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MTH30105/MTH30605
MATHEMATICS
TOPIC 4 – Integration

Prepared by : Tee Lee Hong

Presented by : Afiq Arif Aminuddin Jafry
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Outline:
oWhat is integration
oBasic rules of integration
oIntegration for power function
oIntegration for rational function
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What is integration?
• Differential Calculus cuts something into small pieces to find how it
changes.

• Integral Calculus joins (integrates) the small pieces together to find how
much there is.
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Introduction to integration
• Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many more:

• Let’s look at area under the curve of a function like this:

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Introduction to integration
• We can calculate the area
under the function at few points
and add up slices of width ∆𝒙𝒙
like the figure.

 the answer wont be accurate

• To improve the accuracy, we

can make ∆𝒙𝒙 a lot smaller and
add up many small slices

 the answer is getting more

accurate
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What is integration?
• As the slices approaches
zero in width, the answer
approaches the true
answer

 We write 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 to mean

that ∆𝒙𝒙 slices are
approaching zero

Use the shortcut method

There is a lot of  Integration which is
the reverse of
adding up!! differentiation
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Integration

We write the answer as :

Why we need to
put a C?
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Why need plus C?

• C is the constant of
integration.

• It is because of all the

functions whose
derivative of 2𝑥𝑥:

• The derivatives of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4 • So when we reverse the

is 2𝑥𝑥; The derivatives of operation (to find integral),
𝑥𝑥 2 + 99 is also 2𝑥𝑥  we only know 2𝑥𝑥 + C (a
because the derivative of constant of any value)
a constant is zero
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Learning outcomes
Find antiderivative of a function from its known derivative

To use basic rules of integration in solving questions

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Antiderivative from known derivative

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Antiderivative from known derivative

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Antiderivative from known derivative – Example 1

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Find ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and then ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

Solution:

1
Move the constant out:
2
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Antiderivative from known derivative – Example 2

2 1
Find ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and then ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝑥𝑥−1 2𝑥𝑥−1

Solution:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥−1
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Basic rules of integration

� 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐

� 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 & 𝑐𝑐 are constants

𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛+1
� 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛𝑛 + 1

� 𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 is constant

� 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ± � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Basic rules of integration – Example 3

Integrate the following with respect to the variable used:

a. 4𝑥𝑥 2

b. 𝑡𝑡 3 + 4𝑡𝑡 2

2
c.
𝑥𝑥

d. 2𝑤𝑤 + 1 2
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Basic rules of integration – Example 3

a. ∫ 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑥𝑥 2+1
= + 𝑐𝑐
3
4𝑥𝑥 3
= + 𝑐𝑐
3

b. ∫ 𝑡𝑡 3 + 4𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ∫ 𝑡𝑡 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4 ∫ 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡 4 𝑡𝑡 3
= + 𝑐𝑐1 + 4 + 𝑐𝑐2
4 3
𝑡𝑡 4 4𝑡𝑡 3
= + + 𝑐𝑐3
4 3 Where 𝑐𝑐3 = 𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑐2
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Basic rules of integration – Example 3

2 d. ∫ 2𝑤𝑤 + 1 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
c. ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
1
= −2
2 � 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(4𝑤𝑤 2 +4𝑤𝑤 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1
𝑥𝑥 −2+1 = 4 � 𝑤𝑤 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4 � 𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=2 + 𝑐𝑐
1
2 𝑤𝑤 2+1 𝑤𝑤 1+1
1 =4 +4 + 𝑤𝑤 + 𝑐𝑐
= 4𝑥𝑥 2
+ 𝑐𝑐 3 2
= 4 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐 4𝑤𝑤 3
= + 2𝑤𝑤 2 + 𝑤𝑤 + 𝑐𝑐
3
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Type of functions:
• Power function

• Rational function

• Exponential function

• Trigonometric function

• Others
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Power function
1. Use the basic rules of integration:

2. Integration by substitution to solve functions like

(𝑥𝑥 − 1)5
(2𝑥𝑥 + 1)5
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Power function (Substitution) – Example 1

Expand the function and

integrate using basic rules
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Power function (Substitution) – Example 1

For integration by substitution:

Let
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Power function (Substitution) – Example 2

Integrate ∫ 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
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Power function - summary

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Power function – integration by substitution

Derivative of the (3𝑥𝑥 − 2)

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Integration – Rational function

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Rational function
Can be solved using integration by substitution:

√ No issue

How to solve
this?
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Rational function – Substitution – Example 1

First recall:
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Rational function – Substitution – Example 2

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Rational function – by substitution

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Rational function – Integration by partial fraction

3𝑥𝑥
Integrate
2𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−1

Steps:

3𝑥𝑥
1. Express in term of partial faction
2𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−1

2. Integration by partial fraction

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Rational function – integration by partial fraction

Denominator with
linear factor

Substitute ,
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Rational function – integration by partial fraction

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Integration by partial fraction

Denominator with
repeated linear factor
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Integration by partial fraction

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THANK YOU~