C++ Programming:

Problem Solving and

Programming
Chapter 6
Repetition
Objectives
In this chapter you will:
• Learn about repetition (looping) control
structures
• Explore how to construct and use count-
controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled,
and EOF-controlled repetition structures
• Examine break and continue statements
• Discover how to form and use nested control
structures
2
Concept of Looping

• A loop is a group of
instructions the
computer executes
repeatedly while
some looping
continuation
condition remain
TRUE.

3
4
 Pre-Test Loop
• The condition is
checked at the false
beginning of each Condition
iteration (loop)
true

Actions

5
Pre-Test Loop
• In each iteration (loop),
the condition is tested
false first.
Condition
• If it is TRUE, the loop
true continues. Otherwise,
the loop terminates.
Actions
• This structure is possible
not executing any
actions at all.

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Pre-Test Loop
• Example:
Set ball counter to 0
While box is not empty
Take a ball from box
Increase ball counter by 1
End While
Print ball counter

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Post-test Loop

• The condition is checked

Actions at the end of each loop

true
Condition

false

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Post-test Loop
• In each loop, the loop
actions are executed.
Actions Then the condition is
tested.
true • If it is TRUE, a new loop
Condition
starts. Otherwise, the
false loop terminates
• This structure performs
the actions at least once.

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Post-test Loop
• Example:
Set ball counter to 0
Do
Take a ball from box
Increase ball counter by 1
While box is not empty
Print ball counter

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Exercise
• Based on the general algorithms above, what
will happen to each type of loops if the box is
initially empty?

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Loop Condition, Initialization
& Update
• Other than condition, commonly there are 2
more processes (initialization and updating)
associate with loops.

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Loop Condition, Initialization &
Update
Initialization
Set student counter = 1

Condition
While student counter <= 3
Print “Congratulation”
Add 1 to student counter
End While
Action Print “You are late”

Updating

This loop will repeat for 3 times

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 Loop Condition, Initialization &
Update
Notes:
 It is important to write your initialization,
condition and updating statements correctly. If
not, the loop will either never repeat or never
stop (i.e. an endless loop).

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15
Event-Controlled Loop
 The loop will be terminated when an event
changes the loop control expression
(condition) from TRUE to FALSE.

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Event-Controlled Loop

Set total to 0
This loop keeps
Do repeating as long
Read number as the user
response is “Yes”.
Add number to total
Print “Anymore (Yes/No)?” Event: The user
Read response response.

While response = “Yes”

Print total

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Counter-Controlled Loop
• Used when we know the number of times
action(s) are being repeated.
• In this case, we will use a variable as a
counter to repeat the action(s).

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Counter-Controlled Loop
Initialize the
control variable
(student counter).
Set student counter = 1
While student counter <= 3 Condition tests
Print “Congratulation” the value of the
Add 1 to student counter control variable.
End While Update the
Print “You are late” control variable.

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Looping Control Structures

• 3 types:
−while loops
−for loops
−do-while loops

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while loops
• It is a pre-test and
event-controlled loop. false
Condition
• Action is run repeatedly
while the condition is true true
• Syntax: Actions

while (condition)
{ The braces { and } can be
action ignored if there is only 1
statement in the body of a
} while loop.
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while loop - Example
• Write a program that finds the value of 2
multiply itself 10 times by using a while
statement.

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while loop - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() Initialization
{
int x = 2;
int count = 1;
Condition
while (count <= 10)
{
x = x * 2;
count++; Updating
}

cout << "The result is “<< x;

return 0; } 23
while loop – Exercise
• Write a loop to print out the even numbers from
500 to 2.

Answer:
Algorithm
set counter to 500 int i=500;
while counter >= 2 while(i>=2)
print counter value {
subtract 2 from counter cout << i << endl;
end while
i-=2;
}
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while loop – Exercise
Answer:
• Write a loop to
int x=2, count=1, sum=0;
print the sum
double average;
and average of
even numbers while(x<=10) {
from 2 to 10. sum = sum + x;
x+=2; // same as x=x+2;
count += 1;
}
average = sum / count;
cout <<“ sum: ”<<sum << endl;
cout << “average:”<<average;
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Sentinel Value
• Sentinel value is a special value that causes
a loop to stop
• It cannot confuse with the valid value,
example: -999 for a test score
• Used when user may not know how many
values to be entered during input process

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Sentinel Value - Example

AACS2524 Programming Concepts 27

 for loop
• It is a pre-test and expr1
(Initialization)
counter-controlled loop
•Syntax : expr2
False

(Condition)
Initialization Condition True

Action
for ( expr1; expr2; expr3 )
expr3
{ (condition)
action
} Updating

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for loop
• A for loop contains 3 major components:
− expr1: Initialization of control variable.
− expr2: Loop continuation condition.
− expr3: Updating (increment / decrement) of
control variable.

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 for loop is equivalent to
while loop
• Used when a loop is
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) to be executed a
{ known / fixed
action number of times.
} We can do the same
thing with a while
expr1; loop, but the for loop
while (expr2) is easier to read and
{ more natural for
action; counter-controlled
expr3; loops.
}
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 for loop is equivalent to
while loop

for loop while loop

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i+ i = 1;

+) while (i <= 10)
{ {
cout << i; cout << i;
} i++;
}

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for loop
The empty for statement causes
an endless loop

for ( ; ; )
{
action;

The loop can start but no condition tells

when to end the loop
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for loop - Exercise
• Write a for loop to print the following integers
in sequence:
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Answer:
for ( i = 5; i <= 50, i+=5 )
cout << i << ‘ ’;

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 for loop - Exercise
• Write a program that Answer:
reads a number, and
int limit;
use a for loop to
cout << “Please enter the
display series of limit : ";
integers from 1 up to cin << limit;
the number. The
output should be:
for (i = 1; i <= limit; i++)
Please enter the limit : 3 {
1 cout << i << endl;
2 }
3
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do-while loop
• It is a post-test and event-controlled loop.
• If you want the loop’s body to execute at least
1 time, you can use a do-while loop.

do
Actions {
action;
true
Condition } while (condition);

false
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 do-while loop – Exercise
• Convert the following loops to do-while loops.
The output should remain the same.

(a) Print the square of integers 1 to 10 inclusive.

number = 1;
while (number <= 10)
{
square = number * number;
cout << square << ‘ ’;
number++;
}
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do-while loop – Exercise
Answer:
number = 1;
do {
square = number * number;
cout << square << ‘ ’;
number ++;
} while (number <= 10);

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do-while loop – Exercise

(b) Print all multiple of 3 in between 10 to 90 inclusive.

for (num = 10; num <= 90; num++)
{
if (num % 3 == 0)
{
cout << num << ‘ ’;
}
}

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do-while loop – Exercise
Answer:
num = 10;
do {
if (num % 3 == 0)
cout << num << ‘ ’;
num ++;
} while (num <= 90);

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Loop used to
Accumulate Total

• An accumulator is a variable that you use to

gather or accumulate values.
• Important: Accumulator has initial value.
Usually it starts with 0.
Total Sales

Product 1: 120
Product 2: 250
Product 3: 360
Product 4: 99

Total: 829
40
Loop used to
Accumulate Total
• Example:
int total = 0, price;

for(int i = 0; i<4; i++) accumulat

{ or
cout << "Product " << i+1 << ": -> ";
cin >> price;
total = total + price;
}

cout << "\n\nTotal: " << total << endl;

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Nested Loop
• Loop within a loop.
• Program logic gets more complicated.
• When there is a nested loop, for each iteration
of the outer loop, the inner loop is entered and
repeated until done before the next outer loop
is entered.

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Nested Loop - Example
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
Output: {
i=0: 1 2 3 4 5 cout<<“i=”<<i<<‘: ’;
i=1: 1 2 3 4 5
for(j=1; j<=5; j++)
i=2: 1 2 3 4 5 cout << j;

cout << endl;

}

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Nested Loop – Exercise
• Use nested for loop to Answer:
print the pattern below: for (i = 0; i <= 3; i++)
@@@@@ {
for (j = 0; j <= 4; j++)
@@@@@
cout << ‘@’;
@@@@@
@@@@@ cout << endl;
}

44
Nested Loop – Exercise
• Without using the aid of computer, produce the output
of the following code:

int i, j;
for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
cout<<"Outer “<<i<<endl;
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
{
cout<<"Inner “<<j;
cout<<endl;
}
}

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Nested Loop – Exercise
• What is the output for the following code?
for(int x = 0; x < 4; x++)
{
for(int y = 0; y <= x; y++)
{
cout << “+” ;
}
cout << endl;
}

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Jump Statements
• To terminate the loop or skip some statements
within a loop when certain condition is TRUE.
• Some controls of loop execution are needed.
• 2 types of jump statements:
• break statement
• continue statement

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break statement
• Causes immediate exit from the structure .
• Program execution continues with the first
statement after the structure.
• It can be used in
− while loop
− for loop
− do-while loop
− switch statement

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break statement - Example

int x;
for (x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
{
if (x == 5)
break;
cout << x;
}
cout<<“\nLoop ended at ”<<x<<“\n”;

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continue statement
 A continue statement will skip any remaining
statements in the body of the structure and
proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.
• It can be used in
− while loop
− for loop
− do-while loop

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continue statement - Example

int x;
for (x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
{
if (x == 5)
continue;
cout << x;
}
cout<<“\nLoop ended at ”<<x<<“\n”;

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