TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT and
ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

JOSEPH IAN E ALCALA, RCrim

MSCJ

MIDTERM MODULE

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the unit, the students should be able to:

  Summarized briefly the functions of the five pillars in traffic management
 Explained the rules and regulations about driver’s licensing and registration of
motor vehicle
 Execute the proper hand and whistle signal of the police officer when directing
traffic
 Identify and distinguish the difference between traffic signs and traffic lights
 Identify and explained the meaning of the different pavement markings and
markers.

CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

As police officers, it is our obligation to always remain morally upright and be conscious of the impact
of our actions in the performance of our duties as police officers who are aligned with the value of
putting God first in the PNP as it advocates a God Centered, Service Oriented and Family Based PNP
personnel.

“Maka-Diyos,(Pro-God), Makabayan (Pro-Country), Makatao (Pro-People) at Makakalikasan (Pro-

Environment)”. These are the core values of the Philippine National Police as it aims to put out
foremost faith in God in thoughts and in action of every PNP personnel.

INTRODUCTION

Transportation plays vital roles in promoting growth development and in enhancing the well-
being of every individual staying in the province and in the forms and character of rural
settlements, and the productivity of business including manufacturing, commercial and
services industries. The roles that transportation play in society may be categorized as (a)
economic (b) social (c) political (d) environmental.

Traffic conditions in many urban and rural areas around the world are reaching an
alarming state of doubts and conclusion. The efficient and orderly movement of people
and things play a major role in the social life and behavior of citizens and in the economic
growth of all nations. The benefits provided by the motor vehicle have been vast and
immeasurable to both the individuals and the society. Simultaneously, the use of motor
vehicle has also created severe traffic accidents.

In the Philippines, industrialization tends to reach some areas, which has one way or
another created a problem on traffic. As consequence, more roads are constructed.
Hence, the number of vehicles in the country increased due to the demands of vehicle
services.

Automobiles produce gases that can pollute the air, causing both environmental and health
problems. Scientists and engineers are working on ways to reduce pollution from cars.

As of 1992, research conducted by the Land Transportation Office (LTO) showed that
about 1.3 million vehicles were registered and close to 7.8 million professionals and non-
professional driver’s licenses. Most diesel-powered vehicles in the Philippines were
imported from Japan and these need overhauling and repair to have them in top condition.
However, this is not usually done since most of the vehicles were made to operate until
they are beyond economical repair and this greatly contribute to the unprecedented growth
of vehicles worsening the traffic situation.

LEARNING INPUTS
 THE FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PILLAR

2. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PILLAR
3. TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION PILLAR
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY or TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PILLAR

A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design and construction of streets and
roads that will best facilitate traffic movement.

It is a science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic
law and regulations; the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient
transportation of persons and goods.

A. FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Fact-finding, survey and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations;

2. Supervision and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices;
3. Planning of traffic regulation.

AGENCIES AND/OR OFFICES UNDER TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). Its scope is national which
includes the responsibility for determining traffic jam, pattern, draw origin, and
destinations, studies of persons and things, planning, approving, funding and
construction of:

 National Roads which interconnect cities and municipalities; network of national

roads through cities and municipalities; and
 Yearly maintenance and repair programs which include widening and re-designing
of current road systems
2. Provincial Government- Responsible for municipalities within the
province.
3. Municipal Government. Responsible for streets and road within the barangays.
4. Chartered Cities. Responsible of streets and roads within the cities.
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. To prevent traffic accident.

2. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
3. To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
4. To show good police actions and performance makes engineering plans
effective.
5. To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of
Traffic problems.

TRANSPORT PLANNING, TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC SAFETY

As urbanization becomes more pronounced, traffic management becomes more challenging.
We help our customers meet today’s high demands for improved transportation systems and
increased mobility by navigating the complex challenges associated with the planning and
design of cities and transport systems.

Whether we’re working on small-scale traffic projects or extensive national and international planning
projects, our number one priority is to create safe and flexible infrastructure and transport systems. To
achieve this, we focus on creating the right balance between heavy and light road users. We also build
many types of models – from complicated transport models to 3D visualizations of a simple junction –
to ensure that solutions are as effective as possible. Throughout the process, we work hard to improve
the visual environment in both urban and rural environments.

Traffic and community planning and strategies

Transport planning can be key to unlocking the value of a site. Our specialists have a
clear understanding of the interplay between public policy and project needs. We work
with planners, developers, architects and operators, as well as multidisciplinary
engineering teams, to develop and negotiate the right solutions.

Ramble has the expertise and software for carrying out traffic impact studies, and traffic
simulations for road, rail, and pedestrian traffic, regardless of the country and location.
Our planning services include:

City-wide transport plans

Parking lots
Bicycle route planning
Travel habit studies
Pre-studies for transport investments
Evaluations of transport measures
Transport strategies on local and regional levels
Public transport
Urban logistics.

Traffic safety plans

Ramble excels at creating comprehensive traffic safety plans at the community and
municipality level. To facilitate the making of traffic safety plans, collect information about the
present status of traffic safety and potential problems.

Registration and analysis of traffic accidents having occurred in the planning area constitute
an important part of the process. These are examined with Ramble’s LITU software and
based on geo-information systems. Mobility habits, detected problems, and perceived traffic
safety are investigated with resident surveys.

The first phase results form the basis for the problem analysis. Based on the problem
analysis, we set both quantitative and functional goals for traffic safety and mobility
management. Additionally, we define the focus areas of traffic safety work. These constitute
the starting point for developing solutions to improve traffic safety.

The overall planning work typically focuses on the following:

 The analysis of the correlation between road accidents and road/traffic conditions
 The analysis of the interplay between drivers, vehicles, the surroundings, and
other factors pertinent to road safety
 Measures to reduce the accident risk in road traffic
 The formulation of road safety aims and visions
  The registration and analysis of road accidents.

Sustainable transportation & environment

 Analysis of environmental consequences

 Analysis of socioeconomic factors.

Traffic analysis and geographic information systems (GIS)

 Road Informatics – Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS)

 Geographic information systems (GIS)
 Traffic simulation with micro, meso, and macro simulation
 Traffic operation (signals, control systems, etc.) Surveys
 Demand and impact analyses

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PILLAR

Law Enforcement

It is one of the traffic pillars that mandate the traffic enforcer to implements traffic laws,
rules and regulations and other related statutes.

SCOPE OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic laws
and ordinances regulating the movement and the use of motor vehicles for the
purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential violators.
2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at controlling road users,
let behavior by preventive persuasive and punitive methods in order to affect a
safe and efficient traffic movement; and
3. It applies to all statutes, ordinances and legally authorized regulations relating to
the use of street and highways and operation of motor vehicles.

TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement. It is the responsibility of the PNP-HPG and LTO-
Law Enforcement Service to enforce traffic laws and assists the prosecutors and the
court to deter law violators.

2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. It is the responsibility of the Traffic Adjudication

Service (TAS) of the LTO to Prosecute, Adjudicate and Penalize law violators.

THREE IMPORTANT GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

1. To increase safety level. Enforcement effort should be directed towards the

reduction of accidents or minimizing their effects.

2. To increase traffic efficiency. When traffic violators are reduced particularly

those related to traffic obstruction through an effective enforcement, there will be
free-flow of traffic.

3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment. When there is an

increase safety level and increase traffic efficiency, travelling is more comfortable and
luxurious and it may reduce chaotic situations in the traffic way.

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

1. Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police and courts. Legislation
defines and specifies correct or incorrect road users’ behavior. Police and courts are
charged with the responsibility of insuring that these laws are adhered to.
2. Road Users System (Traffic way User). This element includes pedestrians, pedal
cyclist, drivers, passengers and others.

3. Road System (Traffic system). This area is composed of the entire road and
vehicle complex, as well as all traffic rules and regulation.
 FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

Detection –responsibility of the law enforcer for the detection of violators

Apprehension – police function which involves the actual taking of violators of traffic
laws and regulations.
Prosecution –prosecution pillar
Adjudication –prosecution’s function.
Penalization –imposition of the penalty upon the accused if found guilty.

REASONS FOR VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC LAWS

 Physical disabilities or infirmities

 Ignorance of traffic
 Lack of training and experience
 Wrong attitude towards driving
 PUV drivers for increased compensation
 Driver’s apathy/lack of interest towards signs, signals and markings
 Influential person violates because they feel they are exempted from punishment

CONSIDERATIONS THAT ACT AS DETERRENT TO MOTORIST AND

PEDESTRIANS

 Fear of fine or punishment

 Loss of driving privilege
 Possibility of being involved in accident
 Positive are of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an example.

KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for
the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.

Traffic Citation. To ensure that an apprehended traffic violator will appear to the court or to
the proper authority, the traffic enforcer should confiscate the violator’s driver’s license and
issue Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT), TOP, or Traffic Violator’s Receipt (TVR)

Traffic Warning. This is enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone. These are
three types of traffic warning: visual, verbal, and written.

PURSUIT IN TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

When to pursuit. When a violator fails to stop on signal, your normal reaction is to
pursue the violator until you apprehend him. However, due to traffic congestion or other
complications, such action is sometimes neither practical nor safe.

Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle. For an effective identification of the

pursued vehicle, the officer must be familiar with color, year of manufacture, make, body
type, license plate number, outstanding features and accessories, and unusual
features of the driver or passengers.

OFFICER-VIOLATOR RELATIONSHIP

The first reminder for an officer is to establish PLEASANT RELATIONSHIP with

offending motorist or pedestrians.

TRAFFIC DIRECTION, CONTROL AND SUPERVISION

What is Traffic Direction?

It is an activity of a traffic enforcer that guides drivers to ensure the harmonious flow of
traffic in the roads.

What is Control and Supervision?

It is another activity of a traffic enforcer that ensures the safety of drivers, motor vehicles,
passengers, and pedestrians while traversing the roads.

TRAFFIC RULES

When directing traffic, the following rules will be observed:

1. Officers will ensure that they are visible by utilizing flashlights, reflective clothing and
flares, especially during hours of darkness or adverse weather conditions.

2. Officers will utilize the police whistle or voice commands depending on the situation.

3. Officers will use uniform hand signals and gestures for manual traffic direction and
control. It is important that officer’s position themselves so that their hand signals can
be seen from a long distance. Two basic hand signals should be used. Officers should
use an open hand, palm out sign to indicate “STOP”. To start traffic from a stopped
position, officers should point towards the first stopped vehicle. Once the driver’s
attention is gained, use the other hand to motion the driver to proceed.

4. When utilizing flares and cones, set them far enough from the collision scene to
give sufficient warning to approaching traffic.

5. Traffic officers will have the responsibility of manually overriding traffic control devices
when there is an excessive amount of traffic congestion (for example, special events
or sporting events).

6. Officers should be prepared to stop traffic and give priority to other vehicles that may
also be responding to the scene (for example, the Fire Department, tow companies, or
Seattle Department of Transportation).

7. Officers assisting at a fire or rescue scene shall ensure that civilian traffic does not
interfere with the respective operation. In no case should vehicles be allowed to drive
over a fire hose, unless specifically directed by Fire Department personnel on the
scene.

Proper Hand Signals When Directing the Flow of Traffic?

Driver/s Standard Hand Signal when turning to Left, Right, and when about to Stop

Registration of Motor Vehicles

R.A. 4136, mandates that all motor vehicle shall be registered by its owner
at the designated district office of the LTO.

Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles:

1. Private- these are motor vehicles used for personal use of their owner
2. Public Utility Vehicle- (PUV) These are registered primarily for the conveyance of
passengers and commercial goods
3. Government Vehicle- these are motor vehicles owned by the government and are
being used for official purposes only by government officials
 4. Diplomat Vehicles- these are vehicles issued to foreign diplomats and consuls
assigned in the Philippines.

Plate Numbers and Colors:

Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate numbers. The letter and
numeral prefixes are based on the date and place of registration. The letter prefixes
indicate the place of first registration, year and model of registered motor vehicle. it could
be determined from the order of the letter prefixes, the higher the letters prefixes are the
later year of registration and year model of the motor vehicle.

1. Black with white background- issued to private or not for hire motor
vehicle.

2. Black with yellow background- issued to public utility vehicle (PUV)

3. Red (Maroon) with white background- government vehicles.

4. Blue with white background- assigned for foreign diplomats, consuls

and other foreign diplomats.
5. Commemorative plate- these special plates are issued for specific
purposes such as fund-raising for government projects and programs.

Motorcycle registration plates released in 2020 are color-coded to indicate the region where
they are registered
Schedule of Registration

Registration of motor vehicle should be done annually which follows the numerical
prefixes of their plate numbers.

Last Digit of Plate Middle Digit of Plate Weekly Deadline

Number Number (Working Days
of
The Monthly
only)

1 - Jan 6 - Jun 1 23 1234567

2 - Feb 7 - Jul 4 56 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 – Mar 8 – Aug. 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 – Apr 9 – Sep. 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
5 – May 0 – Oct. 29 30 31

1981 Series of Geographical Designation

The first letter in the 1981 series of license plates represents the prefix, which denotes the following region
where the vehicle was registered. The letter S is used to indicate a government-owned vehicle.
 Protocol/High-ranking Government Plates

Protocol plates or also known as low-numbered license

plates issued in the Philippines. It is reserve for top
government officials in the country, and bears the same
paint scheme as that of private vehicles. The numbers
plates are plainly marked with the official designation,
with some types allowed to bear distinguishing flags,
stars, and emblems. The plates are supposed to help
with the security and traffic access of high-ranking government officials. They are also often
accompanied by armed uniformed escorts.

 1 – President
 2 – Vice President
 3 – President of the Senate
 4 – Speaker of the House of Representatives
 5 – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 6 – Cabinet Secretaries
 7 – Senators
 8 – Representatives (Congressmen)
 9 – Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
 10 – Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals.
 11 – Chairman, Commission on Elections
 12 – Cabinet Undersecretary
 13 – Solicitor-General
 14 – Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and Chief of the
 Philippine National Police
 16 – Regional Trial Court Judges
 17 – First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court,
 Municipal Trial Court in Cities and Shari'ah Circuit courts),

Vanity Plates

It refers to the optional MV plates having preferred inscriptions for the purpose of
establishing personalized identity of the MV to the registered owner.

Shall be issued to the owner of MV and shall belong to the owner with an affectivity period
for life unless revoked by LTO due to violation and non- compliance to the existing
mandatory MV registration laws and regulations.

The physical service life if VLP shall be within a period of 5 years. After which, the VLP
owner shall request for re-issuance of new plate bearing the same alphanumeric
combination upon payment of re-issuance fee

Motor Vehicle File Number

The MV File Number for each vehicle has 15 digits, which are based on where the initial registration of
the vehicle was carried out. (e.g., MV File # 1301-00000012345 registered in NCR).

Categories of Vanity Plates

1. Limited Edition
 It consists of four or maximum of six characters, either all numeric or all alphas.
 Example: 999999, AAAAAA, SSSSSS
 It can be purchased through public auction with a floor price of PHP. 50, 000.00

2. Premium Edition
 It consists of six characters, a combination of numeric-alpha (reverse of the
current license plate number)
 Examples: 682 XED, 850 SAM, 777 AVE
  Price is PHP 15,000.00

3. Select Edition
 It consists of minimum of three or maximum of six characters.
 Examples: JUST 4 YOU, LUV 8, GANDA

4. Special Plate
 It consists of three alpha characters and a number ranging from 1-100.
 Examples: ABE 42, AVG 25

Commemorative Plates

Plates issued to groups, organizations or associations subject to the approval of the Office of
the President.

Driver’s license:

A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification as

provided therefore.

Confiscation of driver’s licenses:

When a driver’s license is confiscated for any reason, the traffic officer must, issue a
receipt (temporary operator’s permit) TOP which is good for 72 hours within which the
driver may continue to operate his vehicle. Failure to settle the case within 15 days will
cause suspension or revocation of the license.

Types of driver’s license

1. International driver’s license- issued to bonafide tourist to drive motor vehicle during
their stay or sojourn in the Philippines not beyond 90 days.
2. Military driver’s license- this is issued to any member of the AFP to operate or
drive a motor vehicle owned by the government.
3. Professional driver’s license- license issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle whether private or for hire to the public. Renewable for
every 5 years. The color of its logo is red.

Requirements for professional driver’s license:

 Must be at least 18 yrs old.

 A student permit issued to the applicant for at least 5 months in his
possession
 Doctor certificate attesting that the applicant is:
 Physically and mentally fit, has normal and non-impaired vision and hearing, does
not have any contagious ailment, does not have any history of heavy drinking and
drug abuse.
 Police, NBI or prosecutors’ clearance
 Must passed the written examination
 Must passed an actual road test

Non-professional driver’s license- this is issued to owners of privately own motor vehicle
or those not for hire or paid for driving. The applicant must be at least 17 years old.
A non-professional driver’s license shall be restricted to operate motor vehicle up to 4500 kgs
gross vehicle weight. It is renewable for every 3 years. The color of its logo is green.

Students’ driver’s permit- issued to a person who desire learn how to drive. A student
driver is not allowed to operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who is
license by professional or non- professional. The applicant must be at least 16 years old.
The student’s driver’s license is valid up to 12 months from the date of issue.

Driver’s restriction code;

#1- motorcycles/motorized tricycle.

#2- vehicles up to 4500 kgs GVW
#3- vehicles above 4500 kgs. GVW
#4- automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs. GVW
#5- automatic clutch above 4500 kgs.
#6- articulated vehicle 1601 kgs GVW and below
#7- articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs
#8- articulated vehicle 4501 kgs and above GVW
#9- disabled

Driver’s condition:
A- Wear eye glasses.
B- drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
C- drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
D- day light driving only
E- Accompanied by a person with normal hearing.

New Point System for Driver’s License Renewal

The Land Transportation Office (LTO) Implements New Point System for
Driver’s License Renewal.

The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10930 has recently been
signed and implemented by the Land Transportation Office (LTO).

Under this, the validity period of driver’s licenses has been extended from 3 years to 5 years
and 10 years upon renewal, and a new point system has been created to assess
applicants for license renewal.

According to its general provisions, RA No. 10930 aims to “rationalize and strengthen the
policy regarding driver’s license by extending the validity period of driver’s licenses and to
ensure that driver’s licenses are issued only to deserving applicants with sufficient driving
skills and knowledge on road safety and proper road courtesy.

Most importantly, the LTO has created a point system that will be used to “assess the
fitness and eligibility of driver applicants for their desired license transactions” The
point system can also be a tool to track down repeat offenders of traffic laws and
ordinances.

Drivers’ offenses will be recorded in the LTO demerit point of registry upon commission.

These are the three categories of violations and their corresponding demerit points:
1. Grave Violations – 5 demerit points
2. Less Grave Violations – 3 demerit points
3. Light Violations – 1 demerit point

Public utility vehicle (PUV) drivers will get twice the demerit point in case of violation.

Accumulation of demerit points by drivers will be calculated from the date of the initial
issuance or last renewal of his/her driver’s license to the day immediately preceding the date
of his/her subsequent renewal. The total accumulated points will then ensue the following
repercussions:

1. One or more demerit points will prohibit a driver from changing the classification of
his/her driver’s license for a certain period of time (maximum of one year).
2. At least five demerit points will require a driver to complete a driver’s reorientation
course to be conducted by LTO or an accredited service provider.
3. Drivers with ten demerit points aside from completing the driver’s reorientation course
shall also be required the theoretical examination before he/she may be allowed to
renew his/her driver’s license. Further, for every ten accumulated demerit points or
thrice repetition of a violation, the driver must undergo a mandatory driver’s
reorientation course conducted by the LTO or an accredited service provider or a
training seminar conducted by the PUV Drivers’ Academy of the LTFRB for PUV
drivers.
4. Drivers with 40 accumulated demerit points will lead to the revocation of his/her
driver’s license. (RA No. 10930)

GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USED AND CONTROL

Restriction as to Speed:

 Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at a careful
and prudent speed.
 The speed should not be greater nor less than is reasonable and proper.

Maximum Allowable Speed

 “Through streets” or boulevards clear of traffic, with no blind corners, when so

designated.
 Passenger cars and motorcycles – 40 km
 Motor trucks and buses – 30 km
 City and municipal streets, with light traffic, when not designated “through streets”
 Passenger cars and motorcycles – 30 km
 Motor trucks and buses – 30 km

The Anti-Distracted Driving Act No. 10913

The Anti-Distracted Driving Act took effect on May 18, 2017. under the new administration of President
Rodrigo Duterte. Under the law, drivers are only allowed to use hands-free functions of gadgets, such
as speaker phones, provided that these do not block their line of sight.

Fines

A motorist caught in violation of the Act shall be fined ₱5,000 for the first offense, ₱10,000 for the
second offense, and ₱15,000 for the third offense plus suspension of his or her driving license for 3
months. On the fourth offense, the erring driver shall be fined ₱20,000 plus a revocation of the driving
license.

Erring drivers of public utility vehicles, school buses, school service vehicles, and common carriers
hauling volatile, flammable or toxic material shall be fined ₱30,000 and suspension of their
driving license for 3 months. The same penalty applies to motorists caught in violation of the Act within
a 50-meter (160 ft) radius of school premises.

The LTO, as implementing agency, may increase the amount of fines once every five years, in the
amount not exceeding 10 percent of the existing rates, which shall take effect only upon publication
in at least two newspapers of general circulation.

Exceptions

The Act does not apply to:

 Motorists using mobile phones for emergency purposes, including emergency calls to a law
enforcement agency, health care provider, fire department or other emergency services;
  Motorists operating emergency vehicles such as ambulances, fire trucks and other emergency
vehicles, in the course and scope of their duties.

DANCING TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Types of Dancing Traffic Management

1. Dancing Traffic Lights

Dancing Traffic Light aimed to capture the attention of pedestrians and incentivize more to wait for the
green man until crossing the road.

Pedestrians will often ignore the "red man" at pedestrian lights in order to cross the road sooner.
Unfortunately, this leads to accidents. Car manufacturer Smart created an experiment to see if it could
improve safety at traffic lights by incentivizing pedestrians to wait for the green man.

2. Dancing Traffic Enforcer

The dance aims to help traffic enforcers enjoy their work and brush away stress especially during busy
hours. Dancing Traffic Light aimed to capture the attention of pedestrians and incentivize more to wait
for the green man until crossing the road.

They also hope to entertain motorists and pedestrians.

TRAFFIC PATROL

What is Traffic Patrol?

It refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and other users of vehicles
for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement and providing authorized traffic-connected
services to the public.

Types of Traffic Patrol

1. Line Patrol. Refers to moving or observation at a certain route or point of a major street in a
city.

2. Area Patrol. Refers to moving or observation of a certain area which included a number of
streets, roads or sections of a highway

Types of Stationary Observation

1. Conspicuous Observation. Stationary observation in which observer

remains in full view of traffic conditions.

2. Visible Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is in full

view but located at the side street.

3. Concealed Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is nor

visible
to persons using ordinary power of observation from the roadway being observed.

TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION PILLAR

Traffic Safety Education

- The process of giving training traffic and practices in the actual

application of traffic safety knowledge.

Road Safety

- It refers to the reduce risk of accidents or injury on the roads, achieved

through multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and
traffic management, education and training of road users.
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION

1. Schools (Public and Private).

Elementary Education Responsibilities:

o Safety courses and guides stressing traffic safety.

o Daily instruction stressing community priority.
o Classroom discussion of accidents, incidents and safety rules involving
students.
o Have students observe and discuss these in the classroom.
o Use pictorial aids and graphic aids such as firms, charts, diagrams,
slides, maps etc.
o Organize school newspaper.
o Promotes safety through – flied trips, excursion and bicycle club.
o Organize school safety patrol.
o Organize pupil safety groups.
o Organize school, community, parents group.

Secondary Education Responsibilities:

o Develop driving habits of the student.

o Initiate driving education programs.
o Organized school safety programs.
o School safety organization.
o Establish newspapers in the school system.
o Use pictorial and graphic aids.
o School community and parents’ group.

Higher Education Responsibilities:

o Offer and conduct courses to private and public agencies and persons,
stressing traffic safety subjects.
o Conduct public information programs.

2. All Agencies that have any function relating to traffic such as public
information agency, newspapers, radio and television broadcasting
networks, and non- government organization, etc.

Responsibilities:

o Mobilize all groups into unified working force.

o Develop the citizen’s responsibilities.
o Safe legal and considerate personal conduct in traffic.
o Support public officials in administering traffic programs.
o Conduct organizational campaigns.
o Awareness of accident problems.
o Acceptance of citizen’s responsibilities.

BIORHYM

The theory that asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy and mood
states. Man’s theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of most
natural phenomena like:

1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness

2. The wet and dry season
3. The waxing and waning of the moon.
 Three (3) Controversial Theories

1. 23 day Physical cycle. a.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and courage
(the male component of a person). When the Physical is High – we tend to
be energetic, strong, and full of vitality. When the Physical is Low – we tend
to tire quickly and to succumb to illness easily.

2. 28 day emotional cycle (equivalent to a female’s 28 day menstrual cycle)

a.ka. Our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition (the female component of a
person). When the Emotional is high - we tend to be creative, artistic,
cheerful and happy. When the Emotional is Low – we feel moody, irritable,
or depressed.

3. 33 day intellectual cycle. All these cycles are present at the time we are
born. When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm value is said to
be “HIGH” or a person has more energy to spare, i.e.: When the Intellectual
is High – we are able to think quickly and logical. When the Intellectual is
Low – concentrating or remembering is difficult or we are likely to use poor
judgment when any of the curves crossed the center line. This is called a
critical day wherein our systems seem to be in a state of transition. During a
critical day, people tend to get sick easily, seem to lack coordination and
tend to be accident prone.

Importance of biorhythm in traffic management

- In the field of study, it should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not predict what actually will
happen. All it does is to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel in a certain day.

1. The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm crosses the center line on a
certain day or is totally below the line.
2. Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can psychologically cope up with
any situation.

TRAFFIC SIGNS

Functional Group of signs

(a).Regulatory

The motorist of traffic regulations that apply which would not otherwise be apparent. Disregard
of these signs constitutes a legal offense. Parking & Stopping Signs: Control parking and stopping
and is a sub-class of the regulatory sign
Warning Signs: call attention to potentially hazardous or dangerous conditions on or
adjacent to a highway or street.
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Informative

Guide Signs: Display route designations, destinations, direction and distances to assist motorists

in navigating to their destination.

Information Signs: Indicate points of interest and or display other geographical or cultural
information.
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TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Steady Red

 Stop at a designated line.

 Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
 Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane
 Unless specified you can turn right after a full stop to clear
traffic coming from the left.

Steady Green

 Go
 It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to stop.
 Pedestrian are not allowed to cross the pedestrian lane
in front of you.
 Unless specified, you can move up to the middle on the
intersection and make a left turn when clear.
 Vehicles going straight have the right way.
 Do not anticipate a green light.

Steady Green Arrow

 Go
 Vehicles turning left can do so.
 Oncoming straight traffic is still on red to give way
for vehicles turning left.
Do not anticipate green arrow
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Steady Yellow/Amber

 Prepare to stop.
 It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be
given the go signal shortly.


 Do not beat the yellow light.

PAVEMENT MARKING AND MARKERS

(a).Types of Pavement Markings and Markers

Yellow lines- separate traffic travelling in opposite directions. White lines separate traffic travelling
in the same direction.

Solid Yellow line- at the left of your lane means it is unsafe to pass. ('A' should not pass.)

Broken line- at the left of your lane means you may pass if the way is clear. ('A' may pass if there
are enough broken lines ahead to complete the pass safely.)

Broken Yellow lines- that are wider and closer together than regular broken lines are called
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continuity lines. When you see continuity lines on your left side, it generally means the lane you
are in is ending or exiting and that you must change lanes if you want to continue in your current
direction. Continuity lines on your right mean your lane will continue unaffected.

Stop line- is a single white line painted across the road at an intersection. It shows where you
must stop. If there is no stop line marked on the road, stop at the crosswalk, marked or not. If
there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge
of the intersection.

Crosswalk- is marked by two parallel white lines painted across the road. However, crosswalks
at intersections are not always marked. If there is no stop line, stop at the crosswalk. If there is
no crosswalk, stop at the edge of the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the
intersection.

White line- arrow painted on a lane means you may move only in the direction of the arrow.

Pedestrian crossover- is marked by two white double parallel lines across the road with an X in
each lane approaching it, and overhead yellow lights. Stop before the line and yield to
pedestrians.

Two solid Yellow lines- painted on the pavement guide traffic away from fixed objects such as bridge
piers or concrete islands. Yellow and black markings are also painted on the objects themselves
as warnings.
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TRAFFIC ISLANDS

Classifications of Traffic Islands

(a).Pedestrian Island

Also known as a refuge island, pedestrian refuge or pedestrian island is a small section of
pavement or sidewalk, completely surrounded by asphalt or other road materials, where
pedestrians can stop before finishing crossing a road. It is typically used when a street is very
wide, as the pedestrian crossing can be too long for some individuals to cross in one traffic light
cycle.

Traffic Island
A solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. It can also be a narrow strip of island
between roads that intersect at an acute angle. If the island uses road markings only, without
raised kerbs or other physical obstructions, it is called a painted island. Traffic islands can be
used to reduce the speed of cars driving through.

Three Types of Traffic Island

Channeling Island. Triangular in shape that can be seen at intersections which used to separate
traffic.

Rotary Island. A type of intersection that has a generally circular central island. Entering traffic
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must typically alter direction and speed to avoid the island, creating a circular flow in one
direction. In most applications, traffic circles replace the stop lights and traffic signs that regulate
flow in other intersections.

Divisional Island. Intended to separate opposing flow of traffic in a highway with four or more lanes. By
thus dividing the highway into two one way roadways, the head on collisions are eliminated and in general
other accidents are also reduced

Overloading

o All passengers’ automobiles for hire are required to have the registered
passenger capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in
letters and numerals not less than 5 cm in height.

o Motor trucks for passengers or freight, private or for hire, shall have the
registered passenger or freight gross and net weight capacities marked plainly
and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5
cm in height.
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Cargo Carrying Devices

The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or sides of trucks may be allowed,
subject to the approval of the Commissioner, but the total net weight of the device, including
cargo, must not exceed 100 kilos.

Riding on Top of a Motor Vehicle

Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles, but baggage or freight may be
carried on top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square
meter distributed in such a way as not to endanger passengers or the vehicle’s stability.

TRAFFIC ECOLOGY or TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

Traffic ecology or traffic environment- this includes the study of potentially disastrous population
explosion, change in urban environment, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, specially
transport congestion which result therein.

This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban concentration and
new activities carried out ,air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport
congestion which result therein.

The following are the environmental effects of the urbanization of transportation.

1. Noise. The ill effect of noise is one of the major considerations in the evaluation of the
consequences of traffic urbanization to the environment. The level of noise inside and outside a
dwelling is an important indicator of the quality of life. The exact influence of traffic noise on human
behavior is not well understood. It is known that continued exposure to noise level beyond 80
(Dbadecibel annually) causes loss of hearing. Average background noise:

typical home- 40 to 50 Db
heavy trucks-90 Db at 15m/ft;
freight trans-75 Db at 15m/ft;
air conditioning-60 dB at 6m/ft;

2. Vibration. Effect can be severe, particularly when there are heavy trucks and when the building is
old. While there are subjective costs from experiencing vibration, minimum costs of damage or
prevention can be established from experience and experiment.

3. Air Pollution. It is one of the more difficult problems because of the complexity of the issues
involved. The effect of pollution is also strongly affected by meteorological and even by micro-
climate.

4. Dirt. These are foul and filthy substances related to motor vehicle use such as empty can of oils,
grease materials, etc.

5. Visual Intrusion. This can have positive as well as negative effects. If a motor way blots out an
unsightly prison or railway yard, it may have positive benefits. On the other hand, the appearance
of an elevated expressway or railway above a neighborhood is one of the aspects most frequently
complained of. In general

6. ,visual intrusion can be avoided by putting a highway or railway at grade or in a cutting. In many
cases, there may be cheaper solution.
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7. Loss of Privacy. Loss of privacy from drivers and others being able to look at ones house and
garden frequently disliked environment effect. Walls and earthworks would prevent this, while at
the same time reducing noise.

8. Change in amount of Light. IT is easier up to a point because part of the disadvantages can be
valued in term of the additional lighting costs of those affected. But, there is probably a
psychological also which it would not be easy or perhaps necessary, to disentangle where relevant
form the last two items.

9. Neighborhood Severance, both physical and sociological. This can partly be quantifies in terms of
changed travel time and costs, and accident experience to pedestrians and traffic.

10. Relocation. There must be programs that are design to cover compensation for those who relocate
as a consequence of transport investment, whether property owner of tenants.

11. Distraction during planning and construction. In some cases, benefits offset the during costs, which
are experienced by people during construction of new facilities, loss of business, excess noise, dirt,
vibration during constructing and excess journey costs through diversions because of building.

12. Accident Experiences. These are evaluated by well established procedures of which perhaps the
only major controversial aspects are the evaluation given to human life. A certain amount is known
about differences in accident experiences on different roads and in different circumstances.

13. Pedestrian Journey. The opportunity to make the roads safe and enjoyable for pedestrians and
efficient for vehicles, and a set of roads provided access to dwelling and is designed primarily for
the safety of pedestrians.

Traffic economy
This deals with the benefits and adverse effect of traffic to our economy. Example is the un- ending
increase of oil prices and our basic commodities. Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the
movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic jammed during rush hours, traffic adversely affects
the economic status of the commuting public, and the productivity of an individual.
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REFERENCES

1. R.A. No. 4136 - The basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines.
2. DOTC D.O. No. 88-305 - Rules pertinent to Land Transportation Public Utilities
3. E.O. No. 202 - Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB).
4. Dr. Felix Lor Valdueza, (2013). Fundamentals of Traffic management and
Accident Investigation. Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.
5. https://www.bing.com/Traffic+lights
6. https://www.bing.com/Ancient+Modes+of+Transportation
7. https://www.bing.com/Dancing+Traffic+Management
8. https://www.Driver+License act of 2017.
9. www.lto.gov.ph/...act-10913-or-the-anti-distracted-driving-act.
10. https://conductionplate.com
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Philippines
12. http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1994/eo_170_1994.html
13. http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1265.ht
14. http://www.gaarlaw.com/Motor-Vehicle-Accidents/Car-Accidents/Car-
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