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Lecture 1:
Introduction to Integral Calculus

Anti-differentiation

Some Quick Notes on Integral

and Integration
• Integration or Anti-differentiation is a
process of obtaining anti-derivative of a
function. Integral is a notation or
expression to undergo the process of
integration.
• Integration is the reverse of differentiation
process.
• Two types of integral - indefinite and
definite

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Integration vs. Differentiation

Process Input Output

Differentiation 6x³ + 4 18x²

Integration 18x² 6x³ + C

Integral Notation and Symbols

∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C
↓
Integral sign
Integration Constant

integrand
antiderivative
differential/variable
of integration

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Types of Integral
• Definite:
Upper
b

limit
f(x)dx = F(x) |ab ; F(x) is anti-derivative of f(x)
lower a
limit
 F(b) - F(a)  Specific answer

• Indefinite:
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C  General solution

PROPERTIES / THEORIES
• ∫ dx = x + C
• ∫ adx = a ∫dx ; a is a real number

x n 1
• ∫ xn dx = C where n≠ -1
n 1
• ∫ [ f(x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx

• ∫[𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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EXAMPLES
(1)  dy  y  C
(𝟐) 𝟑𝒅𝒔 = = 3 (s + c) = 3s + 3c
= 3s + C ; Note : C = 3c

𝟑
𝒕𝟑 𝟏
(𝟑) 𝐭 dt = +𝑪
𝟑+𝟏
𝐭𝟒
= + C
𝟒

(4) ∫ (x3 + 2) dx

  x 3dx   2dx
x
= + C + 2𝑥 + C , where C1+C2 = C
4
x4
  2x  C
4

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(5) ∫ (y3/2 - 2y + 1) y1/2 dy

Multiply y1/2 to each term

  y 2dy   2y3/2dy   y1/2dy

Integrate each integral

y y 5/2 y 3/2
= − 2 +
3 5/2 3/2
simplify

y 4y 5/2 2y 3/2
= − +
3 5 3

(6) ∫ (x2 - 1)3 dx Expand the binomial (x2 – 1) by

multiplying itself 3 times

= ∫ (x6 – 3x4 + 3x2 – 1) dx

Distribute integral symbol and dx

= ∫ x6 dx – 3∫x4 dx + 3 ∫x2dx – ∫ dx
Integrate each integral

= – 3 + 3 –x +C
simplify

= – + –x +C

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(7) ∫ dx Divide each term in the numerator

by the denominator

= ∫ dx – ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ dx
Cancel common factor

= 2∫ x3dx – 3∫x2 dx + ∫xdx – 2 ∫ dx

Integrate each integral

= 2 - 3 + - +C

= - - 2x + C

Exercises: Solve the following integrals

(1) ∫ 4(y51 - 2y25)dy
3
(2)  t 5
dt

(3)  10 3 8 x 2 dx

(4)  y 3 ( 2 y 2  3  y -5 ) dy
( y 4  2y 2 - y)
(5)  y
dy

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