SAIL, TILIA ID MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Subject: GEC104 Module: 3 (SHrs) Module Title: Mathematical Patterns Module Objectives: 1. To identify number patterns and list the next terms of a sequence 2. To use logic pattems in answering abstract reasoning tests % 3. To describe tessellations and fractals Introduction: When we look around us, we see pattems of designs in nature, in buildings, inside our houses and in our TV and computer screens. Pattems are recurring geometric forms, oF numbers that are sequence in such a way that they follow certain rules. The movement of the solar system follow certain patterns. The arrangements of leaves and number of petals in fowers, have recurring pattems. These pattems have mathematical rules or explanations. This module is divided into three lessons discussing the three common mathematical patterns that we often encounter daily — the number patterns, the logic patterns, and the geometric patiems_ Lesson 1. Number Patterns ‘a. common experience to be confronted with a set of numbers arranged in some order. These numbers are called sequences. The order and arrangement may be given to you or you have to discover a rule for it from the given data. Lesson Objectives: By the end of this lesson you are expected to 1. list the missing terms of a sequence by looking for a pattem 2. generate the next terms in arithmetic and geometric sequences 3. find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence and a geometric sequence 4, recognize examples of Fibonacci sequence in nature Activity: In the town of Cuartero, Capiz the milkman comes every other day to sell goat's milk. He came on May 21. Your friends will visit you in your home in Cuartero on June 16 and you plan to bake them chocolate chip cookies which will be perfect with the goat's milk. Will the milkman come on June 16? How did you come up with your answer? Analysis: Consider that you are given the set of dates 21, 23, 25... arranged from left to right in the order of increasing time. Continuing the set we have 21, 23, 25, ... 31, 2, 4,6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, ... 28, 30, So the answer to our activity question is YES! 2% Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104O@ —_— MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Abstraction: ‘Any such ordered arrangement of a set of numbers is called a sequence. Each of te numbers of a sequence Is called a term of the sequence. The first term is symbolized by a;. second term by az, and so on to a, the nth term. Given at least the first three terms of a sequence, one can find the next term in that sequen by simply discovering a pattern as to how the 3” term is derived from the 2% term, and the 2 term from the 1* term. Either a constant number is added or subtracted or multiplied or divides to get the next term or some series of operations are performed to get the next term. Examples. Find the next term in each of the following sequences. 1. 2. &. 4. 11, 18, 25, 32, ... 1 1. Notice that 7 is added to 11 to get 18, the same is added to 18 to get 25, and the same is added to 25 to get 32. So to get the next term, we add 5 to the last number 32. That is 32+7=39, Thus, the next term is 39. 2. The number 1 is the numerator of all the fractions in the sequence while the denominators 3,7,11,15 form a sequence. The number 4 is added to 3 to get 7, 4 is also added to 7 to get 11, and 4 is added to 11 to get 15. Thus, the next denominator is 15+4=19. Hence, the next term in the sequence is the fraction +. 3. For this example, 2 is multiplied to 8 to get 16, 2 is multiplied to 16 to get 32, and the same number is multiplied to 32 to get 64. So the next term is 128, which is the result of multiplying 2 to 64. 4, The next term is obviously 5 since the terms in the sequence are altemately positive and negative 5. Try this: Examples: Find the next number(s) in the sequence. a) 25; 47 ; 69; ent b) 11, 15, 10, 17,9, 19,8, c) 9,7, 16, 14, 25, 23, 36, d) 341, 452, 563, Now, we discuss the three common types of sequences. 2° Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104CAMEL | ClUMIAKE He © @® MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS |. Arithmetic Sequence Ita sequence of values follows a pattern of adding a fixed amount (always the same) from one term to the next, itis referred to as an arithmetic sequence. The fixed amount is called the common difference, d. To find the common difference, subtract the first term from the second term. ay artd, ay +2d, ar + 3d, ... ar t(net}d \ ‘ first term nth term Example 1. Consider the sequence 6, 9, 12, 15, ... . List the next four terms of the sequence. Notice that a constant number, 3, is added to each term to get the next term. The number 3s the common difference in this arithmetic sequence. That is, d=a,—a,=9-6=3 = a3 —@, = 12— = ay— ay = 15-12 3 Hence, we add 3 to the last number of the sequence, and then continue adding until the next four terms are found. We have 12+3=15 15+3=18 18+3=21 21+3=24 Therefore, the next four terms of the arithmetic sequence are 15, 18, 21, and 24. Now, in looking for the nth term in an arithmetic sequence, we consider the following formula. The nth term a, of an arithmetic sequence with first term a, and common difference d is given by Qn =a, +(n—1)d where n is a positive integer. Example 2. Find the 20" term of the arithmetic sequence 31, 24, 17, ... We have a; = 31,d =—7, and n = 20. Thus, a0 1 +(n-1)d = 31+4(20-1)(-7) = -102 Try this: a) Find the next number in the arithmetic sequence: 3, 7, 14, 15,__ b) Find the missing numbers in the arithmetic sequence: __, 85, 80, 75, _ c) Find the 8” term of the arithmetic sequence: 6, 13, 20, 27 ....___ d) Find the missing terms in the arithmetic sequence: 12, 15, __, ___, 24 2% Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104RNS O@® —_sovule 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTE : - Sequence Wa sequen A values thaws a patem of multiplying a fixed amount from one term to the rent tis teterred to as 2 geometric sequence. The fixed amount is called the common ran We can name the terns of 2 quote sequence USING a1, 22, 2, ad so on. Suppose the nth term 6 define 28 a. 206 the SENOS NAT 2S Gut, THEN Bx = Maus) and thus, r=, as That is, the common rata is ‘ound by dividing any term by ts previous term. This can be used t0 find any termina georatre, sequence. Example 1. Find the next two terms of the geometric sequence 3, 12, 48, .... We first find the common rato. Let 3 be dq; and let 12 be a,. Then In the same manner, we can choose 12 25 a,_, and 48 as. a,. We will arrive at the same common ratio r = 4. Hence, we multiply 4 to the last number of the sequence, and then continue multiplying until the next two terms are found. We have 48 (4) = 192 192 (4) = 768 Therefore, the next two terms of the geometric sequence are 192 and 763. The nth term a, of a geometric sequence with first term a, and common ratio r is given by either formula: Op =Anay"T Of Gy =ay-r™* Example 2. Find the sixth term of the geometric sequence -21, 63, -189, ... We find the common ratio r. We have on Method 1. Use aq = dna“ Method 2. Use a, = ay +r" a, = ay-r? = -21-(-3) = 5103 2 Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 4CAMEL, CULMIAKE 6 Oo @ MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Try this: a) Find the next number in the geometric sequence: 2, 12, 72, _ b) Find the missing numbers in the geometric sequence:5, 10, 20, _ c) Find the 6 term in the geometric sequence: 128,64,32, d) Find the next 2 terms in the geometric sequence: 2, -6, 18, -54,__._ 80, 160 Il, Fibonaccl Sequence The Fibonacci sequence is a set of numbers developed by Leonardo Fibonacci as @ means of solving practical problems. The sequence is formed by starting with 1,1 and adding the two preceding numbers to get the next number. 1,1,2,3, 5,8, 13, 21, Notice the pattern in this sequence. After the second number, each number is the sum of the two numbers that precede it. That is, 2 = 141, 3 = 2+1, 5 = 3+2, 8 = 5+3, and soon. Fibonacci numbers are nature's numbering system. They appear in leaf arrangements, petals of flowers, bracts of pine cones, scales of pineapples and patterns of seashells. Fibonacci sequence in nature: Flowers Sf al 1 Petal 3 Petals 5 Petals aes 8 Petals. 2" Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104® MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS | a _— Fibonacci sequence in nature: Spirals WE iig— be PS) Nautilus Shell Hurricane Galaxy Pos Jaw siteshare nattC Citable Mocnacc sequence eZ 12126 The Golden Ratio, the Golden Rectangle and the Golden Spiral The ratio of 2 successive Fibonacci numbers approach the number ® called the Golden Ratio. Numerically, the Golden ratio is irrational and is noted by the ratio of “5, is approximately equal to 1.618. If the 2 consecutive numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are a and b, then the golden ratio is approximated by: athe k ba at 2 1.600 ata = 16177 = 15 | ae 1.6182 23? = 1.6667 ue 1.619 2° Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104\ SAMNEL, CHUNK OD J ® MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Each square in the rectan: Recta h igle on the right is made using Fibonacci numbers (as mentioned eo before). Start with a 1x1 square, and another 1x1 Goigen Soe square. On top of these draw a 2x2 square. We can now draw a new square, a 3x3, touching both a 1x1 square (or a unit square) and the latest square of side 2 units long. and then another touching both the 2-square and the 3-square (which has sides of 5 units). Continue adding squares around the picture, each new square having a side which is as long as the sum of the latest two square's sides. (A graphing paper would be a good choice.) This set of squares is called the Fibonacci Rectangles. The spiral drawn inside the squares, each being a quarter of a circle, forms the Golden Spiral. ‘Such spirals are seen in the shape of shells of snails and sea shells and other spiral forms in nature. Application: 14, Janina purchased a laptop priced at Php25000. She put Php4500 as downpayment and made equal monthly payments. At the end ‘of every month, she was given a statement of the balance owed. For the first four months, the balances were Php18000, Php15500, Php13000, and Php10500. If she paid the same amount each month, what was her balance at the end of 8 months? 2. In one of Grimm's Fairy Tales, Rumpeplstiltskin has the ability to spin straw into gold. Suppose on the first day, he spunS pieces of straw into gold, and each day thereafter he spun twice as much. How many pieces of straw would he have spun into gold by the end ofa week? 3. Rhea needs to study 175 pages of math textbook for her exam in 10 days. {fon the first day she studied 25 pages and each following day she studied two pages less than the previous day, how many pages will she have to handle during the day before the exam? 2"4 Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104MODULE 4, MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS 1. Find the next four terms of each arithmetic sequence. a. 9, 16, 23,... . 31,24, 17, ... b 228. d. -8.6,-3.6,1.4, ... 2. Find the nth term of each arithmetic sequence. a a b. a oa a, 162, 108, 72, ... b. 64, -16, 4, ... 4. Find the nth term of each geometric sequence. a a =tn=8r=3 Abstract reasoning involves flexible thinking, creativity, judgment, and logical problem solving. In abstract reasoning examinations, the questions consist of items which require examinees to recognize pattems, similarities, or differences between a given sequence of figures. This measure of reasoning is independent of educational and cultural background. These questions involve the identification of the underlying logic of a pattem and determining the solution. They are considered to be an accurate indicator of one’s general intellectual ability. Lesson Objectives: By the end of this lesson you are expected to 1. Identify and describe underlying patterns and relationships between given objects anc figures 2. Predict the next figure in a sequence using abstract reasoning Activity: Look at the sequence of figures below. ‘Source: https istudy.comfacademylesson/abstract-easoning-defntion-exarroles gaz rtm 2" Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104SAMNEL, UN IAKE OB ° MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Analysis: We see en obvious pattern on the above sequence, which makes it easier to predict whet mage comes next. We may notice that after the orange arrow, the arrow pointing to the tet. the sequence starts over again with the square. Thus, the next image should be a diamond. Abstraction: Abstract reasoning refers to the ability to analyze information, detect pattems and snips, and solve problems on a complex, intangible level. In abstract reasoning examinations, one is asked to select the next image that best matches the pattem of the previous eS. The task is to Observe and analyze to identify a pattern to be able to select the next .2¢. This is must be performed in a limited time period. Thus, this type of examination requires yOu to analyze information quickly and accurately in a short time. Employers, universities, and, other institutions commonly use abstract reasoning tests in ‘their epplication processes. These tests assess your ability to understand complex concepts and assimiiste new information. As a measure of reasoning, abstract reasoning tests are independent of educational and cultural backgrounds and can indicate intellectual potential. Abstract reasoning questions provide the best indication of your ability to leam new things, deal with complex dete or concepts, develop strategies, and solve problems. This type of test is not something that can be studied for, and therefore it provides companies and institutions with a ‘tue picture of an individual's abstract thinking ability. It is believed that abstract reasoning skills, cennot significantly improve within a very short time. However, there is nothing that cannot be improves through practice. One can leam and practice strategies, get familiar with a several typical, logical rules that define sequences of figures. Tips to Answer Abstract Reasoning Tests To be able to quickly identify the pattem, you need to compare each factor between images and information. Factors here include the size, location, color or shades, angles, movement and you compare it with other factors to identify certain rules between them. Reference: https://www.huffpost.com/entryitips-to-overcome-abstract-reasoning-test- successtully An Abstract Reasoning Test Example Example. Each number contains a grid of symbols, where one of the symbols is missing. Choose which one of the given options best fits the missing symbol in the grid. 1 The answer is A. SI 4 There is one of the three stripes im) missing in each figure per column Thus, we are looking for the figure i which the stripe is missing that i c ° present in the other two figures ¢ 5 FS E4 that column. 2* Sem SY 2022-2023| GEC 104 EB S J Ala NINo@® MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS The answer is D. In each row, there are 6 figures in total and of these six figuras, thers is oO o” ‘one very bold and two reasonathy Oo} Oo bold. The displacement of the iO Lae figures is irrelevant here. oO}? as The answer is C. In the rows, the figure moves each Pe) Ot p bel +) Lt Source: https://www.assessment-training.com/abstract-reasoning counterclockwise. Furthermore, there is one gray figure in each rowlcolumn. ME) bee Application: A, Draw the next figure in the patterns Vi ™ ld ‘ SSS OUOWIO ' OOS 24 Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 10SPRIEL, UUPIACE OB G@) MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS B. Select a suitable option that would complete the figure matrix. ‘| ZreS| * |[e|(@) oleae! + |[ell2 7 El) Selecta suitable option that would ‘Selecta suitable option thal would ‘complete the figure matrix. ‘complete the figure matrix, @ ° S ea 1 * o B S XININ sie BIS qe a Select a suitable option that would Selecta suitable option that would ‘complete the figure matrix. ‘complate the figure matrix vc © B® | 8 3, 4. (Image source: Aptitude-test) Q S g A) Assessment: Quiz Lesson 3. Geometric Patterns Lesson Objectives: 1. To describe tessellations and fractals 2. To recognize tessellations and fractals in nature, arts, and everyday life 3. To construct a tessellation from simple shapes using transformations 4, To determine transformations used in tessellations 2° Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Activity: Watch this video on tessellations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GiKeeWSt4s Analysis: How can one object, from a really simple regular polygon to a complex irregular shap2, take up and cover a whole plane? From the video, transformations in an object are done to cover up a whole plane. There are three main transformations: translation, rotation, and reflection. These methods of transformation are the ones used to create a tessellation. Abstraction: A. Tessellation A tessellation is created when a shape or a combination of shapes are repeated over and ‘over again covering a plane without any gaps or overlaps using transformations. Another word for a tessellation is a tiling. One shape Tessellations were first used by the Sumerians at about 4000 BC to build wall decorations in pattern of clay tiles. They then became popular decorations in classical antiquity. Some of the most famous tessellations are the Moorish wall tiles of Islamic architecture. In 1519, Johannes Kepler became the first person to complete a study of tessellations after he explored the hexagonal structure of honeycombs and snowflakes. Almost 300 years later, Russian crystallographer Yvgraf Fyodorov began the study of tessellations in mathematics. We can often see tessellations in nature, in walls, floor tilings, carpets, wallpapers, fabrics, and pavements. Tessellations in natut 2™ Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104SAMIEL, CU MARE ® MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS There are stages on the degree of regularity of the shapes used in making a tevseliation Tessellations can be made a. involving a repeated use of one regular polygon b. involving repeated use of a unit of shape made up of two or more diflerent reguisr polygons c. involving triangles or quadrilaterals d. of irregular shapes obtained by transformation of other ‘more regular tesseliating shapes e. involving other irregular shapes. A regular tessellation is a tessellation made up of congruent regular polygons or polygons whose sides are all the same length. Congruent means that the polygons that you put together are all the same size and shape. ‘Only three regular polygons tessellate in the Euclidean plane: triangles, squares or hexagons. No other regular polygons will tessellate in this way. Here are examples of a tessellation of triangles a tessellation of squares 7 yo em a tessellation of hexagons A eee 7 You may also use a variety of regular polygons to make semi-regular tesseltations. A semiregular tessellation has two properties which are: 4. Itis formed by regular polygons. 2. The arrangement of polygons at every vertex point is identical. Here are the eight semi-regular tessellations: 33344 33434 3464 2" Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104©@ —_ MoovLe 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS T3536 3.1212 oe) Moreover, one can explore and investigate that any triangle and any quadrilateral can be used as a repeating unit with which to tessellate. Here are some examples of SI | | TG GG Lal tessellating rectangles tessellating a trapezium and a kite One can also produce some irregular shapes to tessellate by transforming other shapes which are known to tessellate such as regular polygons. Squares, rectangles, equilateral triangles and 2™ Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 14GAWIEL CULHAKE OD ® MODULE 4, MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS hexagons are suitable shapes from which to start. One method is by translating (or sliding) the midpoint of any side of the starting shape making some curved lines. Another method is by rotating the midpoint of any side of the starting shape. By doing so, a new, irregular shape can be made which will also tessellate. Examples are shown below. Translating a section of a square: —— ha The original —_A section of the original square square is moved by translating (sliding) it to the opposite side of the The resulting tessellation square. hitps://studylib.net/doc/8183385/the-mathematics-of-essellation Rotating sections of a square: 2 A section of the original —_ square is moved by rotating it about the midpoint ‘of the side of the square The original ee + A similar rotational process is applied to another side of the square ‘The resulting tescellation bitps/studylib.neUdoc/8 183385/the-mathematics-oftessellatin Most of the works of Mauritis Cornelis Escher (1898-1972), a world famous graphic artist, can be attributed to the idea of transformation of shapes to create new, irregular, tessellating shapes. 2% Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 15hitps://studylib.net/ doc / 8183385 the-mathematics-of-tessellation B. Fractals A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is approximately a reduced size copy of the whole. We commonly recognize objects that demonstrate symmetry under three familiar transformations of reflection, rotation, and translation. Fractals are amazingly complicated patterns often produced by very simple processes — reflection, rotation, and translation. Rotation Translation Iittos:/ www slideshare.net/ mynunfortes/fractal-6885473 Fractals demonstrate a fourth time of symmetry. They possess self-similarity. A shape is self- similar when it looks essentially the same from a distance as it does closer up. Self-similar objects appear the same under magnification. They are composed of smaller copies of themselves. This characteristic is often referred to as scaling symmetry or scale invariance. However, not all self-similarity, is of a fractal nature. Objects like spirals and nested dolls that are ‘self-similar around a single point are not fractals. i oa Ld . person parson torino deste 85479 2” Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 16V PNIEL, CLHIARE ITB @® MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Fractals In nature Natural objects exhibit scaling symmetry but only over a limited range of scales. They tend to be somehow selt-similar, appearing more or less the same at different scales of measurement. They have a distribution of elements that is similar under magnification. htpsuiwww slideshare.nevUmmmfortesfractale-6885473 Fractals from mathematical constructions. Koch Curve ij Sierpinski's Triangle 24 Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 Va€9@)_ —_ MODULE 4. MATHEMATICAL PATTERNS Most amazing thing about fractals is the variety of thelr applications, Besides thoory, they wore used to compress data in the Encarta Encyclopedia and to create realistic landscapes in soveral movies like Star Trek. We can find fractals in almost every part of tho universe, from bacteria cultures, to galaxies, to our bodies. Some of the wide known applications are In astrophysics, data comprossion, fractal art, study of music, computer graphics, weather forecasting, and human anatomy. Application: What transformations can you see in this graphic art (tessellation) by M.C. Escher? All figures in this exercise are by Neil Mcintosh Assessment: Quiz 2° Sem SY 2022-2023] GEC 104 18