06/02/2023

Lecture 2:

Definite Integral

Dolfus G. Miciano
Assoc. Prof. I, CoE

Some Key points on Definite

Integral

• It has the upper and lower limits

• The answer is specific (not a general
solution)
• The procedures performed follows the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

• Given that F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)

and a, b are real numbers, then
b
 a
f(x)dx = F(x) |ab

= F(b) − F(a)

Theorems on Definite Integral

a
1.  a
f(x)dx = 0
b a
2. a
f(x)dx =   f(x)dx
b
b b
3.  a
k  f(x)dx  k  f(x)dx
a
; k is constant
b b b
4. a
[f(x)  g(x)]dx =  f(x)dx   g(x)dx
a a

5. f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx ; 𝑐 (𝑎, 𝑏)

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Examples
a
Ex.1. Prove that
 a
f(x)dx = 0
Proof: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Substitute x by a
f(x)dx =F(x) | = F(a)−F(a) = 0

b a
Ex.2. Show that a
f(x)dx =   f(x)dx
b

Proof: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

Substitute the upper
f(x)dx = 𝐹(𝑥)| = 𝐹(𝑏) −𝐹(𝑎) and lower limits

= −[−𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐹(𝑎)] = −[𝐹(𝑎) − 𝐹(𝑏)]

Interchange terms
= −𝐹(𝑥)| =− f(x)dx

Examples
b c b
Ex.3. Show that  a
f(x)dx =  f(x)dx   f(x)dx
a c

Proof: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ∊ 𝑎, 𝑏 ,

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

f(x)dx + f(x)dx = F x | + F(x) |

=F(c)−F(a) + F(b)−F(c)
=F b − F(a)
 F(x) |ab
b
 
a
f(x)dx

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1
 2x
2
(4) Evaluate the definite integral dx
-1
1
1 x3
Solution :  2 x dx  2 
2 Use properties
and theorems
-1
3 -1 and integrate

Substitute the
2(1) 2(−1) limits for x and
= − simplify
3 3
2
=
3
4

3

(5) Evaluate the integral ∫ 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

∫ 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = − + 5 Substitute the
limits for x
and simplify

( )
= − +5(3) - − + 5(0)

= 36 – 9 + 15

= 42

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Chain Rule

(6) Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑥 12 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

∫ 𝑥 12 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (12 − 3𝑥 ) / 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Rewrite radical into exponential
form and arrange x term with dx

Using chain rule for

= ∫ 12 − 3𝑥 (−6𝑥)𝑑𝑥 integration, multiple a
quantity equivalent to
1 using negative -6
and -1/6 then integrate

=
/

= 12 − 3(2) − 12 − 3(1)
Substitute the limits
= 0− 9 9 = 33 = 27 for x and simplify

= − 27 =3

(7) Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑡2 𝑡 + 1 𝑑𝑡

Solution: using change of Variable = ∫ (𝑡 + 1) /
𝑡2𝑑𝑡
Let u = 𝑡 + 1
du
du = 3𝑡 dt =∫ 𝑢 /
 Rewrite radical to expo,
change variable from t
Solve the du to u and change also
values for u = 𝑡 dt the limits
/
(for limits)
using
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
equation
Lower limit: If t = 1
above ≫ 𝑢= 1 +1 / Substitute the limits

=2 = for u values
/
Upper limit: If t = 2 23 = (4)2
/ /
≫ 𝑢= 2 +1 = 9 −2 Extract the square
root then simplify
=9
4
= 27− 2 2 = 6 − 2
9

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Exercises: Solve the following integrals

(1) x+1)2

(2)

(3)