CSE121: Computer Programming (2)

)2( ‫ برمجة الحاسب‬:121 ‫هحس‬

1st Year
Computer and Systems Engineering &
Power and Electrical Machines Engineering

Zagazig University

Fall 2023
Lecture #1
Dr. Ahmed Amer Shahin
Dept. of Computer & Systems Engineering

These slides are adapted from the slides accompanying the text “C How to Program, 8/e,” https://deitel.com/c-how-to-program-8-e/
Copyright Deitel 2016
 Teaching Staff
• Instructors:
– Dr. Ahmed Amer Shahin
– Email: aashahin@eng.zu.edu.eg
– Dr. Sanaa Fikry
– Email: SFMarzok@eng.zu.edu.eg
– Lectures: Thursday 09:30am – 10:30am (1‫)ج‬
• Teaching Assistant:
– Eng. Hisham, Eng. Doaa, Eng. Alaa, Eng.
Mahmoud, & Eng. Ferial
 Course Info
• ‫منصة الكلية‬
– Materials
– Quizzes
• Microsoft Teams (as a backup)
–Announcements
–Online Classes (if any)
–Assignments
 Course Info
• Textbook:
– “C How to Program,” Paul Deitel, 8th Edition,
2016,
– “C Programming - A Modern Approach,” K. N.
King, 2nd Edition, 2008
– “The C Programming Language,” B. W. Kernighan
and D. M. Ritchie, 2nd Edition, 1988
 Course Info (Cont.)
• Grading:

Distribution Distribution
Course work
‫حاسبات‬ ‫قوى‬
Semester Work 25pt 20pt
Practical/Oral Exam 20pt 20pt
Final Exam 80pt 60pt
Total Points 125pt 100pt

*Grade distribution is subject to change

 Course Overview
• Introduction to C
• Input/ output
• Arithmetic Operations
• Decision Making
• Loops
• Functions
• Arrays
• Pointers
• Structures
• …
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND
PROGRAMMING
Electronic Computers Then and Now
• computer (processor) chip
– a silicon chip containing the circuitry for a
computer processor
• hardware
– the actual computer equipment
• software
– the set of programs associated with a computer

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Electronic Computers Then and Now
• program
– a list of instructions that enables a computer to
perform a specific task
• binary number
– a number whose digits are 0 and 1

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 Computer Hardware
• main memory
• secondary memory
• central processing unit
• input devices
• output devices

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 Memory
• memory cell
– an individual storage location in
memory
• address of a memory cell
– the relative position of a memory
cell in the computer’s main
memory
• contents of a memory cell
– the information stored in a
memory cell, either a program
instruction or data

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 Memory
• byte
– the amount of storage required to store a single
character
• bit
– a binary digit, a 0 or a 1
Bit

00101100
Byte
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 Computer Languages
• machine language
– binary number codes understood by a specific CPU
• assembly language
– mnemonic codes that correspond to machine
language instructions
• high-level language
– machine-independent programming language that
combines algebraic expressions and English symbols

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 Computer Languages
• compiler
– software that translates a high-level language
program into machine language
• source file
– file containing a program written in a high-level
language; the input for a compiler
• syntax
– grammar rules of a programming language
• object file
– file of machine language instructions that is the
output of a compiler

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 Computer Languages
• linker
– software that combines object files and resolves
cross-references to create an executable
machine language program
• integrated development environment (IDE)
– software package combining a word processor,
compiler, linker, loader, and tools for finding
errors

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Entering, Translating,
and Running
a High-Level
Language Program

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 Executing a Program
• input data
– the data values
that are scanned
by a program

• program output
– the lines displayed
by a program

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The Software Development Method

Specify the problem

Analyze the problem.
requirements.

Design the algorithm Implement the

to solve the problem. algorithm

Test and verify the Maintain and update

completed program. the program.

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INTRODUCTION TO C
PROGRAMMING
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 Why C

• Currently, the most commonly-used

language for embedded systems
• Very portable: compilers exist for virtually
every processor
• Easy-to-understand compilation
• Produces efficient code

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 History of C

• Refer to
– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_l
anguage)#History

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 Where to Write and Run C Programs

• PC
– CodeBlocks IDE
– VSCode
– Visual Studio
• Online
– https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c_compiler
– https://www.programiz.com/c-
programming/online-compiler/

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 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text

• We begin by considering a simple C program.

• Our first example prints a line of text

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 A Simple C Program: Comments

• // Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

// A first program in C
– begin with //, indicating that these two lines
are comments.
– Comments document programs and improve
program readability.
– Comments do not cause the computer to
perform any action when the program is run.

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 A Simple C Program: Comments (Cont.)

• Comments are ignored by the C compiler

and do not cause any machine-language
object code to be generated.
• Comments also help other people read and
understand your program.

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 A Simple C Program: Comments (Cont.)

• You can also use /*…*/ multi-line comments

in which everything from /* on the first line
to */ at the end of the line is a comment.
• We prefer // comments because they’re
shorter and they eliminate the common
programming errors that occur with /*…*/
comments, especially when the closing */ is
omitted.

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 A Simple C Program: Preprocessor Directive

• #include Preprocessor Directive

• #include <stdio.h>
– is a directive to the C preprocessor.
• Lines beginning with # are processed by the
preprocessor before compilation.
• Line 3 tells the preprocessor to include the
contents of the standard input/output header
(<stdio.h>) in the program.
• This header contains information used by the
compiler when compiling calls to standard
input/output library functions such as printf.
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 A Simple C Program: White Spaces

• You use blank lines, space characters and tab

characters (i.e., “tabs”) to make programs
easier to read.
• Together, these characters are known as
white space. White-space characters are
normally ignored by the compiler.

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 A Simple C Program: The main Function

• int main( void )

– is a part of every C program.
– The parentheses after main indicate that main is
a program building block called a function.
• C programs contain one or more functions,
one of which must be main.
• Every program in C begins executing at the
function main.

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A Simple C Program: The main Function (Cont.)

• The keyword int to the left of main indicates

that main “returns” an integer (whole
number) value.
• We’ll explain what it means for a function to
“return a value” when we demonstrate how
to create your own functions.

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A Simple C Program: The main Function (Cont.)

• For now, simply include the keyword int to

the left of main in each of your programs.
• Functions also can receive information when
they’re called upon to execute.
• The void in parentheses here means that
main does not receive any information.

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 A Simple C Program: Blocks of Code

• A left brace, {, begins the body of every

function
• A corresponding right brace , }, ends each
function
• This pair of braces and the portion of the
program between the braces is called a
block.

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 A Simple C Program: Output Statement
• printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
– instructs the computer to perform an action, namely to
print on the screen the string of characters marked by
the quotation marks.
– A string is sometimes called a character string, a
message or a literal.
• The entire line, including the printf function (the “f”
stands for “formatted”), its argument within the
parentheses and the semicolon (;), is called a
statement.
• Every statement must end with a semicolon (also
known as the statement terminator).

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A Simple C Program: Output Statement (Cont.)

• When the preceding printf statement is

executed, it prints the message Welcome to
C! on the screen.
• The characters normally print exactly as they
appear between the double quotes in the
printf statement.

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 A Simple C Program: Escape Sequences

• Notice that the characters \n were not printed

on the screen.
• The backslash (\) is called an escape character.
• It indicates that printf is supposed to do
something out of the ordinary.
• When encountering a backslash in a string, the
compiler looks ahead at the next character and
combines it with the backslash to form an
escape sequence.
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A Simple C Program: Escape Sequences (Cont.)

• The escape sequence \n means newline.

• When a newline appears in the string output
by a printf, the newline causes the cursor
to position to the beginning of the next line
on the screen.

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A Simple C Program: Escape Sequences (Cont.)

• Some common sequences are listed Below

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A Simple C Program: Escape Sequences (Cont.)

• Because the backslash has special meaning in a

string, i.e., the compiler recognizes it as an
escape character, we use a double backslash
(\\) to place a single backslash in a string.
• Printing a double quote also presents a
problem because double quotes mark the
boundaries of a string—such quotes are not
printed.
• By using the escape sequence \" in a string to
be output by printf, we indicate that printf
should display a double quote.

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 A Simple C Program: Using Multiple printfs

• The printf function can print Welcome to

C! several different ways.
• For example, the following program
produces the same output as before.

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A Simple C Program: Using Multiple printf

• This works because each printf resumes

printing where the previous printf stopped
printing.
• The first printf prints Welcome followed
by a space and the second printf begins
printing on the same line immediately
following the space.

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 A Simple C Program: printf (Multiple Lines)

• One printf can print several lines by using

additional newline characters as shown below.
• Each time the \n (newline) escape sequence is
encountered; output continues at the
beginning of the next line.

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