Ateneo de Zamboanga University

The Jesuit University in Western Mindanao, Philippines

Since 1912
Senior High School
BIOLOGY 1
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Name/s: Jahari, Fatima Reema G. Group #: 3
Morales, Rizzalyn V. Section: 12 STEM - RICCATI
Sacdalan, Luchie O. Date Performed: July 25, 2019
Pangan, Julius Caezr M.
Callagon, Cris Benedic B.

ACTIVITY 2
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

I. OBJECTIVES

a) To be able to recognize the differences between animal cells and plant cells.
b) To be able to compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
c) To be able to find and identify microorganisms from a sample of hay infusion

II. INTRODUCTION

Understanding the idea of cell structure and its capacity is essential to understand
organisms. All organisms are composed of cells, whether they exist as single cells, colonies
of cells, or in multicellular form. These fundamental units are which we called the Prokaryotic
cells and Eukaryotic cells. The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic
features: a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

However, the cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes since prokaryotes
lacks a nucleus and an example of this is the animal cells while in eukaryotes, it has nucleus
which includes the plant cells.

In this laboratory activity, we were able to investigate some of the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. And we were able to see it with the help of the microscope. We
examined spirillum, spirulina, coccus, green algae volvox, ulothrix, and bacillus subtilis. We
also examined the plant cells, animal cells, and the hay infusion which we prepared five days
before the said laboratory activity. In this laboratory activity, we were given the privilege to
better understand the unique functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

E / O / L: ______
III. DATA AND RESULTS

RECORDS

Part I. Examining Prepared Slides

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Magnification: Low Power Objective Magnification: Low Power Objective

Specimen: Ulothrix Specimen: Spirillum

Magnification: Low Power Objective Magnification: Low Power Objective

Specimen: Green Algae Volvox Specimen: Spirulina

Magnification: Low Power Objective Magnification: Low Power Objective

Specimen: Coccus Specimen: Bacillus

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 These are the prepared slides looks like when seen under the microscope. Each prepared slides
uses one objective only which we called the low power objective.

Part II. Examining Plant Cells

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Magnification: Scanner Magnification: Low Power Objective

Specimen: Onion Skin with Iodine Specimen: Onion Skin with Iodine

Magnification: HPO
Specimen: Onion Skin with Iodine

The drawings shown are the sample’s plant cell when plant cells are seen under the microscope.
An onion with iodine and methylene blue.

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Part III. Examining Animal Cells

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Magnification: Scanner Magnification: Low Power Objective

Specimen: Cheek Cell Specimen: Cheek Cell

Magnification:
Specimen:

These are the examined plant cells when water was gently scraped with a used toothpick.

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PART IV. Examining Hay Infusion

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Magnification: Scanner Magnification: Low Power Objective

Specimen: Drop of Hay Infusion Specimen: Drop of Hay Infusion
Microorganism: Roundworms Microorganism: Ciliates

Magnification: High Power Objective

Specimen: Drop of Hay Infusion
Microorganism: Flatworms

After examining the hay infusion, different microorganisms were seen such as roundworms,
flatworms and ciliates. Each lies under scanner, low power objective and high power objective that
contain different magnifications.

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IV. GUIDE QUESTIONS

ANALYSIS
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1. What type of cells did the cheek cells represent? What about the onion cells? Why?

Cheek cells are animal cell because they don’t have a cell wall while onion cells are plant
cell because they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and a large
vacuole. Cheek cells consist of a specific type of epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium.
Animal cells may have vacuoles, but they are not present as a single, large, central reservoir
but as several lesser reservoirs distributed through the cell. The cell wall of an onion and
other plants are made up of cellulose, which protects the cell and maintains its shape.

2. Why did we have to stain the cells?

The most fundamental reason as to why cells are stained is to upgrade visualization
of the cell or certain cell part under a microscope. Cells may likewise be stained to feauture
metabolism procedures or to differentiate among live and dead cells.

3. What structures are observed in both plant and animal cells have? Explain.

Since they are both eukaryotic cells, both contains common organelles such as the
nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and
peroxisomes. Mitochondria and ribosomes in both plant cells and animal cells helps process
energy and nutrients.

4. What structures are uniquely present in plant and animal cells?

Most organelles are common in both animal and plant cell. Plant cells proudly
presents cell wall that serves several unique purposes including plant cell’s interacting with
water. However, plant cells also have features that animal cells do not have: a cell wall. A
large central vacuole, and plasmids such as chloroplast. While in animal cells, the lysosomes
are uniquely present that is also called “garbage disposal”.

E / O / L: ______
 5. Create a table that shows similarities and difference between

a. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms

DIFFERENCES: Page |
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Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
Nucleus Present Absent Features
Number of More than one One--but
Cells not
chromosomes true
chromosome:
Plasmids
Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually
unicellular
(some
cyanobacteria
may be
multicellular)
True Membrane bound Present Absent
Nucleus
Example Animals and Plants Bacteria and
Archaea
Genetic Meiosis and fusion of gametes Partial,
Recombination unidirectional
transfers DNA
Lysosomes and Present Absent
peroxisomes
Microtubules Present Absent or rare
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent
Mitochondria Present Absent
Cytoskeleton Present May be absent
DNA wrapping on Eukaryotes wrap their DNA around proteins Multiple
proteins. called histones. proteins act
together to fold
and condense
prokaryotic
DNA. Folded
DNA is then
organized into
a variety of
conformations
that are
supercoiled
and wound
around
tetramers of the
HU protein.
Ribosomes larger smaller
Vesicles Present Present
Golgi apparatus Present Absent

Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent;

chlorophyll

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 scattered in the
cytoplasm
Flagella Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually Submicroscopic
arranged as nine doublets surrounding two in size,
singlets composed of
only one fiber
Permeability of Selective not present Page |
Nuclear Membrane 8
Plasma membrane Yes Usually no
with steroid
Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi (chemically Usually
simpler) chemically
complex
Vacuoles Present Present
Cell size 10-100um 1-10um

SIMILARITIES:

Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell

Vesicles Present Present

Vacuoles Present Present

b. Plant cell and Animal cell

Features Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Shape Round (irregular Rectangular (fixed shape)
shape)
Cell Wall Absent Present and is formed of cellulose
Cell Membrane Present Present and is covered by the cell wall
Nucleus Present Present
Vacuole One or more small A large central vacuole taking up 90% of
vacuoles the cell volume
Plastids Present Present
Chloroplast Absent Present and make their own food
Endoplasmic Present Present
Reticulum
Ribosomes Present Present
Mitochondria Present Present

The tables shown are basically about the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells
and eukaryotic cells. Same goes to the animal and plant cells.

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REFLECTION/ENRICHMENT

1. When vacuoles lose too much water, the plants wilt. Knowing this, what can you do to
lengthen the life of your garden plants, especially during hot days? Why? How does it
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help in the survival of garden plants? 9

Extreme conditions and record-breaking temperatures can wreak havoc on your plants.Some
plants are able to survive droughts because of their unique structures. These structural features
include the external armor of plants that protects them against water loss, as well as tools to help
the plants absorb and store water. So proper watering is key to indoor plant care. Though over-
watering is the most efficient way to kill your houseplant, heat and sun cause water to evaporate
from soil at much faster rates. In preparation for a heat wave, be sure to give your plants a deep
watering. Plants get sunburn, too. Moving them on a shady place helps the vacuole prevent on
losing water and helps the plants to survive since vacuole serves as one of the nutrients of plants.

2. Cell wall is a unique structure of a plant cell. What do you think will happen if animal cell
has cell wall?

Well, if animal cell could have cell wall, a few things would happen. One example is the
flexibility of cells would decrease significantly as cell walls act as a rigid barrier and hence the body
would be reduced in flexibility. A cell wall composed of cellulose on each animal cell would be quite
a problem for a lot of tissue. Second example is that cells would not be able to transport material in
and out of the cell as easily with a cell wall. A lot of large molecules would therefore not manage to
go in and out of cells that otherwise cannot without a vacuole of through certain cases of active
transport. If it would have cell wall, it might not be able to do it usual activities such as running and
eating and any other sufficient necessities.

3. Do you know someone who smokes? Now that you are fully aware of one of the effects
of cigarette smoking to the respiratory system, would you approach him or her regarding
the effects of smoking to his or her health? What will you tell him or her?

Yes. In different places with strangers. Some are even whom I talked to. But there’s this
someone from my high school days who have been smoking nonstop. Since we are close, I’ve been
also telling him that smoking can cause lung disease since it damages his airways and the small air
sacs found in his lungs. Ever since I was a kid, I already had the knowledge about how bad smoking
could be. Smoking can cause fatal diseases such as pneumonia, emphysema and lung cancer.
Smoking fatally destroys our respiratory causing respiratory tract infections increased. Smoking also
causes unattractive problems such as bad breath, stained teeth, gum disease and can also damage
your sense of taste. The most serious damaging smoking causes in your mouth and throat is an

E / O / L: ______
 increased risk of cancer in your lips, tongue, throat, voice box and esophagus. Smoking doesn’t just
destroys the doer but also the other people who accidentally inhales the second-smoke degree.

V. CONCLUSION / INSIGHTS
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All throughout this laboratory activity, we were able to see the hidden beauty of
microorganisms with the help of using the microscope. We could definitely say that prokaryotes
and eukaryotes have their own properties which means that se two are possibly different and
sometimes similar in so many ways. We therefore conclude that:

1. Both organisms are composed of cells, the basic unit of life.

2. The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that the
eukaryotes contains nucleus.
3. Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells and contains a true nucleus.
Animal and plant cells obtain the energy they need to grow and maintain
normal cellular function through the process of cellular respiration.
4. Plant cells can be larger than animal cells.
5. Animal cells do not have a cell wall but have a cell membrane. Plant cells
have a cell wall composed of cellulose as well as a cell membrane.
6. In our hay infusion, microorganisms like roundworms, flatworms, ciliates
were present. Each level of hay infusion produces different microoganisms.

VI. REFERENCES

Tea6, K. T., S, P., Sehgal, P., Jasuja, N., & Smrrnagogeta. (n.d.). In conclusion prokaryotes and
eukaryotes are both different and similar in many. Retrieved July 29, 2019, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p6nkt07/In-conclusion-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-are-both-
different-and-similar-in-many/

Robinson, P. (n.d.). The Cell Structure of an Onion. Retrieved July 11, 2019, from
https://sciencing.com/cell-structure-onion-5438440.html

Anderson, H. (n.d.). Onion Cells Under the Microscope - Requirements, Preparation and Observation.
Retrieved 2019, from https://www.microscopemaster.com/onion-cells-
microscope.html?fbclid=IwAR0yogvoxijJkVQr81JSI8JCPSUw0qlEgQ4etVR2pGwfSjklbDSqflm
Ox0Q

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Effects of smoking on the body | Smokefree. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/smokefree/why-
quit/smoking-health-
problems?fbclid=IwAR3dhbdKIzkTquyYSH_K1iBNWuDxe8srvlanyzp2P5rijtOPj8HPBJVwMVQ

SEER Training Modules, Cell Structure. U. S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute.
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(2008, September 28). Retrieved from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/. 11

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