Theory:

10-1C: The turbine has to handle steam with low quality which will cause erosion and
wear in turbine blades.
10-2C: The excessive moisture content in steam causes erosion on the turbine blades.
This lowers the efficiency of the turbine. The max allowed moisture content is about 10-
12%
10-7C: four processes make up the simple ideal Rankine cycle:
+ 1-2: Isentropic compression
+ 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition in boiler
+ 3-4: Isentropic expansion
+ 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser
10–8C:
+ Pump work input: increased
+ Turbine work output: increased
+ Heat supplied: increased
+ heat rejected: Decreased
+ Cycle efficiency: increases
+ Moisture content at turbine exit: Increases
10-9C:
+ Pump work input: increases
+ turbine work output: Increases
+ Heat supplied: Increases
+ Heat rejected: decreases
+ cycle efficiency: increases
+ Moisture content at turbine exit: Increases
10-10C:
+ Pump work input: remains the same
+ Turbine work output: increases
+ Heat supplied: increases
+ Heat rejected: increase
+ Cycle efficiency: increases
+ Moisture content at turbine exit: decreases
10-11C: The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle as a result of
irreversibilities in various components.
10-12C:
a/ actual cycles will have a significant pressure drop in the boiler, and therefore the exit
pressure will be somewhat lower compared to the inlet pressure of boiler.
b/ In ideal case inlet and outlet pressure will be the same because there will be no
pressure loss in the boiler.
10-14C: Yes, Because the saturation temperature of steam at 10kpa is 45.81˚C. Since the
cooling water is less than the saturation temperature it will work.
10-31C:
Yes, there is an optimal pressure for reheating steam in a Rankine cycle, typically
considered to be around 20-25% of the boiler pressure
10-32C:
+ Pump work input: increases
+ Turbine work output: remains the same
+ Heat supplied: increases
+ Heat rejected: remains the same
+ Moisture content at turbine exit: remains the same
10-33C:
The simple ideal Rankine cycle will have a higher thermal efficiency than the ideal
Rankine cycle with three reheat stages.
10-44C:
- Understanding Thermal Efficiency in Thermal Power Plants
- Discussing Heat Transfer and Carnot Cycle Assumption
- Introduce Regeneration in Thermal Power Plants
- Explain the Benefits of Regeneration
- Justifying the Action of Extracting Steam
10-45C:
They both have the same efficiency because the simple ideal Rankine cycle and an ideal
regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater would both have the same
efficiency because the extraction steam would just create a mini cycle that recirculates.
The energy given to the feedwater heater is proportional to the added heat in the boiler to
the feedwater in the simple cycle to raise its temperature to the same boiler inlet
condition.
10-46C:
Open feedwater heaters directly mix the extracted steam with the feedwater in a single
chamber, while closed feedwater heaters keep the steam and feedwater separate, with heat
transferred via a solid wall in a shell and tube exchanger.
10-47C:
+ Turbine work output: Decreases
+ Heat supplied: Decreases
+ Heat rejected: Decreases
+ Moisture content at turbine: Decreases
10-80C:
In a combined gas-steam cycle, the energy source for the steam is the waste heat
generated by the gas turbine exhaust.
10-81C:
A combined gas-steam cycle is more efficient than either cycle operated alone because it
utilizes the waste heat from the gas turbine to generate steam.
Exercise:
10-3:
10-15A:
State 1: Exit of the condenser (saturated liquid at 30 kPa)
State 2: Exit of the pump (compressed liquid at 3 MPa)
State 3: Exit of the boiler (superheated steam at 3 MPa)
State 4: Exit of the turbine (steam expands to 30 kPa, quality must be at least 85%)
P1 = 30 kPa ( Using table A- 5 )
=> h1 = hf = 289.27 kJ/kg
=> s1 = sf = 0.9441 kJ/kg.K
=> v1 = vf = 0.001022 m3/kg
The work done by the pump is: Wp = v1(P2−P1)
With P2 = 3 MPa = 3000 kPa and s2 = s1
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.001022 × ( 3000 – 30 ) = 3.04 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 289.27 + 3.04 = 292.3 kJ/kg
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 289.27 + 0.85 × 2335.3= 2274.3 kJ/kg
h3 = 3115.5 kJ/kg
qin = h3 – h2 = 3115.5 - 292.3 = 2823.2 kJ/kg
qout = h4 – h1 = 2274.3 - 289.27 = 1985.03 kJ/kg
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 1985.03
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.297 = 29.7%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2823.2
10-16:
The data obtained from Tables A-4, A-5 and A-6 is as follows:
P1 = 20 kPa
=> h1 = hf = 251.42 kJ/kg
=> v1 = vf = 0.001017 m3/kg
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.001017 × ( 4000 – 20 ) = 4.05 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 251.42+ 4.05 = 255.47 kJ/kg
P3 = 4000 kPa and T3 = 700˚C
=> s3 = 7.6214 kJ/kg.K and h3 = 3906.3 kJ/kg
P4 = 20 kPa with s3 = s4 = 7.6214 kJ/kg.K
With sf = 0.8320 kJ/kg.K and sfg = 7.0752 kJ/kg.K
 𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 7.6214 − 0.8320
𝑥4 = = = 0.9596
𝑠𝑓𝑔 7.0752
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 251.42 + 0.9596 × 2357.5 = 2513.7 kJ/kg
WT,out = flow(m) × ( h3 – h4 ) = 50 × ( 3906.3−2513.7 ) = 69,63 kW
Wp,in = flow(m) × Wpump,in = 50 × 4.05 = 203 kW
10-17:
T1 = 40˚C
=> P1 = 7.3851 kPa
=> v1 = vf = 0.001008 m3/kg
=> h1 = hf = 167.53 kJ/kg
T2 = 250˚C => P2 = 3976.2 kPa
Wpump,in = v1( P2 – P1 ) = 0.001008 × (3976.2 - 7.3851 ) = 4 kJ/kg
=> h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 167.53 + 4 = 171.53 kJ/kg
T3 = 250˚C => s3 = sg = 6.0721 kJ/kg.K and h3 = hg = 2749.6 kJ/kg
T4 = 40˚C with s3 = s4 = 6.0721 kJ/kg.K
With sf = 0.5724 kJ/kg.K and sfg = 7.6832 kJ/kg.K
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 6.0721 − 0.5724
𝑥4 = = = 0.7158
𝑠𝑓𝑔 7.6832
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 167.53 + 0.7158 × 2406 = 1889.74 kJ/kg
qin = h3 – h2 = 2749.6 - 171.53 = 2578.07 kJ/kg
qout = h4 – h1 = 1889.74 - 167.53 = 1722.21 kJ/kg
Wt = h3 – h4 = 2749.6 - 1889.74 = 859.86 kJ/kg
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 1722.21
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.332 = 33.2%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2578.07
10-21:
With P1 = 100kPa and P2 = 15MPa
The data obtained from Tables A-4, A-5 and A-6 is as follows:
P1 = 100 kPa
=> h1 = hf = 417.51 kJ/kg
=> v1 = vf = 0.001043 m3/kg
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.001043 × ( 15000 – 100 ) = 15.54 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 417.51 + 15.54 = 433.05 kJ/kg
P3 = 15 MPa = 15000 kPa
=> s3 = sg = 5.3108 kJ/kg.K and h3 = hg = 2610.8 kJ/kg
P4 = 100 kPa with s3 = s4 = 5.3108 kJ/kg.K
With hfg = 2257.5 kJ/kg, sf = 1.3028 kJ/kg.K and sfg = 6.0562 kJ/kg.K
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 5.3108 − 1.3028
𝑥4 = = = 0.6618
𝑠𝑓𝑔 6.0562
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 417.51 + 0.6618 × 2257.5 = 1911.52 kJ/kg
qin = h3 – h2 = 2610.8 - 433.05 = 2177.75 kJ/kg
qout = h4 – h1 = 1911.52 - 417.51 = 1494.01 kJ/kg
Wt = h3 – h4 = 699.28 kJ/kg
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 1494.01
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.314 = 31.4%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2177.75
10-22:
We are given;
P3 = 15 MPa
P4 = 100 kPa
At P₃ = 15 MPa = 15000 kPa, from the first table attached, we have;
h3 = hg = 2610.8 kJ/kg and s3 = sg = 5.3108 kJ/kg
Similarly, At P4 = 100 kPa, from the second table attached, we have;
=> hfg = 2257.5 kJ/kg, sf = 1.3028 kJ/kg.K and hf = 417.51 kJ/kg
vf = 0.001043 m3/kg
Since the the steam quality at the outlet of the turbine to be 70 percent, then;
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 417.51 + 0.7 × 2257.5 = 1997.76 kJ/kg
Formula for the quality of the steam is:
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 5.3108 − 1.3028
𝑥𝑠,4 = = = 0.6618
𝑠𝑓𝑔 6.0562
=> hs,4 = hf + xs,4hfg = 417.51 + 0.6618 × 2257.5 = 1911.52 kJ/kg
Formula for h₂ is;
h2 = hf + vf (P3 – P4) = 417.51 + 0.001043(15000 - 100) = 433.05 kJ/kg
Formula for Isentropic efficiency is:
ℎ3 − ℎ4 2610.8 − 1997.76
𝜂𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = = = 0.877 = 87.7%
ℎ3 − ℎ𝑠,4 2610.8 − 1911.52
Formula for **thermal efficiency **here is;
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 1997.76 − 417.51
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.274 = 27.4%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2610.8 − 1911.52
10.25:
P2 = 6000 kPa, P1 = 50 kPa, T3 = 450˚C
ηisentropic = 94% = 0.94
Since water is subcooled by 6.3°C, we first determine its enthalpy.
P1 = 50 kPa => T1 = 81.32˚C
Since the water is subcooled by 6.3°C, its temperature is: T1 = 81.32 − 6.3 = 75.02˚C
P1 = 50 kPa => h1 = hf = 340.54 kJ/kg and v1 = vf = 0.001030 m3/kg
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.00103 × ( 6000 – 50 ) = 6.13 kJ/kg
=> h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 340.54 + 6.13 = 346.67 kJ/kg
P3 = 6000 kPa = 6 MPa and T3 = 450˚C
=> s3 = s = 6.7219 kJ/kg.K and h3 = h = 3302.9 kJ/kg
P4 = 50 kPa with s3 = s4 = 6.7219 kJ/kg.K
With hfg = 2304.7 kJ/kg, sf = 1.0912 kJ/kg.K, sfg = 6.5019 kJ/kg.K and hf = 340.54 kJ/kg
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 6.7219 − 1.0912
𝑥4 = = = 0.866
𝑠𝑓𝑔 6.5019
=> h4s = hf + x4hfg = 340.54 + 0.866 × 2304.7 = 2336.41 kJ/kg
=> h4 = h3 – ηt( h3 - h4s ) = 3302.9 – 0.94 × ( 3302.9 - 2336.41 ) = 2394.4 kJ/kg
qin = h3 – h2 = 3302.9 - 346.67 = 2956.23 kJ/kg
=> Qboiler = m × Qin = 20 × 2956.23 = 59.125 kW
Wpump = m × Wpump,in = 20 × 6.13 = 122 kW
Wturbine = m( h3 – h4 ) = 20 × ( 3302.9 - 2394.4 ) = 18.170 kW
Wnet = Wturbine − Wpump = 18.170 - 122 = 18.0474 kW
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 18.0474
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.305 = 30.5%
𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 59.125
10-28:
Tin = 160˚C, Tout = 90˚C, mgeo = 555.9 kg/s, cp = 4.258 kJ/kg.˚C
Pump inlet: h1 = 273.01 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.001842 m3/kg
Turbine inlet: h3 = 761.54 kJ/kg and P3 = 3.25 MPa
Turbine outlet ( isentropic): h4s = 670.40 kJ/kg
Turbine outlet: h4 = 689.74 kJ/kg and P4 = 410 kPa
Isentropic efficiency of the turbine: ηth = 90% = 0.9
ℎ3 − ℎ4 761.54 − 689.74
𝜂𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = = = 0.7874 = 78.74%
ℎ3 − ℎ𝑠,4 761.54 − 670.40
P2 = 3.25 MPa = 3250 kPa, P1 = 410 kPa
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.001842 × ( 3250 – 410 ) = 5.23 kJ/kg
=> h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 273.01 + 5.23 = 278.24 kJ/kg
qin = h3 – h2 = 761.54 - 278.24 = 483.3 kJ/kg
qgeo = cp(Tin - Tout) = 4.258 × (160 – 90) = 298.06 kJ/kg
𝑚𝑔𝑒𝑜 × 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑜 555.9 × 298.06 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑜 = = = 342.83
𝑞𝑖𝑛 483.3 𝑠
Wturbine = miso( h3 – h4 ) = 342.83 × ( 761.54 - 689.74 ) = 24.62 kW
Wpump = miso × Wpump,in = 342.83 × 5.23 = 1.793 kW
Wnet = Wturbine - Wpump = 24.62 - 1.793 = 22.827 kW
Qin = miso × qin = 342.83 × 483.3 = 165.69 kW
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 22.827
=> 𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.138 = 13.8%
𝑄𝑖𝑛 165.69
10-29:
P1 = 15 kPa, T3 = 550˚C and P2 = 7 MPa = 7000 kPa
The data obtained from Tables A-4, A-5 and A-6 is as follows:
P1 = 15 kPa
=> h1 = hf = 225.94 kJ/kg
=> v1 = vf = 0.001014 m3/kg
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.001014 × ( 7000 – 15 ) = 7.08 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 225.94 + 7.08 = 233.02 kJ/kg
P3 = 7 MPa = 7000 kPa and T3 = 550˚C
=> s3 = 6.9507 kJ/kg.K and h3 = 3531.6 kJ/kg
P4 = 15 kPa with s3 = s4 = 6.9507 kJ/kg.K
With hfg = 2372.3 kJ/kg, sf = 0.7549 kJ/kg.K and sfg = 7.2522 kJ/kg.K and hf = 225.94
kJ/kg
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 6.9507 − 0.7549
𝑥4 = = = 0.8543
𝑠𝑓𝑔 7.2522
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 225.94 + 0.8543 × 2372.3 = 2252.6 kJ/kg
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 2252.6 − 225.94
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.386 = 38.6%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3531.6 − 233.02
𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 × 𝜂𝑡ℎ × 𝜂𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.85 × 0.386 × 0.96 = 0.315 = 31.5%
175000 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = = 18.96 = 68.3 𝑡/ℎ
29300 × 0.315 𝑠
10-38:
P2 = P3 = 8000kPa, T3 = 450˚C, P4 = P5 = 500kPa, T5 = 500˚C, P1 = P6 = 10 kPa, Wnet =
5000 kW = 18000000
The data obtained from Tables A-4, A-5 and A-6 is as follows:
P1 = 10 kPa
=> h1 = hf = 191.81 kJ/kg
=> v1 = vf = 0.00101 m3/kg
=> Wpump,in = v1( P2 − P1 ) = 0.00101 × ( 8000 – 10 ) = 8.07 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + Wpump,in = 191.81 + 8.07 = 199.88 kJ/kg
P3 = 8000 kPa = 8 MPa and T3 = 450˚C
=> s3 = 6.5579 kJ/kg.K and h3 = 3273.3 kJ/kg
P4 = 500 kPa with s3 = s4 = 6.5579 kJ/kg.K
With hfg = 2108 kJ/kg, sf = 1.8604 kJ/kg.K and sfg = 4.9603 kJ/kg.K and hf = 640.09 kJ/kg
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 6.5579 − 1.8604
𝑥4 = = = 0.947
𝑠𝑓𝑔 4.9603
h4 = hf + x4hfg = 640.09 + 0.947 × 2108 = 2636.37 kJ/kg
P5 = 500 kPa = 0.5 MPa and T3 = 500˚C
=> s5 = 8.0893 kJ/kg.K and h5 = 3484.5 kJ/kg
P6 = 10 kPa with s5 = s6 = 8.0893 kJ/kg.K
With hfg = 2392.1 kJ/kg, sf = 0.6492 kJ/kg.K and sfg = 7.4996 kJ/kg.K and hf = 191.81
kJ/kg
𝑠6 − 𝑠𝑓 8.0893 − 0.6492
𝑥6 = = = 0.992
𝑠𝑓𝑔 7.4996
h6 = hf + x6hfg = 191.81 + 0.992 × 2392.1 = 2564.77 kJ/kg
qin = (h3 – h2) + (h5 – h4) = (3273.3 – 199.88 ) + (3484.5 – 2636.37) = 3921.55 kJ/kg
qout = h6 – h1 = 2564.77 - 191.81 = 2372.96 kJ/kg
wnet = qin - qout = 3921.55 - 2372.96 = 1548.59 kJ/kg
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 5000
=> 𝑚 = = = 3.23 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 1548.59
Qin = m × qin = 3.23 × 3921.55 = 12666.6 kJ/s
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 5000
=> 𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.395 = 39.5%
𝑄𝑖𝑛 12666.6
10-40:
P3 = 12.5 MPa, T3 = 550˚C, m3 = 7.7 kg/s
=> h3 = 3476.5 kJ/kg and s3 = 6.6317 kJ/kg.K
P4 = 2 MPa and s3 = s4s = 6.6317 kJ/kg.K
=> h4s = 2948.1 kJ/kg
ℎ3 − ℎ4 3476.5 − ℎ4
𝜂𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = <=> 0.85 = => ℎ4 = 3027.36 kJ/kg
ℎ3 − ℎ𝑠,4 3476.5 − 2948.1
P5 = 2 MPa, T5 = 450˚C
=> h5 = 3358.35 kJ/kg and s5 = 7.2814 kJ/kg.K
moisture content should not exceed 5% => x6 = 0.95
P6 = 9.73 kPa => hf6 = 189.32 kJ/kg and hg6 = 2582.83 kJ/kg.K
h6 = hf + x6(hg - hf) = 189.32 + 0.95 × ( 2582.83 - 189.32 ) = 2463.2 kJ/kg
Wnet = m3[(h3 – h4) + (h5 – h6)] = 7.7 × [(3476.5 – 3027.36) + (3358.35 - 2463.2)]
= 10.35 MW
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 2273.7
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.369 = 36.9%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3603.8
10-48:
hc = 293 kJ/kg, hs = 2790 kJ/kg, he = 504.71 kJ/kg, mc =10 kg/s
(mc + ms)he = mchc + mshs => (10 + ms ) × 504.71 = 10 × 293 +2790ms
=> ms = 0.93 kg/s
10-50:
𝑚6
m6h6 + m2h2 = m3h3, m5 = m2 + m6 and 𝑦 =
𝑚5
m6h6 + m5h2 – m6h2 = m3h5
𝑚6 𝑚6
=> ℎ6 − ℎ = (ℎ3 − ℎ2 )
𝑚5 𝑚5 2
𝑚6 ℎ3 − ℎ2 604.8 − 251.7
𝑦= = = = 0.1463
𝑚5 ℎ6 − ℎ2 2665 − 251.7
qout = (1 − y) × (h7 − h1 ) = (1 − 0.1463) × (2213 − 251.3) = 1674.7 kJ/kg
qin = h5 − h4 = 3302 − 610.9 = 2691.1 kJ/kg

wnet = qin − qout = 2691.1 − 1674.7 = 1016.4 kJ/kg