MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD| CRIM

Number Sequences and

Patterns

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION | MATHEMATICS
Series

• Series can be generalized as the sum of all the

terms in a sequence.
• There has to be a relationship between all the
terms of the sequence.
What are patterns and sequences ?

• Patterns are repetitive sequences and can be found in nature,

shapes, events, sets of numbers and almost everywhere you care to
look. For example, seeds in a sunflower, snowflakes, geometric
designs on quilts or tiles, the number sequence 0;4;8;12;16;....
• Some types number patterns and sequences are arithmetic,
geometric, triangular and Fibonacci sequences.
Sequence

• Sequence is an ordered event or list of objects.

• When a sequence goes on forever it is called an infinite sequence,
otherwise, it is a finite sequence.
• Sequence is an arrangement of any object or set of numbers in a particular
order followed by some rule. If a1, a2, a3, a4… denotes the terms of the
sequence, then 1,2,3,4...denotes the position of the term.
• Sequence can be defined based on the number of terms (either finite or
infinite). If a1, a2, a3, a4... is a sequence, then the corresponding series is
given by Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4...
Arithmetic Sequence

• Has every term differ by a certain amount called the common

difference.
• Every term is created by adding or subtracting a definite number
to the preceding number.
• Example

• The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the

common difference.
Arithmetic
Sequence
A sequence is arithmetic if the differences between
consecutive terms are the same.

4, 9, 14, 19, 24, . . .

arithmetic
9–4=5 sequence
14 – 9 = 5
The common difference, d, is
19 – 14 = 5 5.
24 – 19 = 5

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 Example

A. -5
• Find the common difference: -18, -23, -28, -33, ... B. 5
C. -3
D. 3
Example: Find the first five terms of the sequence and
determine if it is arithmetic.

an = 1 + (n – 1)4
a1 = 1 + (1 – 1)4 = 1 + 0 = 1
a2 = 1 + (2 – 1)4 = 1 + 4 = 5
a3 = 1 + (3 – 1)4 = 1 + 8 = 9 d=4
a4 = 1 + (4 – 1)4 = 1 + 12 = 13
a5 = 1 + (5 – 1)4 = 1 + 16 = 17

This is an arithmetic sequence.

Sample Problem

1. Find the 5th term and 11th terms of the arithmetic

sequence with the first term 3 and the common
difference 4.
Answer:
𝑎1 = 3, 𝑑=4
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎5 = 3 + 5 − 1 4 = 3 + 16 = 19
𝑎11 = 3 + 11 − 1 4 = 3 + 40 = 43
Therefore, 19 and 43 are the 5th and the 11th terms of the
sequence, respectively.
 Example

A. -1, 7, 15
• Find the next three terms in the arithmetic B. -5, 2, 9
sequence: -33, -24, -15, -6, ... C. 3, 12, 21
D. -65, -73, -81
 Example

A. 63, 72, 81
• Find the next three terms in the arithmetic B. 79, 88, 97
sequence: 25, 34, 43, 52, ... C. 70, 79, 88
D. 61, 70, 79
Give the common difference and find the indicated
term in each arithmetic sequence.

1. 1,5,9,13,.. (a10 )
2. 13, 9, 5, 1,… (a10 )
3. -8, -5, -2, 1,4,.. (a12 )
4. 5, 9, 13, 17,… (a15 )
5. 2, 6, 10,…(a6 )
6. 2,11, 20, … (a7 )
7. 9,6,3,… (a8 )
Assignment

Answer the following:

1. Find the 11th term of the arithmetic sequence 3,4,5,…
2. Find the 20th term of the arithmetic sequence 17, 13, 9,…
3. Find the 42nd term of the sequence 5,10,15,..
4. If a1 =5, an =395, and d=5, find the value of n.
5. If a1 = 5 and a7 = 17, find the common difference.
Assignment

6.The 4th term of an arithmetic sequence is 18 and the sixth term

is 28. Give the first 3 terms.
7. Write the third and fifth terms of an arithmetic sequence whose
fourth term is 9 and the common difference is 2.
8. Write the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence if the
fourth term is 10 and d = -3
Arithmetic Sum

Formula:
𝑆𝑛 = n 𝑎1 + (𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑)
2
Or
𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
Examples

• Example 1: Find the sum of arithmetic sequence -4, -1, 2, 5, ... up to 10 terms.
• Solution:
• Here, a1 = -4 and n = 10.
• Using the sum of arithmetic sequence formula,
• Sn=n/2[2a1+(n−1)d]
• =10/2[2(−4)+(10−1)3]
• =5×(−8+27)
• =95
•
Examples

• Example 2: Find the sum of 7 terms of an arithmetic sequence whose first and last
terms are 10 and 40 respectively.
• Solution:
• Here, a1 = 10 and a7 = 40.
• Using the sum of arithmetic sequence formula,
• Sn=n/2[a1+an]
• =7/2[10+40]
• =(7×50)/2
• =7×25
• =175
•
Examples

• Example 3: Using the sum of arithmetic sequence formula, calculate the

sum of the first 20 terms of the sequence 1, 5, 9, 13, ……
• Solution:
• Here, a1 = 1, d = 4 and n = 20.
• Using the sum of arithmetic series formula,
• Sn=n/2[2a1+(n−1)d]
• =20/2[2(1)+(20−1)4]
• =10×(2+76)
• =780
•
Geometric Sequence

• If a sequence of values follows a pattern of multiplying a fixed

amount (not zero) times each term to arrive at the following
term, it is referred to as a geometric sequence.
• The fixed amount multiplied is called the common ratio, r,
referring to the fact that the ratio (fraction) of the second term to
the first term yields this common multiple. To find the common
ratio, divide the second term by the first term.
Geometric Sequence

• Every term is obtained by multiplying or dividing a definite

number with the preceding number.
• Every succeeding term has the same quotient when divided.
• The quotient of the first and second term, its value is called the
common ratio, which is obtained by dividing any two
consecutive terms
Geometric Sequence
An example of geometric sequence

• Find the common ratio for the

sequence
• The common ratio, r, can be found
by dividing the second term by the
first term, which in this problem
yields -1/2. Checking shows that
multiplying each entry by -1/2 yields
the next entry.
Examples

• Example 1: Find the 10th term of the geometric sequence 1, 3, 9, 27, .....
• Solution:
• In the given geometric sequence,
• The first term is, a = 1.
• The common ratio is, r = 3/1 = 9/3 = 27/9 = ... = 3.
• Using the geometric sequence formula, the nth term of a geometric sequence is,
• an = a · rn - 1
• To find the 10th term, we substitute n = 10 in the above formula. Then we get:
• a10 = 1 (3)10 - 1 = 39 = 19683
Examples

• Example 2: Find the sum of the first 15 terms of the geometric sequence 1, 1/2,
1/4, 1/8, .... Round your answer to 5 decimals.
• Solution:
• In the given geometric sequence,
• The first term is, a = 1.
• The common ratio is, r = (1/2) / 1 = (1/4) / (1/2) = (1/8) / (1/4) = ... = 1/2.
• Note that here |r| < 1.
• Using the geometric sequence formulas, the sum of n terms of a geometric
sequence when |r| < 1 is,
• Sn = a (1 - rn) / (1 - r)
• To find the sum of first 15 terms, substitute n = 15 on both sides.
• S_{15} = 1 (1 - (1/2)15) / (1 - (1/2)) ≈ 1.99994
Examples

• Example 3: Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 1, 1/4, 1/16, 1/64, ...
• Solution:
• In the given geometric sequence,
• The first term is, a = 1.
• The common ratio is, r = (1/4) / 1 = (1/16) / (1/4) = (1/64) / (1/16) = ... = 1/4.
• Note that here |r| < 1.
• Using the geometric sequence formulas, the sum of an infinite geometric sequence is,
• S_\infty = a / (1 - r)
• S_\infty = 1 / (1 - (1/4))
• = 1 / (3/4)
• = 4/3
Examples

A. 10
B. 1/2
C. 2
Find the common ratio for the geometric D. 4
sequence.
Examples

A. 1024, 2048, 4096

What are the next 3 terms in the
B. 32, 8, 2
following geometric sequence:
C. 64, 32, 16
512, 256, 128, ___, ___, ___, ...
D. 92, 66, 38
 Examples

What is the 9th term in a geometric A. 384

sequence with a common ratio of 2 B. 768
and a first term of 3? C. 1536
D. 27
Square Number Sequences

• Square numbers, better known as perfect squares, are an integer which

is the product of that integer with itself. Square numbers are never
negative.
• An example of this type of number sequence could be the following:
•
• 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, …
•
• The sequence consists of repeatedly squaring of the following numbers:
1, 2, 3, 4 etc. since the 10th number of the sequence is missing, the
answer will be 102 = 100.
Triangular Sequence

• A triangular number sequence is generated from a pattern of dots

forming triangles
• Eg- 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, ...
• The sequence has the number of dots forming the triangles
• Like – the first triangle has 3 dots, so the first number in the
sequence will be 3
Examples

• How many circles would be in picture 5?

A. 11
B. 12
C. 15
D. 20
 Examples

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

The pattern rule is: Start with 2

and add _______ each time.
Example

A. 12
B. 20
C. 18
D. 15

How many squares will Figure 5 have?

Example

A. 12
B. 10
C. 16
D. 20

Term 4 will have ______ shaded hexagons.

Example

A B

What comes next in the pattern? C D