Computer Programming

(IGS1232)

3. Control Structure (1)

Instructor:
Choonwoo Ryu, Ph.D.
How to compute summation from
1 to 10?
▀ int n1 = 1;
▀ int n2 = 2;

▀ int n10 = 10;

▀ int nsum = n1 + n2 + … + n10;

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How to compute summation from
1 to 1000?
▀ int n1 = 1;
▀ int n2 = 2;

▀ int n1000 = 1000;

▀ int nsum = n1 + n2 + … + n1000;

3
Contents
▀ The while statement
▀ The for statement
▀ The do-while statement
▀ The if statement
▀ The switch statement

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Control statement
▀ Loop control statement
➢ while
➢ for
➢ do-while

▀ Conditional control statement

➢ if or if-else
➢ switch

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if statement

The condition is true

if( conditional expression )
{ Execute the statements
do this;
}

false
Conditional
expression

true

Statements (inside if statement)

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if statement
▀ if (x > y) // if x is greater than y
▀ if (x < y) // if x is smaller than y
▀ if (x >= y) // if x is greater than or equal to y
▀ if (x <= y) // if x is smaller than or equal to y
▀ if (x == y) // if x is equal to y
▀ if (x != y) // if x is not equal to y
▀ if ( (x > y) && (x > z) ) // if x> y AND x > z
▀ if ( (x > y) || (x > z) ) // if x>y OR x > z

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if statement
if( sales > 2000 )
bonus = 200;

if( score >= 60 )

printf(“passed.\n");

if( height >= 130 && age >= 10 )

printf(“passed \n");

int temperature = -10;

if ( temperature < 0 )
printf(“ Minus degree \n"); // when the condition is true
printf(“the temperature is %d degrees.\n", temperature); // always

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if statement
▀ Compound statement

if( score >= 60 )

{
printf(“passed \n");
printf(“can get the scholarship\n");
}

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if statement
// Distinguish negative and positive numbers using if statement
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int number;

printf("Insert an integer value : "); If the value

scanf("%d", &number); is 25

if (number > 0)
printf("The value is positive \n");

if (number == 0)
printf("The value is zero\n");

if (number < 0)
printf("The value is negative\n");

return 0; 25
} the value is positive
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if-else statement

if(conditional expression )
do this 1;
else
do this 2;

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if-else statement
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int year;

printf("insert the year : ");

scanf("%d", &year);

if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0)

printf("%d year is a leap year.\n", year);
else
printf("%d year is a normal year.\n", year);

return 0;
}

insert the year : 2020

2020 year is a leap year.

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Nested if
if( conditional expression 1 )
if(conditional expression 2 )
do this;

if( score > 80 )

if( score > 90 )
printf(“ your score is A.\n");

if( score > 80 )

if( score > 90 )
printf(“your score is A.\n");
else
printf(“your score is B.\n");

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Multi-way if-else statement

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Multi-way if-else statement

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 while statement
▀ The general form of while is as shown below:

Initialize loop counter;

while (test loop counter using a condition)
{
do this;
and this;
increment loop counter;
}

concept of execution of the while statement

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while statement

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int i = 1; Initialize loop counter
while (i <= 10) Test loop counter using
condition
{
printf("%d\n", i);
i = i + 1; Increment loop counter
}
}

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 for statement
▀ The general form of for is as shown below:

For(initialize; test counter; increment counter)

{
do this;
and this;
}

Initialize loop counter;

while (test loop counter using a condition)
{
do this;
and this;
increment loop counter;
}
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concept of execution of the for statement
for statement
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int p, n, count;
float r, si;
for (count = 1; count <= 3; count = count + 1) {
printf("Enter values of p, n, and r: ");
scanf("%d %d %f", &p, &n, &r);
si = p * n * r / 100;
printf("Computed result = %f\n", si);
}
return 0;
Enter values of p, n, and r: 10 10 0.5
}
Computed result = 0.500000
Enter values of p, n, and r: 10 10 20.5
Computed result = 20.500000
Enter values of p, n, and r: 1 2 3.5
Computed result = 0.070000

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for statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int p, n, count;
float r, si;
for (count = 1; count <= 3; count = count + 1) {
cout << "Enter values of p, n, and r: ";
cin >> p >> n >> r;
si = p * n * r / 100;
cout << "Computed result = " << si << endl;
}
return 0;
Enter values of p, n, and r: 10 10 2
}
Computed result = 2
Enter values of p, n, and r: 20 30 3.5
Computed result = 21
Enter values of p, n, and r: 1 1 0.5
Computed result = 0.005

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for statement #include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int p, n, count;
▀ Let us now examine how the for float r, si;
for (count = 1; count <= 3; count = count + 1) {
statement gets executed: printf("Enter values of p, n, and r: ");
scanf("%d %d %f", &p, &n, &r);
➢ When the for statement is si = p * n * r / 100;
executed for the first time, the }
printf("Computed result = %f\n", si);

value of count is set to an initial return 0;

value 1. }

➢ Now the condition count <= 3 is tested. Since count is 1 the condition
is satisfied, and the body of the loop is executed for the first time.
➢ Upon reaching the closing brace of for, control is sent back to the for
statement, where the value of count gets incremented by 1.
➢ Again the test is performed to check whether the new value of count
exceeds 3.
➢ If the value of count is still within the range 1 to 3, the statements
within the braces of for are executed again.
➢ The body of the for loop continues to get executed till count doesn’t
exceed the final value 3.
➢ When count reaches the value 4 the control exits from the loop and is
transferred to the statement (if any) immediately after the body of for.
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Nesting for loops
▀ Concept of the nesting for loop

Outer
loop

Inner
loop

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Nesting for loops
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int i, j, sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 3; i = i + 1) {
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
sum = i + j; i=1, j=0, sum=1
printf("i=%d, j=%d, sum=%d\n", i, j, sum); i=1, j=1, sum=2
} i=2, j=0, sum=2
} i=2, j=1, sum=3
return 0; i=3, j=0, sum=3
} i=3, j=1, sum=4

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break statement
▀ We often come across situations where we want to jump out of a
loop instantly, without waiting to get back to the conditional test.
▀ The keyword break allows us to do this.
➢ When break is encountered inside any loop, control automatically
passes to the first statement after the loop.
➢ A break is usually associated with an if.

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 break statement
2, 2 #include <stdio.h>
2, 3 int main() {
2, 4 int num, i;
... printf("Enter a number:");
2, 148 scanf("%d", &num);
2, 149
#include <stdio.h> 3, 151 i = 2;
int main() { 3, 152 while (i <= num - 1) {
int i = 1, j = 1; ... if (num % i == 0) {
while (i++ <= 100) { 3, 200 printf("Not a prime number");
while (j++ <= 200) { 3, 201 break;
if (j == 150) } Enter a number:11
break; i++; Prime number
else }
printf("%d, %d\n", i, j); if (i == num)
} printf("Prime number");
} Enter a number:20
return 0; return 0;
Not a prime number
} }
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continue statement
▀ In some programming situations we want to take the control to the
beginning of the loop, bypassing the remaining statements inside the
loop, which have not yet been executed.
➢ The keyword continue allows us to do this.
▀ When continue is encountered inside any loop, control automatically
moves to the beginning of the loop.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
for (j = 1; j <= 2; j++) {
if (i == j) 12
continue;
printf("\n%d %d\n", i, j); 21
}
}
return 0;
}
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do-while statement
▀ The do-while loop looks like this:

do
{
this;
and this;
and this;
}while(this condition is true);

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do-while statement
▀ There is a minor difference between the working of while and do-
while loops.
➢ This difference is the place where the condition is tested.
➢ The while tests the condition before executing any of the
statements within the while loop.
➢ As against this, the do-while tests the condition after having
executed the statements in the loop.

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do-while statement
▀ Comparison between the while and do-while basic concept

concept of execution of concept of execution of

the while statement the do-while statement

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Summary
▀ The three type of loops available in C or C++ are for, while, and do-
while.
▀ A break statement takes the execution control out of the loop.
▀ A continue statement skips the execution of the statements after it
and takes the control to the beginning of the loop.
▀ A do-while loop is used to ensure that the statements within the loop
are executed at least once.
▀ The ++ operator increments the operand by 1, whereas, the --
operator decrements it by 1.
▀ The operators +=, -=, *=, /=, %= are compound assignment
operators. They modify the value of the operand to the left of them.
➢ +=: a+=b ➔ a = a+b;

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Exercise #1
▀ What would be the output of the following programs:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int j; int i=1;
while (j <= 10) { while (i <= 10) {
printf("\n%d", j); printf("\n%d", i);
j = j + 1; i++;
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }

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Exercise #2
▀ What would be the output of the following programs:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int x=1; int x=1;
while (x == 1) { while (x == 1)
x = x - 1; x = x - 1;
printf("\n%d", x); printf("\n%d", x);
}
return 0; return 0;
} }

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char x;
while (x = 0; x <= 255; x++)
printf("\nASCII value %d Character %c", x, x);
return 0;
}
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Exercise #3
▀ What would be the output of the following programs:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int x = 4, y, z; int x = 4, y = 3, z;
y = --x; z = x-- -y;
z = x--; printf("%d %d %d\n", x, y, z);
printf("%d %d %d\n", x, y, z); return 0;
return 0; }
}

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main() int main()
{ {
while('a' < 'b’) int i = 10;
printf("Good Morning!\n"); while(i = 20)
return 0; printf("Good Morning!\n");
} return 0;
}

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Exercise #4
▀ What would be the output of the following programs:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int i; float x = 1.1;
while (i = 10) { while (x == 1.1) {
printf("%d\n", i); printf("%f\n", x);
i = i + 1; x = x - 0.1;
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main() int main()
{ {
while ('1' < '2’) char x;
printf("in while loop\n"); for(x=0; x<=255; x++)
return 0; printf("ASCII value %d,
} Character %c\n", x, x);
return 0;
} 34
Exercise #5
▀ What would be the output of the following programs:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int x = 4, y = 0, z; int x = 4, y = 0, z;
while (x >= 0) { while (x >= 0) {
x--; if (x == y)
y++; break;
if (x == y) else
continue; printf("%d %d\n", x, y);
else x--;
printf("%d %d\n", x, y); y++;
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }

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Exercise #6
#include <stdio.h>
#define START_DAY (0)
#define DAYS_OF_MONTH (31)

int main()
{
int day, date;
printf("===================================\n");
printf("Sun. Mon. Tue. Wen. Thu. Fri. Sat. \n");
printf("===================================\n");
for (day = 0; day < START_DAY; day++)
printf(" "); // print space

for (date = 1; date <= DAYS_OF_MONTH; date++) {

if (day == 7) {
day = 0;
printf("\n");
}
day++;
printf("%4d ", date);
}
printf("\n===================================\n");
return 0;
}
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HW #3
1. Write a program to calculate the summation of natural number from 1 to
100 using each of the following statements.
➢ while
➢ do-while
➢ For

2. Write a program to produce the following output(use loop statement):

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HW #3
3. Write a program to calculate the following equations:
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➢ S1 = 
i =1
(i 2 + 1)

30 5
➢ S2 =  (i  j)
i =10 j = 0

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