Title:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Objectives:
1. To identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. To identify the differences between animal and plant cells.
Introduction:
As living organisms on this planet, we have distinct body systems that include various types of
cells. These cells can be categorized into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and further
differentiated into animal and plant cells. What are the key distinctions between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, as well as between animal and plant cells? Additionally, what shapes do these
cells take, and how do they function within our bodies?
As living entities in the world, we possess diverse bodily systems composed of specialized cells.
These cells can be classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic categories, with further distinctions
between animal and plant cells. What sets prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells apart, and how do
animal and plant cells differ? Furthermore, what shapes do these cells assume, and what roles do
they play in the functioning of our bodies?
Hypothesis:
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Differences between animal and plant cells.
Materials:
Prokaryotic cells: Bacteria cells
1. Plain yogurt
2. Flat toothpicks
3. Slides
4. Compound microscope
5. Cover slips
6. Dropper bottle of water
Eukaryotic cells: Animal cells
1. Chicken liver cells
2. Slides
3. Cover slips
4. Dropper bottle of water
5. Methylene blue stain
6. Forceps
7. Spatula
8. Tooth picks
9. Compound microscope
Plant cells
1. Onion bulb
2. Clean slides
3. Coverslips
4. Distilled water
5. Forceps
6. Microscope
Procedure:
Prokaryotic cells
1. The flat end of a toothpick was used to place a tiny drop of yogurt onto a clean slide.
2. A drop of water was added, and it was mixed thoroughly with the yogurt.
3. A cover slip was placed, and observations were made under low and high magnification. The
observation was drawn.
Eukaryotic cells
1. The cut piece of chicken liver was held using forceps, and its surface was scraped with a
toothpick or spatula to obtain some chicken liver cells.
2. The scraped chicken liver cells were placed into a drop of water on a clean slide and agitated,
so that the cells dispersed. It was covered with a cover slip.
3. A drop of methylene blue stain was added to one edge of the cover slip without removing the
cover slip. Then, the stain was drawn under the cover slip by touching a piece of filter paper to
the opposite side of the cover slip.
4. Gentle pressure was applied, helping to spread the cells into a single layer and removing
excess stain.
5. Observations were made under low and high magnification, examining the structures of the
chicken liver cells.
6. The nucleus was found.
7. All the structures seen were drawn and labeled.
Plant cells
1. The onion bulb was cut into quarters, and one of the fleshy scale leaves (the inner face of the
scale being easier to remove) was removed.
2. The onion scale was bent backward until it snapped, producing a ragged piece of epidermis.
3. A small piece of epidermis was removed using forceps, spread evenly in a drop of water, and
observed under low magnification.
4. The cell wall and cytoplasm were identified.
5. The light source was adjusted to obtain a clear image of the nucleus.
6. High magnification was changed to, and the structures observed were drawn and labeled.
