CSE121: Computer Programming (2)

)2( ‫ برمجة الحاسب‬:121 ‫هحس‬

1st Year
Computer and Systems Engineering &
Power and Electrical Machines Engineering

Zagazig University

Fall 2023
Lecture #4
Dr. Ahmed Amer Shahin
Dept. of Computer & Systems Engineering

These slides are adapted from the slides accompanying the text “C How to Program, 8/e,” https://deitel.com/c-how-to-program-8-e/
Copyright Deitel 2016
 Announcements
• Faculty Platform:
– Tutorial 1 Solution is uploaded (provided by Eng.
Mahmoud)
• Tutorials/Practical Sessions:
– Next week we will start a new round
 Outline
• A C Program to Process User Data
• Iteration Essentials
• Iteration Structures in C
• The while Iteration Statement
• The do ... While Iteration Statement
• The for Iteration Statement
• Nested Loops
• break and continue Statements
• Infinite Loops

3
Lecture Map

4
A C PROGRAM TO PROCESS USER
DATA
 A C Program to Process User Data

• A program that reads 4 integer numbers from

the user.
• Each data item entered should be incremented
by 3 and then printed.

6
 A C Program to Process User Data
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int n1, n2, n3, n4;

printf("Enter a number:\n");
scanf("%d", &n1);
n1 += 3;
printf("The number after processing is %d\n", n1);

printf("Enter a number:\n");
scanf("%d", &n2);
n2 += 3;
printf("The number after processing is %d\n", n2);

printf("Enter a number:\n");
scanf("%d", &n3);
n3 += 3;
printf("The number after processing is %d\n", n3);

printf("Enter a number:\n");
scanf("%d", &n4);
n4 += 3;
printf("The number after processing is %d\n", n4);

return 0;
}

7
 A C Program to Process User Data

• What we notice is that

– The same four lines of code are rewritten four
times
• What happen if the number of data items is
1000 instead of 4?
– Not possible to rewrite the four line
• What about reading an unknown number of
data items?
– The user should decide when to stop

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ITERATION ESSENTIALS

9
 Iteration Essentials
• A loop is a group of instructions the computer
executes repeatedly while some loop-continuation
condition remains true.
• There are two means of iteration:
– Counter-controlled iteration
– Sentinel-controlled iteration
• Counter-controlled iteration is sometimes called
definite iteration because we know in advance
exactly how many times the loop will be executed.
• Sentinel-controlled iteration is sometimes called
indefinite iteration because it’s not known in
advance how many times the loop will be executed.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 10

 Iteration Essentials (Cont.)

• In counter-controlled iteration, a control variable is

used to count the number of iterations.
• The control variable is incremented (or
decremented) each time the group of instructions is
performed.
– Usually, incremented (or decremented) by 1
• When the value of the control variable indicates that
the correct number of iterations has been
performed, the loop terminates
– execution continues with the statement after the
iteration statement.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 11

 Iteration Essentials (Cont.)

• Sentinel values are used to control iteration

when:
– The precise number of iterations isn’t known in
advance, and
– The loop includes statements that obtain data each
time the loop is performed.
• The sentinel value indicates “end of data.”
– The sentinel is entered after all regular data items
have been supplied to the program.
– Sentinels must be distinct from regular data items.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 12

ITERATION STRUCTURES IN C

13
 Iteration Structures In C

• C provides three types of iteration structures

in the form of statements, namely
– while → repeats some part of code while a
condition is satisfied.
– do…while → executes some part of code and
then repeats it while a condition is satisfied.
– for → repeat some part of code for a number
of times

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 14

 Iteration Structures In C
while (/* condition */)
{
/* code */
}
do
{
/* code */
} while (/* condition */);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
/* code */
}
15
THE WHILE ITERATION
STATEMENT

16
 The while Iteration Statement
• An iteration statement allows you to specify that an action is to
be repeated while some condition remains true.
• The pseudocode statement
While there are more assignment to do
do next assignment and submit it
• describes the iteration that occurs during a normal student week.
– The condition, “there are more assignment to do” may be true or
false.
– If it’s true, then the action, “do next assignment and submit it” is
performed.
– This action will be performed repeatedly while the condition
remains true.
– The condition will become false, if no more assignments.
– At this point, the iteration terminates, and the first statement after
the iteration structure is executed.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 17

 The while Iteration Statement
(Cont.)
• As an example of a while statement, consider a
program segment designed to find the first product of 3
larger than 100.
• Suppose the integer variable product has been
initialized to 3.
• When the following while iteration statement finishes
executing, product will contain the desired answer:

product = 3;
while (product <= 100)
{
product = 3 * product;
} // end while

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 18

 The while Iteration Statement
(Cont.)
• When the while statement is entered, the value
of product is 3.
– The variable product is repeatedly multiplied by 3,
taking on the values 9, 27 and 81 successively.
– When product becomes 243, the condition in the
while statement, product <= 100, becomes
false.
– This terminates the iteration, and the final value of
– product is 243.
• Program execution continues with the next
statement after the while.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 19
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int product;

product = 3;

while (product <= 100)

{
product = 3 * product;
}

printf("The first product of 3 greater than 100 is %d\n", product);

return 0;
}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 20

 Counter-Controlled while Iteration
• To illustrate how algorithms are developed, we
solve a class-average problem.
• Consider the following problem statement:
– A class of ten students took a quiz. The grades
(integers in the range 0 to 100) for this quiz are
available to you. Determine the class average on the
quiz.
• The class average is equal to the sum of the grades
divided by the number of students.
– The algorithm for solving this problem on a
computer must input each of the grades, perform
the average calculation, and print the result.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 21

#include <stdio.h>

// function main begins program execution

int main(void)
{
unsigned int counter;
int grade
int total;
int average;

// initialization phase
total = 0; // initialize total
counter = 1; // initialize loop counter Pseudocode for the problem
// processing phase
while (counter <= 10)
{
printf("%s", "Enter grade: "); // prompt for input
scanf("%d", &grade); // read grade
total = total + grade; // add grade to total
counter = counter + 1; // increment counter
} // end while

// termination phase
average = total / 10; // integer division

printf("Class average is %d\n", average);

} // end function main The output
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 22
 Counter-Controlled while Iteration
(Cont.)
• The algorithm mentions a total and a
counter.
– A total is a variable used to accumulate the sum
of a series of values.
• A counter is a variable used to count
– in this case, to count the number of grades entered.
• Because the counter variable is used to count
positive values,
– we declared the variable as an unsigned int,
which can store only non-negative values

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 23

 Counter-Controlled while Iteration
(Cont.)
• Variables used to store totals should normally
be initialized to zero before being used in a
program;
– otherwise, the sum would include the previous
value stored in the total’s memory location.
• Counter variables are normally initialized to
zero or one, depending on their use
• An uninitialized variable contains a “garbage”
value—the value last stored in the memory
location reserved for that variable.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 24
 Sentinel-Controlled While Iteration

• Let’s generalize the class-average problem.

• Consider the following problem:
– Develop a class-average program that will process an
arbitrary number of grades each time the program is run.
– In this example, the program must process an arbitrary
number of grades.
– How can the program determine when to stop the input
of grades? How will it know when to calculate and print
the class average?
• One way to solve this problem is to use a special value called a
sentinel value (also called a signal value, a dummy value, or a
flag value) to indicate “end of data entry.”

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 25

 Sentinel-Controlled While Iteration
(Cont.)
• Clearly, the sentinel value must be chosen so that it
cannot be confused with an acceptable input value.
– Because grades on a quiz are normally nonnegative
integers, –1 is an acceptable sentinel value for this
problem.
• Thus, a run of the class-average program might
process a stream of inputs such as 95, 96, 75, 74, 89
and –1.
– The program would then compute and print the class
average for the grades 95, 96, 75, 74, and 89 (– 1 is the
sentinel value, so it should not enter into the average
calculation).
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 26
 Pseudocode for the problem

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 27

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
unsigned int counter; // number of grades entered
int grade = 0; // grade value
int total = 0; // sum of grades
float average; // number with decimal point for average

// processing phase
// get first grade from user
printf("%s", "Enter grade, -1 to end: "); // prompt for input
scanf("%d", &grade); // read grade

// loop while sentinel value not yet read from user

while (grade != -1) {
total = total + grade; // add grade to total
counter = counter + 1; // increment counter

// get next grade from user

printf("%s", "Enter grade, -1 to end: "); // prompt for input
scanf("%d", &grade); // read next grade
} // end while

// termination phase
// if user entered at least one grade
if (counter != 0) {
// calculate average of all grades entered
average = (float)total / counter; // avoid truncation

// display average with two digits of precision

printf("Class average is %.2f\n", average);
} // end if
else { // if no grades were entered, output message
puts("No grades were entered");
} // end else
} // end function main © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 28
THE DO ... WHILE ITERATION
STATEMENT

29
 do…while Iteration Statement
• The do…while iteration statement is similar
to the while statement.
• In the while statement, the loop-continuation
condition is tested at the beginning of the loop
before the body of the loop is performed.
• The do…while statement tests the loop-
continuation condition after the loop body is
performed.
• Therefore, the loop body will be executed at
least once.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 30
 do…while Iteration Statement
(Cont.)
• Consider the following program that prints the numbers
from 1 to 10
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
unsigned int counter = 1;

do
{
printf("%u ", counter);
} while (++counter <= 10);
}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 31

THE FOR ITERATION STATEMENT

32
 for Iteration Statement
• The for iteration statement handles all the details of
counter-controlled iteration.
• To illustrate its power, let’s rewrite the following
program using for iteration statement
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
unsigned int counter = 1; // initialization

while (counter <= 10)

{ // iteration condition
printf("%u\n", counter);
++counter; // increment
}
}
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 33
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
// initialization, iteration condition, and increment
// are all included in the for statement header.
for (unsigned int counter = 1; counter <= 10; ++counter)
{
printf("%u\n", counter);
}
}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 34

 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
General Format of a forStatement
• The general format of the forstatement is
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
statement
}
where the initialization expression initializes the loop- control variable (and
might define it), the condition expression is the loop-continuation condition,
and the increment expression increments the control variable.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 35

 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
• Expressions in the for Statement’s Header
Are Optional
– The three expressions in the for statement are
optional.
– If the condition expression is omitted, C assumes
that the condition is true, thus creating an infinite
loop.
– You may omit the initialization expression if the
control variable is initialized elsewhere in the
program.
– The increment may be omitted if it’s calculated by
statements in the body of the for statement or if no
increment is needed.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 36
 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
• Off-By-One Errors
– Notice that in the previous program the loop-
continuation condition was counter <= 10.
– If you incorrectly wrote counter < 10, then the loop
would be executed only 9 times.
– This is a common logic error called an off-by-one error.

– However, we could write the loop as follows which will

execute for 10 times correctly

for (unsigned int counter = 0; counter < 10; ++counter)

{
printf("%u\n", counter);
}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 37

 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
• The following examples show methods of
varying the control variable in a for statement.

– Vary the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments

of 1.
• for (i = 1; i <= 100; ++ i)
– Vary the control variable from 100 to 1 in increments
of -1 (decrements of 1).
• for (i = 100; i >= 1; --i)
– Vary the control variable from 7 to 77 in steps of 7.
• for (i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 38
 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)

– Vary the control variable from 20 to 2 in steps of -2.

• for (i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2)
– Vary the control variable over the following
sequence of values: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17.
• for (j = 2; j <= 17; j += 3)
– Vary the control variable over the following
sequence of values: 44, 33, 22, 11, 0.
• for (j = 44; j >= 0; j -= 11)

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 39

 for Iteration Statement (Cont.)
• Application: Summing the Even Integers from 2 to 100

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
unsigned int sum = 0; // initialize sum

for (unsigned int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2)

{
sum += number; // add number to sum
}

printf("Sum is %u\n", sum);

}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 40

NESTED LOOPS

41
 Nested Loops

• Loops nesting is possible, which enables very

useful computations, especially with matrices.
• An example of generating the multiplication
table using two for loops, is shown
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 12; i++)
for (int j = 1; j <= 12; j++)
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i, j, i * j);
}

Part of the output

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 42
BREAK, AND CONTINUE
STATEMENTS

43
 break and continue Statements
• The break and continue statements are
used to alter the flow of control.
• break Statement
– The break statement, when executed in a while,
for, do…while or switch statement, causes an
immediate exit from that statement.
– Program execution continues with the next
statement.
– Common uses of the break statement are to
escape early from a loop or to skip the remainder of
a switch statement
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 44
 break and continue Statements (Cont.)
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
unsigned int x; // declared here so it can be used after loop
// loop 10 times
for (x = 1; x <= 10; ++x)
{
// if x is 5, terminate loop
if (x == 5)
{
break; // break loop only if x is 5
}
printf("%u ", x);
}
printf("\nBroke out of loop at x == %u\n", x);
}

• break statement in a for iteration statement.

• When the if statement detects that x has become 5, break is executed.
• This terminates the for statement, and the program continues with the printf
after the for.
• The loop fully executes only four times.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 45
 break and continue Statements (Cont.)

• continue Statement
– The continue statement, when executed in a while,
for or do…while statement, skips the remaining
statements in the body of that control statement and
performs the next iteration of the loop.
– In while and do…while statements, the loop-
continuation test is evaluated immediately after the
continue statement is executed.
– In the for statement, the increment expression is
executed, then the loop-continuation test is evaluated.
– A program that uses the continue statement in a for
statement to skip the printf statement and begin the
next iteration of the loop.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 99

 break and continue Statements (Cont.)
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
// loop 10 times
for (unsigned int x = 1; x <= 10; ++x)
{
// if x is 5, continue with next iteration of loop
if (x == 5)
{
continue; // skip remaining code in loop body
}
printf("%u ", x); // display value of x
}
puts("\nUsed continue to skip printing the value 5");
}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 47

INFINITE LOOPS

48
 Infinite Loops
• In some cases, we may need to let the loop run
without stopping
– A for loop without the loop-continuation condition will
run indefinitely.
for (int x = 1; ; ++x)

– A for loop without the increment expression may run

infinitely if the loop control variable is not updated
inside the loop
for (int x = 1; x <= 10;)
{
printf("x = %d", x);
}

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 49

 Infinite Loops

• We can use the while loop also to make an

infinite loop by providing it with a condition
that is always true.

while (1) while (2 < 6)

{ {
/* code */ /* code */
} }

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 50

END OF LECTURE

51