CARNOT CYCLE DIESEL CYCLE DUAL CYCLE

Efficiency: Efficiency: Efficiency:

W net
e cycle= W net W net
QA e cycle= e cycle=
QA QA
QR
e cycle=1− QR QR
QA e cycle=1− e cycle=1−
QA Q AT
Heat Added: B C
Q A =T h ∆ S e cycle=1− e cycle=1−
A A
Heat Rejected:
k
k r p r cut −1
r cut −1 C=
B= ( r p−1 ) + r p k ( r cut −1 )
Q R=T l ∆ S k ( r cut −1 )
Heat Added:
Work: Heat Added: Q AT =Q Av +Q Ap
Q A =m c v ( T 3−T 2 )
W net =Q A −Q R Q Av=mc v (T 3−T 2)
W net =∆ T ∆ S Heat Rejected: Q Ap=m c p (T 4−T 3 )

Heat Rejected:
4
Q R=m c v ( T 4 −T 1)
W net =∑ W NF
1 Work: Q R=m c v ( T 5−T 1 )
Mean Effective Pressure: W net =Q A −Q R Work:
W net W net = pmep V D
pm = W net =Q AT −QR
VD
Volume Displaced: W net = pmep V D
Expansion Ratio: V D=V max−V min
V3
r eT = V D=V max−V c
V2 Volume Displaced:
V4 Clearance Volume: V D=V max−V min
r ek = V c =c V d
V3 V D=V max−V c
V max V c =V min
re= Clearance Volume:
V min Cut-Off Volume: V c =c V d
V cut =V 3−V 2
V c =V min
Clearance:
Cut-Off Volume:
Compression Ratio: c=
1 V cut =V 4 −V 3
V4 r c −1
r cT = Clearance:
V1 Compression Ratio:
V1 1 1
r ck = r c =1+ c=
V2 c r c −1
V max V max Compression Ratio:
r= rc=
 W net V4 Expansion Ratio:
V D= re=
pm V3 V5
re=
Cut-Off Ratio: V4
V3 Cut-Off Ratio:
OTTO CYCLE r cut =
V2
r cut =
V4
Efficiency: Power: V3
W net P= ṁ ( wnet ) Pressure Ratio:
e cycle= p3
QA r p=
QR p2
e cycle=1−
QA IDEAL BRAYTON
1
e cycle=1−
A CYCLE
k−1
A=r c Efficiency:
Heat Added: e cycle=
W net
Q A =m c v ( T 3−T 2 ) QA
1
Heat Rejected: e cycle=1− k−1
k
ACTUAL BRAYTON
Q R=m c v ( T 4 −T 1) r p

( T 3−T 4 )− ( T 2−T 1 ) CYCLE

Work: e cycle = Heat Added:
T 3−T 2
W net =Q A −Q R '
Q A =m c p (T 3−T 2 )
'

W net = pmep V D
Heat Added:
Q A =m c p (T 3−T 2 ) Heat Rejected:
Volume Displaced: Heat Rejected:
'
Q R=m c p (T 4−T 1)
V D=V max−V min
V D=V max−V c
Q R=m c p (T 4−T 1) Work:
Work: W net =W T −W C
Clearance Volume:
V c =c V d
W net =W T −W C Turbine Work:
V c =V min Turbine Work: '
W T =m c p (T 3−T 4)
'

Clearance: W T =m c p (T 3−T 4) Compressor Work:

1 Compressor Work: '
W C =m c p (T 2−T 1)
c=
r c −1
W C =m c p (T 2−T 1) Turbine Efficiency:
Compression Ratio: Compression Ratio: '
1 WT
r c =1+ V1 eT =
c rc= WT
V2
Compressor Efficiency:
 V max Pressure Ratio: WC
rc= e C= '
V min p2 WC
r p=
Power: p1 Pressure Ratio:
P= ṁ ( wnet ) Back Work Ratio: p2
r p=
WC p1
rb =
WT Back Work Ratio:
WC
rb =
WT

BRAYTON w/
REGENERATOR
Efficiency:
BRAYTON w/ e cycle=
W net

REHEATER QA
( T 4−T 5 )− ( T 2−T 1 )
Efficiency: e cycle =
T 4−T 3
W net
e cycle=
Q AT Heat Added:
Q A =m c p (T 4 −T 3)
Heat Added Combustor:
Q AC =m c p (T 3−T 2) Heat Rejected:
Heat Added Reheater: Q R=m c p (T 6−T 1)
Q AR=mc p (T 5−T 4 ) Heat Regenerated (Ideal):
Q REG =m c p ( T 5−T 6 )
Total Heat Added:
Q AT =Q AC +Q AR Heat Regenerated (Actual):
Heat Rejected: '
Q REG=m c p ( T 3−T 2 )
Q R=m c p (T 6−T 1) Work:
Work: W T =m c p ( T 4 −T 5)
W net =W TT −W C W C =m c p ( T 2−T 1)
Turbine Work: W net =W T −W C

W HPT =mc p ( T 3 −T 4 )
Regenerator Effectiveness:
'
Qreg
W LPT =m c p ( T 5−T 6 ) e r=
Qreg
 W TT =W HPT +W LPT T 3−T 2
e r=
T 5−T 6∨2
Compressor Work:
W C =m c p (T 2−T 1)
 IDEAL RANKINE IDEAL RANKINE w/ RANKINE w/ OFWH
CYCLE SUPERHEATING REGEN
Efficiency: Heat Added: Efficiency:
W net Q A =T ave ∆ S W net
e cycle= e cycle=
QA Enthalpy and Entropy: QA
( h1 −h2 )−( h4 −h3 ) h1=h@ p ∧T Heat Added:
e cycle= 1 1

h1−h4 ∆ S=S max −S min ¿ Q A =ms ( h1−h7 )

Heat Added: Heat Rejected:
Q A =ms (h 1−h4 )
Q R=(1−mes )(h3 −h4 )
Heat Rejected: RANKINE w/ OFWH Turbine Work:
Q R=ms (h2−h3 )
Turbine Work:
REGEN W HPT =ms ( h1−h2 )
Efficiency: W LPT =(1−mes ) ( h3−h 4 )
W T =ms ( h1 −h2 ) W net
e cycle= W TT =W HPT +W LPT
QA
W T =ms ( h1 −h2 )−∆ KE Pump Work:
Pump Work: Heat Added:
Q A =ms ( h1−h9 ) W P 1=(1−mes ) ( h5−h 4 )
W P=ms ( h 4−h3 ) W P 2=ms ( h7 −h6 )
Heat Rejected:
Approximate Pump Work: Q R=(1−mes )(h3 −h4 ) W PT =W P 1 +W P 2
Turbine Work: Work:
W P=v f 3 ( p4 − p3 )
W HPT =ms ( h1−h2 ) W net =W TT −W PT
Work: W LPT =(1−mes ) ( h2−h3 ) W net =Q A −Q R
W net =W T −W P W TT =W HPT +W LPT
Enthalpy and Entropy:
W net =Q A −Q R Pump Work: h1=h@ p ∧T (sprhtd )
1 1

Steam Rate: W P 1=(1−mes ) ( h5−h 4 )

h2 =h@ S ∧ p
W P 2=mes ( h 8−h7 )
2 2

ṁ 3600
SR= = h3 =ntrplt
P W net W PT =W P 1 +W P 2
Work: h 4=h f @ p condenser

Back Work Ratio:

WP W net =W TT −W PT h5 =W P 1+ h4
rb = ; W p >W T
WT
Enthalpy and Entropy: W net =Q A −Q R h6 =hf @ p extraction

h1=hg@ p boiler
Enthalpy and Entropy: h7 =W P 2+ h6
h2 =h@ p ∧S h1=h@ p ∧T (sprhtd )
2 2
1 1 h7 =v f 6 ( p7− p 6)+h6
h3 =hf @ p condenser
h2 =h@ S ∧ p
2 2
S1=S 2=S 3

h 4=w p +h3 h3 =ntrplt Extracted Steam:

h 6−h5
S2=S 1=S g @ p h 4=h f @ p mes =
boiler condenser
h 2−h5
h5 =W P 1+ h4 Optimum Pressure for Extraction:
p6 = p 2
h5 =v f 4 ( p5 −p 4 )+ h4
RANKINE w/ REHEAT h6 =h7 ; assume p6= p sat @T
Efficiency: 6

W net h7 =hf @ p
e cycle= extraction

Q AT h 8=W P 2+ h7
Heat Added: RANKINE w/ REHEAT
h 8=v f 7 ( p8− p 7)+h7
Q A =ms ( h1−h6 )
Q ARe =ms ( h3−h 2 ) S2=S 1=S @ P ∧T & OFWH REGEN
Efficiency:
1 1

Extracted Steam:
Heat Rejected: h9−h 6 e cycle=
W net
Q R=ms (h4 −h5 ) mes @ MC = QA
h8−h 6
Turbine Work: h7 −h5 Heat Added:
mes @ CFWH = Q A =ms ( h1−h8 )
h2 −h5
W HPT =ms ( h1−h2 )
Q ARe =( 1−ms ) ( h3−h2 )
W LPT =ms ( h3−h4 ) Q AT =Q A +Q ARe
Pump Work:
RANKINE w/ REHEAT
W P=ms ( h 6−h5 )
& CFWH REGEN Heat Rejected:
Q R=(1−mes )(h 4−h 5)
W P=v f 5 ( p6− p 5 ) Efficiency:
W net Turbine Work:
Work: e cycle=
QA W HPT =ms ( h1−h2 )
W net =W TT −W P Heat Added: W LPT =(1−mes ) ( h3−h 4 )
Q A =ms ( h1−h9 )
W net =Q AT −QR W TT =W HPT +W LPT
Q ARe =( 1−ms ) ( h3−h2 )
Enthalpy and Entropy: Pump Work:
 h1=h@ p ∧T Q AT =Q A +Q ARe W P 1=(1−mes ) ( h6−h5 )
1 1

W P 2=ms ( h 8−h7 )
h2 =ntrplt wet vap S 2< S g
Heat Rejected: W PT =W P 1 +W P 2
h2 =hg ; S 2=S g Q R=(1−mes )(h 4−h 5)
satvap
Work:
h2 =h@ S ∧ p Turbine Work:
2 2
W net =W TT −W PT
W HPT =ms ( h1−h2 )
h3 =h@ p ∧T ; T 3 =T 1
3 3
W LPT =(1−mes ) ( h3−h 4 ) W net =Q AT −QR
h 4=ntrplt W TT =W HPT +W LPT
Extracted Steam:
h5 =hf @ p Pump Work: h 7−h6
condenser
mes =
W P 1=(1−mes ) ( h6−h5 ) h 2−h6
h6 =W p +h 5
W P 2=mes ( h 9−h8 )
S1=S 2=S @ p ∧T
W PT =W P 1 +W P 2
1 1

ACTUAL RANKINE Work:

CYCLE W net =W TT −W PT
Efficiency:
' W net =Q AT −QR
' W net
e =
cycle
QA
'
Extracted Steam:
Heat Added: h 8−h6
mes =
Q'A =ms ( h1−h'4 ) h2−h6

Heat Rejected:
Q'R=ms ( h'2−h3 )
Turbine Work:
'
W T =W T eT

Pump Work:
' WP
W P=
eP
W 'P=ms ( h'4 −h3 )

Work:
 ' ' '
W net =W T −W P
' '
W net =Q A −Q R

RANKINE w/ REHEAT &

(O/C) FWH REGEN

Extracted Steam:
h11 −h9
mes 1 @ CFWH =
h2−h9
h8−h7
mes 2 @ OFWH =(1−mes 1)
h4−h9
 SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR TWO STAGE COMPRESSOR
Isentropic Compression Work: Compression Work:
W p V =−∆ H
k W saved=W wc−(W C 1 +W C 2 )

[( ) ]
k ( pd V d − ps V s ) n−1
W pV = k
1−k
W C 1=
n
n−1 ( )
psV s
px
ps
n
−1

[( ) ]
k−1
kp V pd W C 1=W C 2
W pV k = s s k
−1
1−k ps
W CT =2W C1
Isothermal Compression Work:
W pV =Q Intercooler Pressure:
p x =√ p s p d
Heat Rejected in Intercooler:
W pV = ps V s ln
( )
ps
pd Q x =m c p ( T x −T s )

W pV =ms R T 1 ln
( ) ps
pd THREE STAGE COMPRESSOR
Polytropic Compression Work: Compression Work:
W p V =Q−∆ H
n
W saved=W wc−(W C 1 +W C 2 +W c3 )

n ( p d V d −p s V s )

[( ) ]
n−1
W pV = n
1−n W C 1= ( )
n
n−1
psV s
px
ps
n
−1

[( ) ]
n−1
np V pd
W pV n = s s n
−1 W C 1=W C 2=W C 3
1−n ps
W CT =3W C 1
Actual Work:
' WC
WC=
eo
Intercooler Pressure:
Mechanical Efficiency: p x =√ p 2s pd
3

W IC p y = √ p s p2d
3
e m=
W BC
W IC
e m=
W IE
Heat Rejected in Intercooler:
Q x =m c p ( T x −T s )
Compression Efficiency: Q x =Q y