AMPHIBIAN CHARTS
Dr. Shanthi Nambiar Kodoth
Department of Physiology
AMPHIBIAN EXPERIMENTS
SIMPLE MUSCLE TWITCH
PS : Point of Stimulation
AB : Latent period
BC : Contraction period
CD : Relaxation period
P
S
I
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION
LATENT PERIOD
Interval between the point of stimulus & the onset of contraction
-Time taken for the stimulus to travel along the nerve to NMJ
-Time taken for the impulse to cross NMJ
-Time taken for the excitation contraction coupling
-Time taken to overcome the viscous resistance of the muscle
CONTRACTION PERIOD
RELAXATION PERIOD
QUESTIONS
Identify the graph.
Name the different phases in the graph.
What are the causes of latent period?
Name the conditions where the latent period is prolonged.
Define isotonic and isometric contractions.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SIMPLE
MUSCLE CURVE
370
C
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION
HIGHER TEMPERATURE OF RINGER’S SOLUTION
Latent period, Contraction period, Relaxation period : DECREASES
Height of Contraction : INCREASES
-↑ in conduction velocity
- ↑ rate of neuromuscular transmission
- Inertia of lever overcomes faster↑
Faster contraction and relaxation
- Activation of myosin ATPase
activity
- ↓ muscle resistance/viscosity
- ↑ enzymatic & chemical activities
LOW TEMPERATURE OF RINGER’S SOLUTION
Latent period, Contraction period, Relaxation period : INCREASES
Height of Contraction : DECREASES
- ↓ in conduction velocity
- ↓ rate of neuromuscular transmission
- ↑ muscle resistance/viscosity
↓ enzymatic & chemical activities
QUESTIONS :
Identify the graph.
What is the effect of warm and cold ringer on different phases
of muscle contraction?
What is rigor mortis, cold rigor, heat rigor? Which one of these
is reversible?
EFFECT OF TWO SUCCESSIVE STIMULI ON
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION
i. Simple muscle twitch
ii. Second stimulus applied in the first half of the latent period, it does not evoke any
response as it falls in the absolute refractory period.
iii. Second stimulus applied in the later half of the latent period , there is summation of
contraction and increase in the magnitude of contraction.
iv. Second stimulus applied during the contraction phase, there is summation of
contraction and increase in the magnitude of contraction.
v. Second stimulus applied during the relaxation phase, the relaxation is arrested and
second contraction occurs ( beneficial effect)
vi. Second stimulus applied after relaxation phase, a second contraction of higher
amplitude occurs ( beneficial effect)
QUESTIONS
What is beneficial effect and what is its physiological basis?
Define absolute and refractory periods.
Define summation of responses.
GENESIS OF TETANUS
TREPP
E
CLONUS TETANUS
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION
TREPPE ( STAIRCASE PHENOMENON )
Progressive increase in the force of contraction for the first two or three
contractions when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly.
CLONUS ( PARTIAL TETANUS )
Relaxation phase is incomplete.
TETANUS
State of sustained contraction, without relaxation. Rapid and repeated
stimuli fall during the contraction phase and muscle does not get time to relax.
QUESTIONS
Define treppe, clonus and tetanus
What is the mechanism of staircase phenomenon?
Give an example of tetanic contractions in our body.
What is the cause of tetanus disease and tetany ?
GENESIS OF FATIGUE : Effect of repeated stimuli on simple muscle
curve
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION
Relaxation period of muscle twitch is prolonged
Baseline goes up
Relaxation is incomplete and remains in a state of partial contraction :
due to decrease in ATP and accumulation of metabolites
“CONTRACTION REMINDER”
FIRST SITE OF FATIGUE
Isolated preparations : NMJ
Human beings : CNS
QUESTIONS
Define fatigue. What are the causes of fatigue?
Name the sites of fatigue in isolated and intact muscle.
What is the effect of fatigue on different phases of
contraction?
What is contraction reminder?
EFFECT OF LOAD ON SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
AFTER LOAD : Load starts to act on the muscle after the contraction has
begun.
Eg – Lifting of weight from the ground.
Force of contraction
decreases
Contraction & Relaxation
periods shorten
Latent period prolongs
FREE LOAD ( pre load ) : Load acts on the muscle before it begins to contract
.
Eg- Contraction of antigravity muscles to maintain body posture
- Biceps curls with dumbbell
‘FRANK STARLING LAW’
Force of
contractions
increases initially,
decreases as load
increases
Work done
increases initially,
declines as load
increases
gm
WORK DONE BY THE MUSCLE : Force or Load X h
Work done in free loaded condition is more than that of after loaded condition.
QUESTIONS
Define after load and free load. Give examples
What is Optimum load?
Define Frank Starling’s law. How is it applicable to cardiac
muscle?
What is the relationship between load and work done?
CONDUCTION VELOCITY IN
NERVES
V curve
M curve
LPM LPV
Conduction velocity = Distance ( length of the nerve)
Time
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION
Conduction velocity depends on
- Fibre diameter
- Degree of myelination
- Temperature
- Conducting media
- Stimulating and recording systems
QUESTIONS
Enumerate the factors which affect the conduction velocity in the nerve.
How are nerve fibres classified according to diameter and conduction
velocity of the fibres?
What is the clinical significance of determining the conduction velocity
of nerves?
REFERENCES
Textbook of Practical Physiology – G K Pal
Manual of Practical Physiology – A K Jain
THANK
