TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
a. discuss the concept of traffic;
b. identify the major causes of traffic congestion;
c. list the functions of various agencies involved in traffic management;
d. analyze the concepts underpinning the five pillars of traffic; and
e. show appreciation on the importance of traffic management.

LESSON 1 CONCEPT OF
TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT. It refers to the skillful use of means to

accomplish a purpose.
OPERATION. Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain
purpose; manner of action; or a vital or natural
process of activity.
ROADWAY. It refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor
vehicles pass.

SHOULDER. It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along

highways.

CURB. A concrete border or row of joined stones forming part of a

gutter along the edge of a street.

SIDEWALK. Potion of the street intended for the use of

pedestrians.
TRAFFIC. It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or
vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal
drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.

TRAFFIC WAY. Refers to the entire width between boundary lines

of every way or place of which any part is open to the use of the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
Major causes of traffic congestion (and all other traffic related problems)
Causes Examples
Physical inadequacy lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad
crossing, etc.
Poor Control Measures ineffective mechanical control devices, and
poor implementation of traffic laws,
rules and regulation
Human Errors slow drivers, pedestrian mistakes, officers’
errors, poor planning, and traffic accidents
which are mostly attributed to
human errors.
Poor Maintenance unrepaired diggings, cracks on road
pavement , inappropriate budget for the
maintenance of the traffic facilities

Scope of Traffic management

1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking, and all types of
conveyances for the movement of persons and things.
2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements,
planning, approving, funding, construction and/or maintaining these public facilities
for such movements.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping,
prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.

Various agencies involved in Traffic Management:

Agencies Functions
DEPARTMENT OF Responsible for the implementation of the Land Transportation
TRANSPORTATION Code of the Philippines (R.A. 4136) particularly on the issuance
AND of drivers’ licenses, registration of motor vehicles, approval of
COMMUNICATION franchises for public conveyances (through the Land
(DOTC) Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB), and
conducting traffic safety
seminars.
DEPARTMENT OF Responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin, and
PUBLIC WORKS destinations, studies of persons and things, planning, approving,
AND HIGHWAY funding and construction of: national roads – interconnecting
(DPWH) cities and municipalities; a network of national roads through
cities and municipalities; and a yearly maintenance and repair
programs which include widening
and redesigning of current road system.
CITY OR In the local level, these offices are responsible for the planning,
MUNICIPAL construction and maintenance of traffic facilities within their
ENGINEERS’ respective locality.
OFFICE
LEGISLATION The legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or
(CONGRESS/ CITY amendment of laws concerning traffic but also they are involved
OR MUNICIPAL in the planning and approval of
BOARDS) government project.

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PHILIPPINE The PNP through its Traffic management group (PNP-TMG) is
NATIONAL POLICE responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws,
(PNP) rules and regulations. They also perform other function such as
traffic scheme proposals and other functions as the
need arises.
ACADEMIC Schools, both public and private, are responsible for the
INSTITUTION basic traffic education by integrating in their respective programs
and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic safety
COURTS The Courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-
related cases filed before them
PUBLIC The government through the Philippine information agency (PIA)
INFORMATION provides the necessary updated information to the public by
OFFICES creating traffic safety campaigns and other activities relating to
traffic.
CITIZEN SUPPORT The private institutions or organizations also help in the
GROUPS prevention t of traffic congestion by assisting government offices
in various activities particularly during special
occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen.

MEDIA Government and private-owned publications and radio and

television broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated
traffic-related information to the public through their
respective programs.

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 LESSON 2 THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

What are the Five (5) pillars of You should know that
Traffic? the pillars of traffic
are: Traffic engineering;
Traffic education; Traffic
enforcement; Traffic
ecology/environment; and
Traffic economy.
What are the functions of
the said pillars?
How about it’s important in
traffic management?

The first to learn is about TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

 It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.

 It is the study of the basic laws relative to traffic law and
regulations.
 It is the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, deciding and operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.
Functions of Traffic Engineering
 Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and
regulations.
 Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control
devices.
 Planning of traffic regulations
Objectives of Traffic Engineering
 To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
 To prevent traffic accident.
 To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
 To show that good police actions and performance make engineering plans
effective.
 To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the
improvement of traffic problems.

Agencies Concerned in Traffic Engineering

 DPWH
- National in scope.
- Responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin, and destinations,
studies of persons and things, planning, approving, funding and construction of:
 national roads – interconnecting cities and municipalities;

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  a network of national roads through cities and municipalities; and
 a yearly maintenance and repair programs which include widening and
redesigning of current road system.
 Provincial government – municipalities within the province.
 Municipal government – network of streets and roads within the barangay.
 Chartered cities – barangay within the cities.

Application of the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

 Habitually congested commercial areas
 Heavily travelled thoroughfares
 Congested local areas and intersections
 Special occasions and events
 Disaster or emergencies
 School crossing

Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

 Factors Employed in Planning and Geometric Design

 Composition of traffic streams
 Traffic volumes for capacity
 Origin and destination
 Factors Influencing Design
 Composition of traffic
 Volume of traffic
 Speed of vehicles
 Starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units
 Performance values

Regulation and control traffic regulation

 Based and confined within the boundaries of safety, public welfare and
convenience.
 Limitations impose on road users and their load.
 Basic general rule of road use and conduct
 Prohibitions and restrictions

The second Pillar for you to learn is TRAFFIC EDUCATION

 It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual

application of traffic safety knowledge.
 The process of disseminating of traffic related information to the
public; the act of imparting knowledge/information concerning traffic.
Traffic Safety Education – the process of training roads users in the avoidance and
prevention of traffic-related accidents.
For us to reduce the risk of accident or injury on the roads
is by promoting our own road safety. This can be achieved
through multidisciplinary approaches involving road
engineering and traffic management, education and
training of road users, and vehicle.

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https://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/news/november-2019/views-still-sought-on-tooting-bec-
road-safety-proposals/

Factors contributing to accidents

As shown on the figure, there

are three main factors that
contributes to accidents which
are human factors, road &
environmental factors and
vehicle factors.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-factors-identified-6-to-cause-or-interact-to-cause-road- accidents_fig1_326690770

Human errors are the main reason of accidents on roads. It is about

95% of all accidents. Which includes:
a. Going too fast or excessive speed;
b. Failing to give at junctions;
c. Following too closely;
d. Overtaking improperly;
e. Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g. Lack of skill.

Road Deficiencies that are main Main Vehicle factors are:

contributory factors are: a. Defects in tires, brakes and lights;
a. Poor design of layout and control at b. Absence or no-using of seat belts;
junctions/intersections; and
b. Inadequate signing, road c. Poorly maintained motor vehicles.
marking, and lighting;
c. Slippery roads; and
d. Obstructions on the
road such as parked
vehicle, ongoing road
construction, etc.

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  Division of Traffic Safety Education
 Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
 Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and
 Developing traffic safety morality

Is there any difference between the traffic education of children and adults? What
are the differences?
YES!

For Adults it is relatively easier because

For children. This is highly
adults are in a better position to
unsystematic and is usually
carried out in the home understand what is being taught to them.
through parental It is a general belief that by being a
education and in better driver, it follows that one becomes
kindergarten and nurseries. a better pedestrian. By knowing the
This is now necessary to limitations of the driver and the vehicle
make it systematic to as a driving student, one learns to watch
lessen the number of
out for dangerous cues such as
children fatalities and
injuries. pedestrians.

Levels of Traffic Safety Education for Children:

1. Elementary
- Safety and guides stressing traffic safety.
- Classroom discussion of accidents, incidents and safety rules.
- Organize safety patrols.
2. Secondary
- Initiating driver education program. Students have reached the age to drive;
hence, proper driving habits should be stressed.
- School safety organizations.
3. Tertiary/Higher Education
- Offer and conduct courses to public and private agencies regarding traffic
safety subjects.

Today, before you can get your student permit and driver’s license you should finished num
DRIVER’S EDUCATION

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 The basic purposes of these are:
- To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped
to live in a motorized society and achieving traffic safety.
- To develop citizens who are legally eligible to get
a driver’s license.
In general, driver instruction aims primarily to teach the
rudiments of driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
- To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral
responsibilities in traffic, and
- To teach abilities required for one to be eligible for
a driver’s license.
https://www.netclipart.com/isee/ioxowJJ_vector-illustration-of-student-

motorist-driver-education-clip/

 Four Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver Education Program

 Comprehensive - This method places the student into real life of
driving situation from the beginning.
 Traditional Instruction - This type of instruction depends on instruction-
student communication.
 Commentary Driving Method - The student-driver will be accompanied by
an instructor. As the student-driver drives, the instruction has to give
comments on his driving.
 Simulated Conditions and Off the Road Training - The premise of
simulated conditions training is that the behavior of the driver-subject
placed in condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.

Two Methods of Simulation

a. Partial Simulation Method - This method has the specific aim of
training for the subtask of the driving task.
b. Global Simulation - Training is simulated in traffic situations and
conditions with the use of simulations. Simulators are most commonly used
for the following types of training:
 Training in basic car control skills
 Perceptual training
 Emergency training
c. Simulator - It is a static machine with all the important features of a car
used in driving method or driving training.
Classification of films as shown by the simulators
 The analytical film which provides an objective analysis of
the driving situation presented to the student.
 The didactic film which aims to show good driving
behavior.
 The simulation film which offers visual realism to driving
situations and therefore a good aid in actual
practice.

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public should be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic (dissemination of information).

 Safety Campaign
 This is a mass publicity aimed to
make road users to behave more safely.
This basically focuses on public information
attitudes, and particular or specific
behaviors, or combinations of these.
 Road propaganda may be intended
simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware
of the recommended behavior by need to be persuaded into
adopting it.
 Safety Campaign Classification
 According to purpose – may be categorized as
informational, attitudinal, and behavioral.
 Kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the
public with authenticated factual data.
 Safety Campaign Design
 Initial Campaign Planning
 Final Campaign Design
 Campaign Evaluation
https://www.un.org/undss/roadtosafety
https://www.westislandblog.com/pointe-claire-third-summer-road-safety-campaign/
https://www.fiaregion1.com/slowing-saves-lives/
 Private and Government Entities Responsible for Safety Campaign
 Newspapers
 Radio broadcasting networks
 Television broadcasting networks
 Public information agencies
 Citizen Support Groups (NGOs)
 Develop citizen’s responsibilities
 Conduct organized educational campaign
 Awareness of the traffic problems
 Major traffic requirements and need

Another pillar of traffic is TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

This field deals mostly on the implementation

and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulations.

So once you violated traffic laws, traffic enforcers’ duty is to

implement and enforce the law by conducting arrest if
necessary, issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit
(TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of
any persons.

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 Agencies Responsible in Traffic Enforcement
1) Land Transportation Office – Vehicle registrations; Vehicle
inspections; Driver’s licensing; and Public to police on stolen or
wanted vehicles.
 Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board –
responsible in franchising Public Utility Vehicle.
2) Legislation – passing of laws and ordinances and appropriations of budget
(Congress; Council (city or municipal); and Provincial boards)
3) Police – direct enforcement of traffic laws (PNP; MMDA; and Police
Auxiliaries)

As you can see on the picture are examples of traffic law

violations. We cannot deny the fact that most of drivers already
violated traffic laws from minor to grave ones. So, why people
do violate traffic laws? This might be the reasons:
Physical disabilities
Ignorance of traffic laws, rules and regulations
Mental disorders
Lack of training and experience
Wrong attitudes towards driving, risk taking,
enforcement and traffic laws
Habitual traffic violators
Drivers of public utility vehicles for increase
compensation and commission
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/traffic+violation
 Knowing the effects once you have violated traffic
laws it might be a deterrent for you do such act. The
following are considerations that act as deterrent to
motorists and pedestrians
Fear of fine or punishment
Loss of driving privileges
Possibility of being involved in accidents
Positive area of good citizenship – doing what is right and setting an
example

Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement

a) Police Traffic Law Enforcement
The part of the traffic law enforcement performed by the police and
other agencies with police power including deterrent to law violation created
by the presence of uniformed police officers and their special equipment,
special assistance to courts and prosecutors and incidental services to highway
users.
b) Court Traffic Law Enforcement
The part of traffic law enforcement performed by the court by adjudication
and penalization.
Police-Court Enforcement Process
Detection  Apprehension  Prosecution  Adjudication 
Penalization

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Kinds of Enforcement Action
Traffic Warning – An
enforcement action which
does not contemplate
possible assessment of
penalty by the court or
otherwise as a result of
https://www.vecteezy.com/fr warning alone.
https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/5587982 ee-vector/police-ticket a. Verbal warning – a
66257575996/ form of traffic safety
It is duty of the traffic enforcer
to issue a citation ticket once
education. Tell the driver or
You can be arrested if the
you have violated traffic laws. violator that he violated a law
offense committed is serious,
Citation ticket stipulated your and explain the hazards of
detention is necessary to avoid specific traffic violations. such violations.;
continued violation and there is
b. Visual warning –
reasonable doubt that the Traffic Citation – It is made
giving citation ticket to person usually used when you have
violator will not appear in court.
violating traffic laws without observed a minor violation
The term is TRAFFIC the possible effect of arrest and but are more importantly
ARREST an enforcement action bringing violator to the court. occupied at a moment. It is
which consists of taking a person indicated by gesture of the
Based on what is actually
into custody for the purpose of happening, when you were hand and/or of the head.; and
holding or detaining him to given citation ticket you are c. Written warning –
answer a charge of law violation only required to pay the combination of verbal
penalties on the agency (LTO, warning and citations. It
before a court
City/Municipality/Province
LGUs). gives the spirit of verbal
warning and the form of
citation.

Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System

 Enforcement system – It consists of legislation, police, court, and
penalties
 Road users system – Aka “traffic way users”
 Road system – Aka “traffic system”. It consists of the entire road and
vehicle complex.

Traffic law enforcement action

- The part of police traffic law enforcement involving arrest, citation or
warning of any person believed to have violated a law, ordinance or rules
and regulations pertaining to the use of traffic ways, when the person has
knowledge of his action and when it is to:
1) Prevent such violation from endangering persons or property or
inconveniencing other users of the traffic way
2) Prevent continued violation
3) Discourage future violation

Basis for Decision of Enforcement Action

1) degree of violation
2) accuracy of observation
3) continuous or momentary action
4) traffic and weather condition
5) evidence gathered

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 6) a new law or not

We have also TRAFFIC ECOLOGY or TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT as

pillar of traffic.
This pillar is the study with potentially disastrous population
explosion, changes in urban environment due to scale and density of new
urban concentration and new activities carried out , air population, water
pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion which result
therein.

 Kinds of Environmental Effects of

Urban Transportation  External Factors that Influences the
 Noise Existing and Future Behavior of
 Vibration Population
 Dirt 1. Rapidly increasing population
 Visual intrusion growth
 Loss of privacy 2. Rapidly increasing urbanization
 Change in amount of light 3. Rapidly increasing motorization
 Neighborhood severance both 4. Industrialization and technical
physical and sociological modernization
 Relocation 5. Improvement of the transportation
 Distraction during planning and network that is the street network
construction and the public transportation
 Accident experience facilities.
 Pedestrian journey
 Congestion and other benefits to
vehicles

TRAFFIC ECONOMY
- It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our
economy. Traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic.
However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.
- One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil
prices in the world market. Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to
minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic commodities.
- Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of
travel but the productivity of an individual

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