CENG 103 – 105 – 107

Computer Programming I
Week 3
Intro to C Programming

Dr. Yucel Tekin

Objectives
• Write simple C programs.
• Use simple input and output statements.
• Use the fundamental data types.
• Learn computer memory concepts.
• Use arithmetic operators.
• Learn the precedence of arithmetic operators.
• Write simple decision-making statements.
• Begin focusing on secure C programming practices.

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Outline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
2.4 Memory Concepts
2.5 Arithmetic in C
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
2.7 Secure C Programming

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2.1 Introduction
• Introduce C programming
• Presents several examples illustrating fundamental C features

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (1 of 15)
1. // fig02_01.c
2. // A first program in C.
3. #include <stdio.h>
4.
5. // function main begins program execution
6. int main(void) {
7. printf("Welcome to C!\n");
8. } // end function main

• OUTPUT:
– Welcome to C!

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (2 of 15)

Comments
• Begin with //
• Insert comments to document programs and improve program readability
• Comments do not cause the computer to perform actions
• Help other people read and understand your program
• Can also use /*…*/ multi-line comments
– Everything between /* and */ is a comment

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 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (3 of 15)
#include Preprocessor Directive
• #include <stdio.h>
• C preprocessor directive
• Preprocessor handles lines beginning with # before compilation
• This directive includes the contents of the standard input/output header
(<stdio.h>)
– Contains information the compiler uses to ensure that you correctly use
standard input/output library functions such as printf

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (4 of 15)

Blank Lines and White Space

• Blank lines, space characters and tab characters make programs easier to
read
• Together, these are known as white space
• Generally ignored by the compiler

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (5 of 15)
The main Function
• Begins execution of every C program
• Parentheses after main indicate that main is a function
• C programs consist of functions, one of which must be main
• Precede every function by a comment stating its purpose
• Functions can return information
• The keyword int to the left of main indicates that main “returns” an integer (whole
number) value – for now simply mimic this

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (6 of 15)
The main Function
• Functions can receive information
– void in parentheses means main does not receive any
information
• A left brace, {, begins each function’s body
• A corresponding right brace, }, ends each function’s body
• A program terminates upon reaching main’s closing right brace
• The braces form a block

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Structure Of a C Program

Every program must contain one function that has its

name as main().
The main() function is the most important
function and is a part of every C program.

It is not mandatory to write Function1, Function2,

etc.
A function is defined as a group of statements that
perform a well-defined task.

The statements in a function are written in a logical

sequence to perform a specific task.

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (7 of 15)
An Output Statement
• printf("Welcome to C!\n");
– “f” in printf stands for “formatted”
• Performs an action—displays the string in the quotes
– A string is also called a character string, a message or a literal
• The entire line is called a statement
• Every statement ends with a semicolon statement terminator
• Characters usually print as they appear between
– Notice the characters \n were not displayed.

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (8 of 15)

Escape Sequences
• In a string, backslash (\) is an escape character
• Compiler combines a backslash with the next character to form an escape
sequence
• \n means newline
• When printf encounters a newline in a string, it positions the output
cursor to the beginning of the next line

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (9 of 15)

Escape Sequence Description

\n Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line.

\t Moves the cursor to the next horizontal tab stop.

\a Produces a sound or visible alert without changing the current cursor position.

Because the backslash has special meaning in a string, \\ is required to insert a

\\
backslash character in a string.

Because strings are enclosed in double quotes, \” is required to insert a double-

\”
quote character in a string.

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (10 of 15)
The Linker and Executables
• When compiling a printf statement, the compiler merely provides
space in the object program for a “call” to the function
• The compiler does not know where the library functions are—the linker
does
• When the linker runs, it locates the library functions and inserts the
proper calls to these functions in the object program
• Now the object program is complete and ready to execute
• The linked program is called an executable

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (11 of 15)

Indentation Conventions
• Indent the entire body of each function one level of indentation within the
braces that define the function’s body
• Emphasizes a program’s functional structure and helps make them easier to
read
• Set an indentation convention and uniformly apply that convention
• Style guides often recommend using spaces rather than tabs

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (12 of 15)
Using Multiple printfs
• Fig. 2.2 uses two statements to produce the same output as Fig. 2.1
• Works because each printf resumes printing where the previous one
finished
• Line 7 displays Welcome followed by a space (but no newline)
• Line 8’s printf begins printing immediately following the space

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (13 of 15)
1. // fig02_02.c
2. // Printing on one line with two printf
statements.
3. #include <stdio.h>
4.
5. // function main begins program execution
6. int main(void) {
7. printf("Welcome ");
8. printf("to C!\n");
9. } // end function main

• OUTPUT:
– Welcome to C!
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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (14 of 15)
Displaying Multiple Lines with a Single printf
• One printf can display several lines
• Each \n moves the output cursor to the beginning of the next line

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2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text (15 of 15)
1. // fig02_03.c
2. // Printing multiple lines with a single printf.
3. #include <stdio.h>
4.
5. // function main begins program execution
6. int main(void) {
7. printf("Welcome\nto\nC!\n");
8. } // end function main

• OUTPUT:

Welcome
to
C!

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (1 of
16)

• scanf standard library function obtains information from the user at the
keyboard
• Next program obtains two integers, then computes their sum and displays the
result

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (2 of
16)

1. // fig02_04.c
2. // Addition program.
3. #include <stdio.h>

4. // function main begins program execution

5. int main(void) {
6. int integer1 = 0; // will hold first number user
enters
7. int integer2 = 0; // will hold second number user
enters
8.
9. printf("Enter first integer: "); // prompt
10. scanf("%d", &integer1); // read an integer
11.
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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (3 of
16)

12. printf("Enter second integer: "); // prompt

13. scanf("%d", &integer2); // read an integer

14.

15. int sum = 0; // variable in which sum will be stored

16. sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign total to sum

17.

18. printf("Sum is %d\n", sum); // print sum

19. } // end function main

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (4 of
16)

• OUTPUT:

Enter first integer: 45

Enter second integer: 72
Sum is 117

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (5 of
16)

Variables and Variable Definitions

• Lines 7 and 8 are definitions.
• The names integer1 and integer2 are variables—locations in memory
where the program can store values for later use
• integer1 and integer2 have type int—they’ll hold whole-number integer
values
• Lines 7 and 8 initialize each variable to 0

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (6 of
16)

Define Variables Before They Are Used

• All variables must be defined with a name and a type before they can be used
in a program
• You can place each variable definition anywhere in main before that
variable’s first use in the code
• In general, you should define variables close to their first use

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 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (7 of
16)

Identifiers and Case Sensitivity

• A variable name can be any valid identifier
• Each identifier may consist of letters, digits and underscores (_), but may not begin with a digit
• C is case sensitive, so a1 and A1 are different identifiers
• A variable name should start with a lowercase letter
• Choosing meaningful variable names helps make a program self-documenting
• Multiple-word variable names can make programs more readable
– separate the words with underscores, as in total_commissions, or
– run the words together and begin each subsequent word with a capital letter as in
totalCommissions.

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (8 of
16)

Prompting Messages
• Line 10 displays "Enter first integer: "
• This message is called a prompt
– tells user to take a specific action

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 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (9 of
16)

The scanf Function and Formatted Inputs

• Line 11 uses scanf to obtain a value from the user
• Reads from the standard input, usually the keyboard
• The "%d" is the format control string — indicates the type of data the
user should enter (an integer)
• Second argument begins with an ampersand (&) followed by the variable
name
– Tells scanf the location (or address) in memory of the variable
– scanf stores the value the user enters at that memory location

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (10
of 16)

Prompting for and Inputting the Second Integer

• Line 13 prompts the user to enter the second integer
• Line 14 obtains a value for variable integer2 from the user.

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (11
of 16)

Defining the sum Variable

• Line 16 defines the int variable sum and initializes it to 0 before we use sum
in line 17.

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (12
of 16)

Assignment Statement
• The assignment statement in line 17 calculates the total of integer1 and
integer2, then assigns the result to variable sum using the assignment
operator (=)
• Read as, “sum gets the value of the expression integer1 + integer2.”
• Most calculations are performed in assignments

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 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (13
of 16)

Binary Operators
• The = operator and the + operator are binary operators—each has
two operands
• Place spaces on either side of a binary operator to make the operator
stand out and make the program more readable

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (14
of 16)

Printing with a Format Control String

• The format control string "Sum is %d\n" in line 19 contains some literal
characters to display ("Sum is ") and the conversion specification %d,
which is a placeholder for an integer
• The sum is the value to insert in place of %d

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (15
of 16)

Combining a Variable Definition and Assignment Statement

• You can initialize a variable in its definition
• For example, lines 16 and 17 can add the variables integer1 and
integer2, then initialize the variable sum with the result:
– int sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign total
to sum

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2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers (16
of 16)

Calculations in printf Statements

• Actually, we do not need the variable sum, because we can perform the
calculation in the printf statement
• Lines 16–19 can be replaced with
– printf("Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2);

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2.4 Memory Concepts (1 of 3)
• Every variable has
– a name,
– a type,
– a value and a location in the computer’s memory
• After placing 45 in integer1

• When a value is placed in a memory location, it replaces the location’s

previous value which is lost
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2.4 Memory Concepts (2 of 3)
• After placing 72 in integer2

• These locations are not necessarily adjacent in memory.

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2.4 Memory Concepts (3 of 3)
• After calculating sum of integer1 and integer2

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (1 of 9)
• Binary arithmetic operators
Arithmetic Algebraic
C operation C expression
operator expression

Addition + f+7 f+7

Subtraction 
Minus
p  cc
p minus p - c
p minus c

Multiplication * bm
b m b  m
b asterisk m

x
Division / x /y or
x slash y or start fraction x over y end fraction
x / y
x forward slash y
y

Remainder % rr mod
modss r  s
r percent sign s

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (2 of 9)
Integer Division and the Remainder Operator

• Integer division yields an integer result

– 7 / 4 evaluates to 1
– 17 / 5 evaluates to 3
• Integer-only remainder operator, %, yields the remainder after integer division
– 7 % 4 yields 3

– 17 % 5 yields 2
• An attempt to divide by zero usually is undefined
– Generally, a fatal error
– Nonfatal errors allow programs to run to completion, often with incorrect results

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (3 of 9)
Parentheses for Grouping Subexpressions
• Parentheses are used in C expressions in the same manner as in algebraic
expressions

Rules of Operator Precedence

• Generally the same as in algebra
– Expressions grouped in parentheses evaluate first
▪ In nested parentheses, operators in the innermost pair of parentheses
are applied first
– *, / and % are applied next left-to-right

– + and  are evaluated next left-to-right

– The assignment operator (=) is evaluated last.

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1.7 OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
examples
Operator Precedence Chart

Higest

Lowest
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2.5 Arithmetic in C (4 of 9)

abc d e
Algebra: m
5

C: m =(a + b +c + d + e)/5;

• Parentheses are required above

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (5 of 9)
Algebra: y  mx  b

C: y = m  x + b;

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (6 of 9)
Algebra: z  pr mod q  w /x  y

C:

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (7 of 9)
• Second degree polynomial

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (8 of 9)
• In the second-degree polynomial, suppose a = 2, b = 3, c = 7 and x = 5

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2.5 Arithmetic in C (9 of 9)
Using Parentheses for Clarity
• Redundant parentheses can make an expression clearer

– y =  a  x  x  +  b  x  + c;

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(1 of 13)

• Executable statements perform actions like calculations, input and output, or

make decisions
• A condition is an expression that can be true or false
• This section introduces the if statement
– Makes a decision based on a condition’s value
– If true, the statement in the if statement’s body executes
– Otherwise, it does not

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(2 of 13)

Equality and Relational Operators

• Conditions are formed using the equality and relational operators

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(3 of 13)
Relational operators
Algebraic equality of C equality of Sample C
Meaning of C condition
relational operator relational operator condition

> > x>y x is greater than y

< < x<y x is less than y


greater than or equal to, right angle
bracket with underscore

>= right angle bracket equals

x >= y x right angle bracket equals y

x is greater than or equal to y


less t han or equal t o, lef t angle
bracket with underscore

<=left angle bracket equa ls

x <= y x left angle bracket equals y

x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
Algebraic equality of C equality of Sample C
Meaning of C condition
relational operator relational operator condition
= ==
equals equals
x == y
x equals equals y

x is equal to y


does not equal, equal sign with a slash t hrough

!=
exclamation point equals

x!= y
x exclamation point equals

x is not equal to y

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(4 of 13)

Confusing the Equality Operator  with the Assignment Operator =

• Common programming error

• Read the equality operator as “double equals” and the assignment
operator as “gets” or “is assigned the value of”
• Confusing these operators can cause difficult-to-find logic errors rather
than compilation errors

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(5 of 13)

1. // fig02_05.c
2. // Using if statements, relational
3. // operators, and equality operators.
4. #include <stdio.h>
5.
6. // function main begins program execution
7. int main(void) {
8. printf("Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n");
9. printf("the relationships they satisfy: ");
10.
11. int number1 = 0; // first number to be read from user
12. int number2 = 0; // second number to be read from user
13.
14. scanf("%d %d", &number1, &number2); // read two integers
15.

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(6 of 13)

16. if (number1 == number2) {

17. printf("%d is equal to %d\n", number1, number2);
18. } // end if
19.
20. if (number1 != number2) {
21. printf("%d is not equal to %d\n", number1, number2);
22. } // end if
23.
24. if (number1 < number2) {
25. printf("%d is less than %d\n", number1, number2);
26. } // end if
27.

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(7 of 13)

28. if (number1 > number2) {

29. printf("%d is greater than %d\n", number1, number2);
30. } // end if
31.
32. if (number1 <= number2) {
33. printf("%d is less than or equal to %d\n", number1, number2);
34. } // end if
35.
36. if (number1 >= number2) {
37. printf("%d is greater than or equal to %d\n", number1, number2);
38. } // end if
39. } // end function main

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(8 of 13)

• OUTPUT 1:

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(9 of 13)

• OUTPUT 2:

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(10 of 13)

• OUTPUT 3:

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
7 is greater than or equal to 7

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(11 of 13)

Comparing Numbers
• Lines 16–18 compare number1’s and number2’s values for equality
• If the values are equal, line 17 displays a line of text indicating that
• Indenting each if statement’s body and placing blank lines above and below each
if statement enhances program readability
• { begins the body of each if statement
• } ends each if statement’s body
• Any number of statements can be placed in an if statement’s body.
• Placing a semicolon immediately to the right of the right parenthesis after an if
statement’s condition is a common error
– The semicolon is treated as an empty statement that does not perform a task

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(12 of 13)

Keywords
• Some words, such as int, if and void, are keywords or reserved words
of the language and have special meaning to the compiler
• The following table contains the C keywords
• Do not use them as identifiers

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2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
(13 of 13)
Keywords
auto do goto signed unsigned
break double if sizeof void
case else int static volatile
char enum long struct while
const extern register switch
continue float return typedef
default for short union

Keywords added in the C99 standard

_Bool _Complex _Imaginary inline restrict
Keywords added in the C11 standard
_Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Generic _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local

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2.7 Secure C Programming (1 of 2)
Avoid Single-Argument printfs
• printf’s first argument is a format string, which it inspects for conversion specifications
• It then replaces each conversion specification with a subsequent argument’s value
• It tries to do this regardless of whether there is a subsequent argument to use
• Though the first printf argument typically is a string literal, it could be a variable containing a string that
was input from a user
• In such cases, an attacker can craft a user-input format string with more conversion specifications than
there are additional printf arguments.
• This exploit has been used by attackers to read memory that they should not be able to access.

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2.7 Secure C Programming (2 of 2)
• Preventative measures
– Use puts to output a string with a terminating \n
– To display a string without a terminating newline character, use printf
with two arguments—a "%s" format control string and the string to display.

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