12

12
GRADE

Agricultural Sciences
CAPS

Agricultural Sciences 2-in-1

GRADE 8 - 12
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Liesl Sterrenberg, Grace Elliott & Helena Fouché

2-in-1

Liesl Sterrenberg, et al.

Grade 12 Agricultural Sciences 2-in-1 CAPS
TEST & EXAM PREPARATION

This 2-in-1 study guide presents the challenging content material of Grade 12 Agricultural Sciences in an easy-to-use format
that stimulates consistent revision as well as pre-exam consolidation.

Key Features:
• Illustrated skills summary
• Curriculum-based check lists per topic
• Comprehensive terminology lists per topic
• Questions and answers per topic
• Exam papers and memos
• Answers and memos in a separate booklet

As you work methodically through this study guide, you will become increasingly prepared to achieve excellent
results in your exams.
 12
GRADE

Agricultural Sciences
Liesl Sterrenberg, Grace Elliott & Helena Fouché
CAPS

2-in-1

THIS STUDY GUIDE INCLUDES

1 Questions per Topic on:

• Animal Nutrition
• Animal Production, Protection and Control
• Animal Reproduction
• Agricultural Management and Marketing
• Factors of Production
E-book
• Basic Agricultural Genetics
available

2 Exam Papers
(all answers in separate booklet)

2019 publication | ISBN: 978-1-928404-38-5 310321 | NOVUS

 CONTENTS
About this Book............................................................................................... i Topic 5: Factors of Production
Checklist ................................................................................................ 124
Skills ............................................................................................................... i
Terminology and Concepts ................................................................... 126
Action Verbs .................................................................................................. v
Exam Questions .................................................................................... 130

Topic-based Questions Topic 6: Basic Agricultural Genetics

Topic 1: Animal Nutrition Checklist ................................................................................................ 149

Checklist .................................................................................................... 1 Terminology and Concepts ................................................................... 151

Terminology and Concepts ....................................................................... 4 Exam Questions .................................................................................... 157

Exam Questions ........................................................................................ 9

Exam Papers
Topic 2: Animal Production, Protection and Control
Checklist .................................................................................................. 33 Grade 12 Final Exam ................................................................................... 172

Terminology and Concepts ..................................................................... 35

Exam Questions ...................................................................................... 43 Paper 1
(National November 2018 P1) ............................................................... 173
Topic 3: Animal Reproduction
Checklist .................................................................................................. 67
Paper 2
Terminology and Concepts ..................................................................... 70
(National November 2018 P2) ............................................................... 179
Exam Questions ...................................................................................... 80

Topic 4: Agricultural Management and Marketing

Checklist ................................................................................................ 101 All Answers to Topic-based Questions
Terminology and Concepts ................................................................... 103 as well as the Memos to the
Exam Papers are compiled in
Exam Questions .................................................................................... 107
a separate booklet.
TOPIC 6
6 BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

CHECKLIST
Use this handy checklist below to ensure you have  Use various methods, such as a Punnett square, genetic diagrams
covered the content required in the curriculum. and schematic representations to illustrate the crosses
Note the key verbs used (e.g. distinguish, describe,
define, compare, classify, name, tabulate, etc.) as they are  Describe Mendel's Laws:
the active words that will determine the focus of each  Law of Segregation
topic according to the latest examination guidelines.
Mendel's Law of Segregation states that alleles at the same locus on
homologous chromosomes separate from each other during meiosis
so that each gamete has only one copy of the gene for a characteristic.


CHECKLIST   Law of Independent Assortment

MONOHYBRID AND DIHYBRID INHERITANCE

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that genes
Genetic concepts for different characteristics are arranged separately from
each other during the formation of gametes in meiosis.

TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

 Define basic genetic terminology:
 Genetics  Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative characteristics
 Heredity
 Genes THE PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
 Chromosomes  Identify and describe the pattern of inheritance that leads to
 Alleles (homozygous and heterozygous) different phenotypes:
 Incomplete dominance  Co-dominance
 Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, dominant and  Multiple alleles  Polygenic inheritance
recessive genes
 Epistasis
 Indicate a monohybrid inheritance/crosses (Mendel's First Law:  Define the concept of prepotency and atavism with
Law of Segregation) relevant examples
 Indicate a dihybrid inheritance/dihybrid cross (Mendel's Second  Describe the sex chromosomes and sex-linked characteristics
Law: Law of Independent Assortment) (examples)

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 6 VARIATION AND MUTATION  Indicate the selection methods used by plant and animal breeders:
 Mass selection  Pedigree selection
CHECKLIST

 Define genetic terminology:

 Family selection
 Variation
 Progeny selection and breeding values
 Mutation
 Identify and describe animal breeding systems:
 Selection
 Inbreeding with relevant examples
 Linebreeding with relevant examples
 Identify and describe the importance of variation and selection
Inbreeding and linebreeding are related breeding
 Distinguish between the types of variation: systems, while crossbreeding, upgrading, species crossing
 Continuous variation and outcrossing are unrelated breeding systems.

 Discontinuous variation
 Crossbreeding  Upgrading
 Species crossing  Outcrossing
 Discuss the causes of variation:
 External causes (environmental)
 Name the advantages and disadvantages of these different
breeding systems
 Internal causes (genetic)
GENETIC MODIFICATION/GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Distinguish between types of mutations:
TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

 Define the concept of genetic modification/genetic engineering in

 Gene/point mutations
plants and animals (with relevant examples)
 Chromosome mutations
Stages of genetic engineering process:
 Identify the types of mutagenic agents and their effects (changes in  Desired gene is isolated
chromosome structures)
 Desired gene is copied
 Transfer of desired genes into plant's own genes
SELECTION  Modified tissue is developed into new plant
 Indicate the general principles of selection:  Checking that inserted genes function normally
 Biometrics  Checking that inserted genes appear in progeny

 Heritability
 List the aims of genetic modification of plants and animals
 Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs)
 Indicate the advantages of genetic engineering over
 Compare natural and artificial selection traditional methods

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 Identify and describe the current uses/application of genetically 6
modified plants
TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS

TERMINOLOGY
 Indicate the techniques used to genetically modify plants/animals
Use this reference list to extend your understanding of
terms in Agricultural Sciences. It is vital to know your
Techniques of GM in animals:
terms and definitions. This list is more than definitions,
 micro-injection it provides an extensive explanation for each term and
 retroviral vectors places it in context. Refer to this list as you study the
content and work through the questions and answers.

Techniques of GM in plants:
 recombinant DNA
MONOHYBRID AND DIHYBRID INHERITANCE

 electroporation uses electric currents to

the transfer of genetic characteristics from generation to
penetrate plant cells with desired gene heredity
generation
 micro-injection transfers desired gene directly
the study of heredity; how characteristics are passed from
into recipient nucleus genetics
parents to offspring
 gene gun (biolistic delivery) fires tiny gold-coated
gene particles into the plant embryo unit of inheritance composed of a segment of DNA on a

TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

gene
chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic
 bacteria e.g. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
DNA large molecule (polymer) in the nucleus that forms the
(deoxyribonucleic hereditary material of chromosomes and carries all the
acid) genetic instructions for cell functioning
 Name the characteristics of GMOs
DNA  gene  chromatid  chromosome
Characteristics of GMOs include: heat or cold-
resistant crops, pesticide-resistant crops, high characteristic that is coded in the genes and passed from
nutritive crops, stronger, disease-resistant genetic trait
parents to offspring
animals, iron-rich milk for human consumption.
thread-like structure visible in the nucleus of a dividing cell;
chromosome consists of two chromatids joined by a centromere and
 Indicate the potential risks of GMOs composed of DNA that carries genetic information

 Describe the potential benefits of genetically modified crops locus specific position of a gene on a chromosome

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 6 alternative forms of the same gene found at a particular observable, physical characteristics of an individual as
alleles
locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes phenotype determined by the genotype (genetic composition)
TERMINOLOGY

e.g. hornless, red flowers, long wings

type of cell division that produces four haploid daughter
meiosis
cells e.g. gametes (animals) or spores (plants) gene that masks the recessive gene, always expressed
dominant allele in the phenotype and represented by a capital letter
progeny offspring/descendants/young of parent individuals e.g. A or B

cell with a single set of chromosomes; half the gene that is masked by a dominant gene, only expressed in
haploid cell number of chromosomes found in other body/somatic cells recessive allele the phenotype if the corresponding allele is identical;
e.g. 23 chromosomes in a human sperm cell/egg cell represented by a small letter e.g. a or b

cell with a double set (full complement) of chromosomes a pattern of inheritance where one allele (dominant) masks
diploid number
e.g. 46 chromosomes in a human body/somatic cell dominance the effect of the corresponding allele (recessive) in the
phenotype
two chromosomes (one from each parent) found in diploid
homologous cells that are similar in size, shape and genetic transfer of pollen from the male anther of one flower to the
chromosomes composition and have corresponding alleles for the cross-pollination
female stigma of another flower on a different plant
same characteristic
transfer of pollen from the male anther of one flower to the
a pure-bred individual with two identical alleles self-pollination female stigma of the same flower or another flower on the
homozygous/ (corresponding genes e.g. AA/aa/BB/bb on a pair of same plant
homozygote homologous chromosomes) for a particular characteristic;
TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

monohybrid genetic cross between parents involving one characteristic
inheritance/cross e.g. seed shape
homozygosis/ the condition of being/forming a homozygote by combining
homozygosity two identical alleles in fertilisation
offspring generation (progeny) from a genetic
filial generation
a hybrid individual with two different alleles (corresponding cross between two parents
heterozygous/ genes e.g. Aa/Bb on a pair of homologous chromosomes)
heterozygote for a particular characteristic; only the dominant allele is first filial generation that consists of offspring
expressed in the phenotype F1 generation resulting from a genetic cross in the first
parental generation (P1)
heterozygosis/ the condition of being/forming a heterozygote by combining
heterozygosity two different alleles in fertilisation second filial generation that consists of offspring resulting
F2 generation from a genetic cross of the second set of parents (P2) from
a heterozygous individual; offspring of two genetically the F1 generation
hybrid
different parents
diagram that shows how genetic characteristics are
genetic composition of an individual contained in a pair of genetic diagram inherited from each parent, the gametes and potential
genotype
alleles for a particular characteristic e.g. Bb or BB combinations of genotypes in the offspring

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Punnett
diagram in a table format that shows how genetic characteristics pattern of inheritance where both alleles are equally
6
are inherited from each parent, the gametes and potential dominant and both are expressed in the heterozygous
square

TERMINOLOGY
combinations of genotypes in the offspring co-dominance
phenotype e.g. BB = black feathers, WW = white feathers,
BW = black feathers and white feathers
proportional relationship between the number of times each
genotypic
genotype appears in the offspring generation, expressed as a
ratio pattern of inheritance where more than two alleles control a
ratio e.g. 1AA : 2Aa : 1aa
characteristic e.g. 4 alleles for coat colour (C/cch/ch/c):
multiple alleles
reproductive cell (sex cell) formed during meiosis CC = brown fur, cchcch = black-tipped white fur,
gamete
e.g. sperm cell/ovum chch = white fur with black fur patches, cc = white fur

proportional relationship between the number of times each

phenotypic pattern of inheritance where the action of one gene is
phenotype appears in the offspring generation, expressed as a
ratio epistasis modified or controlled by one/several other genes
ratio e.g. 3 wrinkled seeds : 1 smooth seed
e.g. different comb shapes in chickens, coat colour in horses
separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate
segregation
in meiosis pattern of inheritance where a phenotypic characteristic is
polygenic determined by more than one pair of genes; multiple genes
alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes inheritance resulting in continuous (gradual/quantitative) variation
Law of
separate from each other during the formation of gametes e.g. milk production, height, weight, wool production
Segregation/
(meiosis) so that each gamete has only one copy of the gene
Mendel's
for a characteristic; alleles recombine in fertilisation to restore
First Law clone genetically identical individual to the parent
paired alleles in the offspring

TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

dihybrid ability of a parent to transfer genetic characteristics to
inheritance/ genetic cross between parents involving two prepotency offspring due to the presence of more homozygous dominant
cross/ characteristics e.g. seed shape and seed colour alleles; offspring more likely to resemble that parent
dihybridism

Law of reappearance of a homozygous recessive characteristic after

Independent genes for different characteristics are arranged absence for several generations known as a 'throwback'
atavism
Assortment/ separately from each other during the formation e.g. red-and-white calf born to generations of black-and-
Mendel's of gametes in meiosis white parents
Second Law
sex one pair of chromosomes called X and Y chromosomes in
chromosomes/ each body/somatic cell that determines the gender of the
THE PATTERN OF INHERITANCE gonosomes individual e.g. females have XX, males have XY

pattern of inheritance where neither allele is dominant over the genes carried on sex chromosome (X chromosome); being
incomplete/ sex-linked
other and both characteristics (represented by capital letters) are male or female determines whether the individual will have
partial inheritance/
expressed as a blend (intermediate form) in the heterozygous the condition and forms part of the phenotype
dominance sex-linkage
phenotype e.g. BB = black, WW = white, BW = grey e.g. hairlessness in Holstein bull

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 6 VARIATION AND MUTATION characteristics controlled by one or a few genes that produces
qualitative
discontinuous variation with distinct phenotypes e.g. gender,
TERMINOLOGY

characteristics
horned/polled cattle, seed colour
variation differences in genotypes/phenotypes of individuals of the
same breed due to external and/or internal causes
e.g. shape, colour, height etc. exchange of genetic material (DNA) between adjacent
crossing over homologous chromosomes during meiosis that introduces
variation in the genotypes of the gametes/offspring
External (environmental) causes are non-hereditary
factors from the surroundings e.g. nutrition, climate. random change in the genetic composition (DNA/gene/
mutation
Internal (genetic) causes are hereditary factors in the chromosome) of a cell
genotype affected by: crossing over in meiosis,
fertilisation, DNA mutations. mutant an organism, cell or gene produced as a result of a mutation

a change in the base pair sequence of the DNA in a gene,

gene (point)
triggered by mutagenic agents e.g. X-rays, radiation or
type of graph that represents continuous/numerical data in mutation
histogram chemicals
columns with no gaps in between

chromosome
a common, continuous distribution of values that forms a change in the structure/number of chromosomes
normal mutation
symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with most values centred
distribution
around the mean
a mutation with more than two sets of homologous
chromosomes in a cell due to abnormal cell division
TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

a type of average calculated by dividing the sum of the

mean polyploidy e.g. triploid (3 sets) or tetraploid (4 sets); results in
numbers by the number of data values
beneficial characteristics in plants like increased vigour or
disease-resistance
a complete range of phenotypes of a quantitative
continuous characteristic due to polygenic inheritance (controlled by
a mutation due to a change in the normal number of
variation many genes), showing a normal distribution (bell-shaped)
chromosomes e.g. an extra chromosome leads to trisomy
curve e.g. weight gain, milk production aneuploidy
(3 chromosomes instead of a homologous pair) which causes
growth defects in plants
quantitative characteristics controlled by one or two genes
discontinuous with distinct (clear-cut) phenotypes with no intermediate
mutagen/
variation forms; represented in a bar graph / pie chart e.g. four comb a physical/chemical factor that causes a change in the DNA
mutagenic
types in chickens (mutation) e.g. X-rays, chemicals, ultraviolet radiation
agent

characteristics controlled by a number of genes (polygenic

quantitative inheritance) that produce continuous variation (intermediate
characteristics forms) in a particular phenotype e.g. wool production, crop
yields, disease resistance, size of fruit

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 SELECTION brothers/sisters that have both parents in 6
siblings
common, same father and mother

TERMINOLOGY
process by which genetically superior organisms are chosen
brothers/sisters that have one parent in
selection for breeding to produce quality offspring with desirable half-siblings
common, either mother or father
characteristics
mating/crossing animals/plants to produce offspring by sexual
the degree to which a characteristic/phenotype is breeding
reproduction
determined by genes as opposed to environmental effects;
heritability
expressed as a percentage and determines farming strategy
selective a process whereby superior organisms are mated/crossed to
focused on breeding or improving environment
breeding produce offspring with desirable characteristics

indicator of the genetic merit of an animal, the value of the

estimated a group of animals with a distinctive set of characteristics as a
genes passed onto offspring as measured by the breed/strain
result of breeding
breeding value performance of the offspring (progeny); expressed as a
(EBV) positive/negative value to indicate whether offspring is
above/below average for a particular characteristic plants with distinctive, desirable characteristics produced
cultivar
through artificial selection
natural individuals with variations best adapted to a particular
mating/crossing of plants/animals that are closely related to
selection environment will be selected to survive and reproduce
retain desirable characteristics; it introduces weaker
inbreeding
characteristics due to expression of homozygous recessive
identifying individuals for breeding based on human alleles e.g. brother × sister or father × daughter
artificial
intervention to produce new varieties with desirable
selection
characteristics individual produced from inbreeding; a cross of true-

TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

pure-bred/
breeding/homozygous parents to ensure offspring show
inbred
inaccurate method of selection for breeding based on desirable characteristics of unmixed breed
mass selection
phenotype (physical appearance) only
decrease in performance with each generation in the crossing
pedigree traditional, slower method of selection based on quality of inbreeding of two closely related individuals due to expression of
selection ancestors (maternal and paternal) rather than the individual depression homozygous recessive alleles, the opposite of hybrid
vigour/heterosis e.g. loss of vigour and lethal genes
faster method of selection for breeding based on relatives of
family selection form of inbreeding where a superior individual is mated with
the individual from the same generation
less closely related individuals so that progeny maintain
linebreeding desirable characteristics from individuals not directly related and
progeny show increased homozygocity e.g. grandfather × granddaughter
slower method of selection of individuals for breeding based
selection or aunt × nephew
on the records of their offspring in more than one generation
(animals)
mating of unrelated individuals of different breeds/strains
progeny reliable method of selection of individuals for breeding cross- within the same species to produce offspring with desirable
testing/progeny based on the performance/phenotype of their breeding characteristics and greater genetic variation; offspring shows
performance offspring/progeny produced by different matings hybrid vigour/heterosis; normally associated with animals

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 6 hybrids/ offspring from hybridisation/crossbreeding of unrelated genetically
crossbreeds parents from different breeds/strains of the same species; organism that has genes from another
modified
TERMINOLOGY

individuals show hybrid vigour/heterosis organism inserted into its DNA to

organism
express desirable characteristics
(GMO)/
e.g. drought-resistance, improved
The term 'hybrid' is normally associated transgenic
taste, increased size
with plants and 'crossbreed' is organism
commonly associated with animals.
recombinant manipulation of genetic material to form a modified DNA
DNA fragment with a desirable characteristic called
crossing individuals of different species to produce a hybrid technology recombinant DNA
hybridisation which often expresses hybrid vigour/heterosis; normally
associated with plants
host cells/organisms that produce/store genes used in DNA
gene libraries
technology e.g. yeast cells, bacteria
superior characteristics and increase in performance in a
hybrid vigour/
hybrid individual compared to both parents e.g. improved
heterosis
yield/fertility/size

outcrossing/ crossing of an unrelated individual with an inbred individual

outbreeding within the same breed or species

rapid system of crossbreeding where a superior pure-bred

male (good sire) is mated with females of inferior breed from
upgrading a poor herd generation after generation to produce better
TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

quality offspring and eventually a superior herd/pure-

breeding/pedigree stock

a breeding system where individuals from similar, but different

species species are mated to produce offspring with desirable
crossing characteristics, offspring are often sterile e.g. horse × donkey
= mule (hardy, stronger to carry heavy loads)

GENETIC MODIFICATION/ENGINEERING

genetic
direct manipulation of the genes/DNA by inserting genetic
modification
material from one organism to another to introduce desirable
(GM) or
characteristics e.g. genetically engineered bacteria produce
genetic
vaccines/insulin
engineering

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 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
6 Question 22 23.1 Translate the information in the table to a line graph. (5)
In an animal production unit the following data of heifers has been collected for
23.2 State two environmental causes of variation in the weight of the lambs. (2)
EXAM QUESTIONS

breeding purposes:
23.3 Indicate whether the characteristic that caused the type of variation
Live in the table is qualitative or quantitative. (1)
mass 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146
(kg) 23.4 Justify your answer in Question 23.3. (2)
Number
of 10 15 20 30 40 60 75 65 45 35 15 10 5 Question 24
animals
Mutagens change the genetic material of an organism causing errors in the
genes of organisms. How will the following mutagenic agents affect the DNA
22.1 Give the appropriate term for the phenomenon represented by the structure of the gene?
data above. (1)
22.2 Determine the number of heifers if 12% of the total number of 24.1 gamma and X-rays (1)
heifers are selected. (3)
24.2 metals such as nickel and chromium (1)
22.3 Use the data to find the mass of an average heifer. (1)
24.3 viruses (1)
22.4 In a normal commercial production unit, what would a farmer do with:
22.4.1 heifers with the highest live mass (1) Question 25
22.4.2 heifers with the lowest live mass (1) The table below shows the estimated breeding value (EBV) for specified
characteristics in Bonsmara cattle and Boer goats.
Question 23
TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

A commercial farmer has seven different breeds of sheep on four different

experimental farms. There is a huge variation in the weights of the sheep on Species Characteristic Heritability
different farms. The record of samples of the lambs picked from the four farms are
as follows: Birth weight 38

Post-weaning weight 30
Kilogram Number of lambs Bonsmara
Meat tenderness 65
20 - 29 2
30 - 39 5 Lean meat 38

40 - 49 8 Birth weight 35
50 - 59 10
Post-weaning weight 60
60 - 69 6 Boer goat
Lean meat 35
70 - 79 3
Fleece weight 12
80 - 89 2

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 SAMPLE MEMO
6 21.3 Continuous variation
Marking guidelines:
• complete range of characteristics from one extreme to another
• line graph 
Discontinuous variation
• correct heading 
• has a few clear-cut forms/no intermediate forms in between (2)
• correct labelling of x and y axes 
21.4 • process of choosing/identifying specific individuals • correct scaling 
• for their desired characteristics/traits • correct plotting of points 
• to be used in the production of quality offspring. (3)
(5)
Question 22
23.2 • diet • water
22.1 continuous variation (1)
• shelter • climate
22.2 Total: • pest and diseases (any 2) (2)
10 + 15 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 60 + 75 + 65 + 45 + 35 + 15 + 10 + 5
= 425  23.3 quantitative (1)

â 12% (0,12) % 425  = 51 heifers  are selected (3) 23.4 • the characteristic is measurable/or can be quantified
22.3 Average mass = 140 kg look for the biggest (1) • can take on a whole series of values like body size/weight/
'Number of animals' wool production, etc. (2)
22.4.1 selection for breeding purposes (1)
in the table
22.4.2 cull/slaughter/sell (1) Question 24
TOPIC 6: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

24.1 damages DNA molecule and causes it to break (1)

Question 23
23.1 24.2 change the chemical structure of a DNA molecule (1)

Variation in the weight of different breeds of sheep 24.3 insert their own DNA (1)
12
Question 25
10
25.1 Bonsmara - meat tenderness
Number of lambs

8
Boer goat - post-weaning weight (2)
6
25.2 The heritability of both characteristics is greater than 50% OR
4 more controlled by genes (2)
2
25.3 • heritability is less than 50%
0 • characteristics will be more influenced by the environment OR
20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 - 79 80 - 89 less controlled by genes (2)
Weight range in kg

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