic concepts of geometry, in his
book called “Elements”.
difference between Euclid
definition, axiom, postulate
Definition Postulates Axioms
Starting with his The basic facts which are The basic facts which are
definitions, Euclid taken for granted, without taken for granted, without
assumed certain proof and which are specific proof and which are used
properties which were to geometry are called throughout in the
not to be proved. These postulates. mathematics are called
assumptions are actually axioms.
‘obvious universal truths.
He divided them into two
types:- Postulates &
Axioms
All the Example are Stated Below
Euclid listed 23 definitions in his book “Elements”. Some important
points are mentioned below:
Euclid's A line is an endless length.
A point has no dimension (length, breadth and width).
definition A line which lies evenly with the points on itself is a straight line.
Points are the ends of a line.
A surface is that which has breadth and length only.
A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight
lines on itself.
Lines are the edges of a surface.
Euclid Axioms
Here are the seven axioms given by Euclid for geometry:-
Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
The whole is greater than the part.
Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another .
Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another
1 Axiom
st
Things which are equal to the same
thing are equal to one another.
2 nd
Axiom
If equals are added to equals,
the wholes are equal.
3 rd
Axiom
If equals are subtracted
from equals, the
remainders are equal.
4 th
Axiom
Things which
coincide with one
another are equal
to one another.
5th Axiom
The whole is greater than
the part.
6 th
Axiom
Things which are double of
the same things are equal to
one another.
7 th
Axiom
Things which are
halves of the same
things are equal to
one another
A straight line can be drawn from anyone
point to another point.
Euclid’s A terminated line can be further produced
indefinitely.
Postulate A circle can be drawn with any centre and
any radius.
All right angles are equal to one another.
If a straight line falling on two other straight lines makes the interior angles
on the same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the
two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on the side on which the
sum of angles is less than two right angles.
1 st
Postulate
This postulate states that at
least one straight line
passes through two distinct
points, but he did not
mention that there cannot
be more than one such line.
Although throughout his
work he has assumed there
exists only a unique line
passing through two points.
2nd Postulate
In simple words what we call a line
segment was defined as a terminated
line by Euclid. Therefore this postulate
means that we can extend a terminated
line or a line segment in either direction
to form a line. In the figure given below,
the line segment AB can be extended as
shown to form a line.
3rd Postulate
Any circle can be drawn from the
end or start point of a circle and the
diameter of the circle will be the
length of the line segment.
4 th
Postulate
All the right angles (i.e.
angles whose measure is
90°) are always congruent to
each other i.e. they are
equal irrespective of the
length of the sides or their
orientations.
5
Here the line PQ in below figure falls on lines AB
th and CD such that the sum of the interior angles
1 and 2 is less than 180 on the left side of PQ.
Postulate Therefore, the lines AB and CD will eventually
intersect on the left side of PQ.
Application of
Euclid Geometry
Art
Mathematics and art are related in a variety of ways. For
instance, the theory of perspective (a graphical representation
of on a flat surface of an image as seen by eyes) showed that
there is more to geometry than just the metric properties of
figures: and this perspective is the basis of the origin
of projective geometry.
Technicals
The concept of geometry is also applied in the fields of robotics,
computer, and video games. Geometry provides handy concepts
both for computer and video game programmers. The way &
the design of the characters that move through their virtual
worlds requires geometric computations to create paths around
the obstacles concentrating around the virtual world. Using this
form of geometry helps speed up processing because
calculations are only done for the vertical lines on the screen.
Application of Euclid
Geometry IN Architecture
Apart from the mathematics needed when engineering
buildings, architects use geometry: to define the spatial
form of a building i.e. to create the design of the building
its shape, height, structure basically the construction
blueprint. Apart from this the Pythagoreans of the sixth
century BC onwards used geometry to create forms
considered harmonious, and thus to lay outbuildings and
their surroundings according to mathematical, aesthetic
and sometimes religious principles and also to decorate
buildings with mathematical objects such as tessellations,
and even mitigate the hazard arising from wind speeds
around the bases of tall buildings. Also, one of the best
examples of the application of geometry in daily life will
be the stairs which are built in homes in consideration to
angles of geometry constructed at 90 degrees.
Application
of Euclid
Geometry
Astronomy & Physics
Here, geometry is used in the field of
astronomy, helping to map the positions
of stars and planets on the celestial
sphere and describing the relationship
between movements of celestial bodies.
In the field of Physics, there is a deep
link between pseudo-
Riemannian geometry and general
relativity.
Geographic Information Systems
Geometry concepts are used in satellites
in GPS systems, it calculates the position
of the satellite and location of GPS
gauged by the latitudes and longitudes.
Bibliography
Ncert Book Ncert Exemplar RD Sharma Khan Academy Britannica
Wikipedia Byju’s Teachoo dronstudy physicscatalyst
Careerlauncher Vedantu Toppr cuemath
