1.
INTRODUCTION TO
EUCLID'S GEOMETRY
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Euclids Definition
Euclids Axioms
Euclids Five Postulates
Theorems with Proof
INTRODUCTION
The word Geometry comes from Greek words geo
meaning the earth and metrein meaning to measure.
Geometry appears to have originated from the need for
measuring land.
Nearly 5000 years ago geometry originated in Egypt as
an art of earth measurement. Egyptian geometry was the
statements of results.
The knowledge of geometry passed from Egyptians to
the Greeks and many Greek mathematicians worked on
geometry. The Greeks developed geometry in a systematic
manner..
Euclid was the first Greek Mathematician who initiated a new way of
thinking the study of geometry
He introduced the method of proving a geometrical result by deductive
reasoning based upon previously proved result and some self evident
specific assumptions called AXIOMS
The geometry of plane figure is known as Euclidean Geometry. Euclid
is known as the father of geometry.
His work is found in Thirteen books called The Elements.
EUCLIDS DEFINITONS
Some of the definitions made by Euclid in volume I of
The Elements that we take for granted today are as follows :-
A point is that which has no part
A line is breadth less length
The ends of a line are points
A straight line is that which has length only
Continued..
The edges of a surface are lines
A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight
lines on itself
Axioms or postulates are the assumptions which are obvious
universal truths. They are not proved.
Theorems are statements which are proved, using definitions,
axioms, previously proved statements and deductive
reasoning.
EUCLIDS AXIOMs
SOME OF EUCLIDS AXIOMS WERE :-
Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one
another.
i.e. if a=c and b=c then a=b.
Here a,b, and c are same kind of things.
If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
Continued..
i.e. if a=b and c=d, then a+c = b+d
Also a=b then this implies that a+c=b+c.
If equals are subtracted, the remainders are equal.
Things which coincide with one another are equal to one
another.
Continued..
The whole is greater than the part.
That is if a > b then there exists c such that a =b + c. Here, b is
a part of a and therefore, a is greater than b.
Things which are double of the same things are equal to one
another.
Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one
another.
EUCLIDS FIVE POSTULATES
EUCLIDS POSTULATES WERE :-
POSTULATE 1:-
A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other
point
Axiom :-
Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes
through them
Continued..
POSTULATE 2 :-
A terminated line can be produced infinitely
POSTULATE 3 :-
A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius
POSTULATE 4 :-
All right angles are equal to one another
Continued..
POSTULATE 5 :-
If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the
interior angles on the same side of it taken together less than
two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced
indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of angles is
less than two right angles.
Example :-
In fig :- 01 the line EF falls on two lines AB and CD such that
the angle m + angle n < 180 on the right side of EF, then the
line eventually intersect on the right side of EF
fig :- o1
CONTINUED..
THEOREM
Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in
common
PROOF
Two lines l and m are given. We need to prove that they have
only one point in common
Let us suppose that the two lines intersects in two distinct
points, say P and Q
That is two line passes through two distinct points P and Q
But this assumptions clashes with the axiom that only one line can
pass through two distinct points
Therefore the assumption that two lines intersect in two distinct
points is wrong
Therefore we conclude that two distinct lines cannot have more than
one point in common
