ESEquantum

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uantum
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Serlos
ENGINEERING
QUANTUM Series
Semester-3&4 ME/CE/AG/EE/CSE & Alied Branches
et
Energy Science & Engineering
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u.
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Sessionn
2019-20D
' Topic-wise coverage of entire syllabus
in Question-Answer form. 2019-20
Odd&Even
Semester
Short Questions (2 Marks)
Includes solution of following AKTU Question Papers

2018-19
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QUANTUM SERIES
For
ho E- B.Tech Students of Second Year aeiot
et
of All Engineering Colleges Affiliated to
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
n
Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
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(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University)
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By
Hareesh Kumar
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Mohd. Aazam Khan

Shubham Tyagi
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rms noizeoatgnd 9privaa

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TM
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uantum
Page
UANTU M PAGE PVT. LTD.

Ghaziabad New Delhi
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CONTENTS
PUBLISHED BY: Apram Singh
Quantum Publications KOE 033 / KOE 043 Energy Science & Engineering
CA Unit of Quantum Page Pvt. Ltd.) UNIT-1:ENERGY &ITS USAGE (1-1 G to 1-31 G)
Plot No. 59/2/7, Site 4, Industrial Area, Units and scales of energy use, Mechanical energy and transport,
Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201 010 Heat ernergy: Conversion between heat and mechanical energy
Electromagnetic energy: Storage, conversion, transmission and
et
radiation, Introduction to the quantum, energy quantization, Energy
Pbooe : 0120-4160479 in chemical systems and processes, flow of CO2, Entropy and
Email:pagequantum@gmail.com Website: www.quantumpage.co.in temperature, carnot and Stirling heat engines, Phase change energy
engines,
Delhi-110032 conversion, refrigeratianand heat pumps, Intermal combustion
Delhi Office: 1/6590, East Rohtas Nagar, Shahdara,
n
Steam and gas power cycles, the physics of power plants. Solid-state
phenomena inchuding photo, thermal and electrical aspects.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIT-2:NUCLEAR ENERGY (2-1 G to 2-20 G)
u.
forces the universe, Quantum mechanics relevant
No part of this pubhication may be reproduced or transmitted, Fundamental in
scales and structure,
in any form or by any means, without permission.
for nuclear physics, Nuclear forces, energy
decays, Nuclear
Nuclear binding energy systematics, reactions and Nuclear fission
physics,
fusion, Nuclear fission and fission reactor
ur cycles.
reactor design, safety, operation and fuel
(3-1 Gto 3-24 G)
Information contained in this work is derived from sources UNIT-3:SsOLAR ENERGY
& its
fundamentals of solar radiation
believed to be reliable. Every effort has been made to ensure Introduction to solar energy,
semiconductors, Carrier
measurement aspects, Basic physics of
accuracy, however neither the publisher nor the authors &e recombination in semiconductors,
transport, generation metal-semiconductorjunction
ilg
&epnjunction,
guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information Semiconductorjunctions:
photovoltaic devices, 1* Generation
published herein, and neither the publisher nor the authors Essential characteristics of solar
Cells, 3 Generation Solar Cells.
shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages Solar Cell, 2nd Generation Solar ENERGY SOURCE
UNIT4:cONVENTIONAL& NON-CONVENTIONAL
arising out of use of this information. (4-1G to 4-29 G)
iv
fuels, Fluid dymamics and power in

Biological energy sources and fossil
fhuids, viscosity, types of fluid flow, ift,
the wind, available resources,
wind farms, Geothermal power
Energy Seience & Engineering (Sem-3, & 4) Wind furbine dynamics and desig Tidal/wave/hydropower.
conversion,
.c
1 Edition 2019-20 ocean thermal energy

and
UNIT-5:SYSTEMS AND SYNTHESIS 5-1G to 5-21 G)
Energy Scenario, Nuclear radiation, fhuel cycles,
Overview of World storage, Energy
Climate change, Energy
waste and proliferation, Energy conservation: Conceptof
Green
w
conservation. Engineering for

concepts, LEED
Green Architechure; Green building
Building and represent the
energy related enterprises that
ratings; ldentification of prioritizing these as candidates; Embodied
breath of theindustry and susta inability. Energy
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as a tool for measuring

energy analysis and useoptimization of energy consumption.
Audit of Facilities and
(SQ-1G to SQ-13 G)
SHORT QUESTIONS
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Price: Rs. 80/- only (SP-1 G to SP-3 G)

soLVED PAPERS (2018-19)
Printed at: Mayank Enterprises, Delhi-11O093.

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1-2G (ESC-Sem-3&4) Energy and its Usage
1 UNITT Energy and its Usage

PART 1]
Units and Scales of Energy Use.
CONCEPT OUTLINEE
Enengy: Itis defined as the capacity to exert a force through a distance.
et
It exists in various forms like heat energy, ehemical energy, nuclear
energy, mechanical energy, ete.
Units of Energy: Energy can be measured in:
1. Joule,
n
Z. Calorie, and
CONTENTS 3. kWh.
.
u.
Part-1: Units and Scales of Energy Use. 1-2G to 1-3G Questions-Answers
Part-2 Mechanical Energy and Transport.1-3G to 1-5G Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
ur
Part-3 Heat Energy Conversion between. 1-5G to 1-6G
Heat and Mechanical Energy
Que 1.1.What are the various scales of energy ? Where are they
Part-4 Electromagnetic Energy:. 1BG to 1-9G ?
***********************
used
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Storage, Conversion,
Transmission and Radiation Answer
.. Various scales of energy that exists are as follows:
Part-6 Introduction to the Quantum,
Energy Quantization
1-9G to. 1-11G
. Femto (10-1): Femto refers to something that is in the 101 rang.
Part-6 Energy in Chemical Systems.. Uses: Certain specialized medical facilities, have a certain lasers referred
iv
:
1-12G to 1-15G
and Processes, Flow of GO, to as Femtosecond lasers. So, Femtosecond lasers are laser which are
on' for of a second and then they go 'off.
Part-7 Entropy and Temperature. ...... 1-15G to 1-16G
Pico (10-12): Pico refers to something that is in the 1012 range.
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Part-8 Carnot and Stirling. *************** *************** 1-16G to 1-18G Uses: High precision power supply used in laboratories to make very
Heat Engines precise measurements of current, voltage and resistance of specifie
Part-9: Phase Change Energy.. 1-18G to 1-21G samples.
Nano (10 ): Nano refers to something that is in the 10- range.
************************
Conversion, Refrigeration &

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using 10
and Heat Pump Uses: Electron micrograph is an example of instrument
Part-10:
Part-11:
Internal Combustion Engines..
Steam and Gas Power
..
Cycies.
. 1-21G to 1-26G
26G to 1-30G
range.
Micro (105): Micro refers to something that is in the 10 range.
Uses: In measuring instrument in the fields of science and
engineering.
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range.
Part-12: Physics of Power Plant. 1-30G to 1-3IG Mili (10 ): Milli refers to something that is in the 10scale 0.1 milli
Solid-State' Phenomena of
including Photo, Thermal Uses :Atypical scientific calculator uses power in the
Watt.
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and Electrie Aspects

Kilo (10 ): Kilo refers to something that is
in the 10 range.
1-1G (ESC-Sem-3& 4)
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1-3G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
14G (ESC-Bem-3 & 4) Energy and its Usage
telescope.
batteries in Hubble space Answer
Uses: In solar panels and
something that is in the 105 range. A Kinetic Energy: The energy that a body possesses by virtue of its
7. Mega (10): Mega refers to
like submarines. motion is known as kinetic energy.
Uses: Used in large vehicles
that is in the 10 range.
& Giga (10): Giga refers to something
have built in storage, which are of
Mathematically, KE = mv
Uses: Modern day mobile phones mean mobile phone store data in
et
the order of 16 GB, 64 GB which B. Mathematical Expression for Kinetic Energy:
several gigabyte. 1 Consider a body of mass m starting from rest. Let it be subjeeted to an
is in the 10 range.
& Tera (10): Tera refers to something that accelerating force F and after covering a distance s, its velocity
computers today uses hard disks in the terabyte becomes v.
Uses: Cameras and
n
scale. Initial velocity, u =0
1015 range. ..(12.1)
Peta (1015):Petarefers to something that is the
10.
in 2. Now, work done Fs
operate hundreds of petaflops. P= ma
u.
Uses: Today's supercomputers in 3. We know that,
11 Exa (10-s): Exa refers to something that is in the 108 range. Substituting the value of F in eq. (1.2.1), we have
Work done = m x (as) .(12.2)
Uses: 1018 is a kind ofa quantity that is indicated with prefix exa, the
world today uses energy in the range of 500 exajoules. rom equation of motion, we have
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12. Zetta (101): Zetta refers to something that is in the 10 range. or v2-0= 2as (: u= 0)
Uses:In 2010 humanity is said to have crossed the 1zetta byte mark in as
terms of data created and stored overall. And we might be cro8sing 2
1 zetta byte mark by 2020. Substituting the value of as in eq. (1.2.2), we get
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13. Yotta (104): Yotta refers to something that is in 10% range. Work done = m
Uses: We can understand this scale when we compare against body.
something in the scale of the galaxies and universe.
7. But work done on the body is equal to KE possessed by the
KE mva
PART-2
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Que 13.Define potential energy and also give principle of

Mechanical Energy and Transport.
eonservation of mechanical energy.
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CONCEPT OUTLINE Answer

do work by virtue of
Mechanical Energy: It is the sum of potential energy and kinetic A Potential Energy: It is defined as the capacity to
enerey. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an its position.
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oyeet, eg a moving car posse8ses mechanical energy due to its motion. Mathematically, PE = mgh
Energy:
B. Principle of Conservation of Mechanical
offorces then its mechbanical
Questions-Answers 1. Ifabody is subjected to a conservative system
any position in the force field.
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energy remains constant for

down a smooth incline or freely falling.
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions 2. Consider a body either sliding
is potential energy.
Since it is initially at rest, all of its energy
potential energy is converted
As it accelerates downwards, some of its
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3.
Que 1.2.Define kinetic energy into kinetic energy.
and also derive an expresa or
it.
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1-5G (ESC-Sem-3&4
Engineering8
Energy Science & 1-6G (ESC-Sem-3& 4) Energy and its Usage
level, the energy wi be
incline or at the ground or
At the bottom of the slope the ground levollas C. Heat Sink:
4 the bottom ofthe
purely kinetic, assumingenergy. 1. Thermal reservoir which absorbs heat froma system is known as sink.
the datum for potential This is at low temperature, e.g, ocean, river, atmospheric air,
conservation ofenergy, we see that the loss in potentin 2.
5. By the principle of
kinetic energ.
energy is equal the gain in
to Que 1.5. Discuss in short about the heat engine.
Mathematically,
(PE) -(PE,= (KE),-(KE), Answerr
et
O earranging, we havee 1. Heat engine is defined as a thermodynamie device which is used for
(PE), + (KE), = (PE),+ (KE), continuous production of work from heat when operating in a
thermodynamic cyclic process.
(PE)+(KE) = Constant
Both heat, and work interactions occur across the boundary of this
Thus, we see that the total mechanical enerEy, i.e., sum of potential and
2.
n
device, e.g, internal combustion engines, external combustion engines,
kinetic energies remain constant. This is known as principle of
conservation of mechanical energy.
gas turbines etc.
Consider a heat engine which receives , from heat source at T
u.
3.
temperature and produces mechanical work W.
PART-3 4 The remainder of energy is rejected to heat sink at T, temperature.
Heat Energy: Conversion between Heat and Mechanical Energy.
T
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L Heat source
CONCEPT OUTLINE
Heat Energy:It is the result ofthe movement offine particles called
atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. It can be transferred W
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from one object to another.
Heat sink
Questions-Answers T2
Fig. 1.5.1.
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Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

6. From the principle of conservation of energ
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Que 14.Whatis a heat reservoir or thermal energy reservolr or W Q-2

Also define heat source and heat Net work output W
sink. 6. Thermal eficiency, n Heat input (supplied)
Answer
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A Heat Reservoir : It is defined n

as the source of infinite heat enerE
and a finite amount of heat absorbed
reservoir will not have any effect or heat rejected from the n
Thermal efficiency is the measure of performance of a heat engine.
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on its temperature ie.,

is maintained at a constant temperature. heat reservo 1.
B. Heat Source:
1. Thermal reservoir which
supplies heat to
PART4|
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2 This is at high temperature, a system is known as Spurce.

e.g., boiler furnace, Electromagnetic Energy:Storage, Conversion,
nuclear reactor etc. combustion cham Transmission and Radiation
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1-7G (ESC-Sem-3& 4)
Energy Science & Engineering Energy and its Usage
1-8G (ESc-Sem-3& 4
CONCEPT OUTLINE 5. The energy being stored is in the form of electrical energy and
there is
no chemical change.
form of energy that is reflected or
lectromagnetic Energy: It is aelectrical and magnetic waves that Regions in capacitor are flat. So, this is the way in which the
capacitor is
emitted from objects in the form of functioning and in this process energy is stored.
can travel through space
Electromagnetic Storage Devices: energy
e 1.7 Discuss in brief about superconducting magnetic
et
Capacitor, and (SMES).
2 Superconducting magnetic energy storage storage (SMES).
Ansve (SMES)) systems store energy
Questions-Answwers 1. Superconductingg magnetic energy storage
flow of direct current through a
n
in a magnetic field created by the
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer1lypeAuestions superconducting coilL
superconducting coil in a cryogenic
A SMES system comprises a
to match the DCpower in the coil to
u.
2.
enclosure, an electronic converter
grid, and an electronic switch to control the flow of
Que 16, Write a short note on capacitor. the AC on the coil.
current into and out of the
which
3. The superconducting coil is
charged by applying a DC voltage
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Answer causes the current through the coil to inerease.
isolates
1 Acapacitor has two parallel plates or electrodes to which we connect an working value an electronic switch
When the current reaches its zero
external battery. And in the middle we have a dielectric material as 4
DC supply and short-circuits the coil. Because the coil has
shown in Fig. 1.6.1. the circulate without losses and with no
resistance, the current continues to
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Positively Negatively heat generation. discharges
charged charged Torelease the stored energy, the
sw his opened and the coil
AC power which can be fed to the
5. grid.
through the converter, yielding
compared to other types of energy storage is
6. Their primary advantage power for short
and ability to provide high
their very short reaction time
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periods SMES
with virtually no time delay, where
Because they can be switched on demand for applications
changes in
Dielectric Material systems can counteract abrupt
even the shortest
interruptions are unacceptable.
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the transformer with

suitable
1.6.1 Que 18.Briefly describe about
2. Electrons start entering one plate and exiting
other. So, one plate becones
positively charged and other negatively charged. Then correspondingly sketch.
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the side of the dielectric material that faces the negative eleotrode Answer from one circuit
becomes positively charged, and the side of the dielectric material that 15 which transfers energy
L Transformer isa static device magnetically coupled
facing the positive electrode becomes negatively charged. which are electrically isolated but
to another
3. There is overall charge neutrality because of jus frequency.
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the same amount o without change in generator and transmission line

positive and negative charge.
Tranaformer provides link between distribution system. And finally
4 Charge is given
Where,
as,
= CV
2.
and between
tranamission line
transformers are used to deliver
and
energy to load.
V= Voltage exposed
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isolates the expensive generator from the

C= Capacitance in Farad. 3. The transformer
overhead power grid.
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Energy Science & Engineering 1-9G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)

1-10 G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
4 The transient over voltages caused by atmospheric disturbance will Energy and its Usage
propagate along the lines as waves, having high crests and steep voltare
fronts and velocities slightly less than that of light. CONCEPT OUTLINJE
Laminated core
i
Wave Particle Duality : According to Einstein, the energy of light
concentrated in small bundles called photon. Hence, light behaves asis
wave on one hand and as a particle on the other hand. This nature ofa
light is known as dual nature, while this property of light is known as
et
wave particle duality.
AC Wave Function and its Sigmificance: The wave function y is
Supply ELoad described as mathematical function whose variation builds up matter
waves.Iv defines the probability density offinding the particle within
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the given confined limits.
Primary
Secondary Schrodinger's Wave Equation : This wave equation is a
winding fundamental equation in quantum mechanics and describes the
winding
u.
Yoke variation of wave function y in space and time.
Fig. 1.8.1.Arrangement of a simple transformer Quantization: The process of restricting the possible vaues of a
5. As these waves are being reflected physical quantity to a set of discrete values' is called quantization.
at the transformer terminals, high
voltage amplitude will be built up which will stress
the insulation of the
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transformer than in a generator windings.
6. Transformers come in sizes ranging Questions-Answers
from distribution transformers rated
a few kVA to huge three phase rating
in excess of 1000 MVA: Long Answer Type and MediumAnswer Type Questions
Que 1.9. Write a short note
ilg
on electromagnetio radiation
Answer Que 1.10. What are de Broglie's waves or matter waves ?
1 Electromagnetic radiation is an
electric and magnetic disturbance
traveling through space at the speed
of light. Answer
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waves is
2. It contains neither mass nor charge I When a material particle moves in a medium, a group of
These
energy called photons, or quanta. but travels in packets of radian associated with it due to which it shows the wave particle duality.
Examples of EM radiation include waves are known as matter waves or de Broglie waves.
motion
as infrared, ultraviolet, gamma, radio waves and microwaves, as Weu According to de Broglie's concept, each material particle in
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and X-rays. waves, having wavelength A associated with maving particle

Some sources of EM radiation behaves as
sun and stars, radioactive include sources
in the cosmos .g of momentum p.
a 101 3.f1
exhibits a dual wave and elements, and manufactured devices. Da
particle nature.
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5. The energy of electromagnetic

(eV), where 1.eV describes radiation is quantified by anelectron vo Wave nature Particle nature
accelerated through a the energy gained an electron as
potential difference of 1 by Schrodinger wave equation.
volt.
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Que 1.11.Derive time independent
PART 5| Answer associated with particle and

of stationary waye to be
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Introduction to
the Quantum, Energy Quantizatio LConsider a system
coordinate of the particle (x, y, z) and y is the
periodic
the position
displacement of any instant time ?.
hst1ay
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1-11G (ESC-8em-3 &4)

3D in dififerential form is, 1-12GESC-Sem-3&4) Energy and its Usage
2 The general wave equation in
1 1.11.1)
PART-6
Velocity of wave, and
Where, v= nery in Chetical Syodeme and Proogse, Rlou bfCO,
ww.we
Laplacian operator.
CONCEPT OUTLINE
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3. The wave function may be written a8,
V= ved 111.2) Fuel Cell: A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the
chemical energy of a fuel into electricity.
4 Differentiate eq. (1.11.2) wrt time, we get
n
-ioy,e .1.11.3)
testions Answere
5. Again differentiating eq. (1.11.3),
u.
Lon Answer Typesnd Medium Anawer TýpE Quesions
+ia*v.eiat
.1.11.4)
Gue 112 Discuss the application and economic aspectaffuel cells
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AKTO 2015-20, Maeka 10
6 Putting these value in eq. (1.11.1,
l1.5)
Applications of Fuel Cell: Various applications of fuel cells are as
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7. But follows:
2y= i Portable Applications: These include
8. Eq. (1.11.5) becomes, Portable power generators,
1
2. Consumer electronics,
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..(111.6) 3. Portable military equipments, etc.

9. From de-Broglie'swavelength, a= i Transportation Applications: These include:
mv 1 Auxiliary power units,
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2 Light traction vehicles,

Then
4m 1.11.7) 3. Marine propulsion, etc.
10. IfE and V are the total and potential il. Stationary Applications: These include:
kinetic energy, then energies of a particle and Distributed power generation,
1
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2. Combined heat and power,
11. Now eq. (1.11.7)

-Vormv=B-v or m=2m (E- 3. Back up power supply, ete.
becomes, B. Economic Aspects of Fuel Cells:
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yet significantly
1 As a new energy technology, fuel cells have not
vV4T 2m8-Vlv penetrated the energy market. Cost, durability, and reliability are the
cells.
main challenges in the commercialization of fuel
the production
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2. The manufacturing life cycle and value chain represent

1.11.8) procedure and cost of fuel cycle.
This is required time-independent
Schrodinger wave equation.
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EnsTgy Science & Enginrering

1-13G(E8C8em-3& 1-14G (ESC-8em3& 4
Ecergy and its Uia
3 Teo enefarturirg cost includrs the dcsigm, malerinls, component que 1.14. Erplain the werking of moten earbonste
shricair cdewembly, Lebeur, cnd eqnpment capnta, which is requid furl cels usting
overall embly ofcustom fsbicatod and commereialy produced eppropriate diagram and write the various ehemieal reacttons
thr
fiarl cels. involvedin this type of fuel cell.
Tho stack, air management, fucl management, and thormol Answer
Cngemczi were the most expensivo parts ol the system. Tho sterk
yten asembly and balanee made up 14 % of tho total cost. 1 t uses an electrolyto, whieh iua molten mixture cfearberate ealts
et
cear that most etudica on existing fucl cell eosta are based only on 2 Two mixturcs commonly used are
&It
ctack manufact uring costs, without consideration of repair and Lithium earbonato and potassium carbonate, and
antenance costs However, the cost of repair and maintenance i Lithium carbonate and sodium earbonate.
ccceesary or stark service and end-uner acceptance.
n
Electron ow Laad
g.13 Write short note on following Ww
Lithium-ion battery.
u.
Nickel metal bydrido.
H, 88
Answer
a Hydrogen
COco
Lithiumim Battery 88
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It s thr mast popular bttery at this point of time, It is lighter
nrtal bydnde battery becauæe lithium is the lightest metal.
than the nickel co
2 Therefore, it has much better energy density.
It is rechargeable.
lts ten part makes it rechargeable and it can
also discharge over period
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of time f not used. co
3 Reacticns of Lathium-ion battery are o 88
cO co 98 98Carben
diaxido
LiC C,+Li*+ e Water
Co0, Li+c LiCo0
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It uses lithium in carbon as

the anode, so
leaves the anode andreleases the electron when it discharges ithium
which goes externar
into the Anode Electrolyte Cathode
Circuit.
Then the lithium ion which comes Fig. 1.14.1. Malten carbonate fuei cell
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elertruna which come through the through the electrolyte and tne
cude (Co0,) and form lithium external circuit react with cobat 3 Since, these salts can act as electrolytes only in liquid phaa, the eperatirg
cobalt temperature should be as high as 650 "C.
revereible So, it is the rechargeable oxide (LiC%0,). This reaction
b. Nickel Metul Hydride
battery. Due to high temperature, theso salts melt and become conductive to
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(NiMH) Battery: carbonate ions (CO,

It is rechargeuble
battery. This is These ions Now from tho cathode to tho anode where thoy combine with
ecil ns nickeleadmium batteries non toxie so it can replace alkalinea 5.
2
This docs not have
the memory e hydrogen to give water, curbon dioxide and electrons
has tigh taparity and high
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ppruntbes that of lithjum ion. energy density

and its energy dens The clectrons flow through external circuit and reaches to cathodo,
generating electricity and byproduct heat.
I if-dir huge means it will slowly
discharge if we do notuSe 7 The reactions are given below :
4feuctiutis of nickel metol hydride N.

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battery are: Anode reaction: Co H

HO CO, 2o
MH OH M Cathodo reaction: CO, + V2 O,+2 CO,
NiOOH) H,0+e
HO NitOH),+OH
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Energy Science & Engineering 1-18G (ESC-Bem-34 1-16G(ESC-Sem-3&4)

Energy and its Usage
An isolntod systom docs not undorgo
Total reaction H1/20,+00, H0 CO, 2 any energy interaction (ie., work
or hent onergy) with its surroundings,
and
The emf produred by cach cell is theoretíeally 1 V and actual emf of possiblo states romains constant. Therefore the total energy of all the
03Vt 700Cnd the expected efficieney is about 60 *. for a isolated system
(dswisted 0
PART 7 3. 1ftho process is roveTsiblo, (ds
Odiitte preess s irranerzslsis,
gy and Teaperature (de)solated 0.
From abovo we see that the ertrupy od zo islted eyten
et
can aewer
CONGEPT OUTLINE decrease. It always inereases with every ireverile pres ad zemmairs
constant during a reversible procees. Tis isealed prineiple afertarupy
Eaeg Entregy is defined as the quantitative measure of disorder increase.
ar radommess in a sYsterm. It deals with the transfer of heat energy
n
within a SYStem
PART-B
Carnot and Stirling Hleat Engine
u.
Questions-Answerss
CONCEPT OUTLINE
Lng Answer Type and Medium Answer Type
Questions Carnot Engine: It is a theoretical engine which works on the Carnot
cycle.
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Que 1.15.| Discuss entropy. Stirling Engine : It is a heat engine which is operated by a cyehe
compression and expansion of air or other gas at different temperatures
such that there is a net oonversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
Answer It works on Stirling eyele.
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1 From Clausius theorem, cyelie
integral
offor a reversible process is Questions-Answers
zero. The
termis called entropy and its change
from state 1to state Long Answer Type and Mediunm Answer Type Questions
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2 during reversible process

is given as,
ds =s,-8 Que 1.17.| Explain the Carnot vapour power cycle with T-s
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2. Entropy is a measure of degree diagram. Also find out the efficiency of Carnot cycle.
of randomness
a system. Higher the
disorderness, greater of molecules compri8n Answer
3. In other words, entropy is the increase in entropy
is the function A Carnot Cycle:
the possibility of conversion of quantity of heat which show
w
of that heat
entropy of system increases into work.
and on heat rejection, On heat addiuo
It is an ideal cycle having highest thermodynamic efficiency. Carnot
it decreases. cycle is shown in Fig. 1.17.1.
Que 1.18. Explain entropy
principle. 2, Various processes of Carnot cycle are as follows:
w
Answer a Process 1-2: It ia reversible isothermal heat addition process in the

1. According to t boiler.
principle, entropy
or in the limit remains of anisolated system b. Process 2-3:Itis reversible adiabatic expansion process in steam turbine.
constant. either ncreases
Process 3-4:It is reversible isothermal heat rejection process in' the
w
condenser.
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1-17G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
1-18 G (ESC-Sem-3 &4) Energy and its Usage
process or pumping
d Process 4-1:It is reversible adiabatic compression
process in feed water pump.
Que 1.18. Describe the Stirling oycle
Answer
**** 1 Stirling oycle consists of two isothermal and two constant volume
processes, Itis externally reversible cycle.
et
2 Heat rejection and heat addition takes place at eonstant volume.
3. This cycle has mean effective pressure greater than Carnot cycle. But
efficiency in ideal case is equal to the Carnot cycle.
Fig. 1.17.1. Carnot vapour power cycle
From Fig. 1.18.1b), it is clear that amount heat addition and rejection
of
B. Efficiency:
n
during constant volume process is same. So efñciency of cycle is given
Net work = Turbine work- Pump work as,
For unit mass flow,
u.
W= hg-h)-h-*) Stirling
2 Heat added in process 1-2, Heat addition
from the souree
1-ha-h
ur
3. Thermal efficiency= Net work Isotherma Constant Constant
Heat added p volume volume
2
Carnot -)-h-h)
ilg
(h-h,) Isotherma
onto
1- (a)
Heat added from/to
the regenerator (6)
Heat rejection
thesin
to
4. Heat rejected in process 3-4,

Fig 1J8.1. Stiring eyele.
iv
with a heat exchanger, which

4h-h 5, Inpractical use, Stirling cycle incorporated volume process and supplies
constant
absorb the heat rejected during constant volume.
So, Carnot1-%4 back to the cycle in heat addition during
.c
transfer through heat exchanger (absorb heat and

So amount of heat of heat exchanger is
to cycle) is same. But efciency
5. Heat added or rejected can also be expressed beat supplied back the Carnot
and entropy, so in terms of temperature not 100 %. So efficiency of Stirling cycle will be less than
w
eycle
34 T-s,)
and
12 Ts-s,) PART-9
Conversion, Refrigeration and Heat Pump.
Phase Change EnerEy
w
Canot1-alas,)
Ts,-8,)
6. As we know, 8, = 84 s, =s3
and CONGEPT OUTLINE
w
So, change process is the change of material

83-8482-S1 Phase Change : Phase solid to liquid and vice
one state to another like
phyaical state from processes.
during phase change
Carnot1-* versa. Material utilizes its latent heat
Page 13 of 73
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1-19 G (Esc-Sem-3 &4) 1-20 G(ESC-Sem-8&4) Energy and its Usage

Energy Seience & Engineering
High temperature siínk
Questions Answers (T 7
Medium Answer ype uestions
Long Answer Type and Heat pump
the application of
Define refrigeration. State
et
Que 1.19
Low temperature source
AKTU 2019-20, Marketo
refrigeration.
F 120Apchematic diagram of a heat pump
n
Answer Coefficient of performance,
A Refrigeration: system, effect
Refrigeration means the cooling or removal of heat froma
1. COP Desired 1.20.1)
u.
maintaining temperatures below that Work input
2. Itis the science ofproducing and to the hot
a substance Now, the desired effect for a heat pump is to supply heat
of the surrounding atmosphere i.e., removal of heat from
under controlled conditions. body. Therefore,
3. The equipment employed to maintain the system at a
low temperature (120.2)
ur
COPp
is termed as refrigerating system and the system which is kept at
lower
temperature is called refrigerated system. 6. From the first law of thermodynamics,
B. Applieations of Refrigeration:
1 Making of ice.
-
ilg
yele
2 It is used in transportation of food at a required temperature W

3. It is used in industrial and comfort air conditioning. Hence, eq. (1.20.2) becomes
4 Itis used in processing food products and beverages. cOP
5. It is used in manufacturing and treatment of metals.
iv
Que 1-30. Write short note on the following: b Refrigerator:

A refrigerator is similar to a
heat pump. It operates as a reversed heat
Heat pump.
Refrigerator. engine.
.c
b. body/space
much as possible from the cold
2 Its duty is to extract heat as temperature bodyr/surroundings.
Answer and deliver the same to high
pump out
Heat Pump: refrigerator, under a steady state, is to And in
3. The desired effect ofa infiltrating into the system (Q).
A heat pump is a reversed heat engine. It receives heat from a low rate
w
1 the same as is
the heat in takes up W amount of external
work
temperature reservoir (source) and rejects it to a high temperatiure order to do so, the refrigerator
reservoir (sink). (Fig. 1.20.2). infiltratinginto
is toremoveheat
2. This transfer of heat from a low temperature desired effect of arefrigerator
w
body to a high temperan The

one is essentialy anon-spontaneous process. And the cold space.
of an external work which is supplied to the
heat pump (Fig. 1.20.
e
that calls for the
5. By using the external
work, it rejects heat to the high
temperature
Therefore,
3. A hesat pump extracts Q amount
of heat from the low temper ture reservoir (surroundings).
w
(T) sOurce and delivers amount of heat to high Desired effect 1.20.3)
sink by consuming W amount of the temperaUL cOP Work input W
external
work.
Page 14 of 73
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1-21 G6ESC-Sem-8&4
Energy Science & Engineering 1-22 G (ESC-Sem-8 &4) Energy and its Usage
-
High temperature sink

(T Que 1.21. Classity the internal combustion engine.
t Answer
W Refrigerator Internal combustion engine can be classified as follows:
Accordingto Basie Engine Design:
et
1. Reciprocating engine, and
| Low temperature source 2. Rotary engine.
(T)
ii. According to Working Cyele:
Fig. 1.20.2. A schematic diagram
n
1. Otto cycle, and
of a refrigerator.
2. Diesel eycle.
6. From the first law of thermodynamics,
ii. According to Number of Stroke:
u.
1. Four stroke engine, and
W
1- 2. Two stroke engine.
-
7. Hence, eq. (1.20.3) becomes
iv. According to Fuel Employed:
ur
Where, , cOP 1204)
is the heat infiltrating into the cold space of the refrigerator.
1. Gasoline or petrol engine,
2. Diesel engine,
3. LPGengine, and
CNG engine.
ilg
PART 10
According to Fuel Supply and Mixture Preparation:
Internal Combustion Engines
1. Carbureted type, and
2. Injection type.
CONCEPT OUTLINE vi. According to Method of Ignition:
iv
IC Engines : The engines in which 1. Batteryignition, and

inside the engine or within the the combustion takes place
cylinder are known as interna 2. Magneto ignition.
combustion engines.
Types ofICEngine Based on vi. According to Method of Cooling:
.c
Ignition: Water cooled engine, and

1 Spark Ignition (SI) engine. 1.
2. Compression Ignition
(C) engine. 2. Air cooled engine.
Four Stroke Engines:
completed in four stroke The engines in which cycle of operation viii, According to Cylinder Arrangement:
w
of piston or two
are known as four stroke revolution of crank8na 1. Inline engine,
engines.
Two 8troke Engines: The 2. V-engine, and
complete8 in two stroke engines in which cycle operan
of piston or one of 3. Radial engine.
w
are known as two revolution of cranks

stroke engines.
terminology used in internaal
Que 1.22,| Desoribe the basie
Questions-Answers Combustion engine.
w
Long Answer 1ype

and Medium
Answer Type Question
Page 15 of 73
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1-83 G ESC-Sem-3&
Engineering
Energy Science & Enargy and its Usage
1-24 G(ESC-Sem-3 &4)
Answer engine are as followa
internal combustion
Terms used in the working
ofthe
diameter of workine ecylinder. Bore
the nominal inner Suction valve
Cylinder head
L Cylinder Bore: It is Exhaust valve
by D.
It is represented circle of diameter equal to the . inder Intake or suction Exhaust manifold
Piston Area: It is the area ofa manifold
i
et
bore. Clearance volume, P,
travelled by piston from top dead centre to hnt Top dead centre,
i Stroke: The distance (TDC)
centre is known as stroke. Cyinder
dead
dead centre when the niatons : volume,
Centre (BDC) : Itis the
iv. Bottom Dead crankshaft
Piston Stroke volume,,
n
the or lowest position of the piston the Gudgeon or
nearest to
side of cylinder. wrist pin
crank end Bottom dead
is the dead centre when the piston i
u.
Top Dead Centre (TDC) It
:
centre, BDC) Cylinder
crankshaft or top most position of the piston towaris
farthest from the
cover end side of cylinder.
Connecting rod
Piston Swept Volume)
vi. Displacement Volume (or
ur
to
This is the volume swept by the piston moving from one dead centre Crankcase Crank pina
other.
Crankshaft Crank
2. It is calculated as the product of piston area and stroke.
ilg
v, =Piston area (A) x Stroke (L)
positions and volumes in reciprocating engine
ig. 122.1. Important
engines work ?
vii Clearance Volume : The volume contained in the eylinder abovethe Que 1.28.How internal combustion
iv
tap of the piston when the pistonisat top dead centre is ealled alearani
volume. ATU2015-20,Marka10
viti. Cylinder Volume:
.c
Answer engine is as
The sum of swept volume and clearance volume is known as cyinder four stroke spark ignition
volume. Working of internal combustion
follows
ix. Compression Ratio:
Suction Stroke: centre
w
1 This is defined as the ratio ofthevolume atthe beginning of compres0 starts when the piston is at top dead
to the volume at the end of compression. Suction stroke (Fig. 1.23.1) toward bottom dead centre.
position and about to move valve is closed.
valve is open and outlet
During this stroke, inlet charge
w
r= =1+ 2. motion of the piston,

created by downward
3. Due to the suction and fuel drawn into the cylinder.
consists of mixture of air outlet valves are
closed.
of suetion stroke, both the inlet and
At the end
w
Compression Stroke stroke is

b cylinder during the suction
taken into the
1. The freah charge return stroke of the piston.
compressed during the
Page 16 of 73
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1-25 G (ESC-Sem-3&4) 1-28 G (ESC-Sem-8 & 4) Energy and its Usage

closed.
outlet valves remain
2 In this stroke, both the inlet and mixture of air and fuel ia
Answer
compression stroke,
3. Just before the end of the s.No. Desoription Engne
ignited with the help of spark
plug8 S1 Engine
CI
Burning takes place when the pistonis almost at top dead centre. LBasic cycle Otto cycle |Diesel cycle
et
of the charge is converted
5. During the burning process, chemical energy Fuel used Gasoline (petrol) Diesel
temperature rise of about 2000 °C
into sensible energy and producing a Ignition Spark plug is used. Self ignition due to high
and pressure is also increased. pressure and temperature
c Expansion or Working Stroke: caused by compression of
n
1. Due to high pressure, burnt gases forces the piston towards thé
bottom air.
dead centre so power is obtain during this stroke. Compression 6 to 10 14 to 22
u.
2 Both pressure and temperature decreases during this stroke, ratio
3. In this stroke, both the valves remain closed. Weight Lighter Heavier
d Exhaust Stroke: 6. Speed High speed Low speed
In this stroke, inlet valve is closed and outlet valve is open. Lower efficiency due to| Higher effciency due1
1
ur
7. Eficiency
2. Piston moving from bottom dead centre to top dead centre and burnt low compression ratio. high compression ratio.
zases sweep out from the cylinder.
Spark plug PART 11

ilg
(SP) P
Air fuel Exhaust Steam and Gas Pouwer Cycles.
mixture E 8ases
Inlet valu CONCEPT OUTLINE
cycles whichuses steam as their
Steam Power cycles: These áre theexample
iv
Exhaust of steam powèr cycle.

value working fuid. Rankine eycle is the use air or gas as their
(EV) cylinder Gas Power Cycles : These are the cycles whicheycle are the examples
Connecting; working iluid. Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Bryton
gas power cycles.
.c
rod (CR of
Crank Questions-Answers
(C) Suction Compres51on Working Exhaust
Answer Type Questionss
w
stroke
Long Answer Type and Medium
stroke stroke stroke
g 1281 Pour stroke Otto cycle engine
operatioris of Rankine oycle. Also
Que 1.26. | Describe the different
w
Que 124 Compare the SI and CI engine.

efficiency.
derive the expression for its
w
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1-27 G (ESC-Sem-3 &4

Engineering
Energy Science & 1-28 G (ESC-Sem-3&4) Energy and its Usage
ii. For condenser

Answer
A Rankne Cyele: steam turbine
theoretical steam cycle on which the 125.3)
1 Rankine cycle is the
(or engine) works. iv. For feed pump:
followine
shown in Fig. 1.26.1. It consists of
2 The Rankine cycle is h+ W,=h (1.25.4)
processes: W,h-h
et
(in turbine).
a Process 1-2:Adiabatic expansion 2 Efficiency of Rankiné cycle is given by,
Isobarie heat release (in condenser).
Process 2-3:
(tin pump). gankine Heat supplied
c Process 34: Adiabatie pumping
n
d Process 4-1: Isobaric heat addition (in boiler). Ch-h)-hs-) (1.25.5)
-h)
u.
3. Usinggeneral property relation for adiabatic compression,
Boler Turbine WAWout
Tds=dh-vdp (: ds = 0)
dh vdp
Ah vAp (Since change in volume is negligible.)
ur
Condenser
Cooling or
quantity in comparison with
Water The feed pump term (h-h) being a small
especially, when the boiler
turbine work, Wp, is usually neglected,
pressures are low.
ilg
Feed pump
i 1251 Rankine cyel Then,. xakieh-hya
3. Fig. 1.25.2 showsTs diagram of Rankine cycle.
expression for
Que 1:26.Explain Brayton cycle and obtain
temperature ratio.
iv
efficiency in terms of pressure and

Answer
Brayton Cycle
.c
A.
turbines and also known as constant
1 It is a theoretical cycle for gas
pressure cycle for a perfect gas.
Brayton cycle are shown in Fig. 1.26.1.
2. The basic components of a
w
Heater
B. Bficiency of Rankine Cycle:.

1.25.2 2 HE-1
work
w
1. Consider 1 kg offluid applying steady flow energy equation.

1 For boiler
HE-2
(1.25.1) FWW
w
i Forturbine: Cooler
1.25.2)
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1-29 G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)

Engineering
Energy Science & 1-80 G (ESC-Sem-8 &4) Energy and its Usage
presaure
processes and two constant
There occur two isentropic expansion of working fluid is done
bu
3.
1
processes. Compression and done at constant
isentropic process while addition
and rejection of heat is
T T,)
4. Putting the values of T, and T in eq. (1.26.1), we get
pressure.
is shown in Fig. 1.26.2(a) and
Brayton cycle on p-v and T-s diagram
4
1.26.206) respectively.
airstandard 1--
T)-T)
-1
et
pv' = C PART-12
Physics of Power Plant, Solid State Phendmena including Photo,
n
Fhermal and Electrie Aspects
u.
CONGEPT OUTLINE
Solid State Phenomena : It finds out the fundamentals of the

(a) p-v diagram (6)T-s diagram structure and their influence on the properties of solid.
ur
Fig 1.26.2.
5. Brayton cycle shows following processes
1-2:Adiabatic compression. Questions-AnsweTs
2-3:Constant pressure heat addition.
ilg
3-4:Adiabatic expansion. Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
41:Constant pressure heat rejection.
6 Now, Work done / cycle = Heat added/cycle-Heat rejected/cycle
Heat added in process 2-3 mC, (T3 T2 Que 127. List the factors which should be considered while
designinga power plant.
iv
Heat rejected in process4-1=mc, (T-7)

Work done/ eycle = mc, (T-T)-m, (T-T) Answer
B. Efficiency of Brayton Cycle: Following factors should be considered while designing a power plant:
.c
1. Efficiency, Tair-standard
Work done cycle /
addition/
1. Availability of cooling water (if cooling towers are used the possibiity of
Heat eycle adequate make up weater).
mC,-T)-mC,- 2 Availability of fuel (water, rail or pipe connection to the fuel source, and
the cost of fuel transport).
w
mC,T-T,
3. Distance from the centre of gravity of load demand.
workshop and
airatandard (1.26.1) 4. Cost of land including space for extension, maintenance,
storage yard.
w
2. From process 1-2,

6. Character of soil.
6. Main wind direction and water current in cooling
water source (sea,
==Pressure ratio
lake or river) in order to minimize air and water
polution, and other
w
ecological considerations.
With coal fired stations, disposal of ash.
3.
T2T ,)
Similarly, from process 34, 8,. If the plant is erected far from a town,
accommodation for stafi.
Page 19 of 73
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1-31 G (ESC-Sem-3.& 4)
9. Rail and road connections.

10. Security considerations.
et
?
Que 188.How can a power plant be designed economically
Answer
While planning a power plant, first the power output to be installed is UNIT!
n
L
determined from the estimated maximum demand, anticipated growth Nuclear Energy
of demand and reserve capacity needed.
u.
2. After determining the installed capacity,.the size and number of
generating units are decided accordingto the load curve or load duration
curve.
The variable load problem affects power plant design and operation as
CONTENTS
well as the cost of generation.
ur
Due to variable load on the plant, the equipment cannot operate at the
designed load points. indamental Forces.****************** -2G to 2-SG
5. In order to follow the variable load curve very closely, the tota plant inthe Universe, Quantum
capacity has to be usually subdivided into several power units of different Mechanics Relevant for
ilg
S1zes. Nuclear Physics
6. Ifmore units of smaller size are selected than a few units Part-2 Nuclear Porce, nergy 2-$G to 24G
then the total plant capacity would more nearly coincide
of bigger size,
with the variable cales and Structure
load curve.
to 2-11G
iv
7 The size and number of generating units should Part8 Nuclear inding 2-5G
be so chosen that each Dnergy Systematics,
unit operates on about full load or the load at which
efficiency. it gives the maximum Reactions and Decas
8. The load duration curve helps to decide to 2-15G
.c
base, intermediate and peak loads. the size of units to supply the art4 Nuclear Pusion,. teaesia**aapa**** 2-11G
Nuclear Fission and
9. The peak load unit/ plant should
be ofsmaller capacity to Fission Reactor Physics
cost of generation. Some
units must be of unequal capacities
reduce the.
load curve closely. However, to fit the Part-5 Nuclear Fission. 2-16G to 2-19G}
w
identical units result

cost. in saving in the fixed Reactor Design
10. In a power plant
with many 2-19G to 2-20G
spinning reserve in order to generating units, there must be some Part-6 Safety, Operation
maintain the continuity and Fuel Cycles
w
11. Spinning reserve

is that reserve generating of service.
to the bus and is ready to capacity which is connected
take the load.
w
Page 20 of 73
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Nuclear Energy
2-2G (ESc-Sem-3& 4)
Energy Science & Engineering 2-3G ESC-Sem-3&4)
PART1
Universe, Quantum Mechanics Answer
Fundamental Forces in the
Relevant for Nuclear Physies. A Thermal Neutron: 'Thermal neutron is a free neutron that has an
average energy of motion corTesponding to the average energy of the
particles of the ambient materials.
Questions-Answers B. Properties of Neutrons:
et
Neutrons are fundamental constituents ofa nucleus. Inside a nucleus,
Long Answer Type and Medium AnSwer Type Questions neutrons stay forever but as a projected particle outside it, it exists for a
short time only.
2. In nuclei of heavier elements, the number of neutrons is greater than
n
Que 2.1. What are the various fundamental forces present in the number of protons. It is this abumdance of neutrons which makes
the elements stable.
nature ?
u.
Since neutrons are uncharged particles, therefore these are neither
Answer affected by external magnetic or electric fields nor by the presence of
protons when they enter or penetrate the nucleus.
Various fundamental forces present in nature áre as follows:
Depending upon their speed, neutrons are put in two categories:
i Gravitational Fore:It is the force of mutual attraction between any
ur
two objects by virtue of their masses. It is a universal force as every i. Fast neutrons, and
object experiences this force due to every other object in the universe.
ii. Slow neutrons.
Both are fully capable of penetrating a nucleus and causing artificial
i Electromagnetic Force: It is the force between charged particles disintegration in the nucleus.
Charges at rest have electric attraction (between unlike charges) and
ilg
repulsion (between like charges). Charges in motion produce magnetic
foree. Together they are called electromagnetic force. LPART-z
iii. Strong Nuclear Force : It is the attractive force between protons and Nuclear Forces, Energy Scales and Structüre.
neutrons in a nucleus. It is charge-independent and acts equally between
a proton and a proton, a neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a CONGEPT OUTLINE
iv
neutron.
iv. Weak Nuclear Force This force appears only Nuclear Force: These are the forces which act between two or more
in certain nuclear
processes such as the ß-decay of a nucleus, In p-decay, nucleons. They bind protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei.
the nucleus
.c
emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino.
9ue 22. What do you Questions-Answers

understand by quantum mechanics
relevant for nuclear physics? Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
w
Answer
1. Nuclear physics is about the physical nucleus
of an atom.
Explain the properties of nuclear forces
w
2. Sowhen we are doing quantum mechanics Ee 24

on nuclear physics, it means
that we are dealing with a mechanisms
which affects the nucleus of an
atom, such as protons, neutrons,
the strong force that keeps the nucleus Answer
together, and the other forces Properties of nuclear forces are as follows:
w
that cause nuclear radiation.

attractive. When the distance between
Que 2.3. What do you understand by Nuclear forces are ordinarily the size of a nucleus, the
thermal neutron ? Aso two nucleons is 10-4 m which is equal to
force.
explain the properties of neutrons. nuclear force comes into play as an attractive
Page 21 of 73
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Nuclear Enery
24G (ESCSem-3&
4) Energy Scienco & Engineering 2-5G ESCSem-3&4)
independent. The nuclear force between t
2 Nuclear forces are charge proton
same as that between two protons or between a
neutrons is the PART-33
and a neutron. Nuclear Binding Energy Bystematies, Reactions and Decay3.
Nuclear forces are short range forces.
two nucleons
Nuclear forces are spin dependent. The force between
et
two
having parallel spins is stronger than the force existing between Questions-Answer
nucleons having anti parallel spins.
oniy Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
Nuclear forces show saturation properties. A nucleon can interact
with those nucleons which are its nearest neighbours.
n
Que 2.5.Discuss in brief about structure of nucleus. Que 2.6. What do you mean by binding energ ? What are the
energy and binding energy per aucleon for the C"
u.
total binding
Answer nucleus ?
1 The atomic nucleus is present in the center of the atom. It consists of
protons and neutrons collectively known as nucleus. Answer 1
ur
The number of protons and neutrons in the atom define what type of A Binding Energy
avercome the binding
atom or element it is. Binding energy is defined as the energy required to
3. The structure of the atomic nucleus gives us lots of information about forces of nucleus.
nucleons come closer
the element it represents. The number of protons inside the nucleus 2. When the nucleus of an atom is formed then thenucleans is of the order
two
gives us the atomic number. The protons have a positive charge, to each other and this distance between the
ilg
4. In order for the atom to have a neutral charge, the electrons need to of nearly 10 mm.
is release oaf energy which is
balance it out with their negative charge. Therefore, in a neutral atom 3. At the moment of combination there a
there arejust as many protons as electrons. known as binding energy
5. So, if we know the atomic number and know the charge of the atom B. Numerical:
iv
then the number of electrons is easy to find. 1 The atomic weight of C" = 12.000 amu
2 The predicted mass ofC" is given as amu
Mass of 6 protons = 1.00759 x 6 -6.04554
6.05388 amu
Mass of 6 neutrons = 1.00898 x6= 0.00330 amu
.c
Mass of 6 electrons = 0.00055 x6-

amu
Total 12.10272
Isotopic mass = 12.00000 amu
12.10272-12.00000
w
3. Therefore, Mass defect =

Proton 0.10272 amu
Nucleus
4 Ener8y equivalent of 1 amu
933.76 MeV
w
Neutron 6. Therefore, total binding energ 95.91 MeV

933.75 x 0.10272
-Electronn ö. Binding energy per nucleon,
w
96.91
12
7.99 MeV
Fig.28.1. Structure of nucleus.
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Nucle Energy
26G (ESc-Sem-3 & 4)
2-7GESC-Sem-3&4)
Que 2.7. Draw the binding energy curve showing variation of iv. After mass mumber 20, there
is a gradual increase in binding enerTEy
binding energy per nucleon with mass number. With the help of per nucleon. The maximum value
is reached atA = 56.This value is
this, explain the phenomenon of nuclear fusion and fission. 8.8 Mev. Clearly, the iron nucleus
(Fe)is the most stable.
AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10 v. The binding energy per nucleon of nuclides
haying mass numbers
ranging from 40 to 120 is close to the maxcimum value. So,
these
elements are highly stable and non-radioactive.
Answer vi. BeyondA = 120, the value decreases and falls
to 76 MeVfor uranium.
Binding Energy Curve: This decrease is primarily due to repulsion among protons whose
et
A
The graphical relationship between binding energy per nucleon and number increases in heavy nuclides.
mass number is called binding energy curve. vii. Beyond A = 238, the binding energy per nucleon shows a rapid
decrease with increase in mass number.
2. Fig. 2.7.1 shows binding energy curve. The average binding energy per
n
nucleon is plotted against mass number for naturally occurringg nuclei vii. The fact that the binding energy curve droops at both high and low
mass numbers has very important practical consequences.
3. Following are the special features of binding energy curve.
Phenomenon of Nuclear Fusion and Fission:
u.
i The binding energy per nucleon of very light nuclides such as His 1. Thedrooping of the binding energy curve at high mass mumbers tells us
very smal
that nucleons are more tightly bound when they are assembled into two
i Initially, there is a steep rise in curve. This indicates a rapid rise in middle mass nuclei rather that into a single high mass nucleus. This is
the value of binding energy per nucleon. known as nuclear isson.
ur
The drooping of the binding energY curve at low mass numbers, on the
Between mass number 4 and 20, the curveshows cyclic recurrence 2
other hand, tells us that energy will be released if two nuclei of small
ofpeaks corresponding to He, Be, c, l0 and Ne. This shows.
mass numbers combine to form a single middle mass nucleus. This
that the binding enerEy per nucleon of these nuclides is greater
than those of their immediate neighbours. process, the reverse of fission is called muclear fusion.
ilg
Region of max. stability

Que 2.8. Write a short note on chain reaction
Fusion
Fission Answer
of neutrons keeps
Achain reaction is that process in which the number
iv
1.
9 fissionable material
on multiplying rapidly during fission till whole the
of
3.6
is disintegrated.
becomes available for causing fission of
2. fat least one fission neutron
.c
another nucleus then the chain reaction will become self-sustaining or

He self-propagating.
expressed in the term of multiplication
Be This condition can be conveniently
system which may be defined as:
8.
the
w
factor or reproduction factor of

any particular generation
K= Number of neutrons in preceeding generation
Number of neutrons in the reaction caninot
w
continue and ifK<1, chain

Ne
4 IfK>1, chain reaction will
238 be maintained.
w
40 56 80 120 160 200 240

Mass number (A)
Fig. 2.7.1, Plot of binding energy per
nucleon
as a function of mass number,
Page 23 of 73
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Nuclear Energ
2-8G (ESC.Sem-3&4)
Energy Soience & Engineering 2-9GES-Sem-3&4)
Neutron
2 Let, N= Number of radioactive nuclei present at any time t,
920295
N-Initial number ofsuch nuclei,and
= Proportionality constant.
3. This can be stated in the form ofequation as follows:
AN-NA ..2.10.1)
et
-AN 2.10.2)
The negative sign represents that during disintegration the number of

the nuclei is decreasing.
n
Integrating the eq. (2.10.2) withín the proper limits, we get
a (2.10.3)
u. Or log,N-log, N,=- or
N
log,z-4
ur
N
or e, or N=Ne*
Fig. 2.8.1.Chain reaction dN
-AN=-N,* (210.4)
ilg
Que 2.9. Write a short note on radioactivity. The eqn. (2.10.4) represents that the decay seheme follows the
exponential law.
Answer Que 211 What are the various types of radioactive decay ?
Most of the naturally occurring isotopes are stable.
But those isotopes
which are not stable are known as radioactive isotopes.
iv
2. A continuously undergoing spontaneous

Answer a
(i.e., without outside help)
disintegration of radioactive isotopes is called radioactivity. Various types of radioactive decay are as follows:
3. This is accompanied by aAlpha (a) Decay
the emission of one or more smaller particles
.c
from the parent nucleus. 1 a particles are helium nuclei, each consisting of two protons and two
4. The resulting nucleus is known
neutrons and are commonly emitted by the heavier radioactive nuclei
as daughter nucleus. 2. The decay of Pu239 into fissionable U35 anda(He)particles is an example
6. The parent nucleus
is said to decay into the daughter nucleus of a-decay.
w
6. The daughter nucleus

may or may not be stable, and several success
decays may occur until a stable
isotope is formed.
sPu2 U+He*
7. Radioactivity may
be natural or artificial. b. Beta (ß) Decay:
of neutrino (a) and y
It is commonly accompanied by the emission
w
1
ue 2.10. Show that
radioactive decay follows exponential 1a radiation.
2. An example of B decay,
Answer g3Bi24 +
w
We know that the

small amount of disintegration
8Pu214 +A
power of B particles is small compared to yrays, however,
Bmall period is directlywproportional of the isotope 3. The penetrating
nuclei and proportionality to the total number ofradiosc it is larger than that of a particles
constant,
Page 24 of 73
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Nuclear Energy
2-10G (ESC-Sem-3& 4 - 2-11G (ESC-Sem-3 8&4)
c Gamma (y) Decay:

extremely short wavelen
1 Yparticles are electromagnetic radiation of .2.12.2)
in high energy. Average (Mean) Life
and very high frequency resulting
2. y rays originate from the nucleus
while A-rays from the atom 1. Average (mean) life indicates the average of total time for which
one tenth those of X-rays, though radioactive nuclei has disintegrated for several half ives. Hence the
wavelength are on an average, about this is
energy ranges overlap somewhat. greater than half life.
et
There is no alternation of atomic or mass number due to decay:
y
3. 2. This is obtained by taking the sum of the decay time of the radioactive
d Positron Decay: nuclei and then it is divided by the initial number of nuclei.
1 Positron decay is caused when the radioactive nucleus contains an excess 3. IfTis the time of average life, then
of protons.
n
2 An example of this is the decay of ,Ni into ,C"which is shown below,
N
u.
ue 2.12. Explain briefly the followingterms related to radioactive
4. On solving,
decay:
Activity,
ur
T- ..2.12.3)
b Halflife, and
Average (mean) life.
6. On dividing eq. (2.12.3) by eq. (2.12.2), we get 1445
Answer 6. So,it is clear that mean life is 1.445 times greater than half life.
ilg
a. Activity:
1 Activity is defined as the intensity of emitted radiation. PART-4
2. This is directly dependent on the rate of disintegration of the element. uclea Fsion and Fisston Reactor Physics
3. Let, A = Activity at time t,
iv
CONCEPT OUTLINE
A = Initial activity, and
k = Detection coefficient. In fusion, two or more light nuclei fuse to form heavier
Fusion:
=kAN nuclei.
A=
.c
Fission: In fission, a heavy nucleus is split into two or more lighter

kAN, e nuclei.
=
A A, e-4
b. Half Life:
w
Questions-Answers
1 Halflife represents the rate of decay
of the radioactive isotopes.
2. The half life is the time required for ong Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
to disintegrate.
half of the parent nuclei to decay or
w
3. We know that,
^=N,e .(2.12.1)
from nuclear
ting N Que 2.13, What is nuclear fusion ? How does it differ
andt=t,,in eq. (2.12.1), we get
w
AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10

N fission-?
5. Therefore, e
=Nen
= 1/2
Mnlog,2 =0.693
Page 25 of 73
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uclear Energy
(ESC-Sem-3&4)
2-12G Energy Science & Engineering 2-13G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)
Answer The diagrammatic sketch is given in Fig. 2.14.1. Aneutron strikes the
which two or more atomie 23U nucleus and in the process twonuclides 141Ba and Kr are formed
It is a reaction in s le
A Nuclear Fusion:
form one or more
different atomic nuclei and subatomie
iand with the release of 3 neutrons.
are combined to protons).
particles (neutrons or
Fission and Nuclear Fusion Proo
ocessest 66Ba
B. Comparison of Nuclear
8.No. Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion n
et
A heavy nucleus breaks up tol
Two nuclei combine to form
a
1 |heavy nucleus.
1
form two lighter nuclei.
Chain reaction is not involved Kr
It involves a chain reaction.
n
2 36
3. Nuclear reaction residual Residual problem is much less, i 214Nudear feston

problem is high. of yradiations.
u.
The wavy lines indicate the energy released in the form
4 Amount of radioactive|Amount ofradioactive materialis A slow neutron is used to cause fission.
material in a fission reactor is| less. Further whereas one neutron is lost in the prócess to produce fission,
|high. This fact has
three neutrons are produced as a product of the fission.bomb.
tremendous significance in the construction of nuclear
ur
5. Because of higher radioactive Because of lesser radioactive
material, health hazardis higi material, health hazard is much
Que 2.15. What do you mean by muclear reactor ? Explain its
in case of accidents less.
different parts.
G. We have proper mechanisms Proper mechanisms to control|
ilg
to control fission reaction for fusion reaction are yet to be Aswe
generating electricity. developed. A Nuclear Reactor:
7. Raw material is not easily Raw material is comparatively The nuclear reactor may be regarded as a substitutegas for the boiler fire
available and is costly. box of steam power plant or combustion chamber of
turbine plant.
cheap and easily available. process whereas
produced nuclear reactor is by fission
iv
3 Disposal of nuclear waste is a Disposal of nuclear waste not 2 The heat in the
is produced by combustion of
great environment problem. |involved. in steam and gas power plants, the heat is
fuel
the same either
The other cycle of operation and components required is
.c
Que 2.14.Write short note on nuelear as steam plant or a gas turbine plant.
fission. nuclear power plant.
The steam or gas may be the working fluid in
Answer B. Different Parts of Nuclear
Reactor
w
Nuclear fission is defined as

a type Fuel Element
heavy nucleus splits up into two of nuclear disintegration in ich Thenuclear fuels which are generally usedin
reactors areU,Pu239
with liberation of energy. nuclei of nearly comparable manses 1.
andgU33,
available upto 0.7 % in the
Out of the three, thegnU is only naturally
w
2. The fissionis accompanied

by
energy in the form of yrays. the release ofthree neutrons and radiau 2
uranium are 289 and the remaining is
gU288
3. The reaction is represented gPu239 and gU are the byproduct and formed in
as, The other two fuels process from U238 and Th232 due
reactor during fissioning
the nuclear
w
n+2U+9U to absorption of neutron

without fission.
Ba+Kr+ 3 n+
Page 26 of 73
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Nuclear Energy
(ESC-Sem-3& 4) Energy Science &«
Engineering 2-16 G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
-14G
and their locations in the rea
shape of the fuels production within the reand
4. The selection of the ofuniform heat eactor,
view
are made keeping in into account the heat transfa
- Control rod
designed taking
6 The fuel elements are strength.
corrosion and structural
Moderator:
the neutrons from high kinetic energv
L Itisa material used to slow down
kinetic energy (0.25 eV or 2200 m/s) ina Coolant
et
(1 MeV or 13200 km/s) to low out
fraction ofa second. Biological1
shield
2 Further, a moderator is used to increase the probability of reaction and
to maintain the chain reaction due to slow neutrons.
n
3. The slowing down of the neutrons is effectively done by the light
elements such as H, Dg, Ng, O, Cand Be. Reflector
iis. Reflector: Moderator
u.
1In order to keep the critical size of the reactor and hence the amount of
fissionable material as small as possible, it is important to conserve Fuel
neutrons.
2 This is possible by surrounding the reactor core with a material which Reactor
ur
vessel
reflects escaping neutrons back into the core. This material is called
reflector.
3. The required properties of a good reflector Coolant in
are low absorption and high
reflection for neutrons, high resistance to oxidation
and irradiation as
ilg
well as high radiation stability.
4 Many times the materials used
as moderator is also used as reflector. Fig. 2.16.1. Principal parts of a uclear reactor.
5. The H0, D,O and carbon
are also used as reflector. vi. Biological Shield
iv. Coolant:
L
1 The intensity of radiations and radioactive fragments from the reactor
The main purpose of the coolant
iv
in the reactor is to trañsfer the heat core is too high for the human body to tolerate.
produced in the reactor
and to keep the fuel assembly 2. Therefore, it is nece8sary to surround the reactor with shielding material
temperature to avoid their at a 8are
2. The same heat
melting and destruction. to prevent damage of human body due to radiation.
carried by the coolant is
used in the heat exchanger 10 vii. Reactor Vessel:
.c
further utilization in the power

using hot gas. generation either generating The reactor vessel encloses the reactor core, retlector and shield. It also
osteam
The water, heavy water, provides coolant inlet and outlet passage8.
gas (He, CO,), a
organic liquíds are
used as coolant. metal in liquid form (Na) an 2 The reactor vessel has to withstand the pressure at 200 bar or above.
w
v. Control Rods:. 3. The reactor core (fuel and moderator assembly) is generally placed at
1. The control system the bottom of the vessel.
controls
increase, decrease and stops the rate of energy generated.
the reaction. It star
PART 5
w
2. These rods may

be shaped like
interspread throughout the fuel rods themselves Nuclear Fission Reaetor Design.
the core. and ar
3. Instead ofcontaining
fuel, they contain
cadmium or indium. neutron
w
absorber such as borou

Page 27 of 73
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Nuclear Energ Enorgy Sclence &Engineering

2-16G (ESC-Sem-3& 4) 17GESCSem3&0
11. Anincrease in theboíling ratodisplaces water
noutrons and hence, reduces (moderator)to thermalizo
Questions-Answers the reactor power lovel.
12. The saturated liquid that separntes
Type Questions from the vapour at the top of the
Answer reactor in a steam separator lows downward
Long Answer Type and Medium the reactor either internally within
or externally outside the reactor and
mixes with the return
condensate.
explain the working ofa
Que 2.16With the help of neat diagram, Que 3.17. With a neat aketch, explain pressrzed water reactor
et
boíling water reactor (BWR). (PWR) highlighting ita merits and demerits
Answer AESTU 201920, Maro 10
L Ina boiling water reactor enrich fuel is used.
n
2 The arrangement ofBWR is simpler than the pressurized water reactor AnsweT.
(PWR). Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
u.
3. The plant can be safely operated using natural convection within the A pressurized water reactor is a light water coaled and moderated thermal
core or forced circulation. reactor having an unusual core design, using both natural and highly
4 The pressure in the forced circulation is miaintained constant irrespective enriched fuel.
of the load. The principal parts of PWR are:
ur
5. In case of part load operation of the turbine some steam is by-passed. a. Pressure vessel),
6. In BWB, the steam flowing to the turbine is produçed directly in the b. Reactor thermal shield,
reactor core. C. Fuel elements,
7. Steam is separated and dried by mechanical devices located in the upper d Control rods,
ilg
part ofthe pressure vessel assembly. Reactor containment, and
The dried steam is sent directly to the high pressure turbine thus Reactor pressurizer.
eliminating the need for steam generators. 3. In PWR, the primary circuit passes through the fuel core and is
9. The coolant thus serves the triple function of coolant, moderator and radioactive
secondary circuit which
This primary circuit then produces steam ina
iv
working fuid. 4.
turbine.
consists of heat exchanger or the boiler and the
Saturated steam Throttle valve
Control rods Steam generator
.c
Load Steam
Containment
Turbine structure
Vapour
Turbine
Feedwater
Pump
w
Boiling Condenser Heat Condenser

reactor exchant Coaling
boiler Water
w
Feed pumpP
Feedwater pump
Fig.2.16.1. Schematie of a direct cycle BWR plant. Primary circuit Secondary cireuit
w
10. Since the coolant boils in the reactor itself, Pressure Heat
that in a PWR and it is maintained at about
its pressure is much less tha ve8sel 917.1. Pressurited water reactor
70 bar with steam temperatu 0xchanger N
around 285 °C.
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Nuclear Energy
(ESC-Sem-3&4)
2-18 G shielded
radioactive and need not be
turbine is not
5. As the steam in the be high so that the boiling of Energy Science & Engineering 2-19 G(ESCSem-3&4)
primary circuit should
6. The pressure in the pressure. The CANDU reactor is the first and iost widely used heavy water
water takes place at high so that it will
keeps the water at about 100 kgicm* reactor
7. Apressuring tank
not boil. to form
pressurizer boil some of the water PART-6
8. Electric heating coil in the
dome. Safety, Operation and Fuel Cycles
et
steam that collects in the
increasing as more. steam is forced
The
9. pressure of the dome goes on
into it. pressure Quest
coils or spraying water on the steam the
10. By providing the cooling
n
may be reduced. ype andMedium AnswerType Questions
well as moderator.
11. Water acts both as coolant as
can produce only saturated steam. By
u.
12. A pressurized water reactor
the steam formed from the reactor could
providinga separate fürnace diagram.
be superheated.
Que 2.19 Explain nuclear fuel eycle with block
B. Merits of PWR: AnsweT
ur
Water used in reactor is cheap and easily available. processes which involves
1.
1 Thenuclear fuel cycle is the series ofindustrial
is high. uranium in nuclar power reactors.
2 The reactor is compact and power densityreactor and are not cireulated. the production of electricitý from useful
the reactor, after it has reached the end of its
3. Fission products remain contained in 2. Fuel removed from a most is recycled for new fuel.
life, can be reprocessed that
so
ilg
4. A small number of control rods are required.
C. Demerits of PWR MliagCverionBari
strong pressure vessel.
1 Capital cost is as high primary circuit requires Fuel
efficiency of this plant is
2. In the secondary circuit the thermodynamic Mining
fabrication
iv
quite low. -
is diffñcult.
L3. Fuel suffers radiation damage and, therefore its reprocessing Front end of cycle
aruc
Nuclear
4. Severe corrosion problems. reactor
.c
Que 2.18. Describe pressurized heavy water reactor

(PEWR). P
-
Back end of cycle Interim

Spent fuel
Answer Final storage
w
reactor, reproces81ng
L Apressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) is a nuclear power heayy dieposition
unenriched natural uranium as its fuel that uses
commonly using
water (deuterium oxide D,0) as its coolant and moderator.
pressure, allowing it to be heatéd production of electricity from
w
2 The heavy water coolant is kept under associated with the fuel cycle.
to higher temperatures without boiling much as in a typical
pressurized
3. Thevarious activities referred to collectively as the nuclear
reactions are ofuranium and ends wih
water reactor. nuclear with the mining
fuel cycle starts reprocessing of used fuel as an
While heavy water is significantly more expensive than ordinary light nuclear waste. With the
w
4. The
of nuclear true cycle.
water, it yields greatly enhanced neutron economy, allowing the reactor
disposal form a
the energy, the stages
to operate without fuel enrichment facilities and generally enhancing option for nuclear
cycles.
the ability of the reactor to efficiently make use of alternate fuel
Page 29 of 73
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net
u.
ur
ilg
iv
.c
w
w
w
Page 30 of 73
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Solar Energy
3-2G (ESC-Sem-3& 4) Energy Science & Engineering
3-3G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
2. Large space is required
for the collection
PART-1 3. High initial cost for solar
panels.
of solar energy at a useful rate.
Introduction to Solar EnerEy. Que 32.Explain with a neat

sketch, working of a solar cell.
CONCEPT OUTLINE AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10
et
Solar Cell: Solar cells are energy conversion device which are used Answer
to convert sunlight to electricity by the use of the photovoltaic effect. 1. When light reaches the p-n junction, the
light photons can easily enter
in the junction, through very thin p-type layer.
n
2. The light energy, in the form of photons, supplies
Questions-Answers sufficient energy to
the junction to create a number of electron-hole pairs.
Long Answer Type and Medium Auswer Type Questions8 3 The incident light breaks the thermal equilibrium condition of the
u.
junction.
4 The free electrons in the depletion region can quickly come to the
n-type side of the junction. Similarky, the holes in the depletion can
ur
Que 3.1. Describe solar energy along with its merits and quickly come to the p-type side of the junction.
demerits. Once, the newly created free electrons come to the n-type side cannot
further croSs the junction because of barrier potential of the junetion.
Answer Similarly, the newly ereated holes once come to the p-type side cannot
further cròss the junction because of same barrier potential of the
ilg
A. Solar Energy:
junction.
1 Solarenergy is a clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable energy
8. As the concentration of electrons becomes higher in one side, ie.,
and it is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of in
energy because it is non-polluting and therefore helps in decreasing the
n-type side of the junction and concentration of holes becomes morewill
p-n junetion
green house effect. another side, i.e., the p-type side of the junction, the
iv
behave like a small battery cell.

2. Solar energy can be used photo voltage. f we connect a
7. A voltage is set up which is known as
By direct conversion to a fuel by photosynthesis. current flowing through
will be a tiny
Small load across the junction, there
i By direct conversion to electricity by photovoltaic.
.c
It.
i By conversion to electricity via thermo-electric power system. Sunlight
The sun releases the enormous amount of energy due to continuous
fusion reaction taking place inside the sun.
Glass t
w
4 The sun sends out the energy in the form of radiations at the rate o Metal ring
3.7 x 100 MW. Junction
5. However, the energy intercepted by the
earth is about.1.85 x 10 MW.
w
6. This energy available is several

times more than all the energy producea Metal contact
and consumed in the world. ig. 3.8.1.
B. Merits of Solar Energy:
1 Noiseless operation. PART-2
w
2. Occupies less space on floor Measurement Aspects.

3.
as there is no need of storage vessels.
Cheaper initial cost and no need of containers Fundamental of Solar its
Radiation and
to store the fuel.
C. Demerits of Solar Energy:
1 Solar equipments fail to work in nights, cloudy
days or rainy seas0n.
Page 31 of 73
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Solar Energy
34G(ESC-Sem-3& 4) Energy Science & Engineering
3-5G (ESC-Sem-3&)
OUTLINEE i Total Radiation ):The sumof beam and diffuse radiation intercepted
CONGEPT at the earth's surface per unit area of location is known
which solar radiation
strikes at the top as total radiation
and it is also known as insolation. The radiations received by a collector
rate at
Solar Constant: The the solar constant. 8urface are always global radiations.
of the atmosphere is called
iv. Air Mass (m) : It is the ratio of the path length of beam radiation
through the atmosphere, to the length of path when sunis at over head
Questions Ansy or zenith.
et
Extraterrestrial
Medium Answer pe uestio Reflected back radiation
Long Answer 1ype and to space
n
Que 3.3. Write a short note on
solar radiation. Diffuse Atmospheric
Scatter18 absorption
u.
Reflected back Direct
Answer. by surface
Diffuse
Solarradiation is the electromagnetic radiation

emitted by the sun. This radiationradiation
1 forms of energy, such as heat and
radiation can be converted into useful Surface of earth
technologies. Terrestria
ur
electricity by the different types of region
with the location.
The solar radiations received by the earth's surface vary radiation.
However radiation received outside the earth's atmosphere is different Fig 341.Direct diffuse and total solar
of absorption, between direct radiation and
than what we receive on the earth surface because present Que 3.5. Explain the difference
ilg
reflection, scattering and attenuation by particulates and clouds
AKTU 2019-0, Marks 10
in the atmosphere. diffuse radiation.
4 The solar radiation is groupedin the following two categories:
a Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation: Answer
Diffuse Radiation
iv
1 Extraterrestrial radiation is the measure of solar radiatjon that would S.No. Direct Radiation
be received in the absence of atmosphere. on the The radiation received on a
b. Terrestrial Solar Radiation: Solar radiation received
without
by
terrestrial surface (scattered
The radiation we receive on the earth surface is called terrestrial radiation
earth's surface aerosols and dust) from all parts
.c
1 direction is known
changé in as
and is nearly 70 % of extraterrestrial radiation. of the sky dome is known
as direct radiation. diffuse radiation.
2. Solar radiation passes through the earth's atmosphere and is subjected path.
to scattering and atmospheric absorption and a part ofscattered radiations path. It does not have a unique
w
unique
are reflected back into space. |It has a does not happen in diffuse|
radiation is It
Que 3.4 Define the terms used in solar radiation. 3. Direct solar
most intense at
any radiation.
generally surface of the
one spot on thenoon.
w
Answer earth at solar more amount of the|

has the
Terms used in solar radiations are as follows
It has the least
amount of
through.
theItatmosphere to travel through.
Beam Radiation ):Solar radiation received on the earth's surface atmosphere totravel
w
without change in dtiroction is known as beam or direct radiation.

ii Diffuse Radiation ): The radiation received on a terrestrial surface geometry.
solar radiation
(scattered by aerosols and dust) from all parts of the sky dome is known
ue 3,6 Explain
as diffuse radiation.
Page 32 of 73
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Solar Energy 8-7G ESC-Sem-34
3-6G (ESc-Sem-3&4) h. Slope (8)
1Itis the anglebetweenthe plane surface, underconsideration,
Answer the horizontal. and with
follows: 2. It is taken to be positive for surface
Various angles related to solar radiation geometry are as sloping towards
for surfaces sloping towards north. south and negative
a. Incident Angle (0): It is defined as the angle between the
incident
beam radiation and the normal to a plane surface. Solar Azimuth Angde (y):
bLatitude Angle (4): 1. It is the angle ina horizontal plane, between
projection of beam radiation on the line duesouth and the
The latitude of a place is the angle subtended by the radial line joining the horizontal plane.
et
the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the 2. Thus it gives the direction of the shadow east
in the horizontal plane by
equatorial plane. a vertical rod.
2. The latitude is taken as positive for any location towards the northern ue 3.7.What are the devices used for measuring the solar
n
hemisphere and negative towards the southern hemisphere i.e., the
latitude at equator is 0 while at north and south poles are +90° and radiations ? Explain each with their construetion and worling.
-90 respectively. Answer
u.
c Declination Angle (8):
Various devices used for measuring the solar radiations are as follows:
1 The declination is the angle made by the line joining the centres of the
Bun and the earth with its projection on the equatorial plane.
Pyranometer : It is a device used for measuring global or diffuse
radiations.
2. The declination angle varies from a maximum value of + 23.5°
ur
on June a. Construction: It consists of following components:
21 to a minimum of -23.5 on December 21.
d Hour Angle (o): iBlack Surface: This receives the beam as well as diffuse radíations
which rises heat.
1. It is the angle through which the earth must be rotated to bring the
i. Glass Dome: It prevents the loss of radiation received by the black
ilg
meridian of a point directly in line with the sun's ray.
surface
2 In other words, it is the angular displacement of the sun, east west of
or
the local meridian, due to the rotation of the earth on its axis at an angle ii. Thermopile: It is a temperature sensor and consists of a number of
of 15° per hour. thermocouples connected in series to increase the sensitivity.
e Altitude Angle (a):It is avertical angle between iv. Supporting Stand :t keeps the black surface in a proper position.
the projectionofthe
iv
Bun's rays on the horizontal plane Black surface Glass dome

and the direction'of the sun's rays. Guard plate
.c
Levelling screw
C.
Platform
w
Fig. 3.7.1l. Pyranometer.

w
Equator P b. Working:
sun and it starts receiving the
Fig.8.6.1. Latitude 4, hour angle
and sun's declination 8.
1 The pyranometer is kept exposed to the
Zenith Angle (0):Itis the vertical *** radiations. temperature starts
radiation, the surface
kinsniaviaitknanwn
angle between the sun's rays Due to the absorption ofthetemperature of the absorbing surface is
w
line perpendicular to the horizontal and

plane through the point. rIsing and the increase in
Surface Azimuth Angle (y) :
between the line due south and It is the angle in the horizontal plane detected by the thermopile.
to the inclined plane surface.
the horizontal projection of
the normal
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Solar Energy
S-8G (EScSem-3&4) Energy Science & Engineering
which is proportional to the 3-9G (ESCSem-3&
3. The thermopile generates a thermo-emf
radiations absorbed and this thermo-emf is
calibrated in terms of the 8pherical lens
radiations.
received radiations. This measures the global Paper strip
It is a device used for measuring the beam or direct
B. Pyrheliometer:
radiations.
components Support for
a. Construction: It consists of following paper strip
Supporting base
L Receiver: It is in the shape of a hollow tube with reflecting surface
et
inside.
Fig.3.7.3.Sunahine recorder.
Absorber Plate : It consists of a blackened surface and it is placed at
the bottom of the tube. bWorking:
n
ii Thermopile: It is a sensing element of temperature consisting of a 1 Sun's beam is focused to a point by a spherical glass, whieh acts as a
group of thermopiles. convex lens and graduated paper stripis placed at the focal point.
2 Dueto the heating effect of the foeused beam, a burn mark is produced
u.
Acceptance angle
on the paper and the graduation on the paper is done as per the bouraof
the day.
Hollow tube
Que 3.8.Write ahort noto on:
ur
a Solar radiance, and
Blackened absorber plate b Solar insolation.
Thermopile junction
Answer
ilg
a Solar Radiance:
The solar radiance is an instantaneous power density in units kWhn.
of
1
Fig 3.73. Pyrheliometer location and local weather.
2. The solar radianee is strongly dependant on
b. Woring: measurements consist of global and/or direct radiation
3. Solar radiance
measurements taken periodically throughout the day.
iv
1 The hollow receiver tube can be tilted about an axis

perpendicular to its
length.
4. The measurements are taken using either a pyranometeT or a
2 Thus, the tube can be made to face the
sun's radiation, thereby receiving Pyrheliometer.
only the beam radiation and no diffuse
.c
radiation can enter the tube. b Solar Insolation

When the radiation falls on the absorber amount of solar energ received at a
plate,
and it gets heat up, and thereby temperature it absorbs the radiation The solar insolation is the total
time period, often in units of
4.
rises. particular location during a specifed
The rise in temperature is
measured by measuring the kWh/m day).
w
thermo-emf of the thernopile. commonly used for simple photovoltaie (PV)

Solar insolation data is complicated PV
C. Sunshine Recorder: It is a device 2 radiance is used in more
used to measure the hours ofbright Bystem design while solar
sunshine ina day.
8ystem. can determine
levels of a particular region we
w
a Construction : It consists of a glass

spherical metal bowl, having grooves sphere installed in a section of 3. By knowing the insolation is required and how
much energy it can
collector that
and the glass sphere for adjusting
for holding a recorder
card strip the size ofsolar
card strip.
the focus of sun rays to a point on produce. 6unshine recorders. These
the be measured using
w
during
4 Solar insolation canmeasure the number of hours in the day
8unshine recordere above a certain level.
sunahine is
which the
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Solar Energy
S-10G (ESc-Sem-3& 4) Energy Science && Engineering
way can be used to
determine the solar insolation 3-11G (ESc-Sem-3&4
Data collected in this to those based 2. Doping involves adding dopant
measured number of sunshine hours
5.
atoms to an intirinsic eemiconductor
by comparing the correction factors. changes the electron and hole which
and including several carrier concentrations
on calculations semiconductor at thermal equilibrium. of the
6. A final method to estimate

solar insolation is cloud cover data taken 3. The electrical properties of extrinsic
images. semiconductors make them essential
from existing satellite components of many electrons devices,
Dominant carrier concentrations in an
extrinsic semiconductor classiy
PART3 it as either
et
Generation n-type semiconductor, and
Basic Physics of Semiconductors, Carrier Transport
i p-type semiconductor.
and Recombination in Semiconductors.
CONCEPT OUTLINE Qne S.10 What is the differenee between intrinsic and extrinsic
n
Semiconductors: The elements whose conductivity lies between semiconductor ? AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10
metals and insulators. Most frequently used semiconductors in
u.
construction of electronic devices are Ge, Si, and GaAs.
No-Intrinie SemiconductorEztrinaic Semieonductor

Questons-Answer It impurity.
is a pure semiconductor with Iti.e.,isaancontrolled
impure semiconducto
ur
no pentavalent or
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions trivalent impurity is added.
The number free of electrons In an n-type semiconductor,
in the conduction band is equal free electrons far exceed the
to the number of holes in the| holes. Inp-type semiconductor,|
ilg
Que 3.9. Give the classification of semiconductors. valence band. it is the reverse.
conductivity is
Its electrical conductivity is low.| Its electrical
Answer high.
The semiconductors can be divided into following two types electrical conductivity| Its conductivity depends ön the
Its
iv
temperature and amount of

a. Intrinsic Semiconductors: depends on the temperature
L An intrinsic semiconductor, also called an undoped semiconductor or alone. doping
It is used in electronic devices.
-type semiconductor, is a pure semiconductor without any significant
6.It is of no practical use.
.c
dopant species.
basis of energy band
Classity semiconductors on the
2 The number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties
of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities &ue &11
diagram.
gap with the help of suitable
w
3. The conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors can be due to crystal defects

or due to thermal excitation.
Answer Semiconductors
In an intrinsic semiconductor, the number of electrons
in the conduction A Direct Band Gapsemiconductors, anelectron in conduction band fall
band i equal to the number of holes in
w
the valence band photon

b.Extrinsic Semiconductors 1 In direct band gap band, giving otf the energy difference E, as a
directly to valence
1. An extrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor
that has been doped, i.e., oflight. momentum.
into which a doping agent has been change in energy and
w
introduced, giving it different electrical

properties than the intrinsic (pure) semiconductor. 4 t cannot undergo ete.
Example :GaAs, GaN
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S-12G (ESC-Sem-3 &4) Energy Science & Engineering
3-13 G (E8c-Sem-3& 4)
Conduction band
Electron
BcT
ww.. hv =Bg -Free electron
k (wave vector)
Empty state \Valence band
et
Fig.3.11.1
B. Indireet Band Gap Semiconductors: Pg821Arsenic.clectron as free electron (dondi
1 Inindirect band gap semiconductors, an electron in conduction band fall B. p-type Semiconductors:
n
indireetly to valence band giving a part of energy to the lattice in the 1. When a small amount of trivalent impurity is added to pure crystal
form of heat.
during the crystal growth, the resulting crystal is calledp-type extrinsic
u.
2. It undergoes a change in momentum as well as energy. semiconductor.
Example:Si, Ge ete. 2. Fig. 3.12.2 shows each atom of boron ie., trivalent impurity is added to
pure germanium crystal.
/ Conduction band
ur
Ec
Electron Hole!.!
E www..hv = Bz
Ey
ilg
k (wave vector)
Empty state \Valence band
3:112 Boron hole (acceptor
Que 3.12. Explain n-type and p-type Fig. 312.2
iv
semiconductors. bondwhile the fourth covalent

3. The three valence electrons form covalent
Answer formed due to germanium atom contribution and deficiency of
bond is
hole.
A n-type Semiconductors one electron is left in form of
also tries to form a bond and treated as
.c
L When a small amount of

The remaining fourth electron
pentavalent impurity is added to pure acceptor.
semiconductor crystal during
the crystal majority carriers are holes while minority
called n-type extrinsic semiconductor. growth, the resulting crystal1s 5. Inp-type semiconductor, the
carriers are the electrons.
w
2. Fig. 3.12.1 shows

the arsenic (As) atom fits in germanium (Ge)crystalin
Such a way that its four valence
electrons form covalent bond with four gue 3.13. Briefly describe:
germanium atom.
Generation of carriers, and
w
3. The fifth electron of

arsenic is not bonded and acts 11, Recombination of carrlers.
4. This electron is available as free electron.
as a carrier of current.
5. This free electron acts
as donor whenever
Answer
Generation of Carriers
w
semiconductor. required with any otne generated in pair is

A and holes are
6. The electrons are which free electrons
the The process by
carriers in such cases. majority carriers while holes are the minoriuy called generation of
carriers.
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3-14G (ESC-Sem-3 &4) Solar Energy

2. When electrons in a valence band get enough energy, then they will
absorb this energy and jumps into the conduction band. The electron if
So, we
increase the dopant
15G (ESC-Sem-3&4
which is jumped into a conduction band is called free electron and the temperature range we concentration,
place from where electron left is called hole. will have a higher then for
cbarge carrier that entire
Tf we decrease
3. Likewise, two types of charge carriers (free electrons and holes) get
6. the dopant concentration coneentration.
ange we willl have lower for the entire temperature
generated conductivity depends on charge carrier concentration.
the dopant Again
B. Recombination of Carriers: on the charge' carrier concentration.concentration, because it depends
The process by which free electrons and the holes get eliminated is
et
1 R. Charge Carrier Concentration
called recombination of carriers. Semiconductor: for n-type Extrinsie
2. When free electron in the conduction band falls in to a hole in the 1 n-type extrinsic semiconductor
has conceptually many similarities
valence band, then the free electron and hole gets eliminate. the p-type except fundamentaly the charge to
carrier is different here.
n
We create a n-type extrinsic semiconductor
Que 3.14.Deseribe charge carrier concentration for p-type 2 by taking a group 4A
element (like silicon) and doping small quantities of group 5A
and n-type extrinsie semiconductor. elements
(like nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth) into it.
u.
Answer 3. These elements have essentialy one additional valence electron available
to them, and that valence electron is available for more free movement
A Charge Carrier Concentration for p-type Extrinsic within the system and therefore, at very marginal availability of energ
Semiconductor: this electron begina to run around the system.
ur
We create ap-type extrinsic semiconductor by taking a group 4A element 4. That is captured in the band diagram by this donor level (Fig 3.14.2)
(like silicon) and doping small quantities of group 3A elements (like which stays very close to the empty conduction band. So, at very small
boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium) into it. amount of energy we can get these donor electrons to get into the
2 These group 3A elements have one valence electron less, than that of conduction band and then carry out the conduction processes.
ilg
silicon and so, they are potentially incapable of grabbing onto an electron Empty conduction
or in other wordsreleasing that vacant location. This releasing of vacant
location is referred to as ahole. band
By oo0o00000g0
Donor levels
Empty conduction
iv
Acceptor levels Filled valence

band band
B oooooooooo6
3,14.2. n-type extrinsic
semiconductor
g.
.c
Filled valenee
band
PART-4
Fig.3.-14.1.pype aztrinaie sennicondustor Metal-Semiconduetor
Semiconductor Junetions:
w
3. Now we have acceptor levels that can accept the electrons very easily, p-n Junction
and acceptor levels are just above the valence band. Whereas, in a unction and
intrinsic semiconductor the Fermi energy level is right in the middle
between the valence band and the conduction band. In the case of a Question8-Answera
w
p-type extrinsic semiconductor, it essentially lines up at the acceptor Type Questions

levels. Medium Answer
Ong Answer Type and
This changes the behaviour of the semiconductor quite dramatically.
w
Now the harge carrier concentration is not solely dependent on Discuas it in

temperature. For a significant fraction of temperature range, we find metal-semconductorjunotion.
that the charge carrier concentration depends only on the dopant Define reverse bias
oondition
concentration. EWard bias and
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Solar Energy Energy Science & Engineering

S-16G (ESC-Sem-3& 4) 3-17G (ESc-Sem-3&4)
As p-type has high concentration
concentration of of holes and n-type
free electrons, has high
Answer diffuse to n-side and electrons hence there is a tendeney of boles to
Junction: to p-side. The process
A Metal-Semiconductor electrical junction in AThus, a region is formedwhich is known is known as diffusion.
Metal-semiconductor (M-S) junction is a type of free region or space charge region. as depletion layer or charge
a semiconductor material,
which a metal comes in close contact with
Metal-semiconductor (M-S) junctions can behave as either
Schottky The diffusion of electrons and holes continues till a potential
interface properties. developed which prevents further diffusion barrier is
barriers oras Ohmic contacts depending on the and such eondition is no
metal-semiconductor bias condition for p-n junction.
The principle of forming diferent types of the
et
3.
contact is the mismatch of the Fermi energy between metal and Que 313 Discuss p-n junction in forward bias and reversed
semiconductor material which is due to the difference in work functions. bias
condition.
B. MSJunction in Forward Bias:
n
As a positive bias is applied to the metal, the Fermi energy of the metal Answer
is lowered with respect to the Fermi energy in the semiconductor. This p-n Junction in Forward Bias:
A
results in a smaller potential drop across the semiconductor.
u.
more electrons 1 For the forward bias of ap-njunetion, p-type is connected to the positive
2 The balance between diffusion and drift is disturbed and torminal while the n-bype to negative terminal of battery.
will difiase towards the metal than the number of electrons drifting into
the semiconductor. pmA)
3. This leads to a positive current through the junction at a voltage 301
ur
comparable to the built-in potential. 25 Forward bias region
C. M-S Junetions in Reverse Bias: 20
Ge
15
1 As anegative voltage is applied, the Fermi energy of the metal is raised
with respect to the Fermi energy in the semiconductor. 101
ilg
2 The potential across the semiconductor now increases, yielding a larger 51 0.3Ao.1
depletion region and a larger electric field at the interface. VGe) VgS)
3. The barrier which restricts the electrons to the metal is unchanged so V,(Si)
5pA
pA
that barrier independent of the applied voltage limits the flow ofelectrons. 10
1,S)
iv
Reverse bias region

gue 3.16. Discuss p-n junction under no bias condition. V,Ge) 1pA
.Ge
Answer
.c
charactoristics of p-a junction.

1 This is a two terminal device consisting of ap-n junction. S.17.1 Volkampere
2. Whenp-type material is intimately joined (diffused) to n-type, a p-n
Fig some forward voltage
with potential divider.At
junction is formed. Fig. 3.16.1 shows the p-n junction formation. 2. The potential can be varied the potential barrier is altogether eäiminated
Si)
(0.3 V for Ge and 0.7 Vfor known as threshold or knee
w
p-type n-type flowing. This voltage is

and current starts
voltage, the
Migrated voltage (V. beyondthreshold
(a) voltage increases 3.17.1.
electrons from n-type 3 As the forward appliedexponentialy as shown in Fig.
w
current
Migrated holes Orward current rises an extremely large
Space charge region
from p-type . value, it produces
5eyond a certain safe junction due to overheating
the
which may destroy
w
or depletion layer Potential barrier / Contact Reverse Blas: terminal while

n-type is
potential
(6)
p-n Junction in
connected to the
negative
battery
1 The p-type is positive terminal ofa
Fig. 8.16.1.p-njunction semiconductor. connected to the
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3-18G (ESC-Sem-3 & 4) Energy Science & Engineering
3-19G(ESc-Sem-3&4)
In this case the junction resistance becomes very high and practically no Batteries areinstalledwith a microproces8or
current flows through the circuit. monitor the voltage and temperature. based eharge regulator
3. In practical, a small current of the order of uA flowa in the circuit due to to
minority carriers. This is knowm as reverse current. The reverse current
AIt also regulates the input
overcharging and excesaive and the output eurrent to
is shown in Fig. 3.17.1. discharge respectively. eliminate
As the reverse bias is increased from zero,
9. An inverter is provided for converting
the reverse current quickly array to AC power. DC power from
battery or PV
rises to its maximum or saturation value. The slight increase is due to
et
impurities on the surface which behaves as a resistor and hence obeys 10. It needs to have an automatic switch-off
Ohm's law. This gives rise to a current called surface leakage the array is too low or too high. in case the output voltage
current. from
5. Ifthe reverse voltage is further increased, the kinetic energy
ofelectrons B. Advantages of Solar Photovoltaie Systems
becomes so high that they knock out from the semiconductor
n
atoms. At 1. No operational cost.
this stage breakdown of junction occurs and there is a
reverse current. Now the junction is destroyed completely.
sudden rise of 2 Low maintenance.
3. These systems are durable.
u.
6. Thus, p-n junction is one way device
which offers a low resistance when
forward biased and behaves like an insulator 4 More flexibility is available in solar photovoltaic
when reverse biased. systems.
5. These systems are eco-frienddy.
PART-5 C. Disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaie Systems:
ur
Essential Characteristics of Solar Photouoltaio 1 Low efficiency.
Device
2. Weather dependent.
3. Installation costis more.
Questions-Answers
ilg
Que 3.19 Write short note on:
Long Answer Type and
Medium Answer 1ype i Principle of solar photovoltaic, and
iestions i. Photovoltaic effect.
Que 3.18. Explain Answer
solar photovoltaic system.
iv
advantages and disadvantages. Also write its

Principle of Solar Photovoltaic:
Answer It is afield ofsolar energy utilization by which solar radiation is converted
.c
A Solar Photovoltaic into electrical energy using a device called photovoltaic cell or solar cell.
8ystem 2 A solar cell is made up of a semiconductor material like silicon (Si) or
1 It refers to a wide variety
of solar electricity systems. gallium arsenide (GaAs).
This system use solar
array made of silicon semiconductors, atoms carry four electrons in the outer valence
In
w
electricity. to convert sunlight

3. Components
into orbit, some of which can be dislodged to move freely in the materials, if
other than PV array extra energy is supplied.
system (B0S) which are collectively known property to conduct the current. This
controller and an includes storage as balance of Then, a semiconductor attains the
batteries, an electronic works and generates power.
w
inverter. charge 18 the basic principle on' which the solar cell
4. Storage batteries
Bupply during with charge regulators are provided Photovoltaie Effect
periods of cloudy for back-up power electrons or other free carriers
5. Batteries day and during
nights. Photoelectric effect is the emission of
w
are charged during

6. The capacity the day and supply when light hits a material.
of a battery is expressed power to loads. electron-hole pairs are generated and
the lead-acid battery in ampere-hours Whena solar cellis illuminated,
is of2 volts, and each cell of The electric current Iis obtained.
solar ight generated current
,
and the
3.
is the difforence between the
diode dark currentI,
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3-18 G (ESC-Sem-3 & 4) SolarEnerT

& Engineering 3-19 G CESC-Sem-3& 4)
Energy Science
2. In this case the junction resistance becomes very high andpractically
praeh
current flows through the circuit. no Ratteries are installed with a microprocessor based charge regulator to
monitor the voltage and temperature.
B. In practical, a small current of the order of uA flows in the ci the output current to eliminate
minority carriers. This is known as reverse current. The reverse to
8. It also regulates the input and respectively.
is shown in Fig. 3.17.1.
current overcharging and excessive discharge
DC power from battery or PV
As the reverse bias is increased irom zero, An inverter is provided for, converting
the reverse current ouiols 9
et
rises to its maximum or saturation value. The slight increase is due array to AC power.
impurities on the surface which behaves as a resistor and hence 10. Itneeds to have an automatic switch-off in case the output voltage from
Ohm's law. This gives rise to a current called surface leakage eu the array is too low or too high.
5. Ifthe reverse votage is further increased, the kinetic energy of electron B. Advantages of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
n
becomes so high that they knock out from the semiconductor atoms, At 1. No operational cost.
this stage breakdown of junction oceurs and there is a sudden rise of Low maintenance.
reverse current. Now the junction is destroyed completely.
u.
These systems are durable.
6. Thus, p-njunction is one way device which offers a low resistance when More flexibility is available in solar photovoltaic'systerns.
forward biased and behaves like an insulator when reverse biased.
5. These systems are eco-friendly.
C. Disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaie 8ystems
ur
PART5 L Low efficiency.
Essentia Characteristics ofSolar Plhotovoltaio Devices 2 Weather dependent.
Installation cost is more.
3.
ilg
Questions-Answeers Que 3.19. Write short note on:
i Principle of solar photovoltaic, and
Answerype and Medium Answerype Questions ii. Photovoltaic effect.
Answer
iv
9ue3.18. Explain solar photovoltaic system. Also write its

i Principle of Solar Photovoltaie
L
Itis afield of solar energy utilization by which solar radiation is converted
advantages and disadvantages. into electrical energy using a device called photovoltaic cell or solar
ceil.
.c
A solar cell is made up of a semiconductor material like silicon (Si) or

Answer 2 gallium arsenide (GaAs).
A Solar Photovoltaic System semiconductors, atoms carry four electrons in the outer valence
1. trefers to a wide variety of solar electricity systems oinOrbit, some of which can be dislodged to move freely in the materials, if
w
convert sunlhgn
2 This system use solar array made of silicon to extra energy is aupplied.
current. This
electricity. en,a semiconductor attains the property to conduct the
as
of
18 the basic principle on which the solar cell works
and generates power.
3. Components other than PV array are collectively known
electronic caa
bala
w
system (BOS) which includes storage batteries, an Photovoltaic Effect:

or other free carriers
controller and an inverter. power * otoelectric effect is the emission of electrons
provided for back-up when light hits a material.
4 Storage batteries with charge1 regulators are pairs are generated and
a solar cell is illuminated, electron-hole
w
supply during periods of cloudy day and during nights.

power to loads. When the electric current Iis obtained.
5. Batteries are charged during the day lsupply cellof generated current4, and tne
ampere-hours and es the difference between the solar light
18diode dark current,
6. The capacity of a battery is expressed in
the lead-acid battery is of2 volts.
Page 40 of 73
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(ESC-Sem-3&4) Solar
3-20G Engineering 3-21 G ESC-Sem-3 &4)
Bne Energy
Science &
Mathematically, power points are shown in
4.
paper of these graphs, maximum
On the
--1exp- 3.
Fig. 3.20.2.
power point (MPP) constitute, the maximum power line
Where, I=Saturationcurrent, The maximum also non-linear in nature.
MPL is
(MPL).
e Electronic charge,
T Absolute temperature, and Power (P)
Maximum power line
k Boltzmann's constant. L000 W/m2
et
= 1.38 x 10- J/K.
Que 8.20. Describe V-I and P-V characteristics of photovoltaie 800 W/m
Maximum
600 W/m2
n
device power point
Answer 400 W/m2
A VICharacteristic of Photovoltaic (PV) Device:
u.
1 a
The V-1 characteristic of a PV device is non-linear graph betwee 200 W/m
current and voltage generated by PV module as shown in ig. 3.20.1.
Voltage (V)
ur
Fig 3.20:2 a
PV characteristic of PV module
PART-6
Maximum power line
First Generation Solar Cells, Second Generation
ilg
40 °C
Solar cells, Third Generation Solar Cells.
T=
-T-T= 3020C°C Questions-Answers
T 10 °C
iv
Long Answer Type and Modium Answer Type Quéstions

Voltage (V
Fig. 3.20,1.V-1characteristics of a PV device:
gue 3.21 What do you understand by first generation solar cells ?
.c
2. Por different temperature levels, ted. Explain their various týpes.

different graphs have been plo st
3. Maximum power points have also been oint
shown to represent the po Answer
which maximum power can be
drawn from a PV device.
w
(MPL A First Generation Solar Cells:

These maximum power point
constitute the maximum power e
6. MPLrepresents the track powerpoini L.These cell consists of a large area, single crystal, single layerp-njunction
tracker (MPPT). or path tracked by maximun ciode, capable of generating usable electrical energy from ight sources
with the wavelengths of sunlight.
w
B. P-V Characteristic
of Photovoltaic Device: ploted
These cells are typically made using a diffusion process with silicon
1. P-Vcharacteristic
curve of aPV device is also a ear curve
non-inea
waters.
between power and voltage
2. For differentpower
of a PV device. plotie These silicon wafer based solar cells are the dorminant technologyinthe
or
w
*o
densities in W/m?, different graphs have been nmercial solar cells, accounting for more than 86
production of
between power and entgraphs D
voltage of a PV module. the terrestrial solar cell market.
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& Engineering 3-23 G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)

3-22 G(ESC-Sem-3&4) Solar Energy Science
Ener
B. Various types of First Generation Solar Cells There are currently a number of technologies/ semiconductor materials
under investigation or in mass production. Examples include amorphous
Monocrystalline Silicon Cells silicon, polycrystaline silicon, micro-crystalline siicon, cadmium teluride,
1 In monocrystalline silicon cells, siicon is doped with boron to r copper indium selenide /sulfide ete.
bucap
type semiconductor.
Second generation solar cells now comprise a small segment of the
2. Monocrystalline rods are extracted from silicon and thenBnsawed terrestrial photovoltaic market, and approximately 90 % of the space
et
thin plates or wafers. into
market.
3. The upper layer of the wafers is doped with phosphorous to
ton
produce Types of Second Generation Solar Cells:
B.
type semiconduetor. This becomes p-n junction. n Copper Indium (Gallium) Diselenide (CIS) Cell:
4 Maximum efficiency of these cells is 24 %.
CIS has a direct band gap of 1.0 eV. Incorporation of Ga into the CIS
n
1.
b Polycrystalline Silicon Cells mixture inereases the band gap beyond 1.1 eV.
1 In polycrystalline cells, liquid silicon is poured into blocks Aheterogeneous junetion with n-type Ca-S andp-type CIS is fabricated
that are sa 2.
into plates. using thin-film technology.
u.
2. During solidification of the material, crystal structures of varying 3. Its main attraction is inexpensive preparation.
sizes
are formed.
3. The size of crystallites mainly depends upon the cooling condition.
4. Itis more stable as compared to a Sicell in outdoor applications and has
Iftbe
efficiency of around 10%. However, exposure to elevated temperatures
molten silicon is cooled very slowly, the crystalites of
ur esults in loss of efficiency but ight soaking restores it to original
larger size are
obtained. fficiency. level.
4. The silicon solar cells made from polycrystaline silicon b. Cadmium Telluride Cell:
are low cost but
low efficiency. 1. Ca-Te has a favorable direct band gap of 1.44 eV.
5. Maximum effciency of these cells is 17.8 %.
ilg
2. Thin film heterogeneous junction with n-type Cd-S andp-type Cd-Te is
c Amorphous Silicon Cells: fabricated as shown in Fig. 3.22.1.
1 Ifasilicon film is deposited on glass or another substrate material, this Here, a transparent conducting oxide layer is used instead of metallie
is so called amorphous or thin layer cell. contact at the top on the n side.
2. The layer thickness is less than 1 um, so 4 EVA(ethylene vinyl acetate) is used for encapsulation.
production costs are lower due
iv
to the low material costs. 6. Its eficiency is about 10 % and open circuit cell voltage is
around 0.8 V.
3. However, the efficiency of amorphous
cells is much lower than that of Anti-reflective coating
the other cells. Because of this,
they are primarily used in low power
equipment such as watches, pocket calculators Transparent
.c
etc. Glass superstrate

Maximum efficiency of these cells conducting oxide
is 13 %.
Que 3.22,| Define second generation
solar cells. Explain their types
p-type Ca-Te n type Cas
Back metal contact
w
Answer EVA
A Back glass
Second Generation Solar
Cells
These cells are based on E 3.2.1 Basic structure ofCa-Te cell
semiconductors on lattice the use of thin epitaxial deposi
w
matched
2. There are two classes of epitaxial wafers. ue 3.28.Definethird generation solar cells. Bxplain their various
photovoltaic- space and trial
3. Space cells typically have
also have a higher cost higher efficiencies (28-30 6) inprodue
tarh ypes.
w
per watt.
Page 42 of 73
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4) SolerEnergy
8-24 G (ESc-Sem-3 &
Answer
Third Generation Solar
Cells:
A
They are proposed to be very
different from the previous s Conventional and
1.
devices as they do not rely on a traditional
p-n junction to
to separate
photogenerated charge carriers. Non-Conventional
For space applications quantum well devices
(quantum dots, o UNITT Energy Sources
et
2.
ropes, etc.) and devices incorporating carbon nanotubes are bein n
efificiency.
with a potential for up to 45 % production
3. For terrestrial applications, these new devices includ
photoelectrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, nanocrystal solarm
n
cells,
dye sensitized solar cells and are still in the research phase.
B. Types of Third Generation Solar Cells: CONTENTS
u.
a. Organie PV Cell1:
1. The solar cells based on organic semiconductor can próvide a low Cost Biological tnerEy Sources 4-2G to 45G
alternative for solar PV. Part-1
and ossil Fuels
2. The thickness of the active layer of organic solar cells is only 100 nm
ur
thin, which is about 1000 times thinner than the crystalline silicon solar Fluid Dynamics and Power in 4-5G to 4-12G
cells, and it is about 10 times thinner than the current inorganic thin Resources,
the Wind, Availablepes
film solar cells. luids, Viscosity of
3. In the low material consumption per solar cell and the relatively simpler Fluid Flow, Lift
cell processing of organic semiconductors, there is a large potential for
ilg
low cost large area solar cells. Part-3 Wind Turbine DynamicS 18G to 4-16G
and Design
Due to this reason, there is a considerable interest in organic photovoltais
devices, Part-4 Wind Farms -16G to 4-17G
5. Their principal advantage is that they are flexible and can bend without
Part-5 Geothermal Power and Ocean H7G to 4-22G
iv
breaking, unlike Si, which is brittle.

Thermal Energy Conversion
6 They are also very light and cheap.
7. They may be folded or cut into required sizes and can still be used. Part.6 Tidal Power 22G to 4-25G
b. Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC):
.c
1. The DSC can be considered as a thin filim solar cell device. This technoingy
Part-7 Wave Power 4-26G to 4-26G
is not yet commercialized but is on the verge of commercialization Part-8
2 The DSC solar cells can be made flexible. It has a good potential
Eydropower .4-27G to 4-29G
w
being a low cost solar cell technology.

cOstof
3. This is mainly possible because
of the large availability ana oesink
the ingredient material as well as due to the low pro
temperatures."
w
4. The DSC is a photo-electro-chemical

device. In its operatio"*
a photon, an electron and a chemical reaction.
SYnthesis
The operation of DSC is considered
similar to that of a phor
w
process.
4-1G (ESC-Sem-3 & 4)

Page 43 of 73
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4-2G(EScSem-3&4) nalEnergy
Conventional & Non-Conventional Enero.
Soures
Energy
Science & Engineering 4-3G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
PART-1 Water stored behind dam and at a height has a lot of potential energy
Biologicol Knergy Sources and Fossil Fuele 3.
which is converted into mechanical and electrical energy.
4 The water is released gradually and is allowed to fall under the
gravitational force and drive which rotate hydraulic turbines.
Questions-Answer
6. The generators attached with turbine produce the electricity.
Long Answer 1ype and Nedium Answer ype Questions Merits
et
i
1 Hydropower does not pollute the water or the air during operation and
no waste products are formed.
Que 4.1. Discuss various biological energy sources along Demerits:.
with i
n
their merits and demerits. 1 Itresults in ecological disturbance like flooding situation and adverse
effects on flora and fauna.
Answer a Wind Energy:
u.
Various biological energy sources are as follows: 1. Wind energy is a renewable source of non-polluting energy and it has
Solar Energy: tremendous potential which if harnessed, can easily satisfy the energy
Solar enegy is a clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable energy demands of a country.
and it is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of 2 Estimates reveal that 2 % of the total solar energy falling on earth is
ur
energy because it is non-polluting and therefore helps in decreasing the converted to kinetic energy in the atmosphere.
green house effect. 3. 30 % of this kinetic energy occurs in the lowest 1000m of elevation i.e.,
2. Solar energy can be used: wind in the lowest kilometer has maximum kinetic energy which can be
i By direct conversion to a fuel by photosynthesis. converted into mechanical energy which in turn can be utilized to
ilg
By direct conversion to electricity by photovoltaic. generate electricity or to perform some other useful work.
4 Since, the energy possessed by wind is by virtue of its motion, so the
ii By conversion to electricity via thermo-electric power system.
The sun releases the enormous amount of energy due to continuous
device used to extract its energy should be capable of slowing down the
3. wind.
fusion reaction taking place inside the sun.
The sun sends out the energy in the form of radiations at the rate of Merits:
iv
3.7 x 1020 MW. Abundance availability for no price.

6
6.
However, the energy intercepted by the earth is about 1.85x 10" M
This energy available is several times more than all the energy proapr
. Useful at remote places for electricity generation.
Demerits:
.c
and consumed in the world. 8 favourable in eity locations as the wind is available at higher
Merits locations.
1. Noiseless operation. 4Itis
unreliable and intermittent. It is not available regularly.
d Wave
w
2. Occupies less space on floor as there is no need of storage vesse Energy

i. Demerits: nemotion
energy.
of
of the sea surface in the form of wind waves forms a source
1 Solar equipments fail to work in nights, cloudy days or rainy season. 2
se Flo
w
2. useful rate propellers are placed in shallow waters, near the shores and
Large space is required for the collection of solar energy at a use o motion ofthe waves, the propellers also get the motion and this
b. Hydro Energy netic energy can be used to drive turbines.
1 It is a renewable energy source which used gen electricit Merits
to renerate
w
is
2. Hydropower is obtained from water
flow or falling water nahelgh nl8 is cheap, clean and inexhaustible source of energy.
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Conventional & Non-Conventional

4GESCSem-3&4) Ener & Engineering
Souros Energy Science 4-5G (ESc-Sem-3&4)
2. Collector size of wave machines is comparatively smaller
devices.
aller than
solar . Coal is heated in furnace to make coke which is
used to melt iron
for making steel.
ii. Demerits: Environmental problems:
1 Corrosion of materials used in plant. 6.
Due to combustion of coal, carbon dioxide is produced which
Geothermal Energy: responsible for causing global warming. is
The energy harnessed from the hot rocks present inside the eh- Coal also produces sulphur dioxide which is a cause for acid
et
i rain.
called geothermal energy.
2. There is an increase in the temperature of the earth' with incrensd i. Natural Gas:
depth below the surface.
easing Natural gas is formed by decomposition of dead animals and plants
buried under the earth.
n
3. The fission of radioactive material naturaly occurring in
the roek 9 It is mainly composed of methane (CH) with small amount of propane
increases the temperature of the earth as we move down from cks
earth's surface. t
the and ethane.
u.
3. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel.
4. Hot molten rocks called magma is present in the core of the
earth. This
causes sometimes volcanic action. 4 Uses of natural gas
5. This hot steam is used to operate turbines to generate electricity. i It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel.
Artificially it can also be harnessed with the help of pipes by drilling the Itis also used in thermal power plants for generating electricity.
6.
ur
hot rocks, which make the hot water to gush out through pipes which 6. Advantages of natural gas:
turns the turbine of the generator to produce electricity. i Natural gas has a high calorific value and it burns without any
i Merits: smoke.
ilg
Itis cheap and clean source of energy. i It can be easily transported through pipelines
2. Geothermal plants require ittle land area.
ii. Demerits: gue3 What are conventional and non-conventional energy
1. Air pollution results in case of release of gases like HS, NH, present in sOurces ? Write shortnotes on classification of energy sources.
the steam waste. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10
iv
2. Noise pollution results from the drilling operations.

Answer
gue 42. Write short note on following:
Conventional (Non-Renewable) Energy Sources: These areonce
the
.c
Coal energy, and 8urces of energy which are exhaustible ie, cannot be replaced if
ii. Natural gas3 they are used.
Answer xample:Coal, petroleum products, natural gas, ete.

w
i Coal Energy: Non-Conventional (Renewable) Energy Sources: These are the

Sources of energy which are inxhaustible i.e., can be used to procduce
1. Coal is a conventional energy source. energy again and again.
2. Itis formed due to degradation yersof
w
of trees and plants buried under xample:Sun, water, animal dung, agro-waste, wind, eto.
silt.
lassification of Energy Sources: Refer Q,4.1, Page 4-2G, Unit-4.
3. Itis composed of mainly carbon and hydrocarbons.
w
4. Uses of coal:
Coalis usedto generate electricity. Power
heating PART-2
plants use coal forgonerate
the water to generate steam which runs the turbines b
Rluid Dynamics, in the Wind, Avalable Resources, Fluids
electricity. Aseositypes of uid kiou, Lif
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Conventional & Non-Conventional Energy & Engineering 4-9G (ESc-Sem-3& 4)

4-8G(ESCSem-3&4) Souro Energy Science
energy available within that opening, henta passes through the rotor disk, there is a drop in static pressure
This is the maximum Asthe air
7.
-V-
4 such that pressure 1s below the atmospheric pressure while it leaves the
blade.
Inlet of the wind also gets reduced in the section (wake) and after
Exit Thethis speed
Bection the atmospheric pressure and speed of air again increases.
Let
, and a, = Inlet and outlet area of air enclosure,
6.
Fig. 4.6.1. Wind flow through the opening.|
et
a Rotor swept volume,
v, and v, = Velocity of wind at inlet and outlet of enclosure,
v= Velocity of rotor,
p 1.25, air density, and
n
Que 4.7. Write down the principle of power generation in wind
h = Mass flow rate of air over rotor.
mills. Derive an expression for maximum efficieney.
The thrust on the turbine by moving air as it passes over the rotor,
u.
1.
Answer F- m(v-v,) 4.7.1)
A Principle of Power Generation in Wind Mills:
1 The basie principleof wind energy is to convert the kinetic energy of 8. The power extracted by turbine,
wind into rotational motion to operate an electric generator.
ur .4.7.2)
P= m(v,-v,)v,
B. Expression for Maximum Efficiency:
8 Inatantaneous loss in kinetic energy of wind as it passes through rotor,
1 The power in the wind can be extracted by allowing it to pass through
moving wings that exert torque on a rotor.
Pi (-) .4.7.3)
ilg
The amount of power transferred is directly proportional to the density
of the air, the area swept out by the rotor, and the cube of the wind 10. From eq. (4.7.2) and eq. (4.7.3), we have
speed..
3. Pig. 4.7.1 shows the air flow diagram on rotor, with variation of wind
speed at different sections.
iv
r 4.7.4)
11. From eq. (4.7.2) and eq. (4.7.4), we have
Inlet
vi Pi o Pe Exit
.c
4.7.5)
2. The mass flow rate through turbine rotor,
a) Energy extraction
r P4,y,= Pa,
w
.4.7.6)
Kotor wheel
In otor wheel 3. rom eq. (4.7.6) and eq. (4.7.6), we have
Pya J-v
w
.4.7.7)
Ppe,, +
v,)-v)
w
14. For maximum power,

Distance
6) Variation in wind velocity. Distance
pressure
e) Variation in wind
Fis. 471.Airiowthroughtheroto v.
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Conventional & Non-ConventionalEnergyouroeg

4-10G EsC-Sem-3&4) & Engineering 4-11 G(ESC-Sem-3&4)
Energy Science
3v3+2v.-v=0
15. On solving, we get Que 4.9 Explain the following:
i Steady and unsteady flows,
this value in eq. (4,7.7), we get i. Laminar and turbulent flows,
16. On putting Hi. Rotational and irrotational flows,
iv. Compressible and incompressible flows, and
17. The maximum

Pr27
of
,*
turbine
efficiency is,
v. Uniform and non-uniform flows.
Answer
et
Tmax LSteady and Unsteady Flows:
1, Steady flow is that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like
0.59 velocity, pressure, density, etc, at a point do not change with time.
Unsteady flow is that type of flowin which the velocity, pressure, density,
n
2
Que 48 Discuss some physical properties of fluids in briet. etc, at a point changes with respect to time.
ii Laminar and Turbulent Flows:
u.
Answe
Some physical properties of fluids are as follows:
. Laminar flow is one in which the fluid particles move along well defined
paths or stream line and all the stream lines are straight and parallel.
a. Density or Mass Density: It may be defined as the mass per unit 2. Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which the particles move in a
volume at a standard temperature and pressure. It is also known as zig-zag way.
ur
specific mass. It is denoted by p and its unit is kg/m3.
i. Rotational and Irrotational Flows:
Mathematically, p = 1. Rotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles while
flowing along stream lines also rotate about their own axis.
Where, 2 If the uid particles while flowing along stream lines, do not rotate
ilg
m Mas (kg), and
=
U Volume (m*). about their own axis that type offlow is called irrotational flow.
iv, Compressible and Incompressible Flows:
b Weight Density:It can be defined as the weight per unit volume at the
standard temperature and pressure. Itis also known as specific weighi
. Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid
It is denoted by W and its unit is N/m. changes firom point to point.
iv
2 ncompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant

Mathematically, W=Weight mg for the fluid flow.
Volume v. Uniform and Non-uniform Flows:
Specifie Volume: It is defined as the volume per unit mass of ima
.c
Uniform low is defined as that type of flow in which the velocity at any
Mathematically, V=
given timedoes not change with respect to space.
m P 2 Non-uniform flow is that type offnow in which the velocity at any given
d Specifie Gravity:Itis the ratio of the specific weight of n fluid time changes with respect to space.
w
to the specific weight of a standard fluid.

the
Sue410.Write ahort note on tollowing:
S= Specific weight of given luid Subsonic, sonie and supersonic flows,
w
Specific weight of standárd fuid

Viscosity: It is defined as the property of a fluid which minesi18 Suberitical, critical and superoritical flows, and
resistance to shearing stresses. Its SI unit is Pa-s and deteroise One, two and three dimensional lows.
An ideal fluid has no viscosity. It CGs uid
w
is a measure of the iue

friction which causes resistance to flow.
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Conventional & Non-Conventional Ene

Energy
4-12G ESCSem-3 4)
&
Souroeg & Engineering 4-13G (ESC-Sem-3 & 4)
Energy Science
Answer
Subsonic, Sonic and Supersonic Flows: PART-3
1. When Mach number is less than 1 (M <1), fow is subsonic fow Wind Turbine Dynamics and Design.
2. When Mach number is equal to 1 (M = 1), flow is sonie flow.
When Mach number is greater than 1 (M >1), flow is supersonieflow.
et
3. Auestions-Answers
i Subcritical, Critical and Supereritical Flows:
When Froude number is less than one tPe <1, the flow is suberitical Long Answer 1ype and Medinm Answer Type Queations
2 When Froude number is equal to one (Pe = 1), the flow is eritical
n
Ow,
3. When Froude number is greater than one (Pe> 1), the tlow is supercritieal
flow. Que 412. Discuss the following parameters:
ii. One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows: i Pitch angle ii Pitch control
u.
1. One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter ii Tip speed ratio iv. Solidity
such as velocity is a function of time and one space co-ordinate only. v. Angle of inclination vi Angle ofincidence
Two dimernsional flow is that type of flow in which the velocity is vii. Nacelle viii. Yaw controL
2 a
function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinates
ur
Answer
3. Three dimensional flow is that type of flow. in which the velocity is a
i Pitch Angle (B) : Angle between the direction of wind and direction
function of time and three mutually perpendicular directions. perpendicular to the plane of blades is known as pitch angle.
Que 4.11.| Explain the force exerted by a flowing i. Pitch Control: Itis the control of pitch by turning the blades or blade
fluid on a
tips.
ilg
stationary body.
ii Tip Speed Ratio: The ratio of the speed of the rotor blade tips to the
speed of the wind is known as tip speed ratio.
AnsweT
L The total foroe
iv. Solidity: It is defined as the percentage of the cireumference of the
F) exerted by the fluid on the body is perpendicular
the surface of the body. Thus the total force is inclined to the direction of
t rotor which is filled by the rotor blades.
iv
motion. Solidity Nb
2 The component of total force (F) in the direction of flow is called drag (s)=d
and is given as, Where, N= Number of blades,
.c
b Average breadth of blade, and

by blade.
2 d= Diameter of the circle described a
Where, C= Coefficient of drag. the Angle of Inclination (): It is the angle betweenthe relative velocity
3. The component of total force (F) in the direction perpendicularto vector and the plane of rotation.
w
direction of flow is known as lift and is given as, relative velocity

Angle of Incidence (): It is the angle between the
vector and the chord line of aero file.
2 a Nacelle: It is the assembly consists of wind turbine, gears, bearings,
Where,
w
C= Coefficient of lif. generator etc., mounted in a housing

of wind turbine in the
Yaw Control: Control of orienting the aris
urection of wind is known as yaw control.
w
Que4 consideration in wind mill

Discuss the aerodynamic
Stationary body design.
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4-14G (ESCSem-3&4) Conventional & Non-Conventione Energy

Sourtes
& Engineering
Energy Science 4-15 G(ESC-Sem-3&4)
Answer 10. The.angle of attack (a) is very important parameter and it determines
1. Aerodynamics is the branch of science which deals with aira lift and drag forces.
motion and their mechanical effects.
2. Nomenclature of aerodynamics is as given below: ue Describe various parameters of designing of wind
v Impinging wind veloeity, turbine rotor.
et
v= Wind velocity in plane of rotation due to blade turnning, Answer
V=Resultant wind velocity, Various parameter of designing of wind turbine rotor are as follows
F List force perpendicular to vz a Diameter of the Rotor:
F Drag force perpendicular to V The diameter of the rotor is determined from the operating wind speed
n
FR Resultant force on blade, and the rated power output.
F=Component of Pp producing torque, 2 The generated power is given by,
u.
Fa Thrust force component, P-Pon
a = Angle of attack, and
B Pitch angle. PAYn.,
Undisturbed wind
ur
Relative Chord line
Plane of rotation (Torque) Dvn,n.C,
Where, mEhiciency of mechanical transmission and
wind
Fr n= Efficiencyofelectrical generation.
b. Choice of the Number of Blades:
ilg
. Ttis obvious that the eficiency of power extraction from wind depend on
Wind direction
Fa(thrust) the proper choice of the number of blades.
Centre 2 There will be little power extraction if the blades are so close to each
of lift other or rotate so fast that every blade moves into the turbulent air
iv
created by the preceding blade.

3 It will also be less than optimum if the blades are so far apart or move so
slowly that much of the air stream passes through the wind turbine
Fig 413.1 without interacting with a blade.
.c
TSSR
3. Blade is moving in the plane of rotation and it sees a tangential v hus, the choice of the number of blades should depend on the
velocity (tip speed ratio).
vinthe plane of rotation.
4. VRis the resulting wind velocity, which gential Choice of the Blade Profile and Material:
is the vector sum of tange is generaly a Hat
w
velocity vp and impinging wind velocity low TSR water pumping wind mils, the blade
v. Ormetallic
5. The lift force acts perpendicular to
F andthe plate.
the resultant velocity Vga metallic sheet, which leads
drag force Fy is parallel to vg it is a simple, circularly curved
8ome casesaerofoil-1ike characteristiçs, but with uniform thickness
Certain
w
6. The vector sum of lift force and drag rigidity, these blades bave to
7. Now resolve FR into two
F, force Fp is p ughout the blade. Because of their low
structural support.
forces ie., F which is torque to a circular metallic frame for
component and F, thrust producing component. ed ofthe Pitch Angle
Choice
w
8. The tower and structural members designed

to withstand Fa
of the wind turbine must De The pitch angle is given by B =l-. blade, B should also vary to ensure an
dynamic Onryalong the length of the blade. Thus the desirable
incidence at all points the
of
9 The vector diagram is centred on the centre of lift of the aerb angle of easily.
blade. w1st along the blade can be calculated
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Conventional & Non-Conventiona F nergy

4-16G ESCSem-3&4 Sources & Engineering
Energy Science 4-17G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
a The Tower:
1. In a horizontal axis wind turbine,
the tower supporta
generot
machinery, including the blades, the gear box, the nerator, and le
whol eu 16.What parameters are to be considered while selectingga
control equipment. the site for wind
farms?
It therefore requires high strength which is achieved wi#r Anewer
concrete structure based on tubular or lattice constructionsteelo Parameters to be considered
while selecting a site for wind farms
are as
3. It is necessary to avoid amplification of vibration through carefal follows:
of the resonant frequencies of the tower, blades, rotor, etc.
et
1Flat open area should be selected, as the wind velocities are high in flat
Transmission System and Gear Box open area.
1 In general, the optimal speed of rotation ot an electrical generatori. 2. The proposed altitude is to be selected by taking average wind speed
much higher than the optimal speed of a wind turbine. data.
n
2. In order to ensure that a low speed of the turbine produces a 3. Minimum wind speed should be available throughout the year.
rotational speed at the generator, a gear box is inserted high
in the 4. Ground surface should be stable and high soil strength.
transmission system.
u.
6. To minimie the transmission losses, the wind power should be near the
3. If the great system has fixed gear ratio, the transmission system consumers.
is
relatively simple and inexpensive.
6 It should be at least 5 km away from the ities to reduce the effect of
noise pollution.
ur
PART-4 7. Low land cost.
Wind Farms 8. Approach roads upto site.
PART-5
ilg
Geothermal Power.and.Ocean Tharmal Emergy Conversion.

Long Answer Type and Me
erypeestion5
CONCEPT OUTLINE
iv
Que 4.15. Write a short note on wind Geothermal Energy: The enormous amount of energy available inside
farms.
the earth in the form of heat is known as geothermal energy
Answer Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy and independent
8un, having the source of natural heat inside the earth.
o
.c
Wind farms or wind parks often have many its.

turbines generator un
2. The wind farms are open untains
spaces away from forest, citis and m
80 that average uestions-Answers
annual wind speed should not be less than 7 m/s and
away from the distribution
w
centre.
3. Since eachturbine extracts important wer ype and Mediun Answer pe4uestions
some ofthe energy of the wind,
to provide adequate spacing
between turbines to avoid exce 1e
energy
loss.
w
4 Awind farm has 10-50 EL Discuss diftorent systems used for generating the power
turbines unit depending on its 512e sing geothermal energy.
5. Where land area is sufficient,
diameters apart perpendicularturbines are spaced thefve e
to Answer
w
to the prevailing wind,

rotor diameters apart
in the direction of
the
nminim itforent aystems
the loss inefficiency. prevailing W used for generating the power using geothermal
energy are given below:
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& Engineering 4-19 G (ESc-Sem-3 &4)

Conventional & Non-Conventional Enery Bnergy Science
4-18G ESC-Sem-3&4)
Steam Turbine GeneratorT
a. Vapour Dominated Power Plant:
Cooling
1.. Inavapour dominated power plant, steam is extracted from geothern tower
wells, passed through a separator to remove particulate contenta Condenser
flows directly to a steam turbine. nd
Cooling water
2. Steam then operates the turbine coupled with the generator at a
et
Punp
temperature of about 245 °C and pressure 7 bar which are less than Flash
Hot brine QCondensate
pump
chamber
those in conventional steam cycle plants.
O Pump
3. Thus, the efñiciency of geothermal plants is low, i.e., about 20 % Production Reinjection
well well
Exhaust steam from the turbine passes through a condenser and the
n
water so formed circuates through the cooling tower.
5. It improves the efficiency of the turbine and contróls environmental Blow down
pollution associated with the direct release ofsteam into the atmosphere. Geothermal fluid
u.
5. Waste water from the cooling tower sump is re-injected into the 17.2Elashed ateam peothermal power plant
geothermal well to ensure continuous supply. Geothermal fluid (mixture of brine and steam) passes through a
flash chamber where a large part of the fluid is coverted to steam.
Steam 3. Dry saturated steam passes through the turbine coupled with the
ur
turbineGenerator generator to produce electric power.
3 phase Hot brine from the flash chamber and the turbine discharges from
Centrifugal
Supply the condenser are re-injected into the ground and reinjection of
separator the spent brine ensures a continuous supply of geothermal fluid
from the well.
ilg
Direct contact i Binary Cycle System:
condenseer
Valve Coolin 1 A binary cycle is used where geothermal fluid is hot water with
O
Condensate
Coolin
Ower
water
temperature less than 100 °C.
pump Punp:
Vapour tlow
iv
Production well Reinjection Generator

well urbinel
Dry steamn
Cooling
.c
Fig. 417.1L Vapour dominated power plant. Heat tower

exchanger Condenser
b. Liquid Dominated Power Plants:
1. These plants are also called wet steam plants because they give
Valve
w
steam i.e., a mixture of hot water and steam under high pressure
PUnp
2. There are two types of liquid dominated power plants:
Flashed Steam System: ynuirnnmmun
w
of Production Reinjection
1 Flashed system is preferred for high temperature mixrture well well
geothermal brine and steam with low dissolved impurities
eycle ystem.
g. 4.17.3. Sehematie view of binary
w
Page 51 of 73
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Engineer
eering 4-21 G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
Science &
Conventional & Non-Conventional Energy
Ener Souroes Energy
Sem-3&4) cold water 18 prevented because no
thermnal
4-20G (ESC mixing between hot and
a low boillng point working luid
The
eonvection occurs between hot and cold water layer. This means that
This plant operates with
s
2. cycle. in a the surface layer will act as a

source and cold layers act as a sink.
thermodynamic closed Rankine
connect the reversible heat engine between
Hot brine from underground reservoir circulates
tes throuo
through a heat Therefore, it is essential to
3. to ground. urce and cold sink to produce work that can be converted into required
exchanger and is pumped back the
brine transfers its heat to the applicationns
In heat exchanger, hot
organio
vapour that is used ina standas
thus converting it to a superheated tandard
gue 4.20 What are the types of
OTEC system ?
closed Rankine cycle.
et
geothermal power pls
Que 4.18. Write the difference between Answer O1 system:
AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10 Following are the two basic types of
and thermal power plant. OTEC System:
Closed or Anderson Cycle
n
a.
fluids for heat engines use the fluids like
1 In this system, the working boiling point because the
ammonia, freon 12, butane gas having low
Answer
working temperature of sea water is smal.
u.
Thermal Power Plant circulated through a pump to a heat
8.No. Geothermal Power Plant 2. Warm water from ocean surface is vapour at high pressure.
. It uses inexhaustible source of It uses exhaustible source of exchanger which acts as boiler to generate freon
energy energy. expands in the turbine to develop mechanical power and it
3. This vapour
is used to drive an electric generatór
which produces electric energy.
It is less environment friendly.
ur
2 |It is more environment friendly low pressure is condensed in the condenser
There is no such problem. 4 Freon vapour from turbine at of ocean through a
These power plants in some with the help of cold water drawn from the depth
dangerous cases can cause low in the range of 2 to
pump. The overall efticiency of such plant is very
earthquakes. 3% only.
ilg
t. is mainly used for power
Itgeneratons It can be used for various Turbine
process. industrial processes. Vapour r
Generator
freon
. Set up cost is high. Set up cost is low. Surface
water discharge
By-products of these plants are By-products of these plants can Heat Condenser
exchanger Condensed water
iv
not used. be used.

flexible.J
Pump ocean
These plants are less flexible. These plants are more
L1 Liquid Cold water pump
8. Specified areas are required. No such restriction. Warm water Freon
.c
freon
from sea pump
surface
ue 4.19, What is the working principle of ocean thermal eu Fig. 420.1. Closed or Anderson eyele OTEC plant.
conversion ? Open Cycle or Claude Cycle OTEC System
w
through
n this system, the warm water from ocean surface is admitted
Answer evaporator which is maintained under high
. The principle of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is tha and
and
there
e deaerator to the
vacuum.
flash
is a temperature difference between water at the bottom or due to throttling effect

a result, a low pressure steam is generated
w
2.
depth.
the water at the top. discharged back to the ocean at high
and
engine
andthe remainder liquid is non-condensable gases from
2. This temperature difference can be used to operate a heat 3. deaerator also removes the dissolved
most of the radiation is being absorbed at the surface layer or he
water before supplying to the evaporator.
w
Page 52 of 73
www.civil guru.net
ationalEner'gy
Conventional & Non-Conventional Enern.
4-22G (ESc-Sem-3&4) Souroes
sm Engineering
This low pressure steam having very high specific volume is Energy Science & 4-23 G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
turbine where it expands and the mechanical power so developed
converted into electrical power by the generator. ia
The tidal currents tlow in horizontal direction and have kinetic energy.
6
6. The exhaust steam from turbine is discharged into a direct conta This energy is called tidal current energy.
heat exchanger and mixes with the cold water drawn from
depth of about 1 to 2 km.
oc pe
at a 7. The rise and fall of the water level follows a sinusoidal curve.
8 PointA indicates the high tide point and B indicates low tide point.
6. The mixture of condensed steam and ocean cold water are discharon
The tidal range (R) is the difference between consecutive high tide and
et
into the ocean. low tide water levels.
Vacuum pump R (High tide level)- (Low tide level)
OPNon-condensable gases
Low pressure Generator Eunar day 24.83 hour
Deaerator
steam Lurbine
n
Warm water ?lash
Exhaust steam
from ocean evaporator, Tidal
E Direct eontact Water range
u.
surface level
Liquid
brine) t
condenser
L Condensate
to ocean 7
ocean at Cold water from Tidal
ocean depth Tdal
depth
ur cycle cycle
Fig 420:2 Open or Claude cycle OTEC systems

Que 422, Explain with sketches the various methods of tidal power
PART-6 generation. Write the advantages and limitations of tidal power.
ilg
Tidd Powen OR
Eow tidal power plants are classified and what are
limitations
the
of tidal power
re stions plant ? AKTU 2019-20, Marks 10
Long Ansvwer Typea
Answer
iv
A
Principle: To utilize tidal energy, water must be trapped at high tide
Dehind a dam or barrage and then made to drive turbine as it returns to
ue 21What are tides ? How they are formed ? sea during low tides. The available energy is proportional to the square
of the amplitude.
.c
Components of Tidal Power Plant: a tidal

Anewer powerplant are:
Main components of
Tidesmoonare generated by the action of gravitational forces of the sua and
he in the ocean, by the 'spinning of the earth about its axis a
d arrage: It is a dam of low head and requires the following features:
w
he relative positions of the earth, moon and the sun. Less sloppy towards the ocean and basin side.
2. The highest level
of tidal water is known as high tide and the Jo
lowest It should be able to withstand the shock load of tides and wave.
level of tidal water is known as low tide. ow height and shorter in length to minimize the cost of construction.
w
3. The level of difference between high

and low tides is called tiaa
range
eele barrage
foundation frame and channels are embedded in the ducts within
for turbine and gates steel foundation.
4 The tides are the periodic vertical
5. The tidal rise and
rise and fall of ocean wate
fall of water accompanied by periodic hor atalto
fro motion of water is called
and ce Gates : These gates are opened by water pressure and
echanical means is required.
no
w
tidal currents. rbine: The Kaplan or bulb type turbine is used to operate with low
nd the entire turbine generator unit is submerged in the water.
Page 53 of 73
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4-26G (ESCSem-3&4) nergy

Conventional & Non-Conventional Enen
Sources Energy
Science & Engineering 4-27 G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)
une
is created by pressure differences in the earth atmosphere due to nequal
solar heating.
PART8
2 The energy transferred to water by wind is kinetic as well as potent yoropotper
energy and it depends upon the wind speed,lblowing time of wind,
distance of wind travel over the sea. and
3. The blowing wind creates a pressure over the surface of ocean

water
CONCEPT OUTLINE
et
and air pushes down each particle, which again comes up. So, it actually power
moves up and down in circular path.
Hydropower: It the is derived from the energy of falling or
fast running water which may be harnessed for useful purpose.
Every particle passes on its motion to the next. This movement
of the Application of Hydropower:
water particles produces a pattern, which we see as wave.
1 Controlling the floods in the rivers.
n
5. These waves travel a long distance as they propagate and
are
2. Storage of irrigation water.
continuously strengthened by the new wind as they pass 3. Storage ofthe drinking water supply besides generation of power.
and retain
their enerEy even winds die down.
u.
6. The ocean wave energy is created because of periodic
to and fro, up and
down motion of water particles in the form of progressive stions-Answers
waves.
7. It is important to note that water does not
travel with wave while the
disturbance or wave travels in wind direction. Long Med swer Type Questions
ur
The height of the wave depends on the speed of the wind.
Anse
These waves develop for few seconds and get superimposed ocean
on
water. ue 4.25, What do you mean by hydroelectric power plant ?
ilg
10. The power potential of these
waves can be converted to electricity by
mechanieal meáns and harnessing this oceanic energy of waves nas Answer
been developed over past 30 years using wave 1.Hydroelectric power plant converts the hydraulic energy of water into
machines.
electrical energy.
Que 424. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wave 2The level of any place is higher than sea level, thus rain water falling
iv
power ? over the earth's surface possesses potential energy relativé to sea or
Ocean and flows towards sea.
Answe This datun(potential) energy (head) ofrain water available at appreciahle
A
.c
Advantages of Wave Power:

cal height is converted into mechanical energy by allowing the
It is a concentrated form of energy over water to flow through the hydraulie turbine runner.
time. and can naturally accumulaate
ne mechanical energy is then utilized to run an electric generator
2. It is an ecofriendly coupled to the turbine
shat.
w
renewable source of energy.

50 years and
3. No space coverage
on land as required by wind and solar helectric projects have long useful life extending over
4 Large concentrated power dev of avenues for the development or remote and backward
carried in wave's motion. in
areas.
opening
The runningcost is negligible
s
w
the world is met by

percent of the total power requirement of
as this energy is available tree Ne 20
B. Disadvantages of Wave
Power ydroelectric power plants.
1 The device operates in ocean and needs consideration for construction,
cu Que of essential element of
maintenance, andreliability." general layout and funetion
w
2 Capital cost of systemis high. Give

aroelectrie power plant.
3. Problem in
maintenance occurs,
Page 54 of 73
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Eeuineering 2G (ESCSem3& 4
wgy Sewrae &
1ti miay b* ensidereda srtUn of 6afety valve for a dam. A
twyt reeYor beyond tho full
Awe hltwy s*rves ta diseharg# ExCEB* he
prribls lrvel
pow n whirh an urtifirisl lUrage veuvuy dm generally loeated at the foot of the dam and near
iti Puwer toue
plet t
l is
cmstruting dam hta ren ehvwn
et
The prurpn of prime hover is to eonvert kinetio energy
iPrime aovert eneTSY
of watr nto avehanieal
ere
n
unnel
Penntok
Power etat nh
u.
ur
ilg
Fg4281.General layout ofa hydroelortrir power plast.
B Functions of Essential Element of Hydroelectrie Power Pts:

i water which may be utilised to r
leservoir: Its purpose is to store
Ltr prme mover to produce electrical power.
iv
i Dam: Thr function af dam is to provide a head of waterto be ut 3

the wzter turbine
i Trasb Rack: The purpose af providing a trashrack is to preree
r
.c
drtis wticd mghi damage the wicket gates and turtires

mrn cokng cf nozzles of the impulse turbines.
, Farebay: The faretay serves as a regulating reserveir steri
enrariy utaen mad on the plant is reduoed and proving
w
anitl iTease an areount af intreasing load during wdicb tv*

the canal s teing arTelerated
urpe Tank: This may be cnnaidered as an additinal stcr
he trbino, uually provided in high brad, edtiua ra
w
E LhETe iB a CnEideratle distanoe brtwern the War so**

turme wtich neeuitates a kng penetork
Penaturh a
i in a cunduit yaen for tating water tre** *"
w
wurks and foretny to &the

tudine
Page 55 of 73
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(ESC-Sem-3&4) Systems and Synthesis

-3G
PART1
ersScen
esonsnstvers
UNIT Anawer ype andaiediinmAnag
Systems and Synthesis
et
e bl Discuss in brief about the different world energy
n
scenarios.
CONTENTS Anger
u.
Majorly there are three world scenarios which are discussed as
Part-I Overview of World Energ 6-2Gto5-3 a Modern Jazz:
Scenario
1 Itis a market led, digitally disrupted world with faster paced and more
uruneven economic growth.
Part-2 Nuclear Radiation, Fuel Cycles. 6-3G to 6-5G 2 Recent signals suggest that this entrepreneurial future might accelerate
Part-3 Waste and Proliferation, 6-5G to 6-8G clean energy access on both global and local scales, presenting new
Climate Change systerns integration, cyber security and data privacy challenges.
Unfinished Symphony
ilg
b
Part-4 Energy Storage,
5-8G to -10G L Ttis a strong, coordinated, policy led world, with long term planning and
Part-5 Energy Conservation, 5-10G to 5-12G united global action to address connected challenges, including
Engineering for Energy Conservation inequitable access and affordable decarbonization.
Recent signals suggest increased activism andcommitment toaddressing
iv
Part-6 Concept of Green Buildings

5-12G to b-15G
andGreen Architecture imate change at the sub-national level and an expansion of the foeus
rom climate change mitigation to a broader, socially inclusive and
Part-7 LEED Ratings economically affordable, sustainable development agenda.
5-15G to 5-16G
.c
Hard Rock
Part-8 Identification of Energy Related
Enterprises that Represent .5-16G to 6-17
is afragmented world with inward looking policies, lower growth and
less global cooperation.
Breath of the Industry and the
ecent
w
Prioritizing these as Candidates signals, such as the rise of populist leaders and uncertainty
t the outlook for international cooperation, imply that this scenario
Part-0
Use
mbodied Energy Analysis and
as a Tool for Measuring 5-17G to so evolving into a story of regionally firmer
aher than total fragmentation and harder rocks.
security foundations
w
Sustainability
Diseuss data of energy consumption in India.
Part 10Energy Audit of Facilities OR
Optimization and -18G to 5-21G
ew the energy scenario in India in brief.
w
Consumptionof Bnergy
ARTU 201920, Marks 10
5-1G (ESc-Sem-3&4
Page 56 of 73
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Energy Science & Engineering 5-3 G (ESC-Sem-3&4)

HG(ESC-Sem-3& 4
Systems and Synthesis
Answer
1. In India, in 1947, the total power generation capacity was only 1360 Answer
and by 1991 it grew to 65,000 MW, of which 69 % (45,000 M
1
ANuclear Radiation:
generated in thermal plants. Was clear radiation refers to the particles and photons emitted during
2 The distribution of energy in various plants is as follows: actions
reactio that involve fhe nucleus of an atom. It is also known as ionizing
i Hydro Plant: radiation.
et
L The total Indian hydro-potential is 84,000 MW. oThe particles emitted by nuclear reactions are sufficiently energetic
2. The installed capacity is 18,443 MW (March, 1991) compare to that they can remOve electrons irom atoms and molecules and ionize
200 kWin them.
1897 (Darjeeling) and 508 MW at the time of independence.
ii. Nuclear Power Plant: Presently, in India, about 2.3 % of generating 3. Nuclear radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, and the more energetic
n
capacity is nuclear based. This corresponds to about 1,500 MW the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
nstalled capacity comprising 8 units. of 4 Ionisning subatomic particles released by nuclear reactions include alpha
ii. Coal Plant: particles, beta particles, neutrons, positrons, and cosmic rayS.
u.
Example : Fission of U-235.
1. Coal power plants are now getting maximum attention, since
abundantly available and the implementation time is relatively
coal is B. Types of Nuclear Radiationa:
short iAlpha Radiation
2. Thermal power generation capacity during the 8 Plan is 28,000 MW
and during 9 Plan is 32,000 MW. 1. Alpha radiation occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay, giving
ur
off a particle called an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two
iv. Renewable Energy: neutron.
LRenewable energy hardly makes any contribution to the total energy 2 Due to their charge and mass, alpha particles interact strongly with
production.
matter, and only travel a few centimeters in air.
2. However, construction ofa 100 MW ocean thermal energy conversion
ilg
3. Alpha particles are unable to penetrate the outer layer of dead skin
(OT'EC) project has commenced.
cells, but are capable, if an alpha emitting substance is ingested in food
or air, of causing serious cell damage.
PART-2 ii. Beta Radiation
Nuclear Radiationi Fuel Cycle 1,Beta radiation takes the form of either an electron or a positron being
iv
emitted from an atom.

CONCEPT OUTLINE 2.Due to the smaller mass, it is able to travel further in air, up to a few
Nuclear Fuel Cycle: It is the progression of nuclear fuel througha meters, and can be stopped by a thick piece of plastic, or even a stack of
series of differing stages. It consists of steps in the front end, whiCh
B can penetrate skin afew centimeters, posing somewhat of an
TSt
.c
thepreparation offuel, steps in the service period in which fuelis use external health risk.
during reactor operation and steps in the back end which are nece sauy i. Gamma Radiation
to safely manage the operation.
beta, does not consist of any particles,
amma radiation, unlike alphaoforenergy being emitted from an unstable
w
Sead consisting of a photon

nucleus.
uestions Answers can travel much farther
Vng no mass or charge, gamma radiation its energy for
ong gh air than alpha or beta, losing (on average) half
Answer Type and Medium Answer 1ype uesu
w
every 500 feet.

iv. X-Rays
types . are similar to gamma radiation with the
primary difference being
Que 5.3.Define nuclear radíation with example. Also gvee ays
w
of nuclear radiation. they originate from the electron cloud.

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Energy Science & Engineering 6-5G (ESC-Sem-3& ESC-Sem-3 & 4) Systems and Synthesis
4G
2 This is generally caused by energy changes in an electron.
moving from a higher energy level to a lower one, causing tha excess Medicine:
iv.
energy to be released. Radioactive medical waste tends to contain beta particle and
gamma ray
emitters.
PART-3 v. Industry:
Waste and Proliferation, Climate Change Industrial source waste can contain alpha, beta, neutron or gamma
emitters. Gamma emitters are used in radiography while neutron
et
CONCEPT OUTLINE emitting sources are used in a range of applications, such as oil well
logging.
Nuclear Waste: Radioactive by products resulting from fusion, fission
B. Types of Nuclear Waste:
refinement or processing of radioactive materials is known as nuelear
Low Level Waste:
n
waste.
Climate Change : It refers to the significant changes in global Mainly generated from nuclear fuel cycle, low level nuclear waste
temperature, precipitation and wind patterns, etc., that occur over includes materials that have been contaminated by radioactive
u.
several decades or longer. substances.
The waste also includes items that gain radioactive property after getting
exposed to neutron radiation.
Qnestions-Answers 3 The low level nuclear waste consists of clothing, wiping rags, mops,
ur
Long ilters, reactor water treatment residues, equipments and tools, luminous
Anr Type and Medium Answer dials, medical tubes, swabs, and injection needles, among others
i. Interimediate Level Waste:
1 As it contains higher amounts of radioactive materials compared to low
Que 54,
ilg
What are the sources and types of nuclear waste 7 level waste, the waste requires special shielding.
The waste comprises chemical sludge, resins, nuclear reactor parts and
Answer contaminated materials from decommissioned reactors.
A Bources of Nuclear Waste:
ii. High Level Waste
i Nuclear Fuel Cyele:
iv
a waste produced
Waste from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is usual tisnuclear reactors.
after nuclear fuel is burnt and removed from the
alpha-emitting waste from the extraction of uranium. It often contais
radium and its decay products, waste comprises highly radioactive fission produets and transuranic
heelements produced in the core of a nuclear reactor.
.c
2. The back end of the nuclear fuel cyele contains fission products
emit beta and gamma radiation, and actinides that emit alpha par
tn
such as U-234. Write a short note on proliferation concerns related to
the nuclear waste.
i Nuclear Weapon Decommissioning
w
LWaste from nuclear weapons decommissioning is unlikely to contain Anawer

much beta or gamma activity other than tritium and americiu Since weapons materials, there
2. Pu-289 ranium and plutonium are nuclear
Itwhich
is more likely to contain alpha-emitting actinides such a5 ve been proliferation concerns.
w
is a fissile material used in bomb. phutonium. In addition to Pu-239,

i#i. Legacy Waste: Wharly, plutonium is reactor-grade weapons, it contains large
highly suitable for building nuclear
1 This waste is due to historic activities ndustry 18 undesirable contaminants such as Pu-240,
Pu-241, and
typically related to radium or are Pu-290 extremely difcult to separate, and
more
w
uranium mining, and military programs, numerous s]es ntain Cost nese isotopes are
contaminated with radioactivity. etective ways of obtaining fissile material exist.
Page 58 of 73
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(ESC-Sem-3& 4) Systems and Synthesis

8-8G
Energy Science & Engineering 5-7G (ESC-Sem-3
&4
2.
Extreme weatheerinfluenced by climate change includes stronget storms
3. High level waste is full of highly radioactive fission products. most andhurricanes, heat waves, wildfires, more flooding, heavier dtoughts,
of
which are relatively short-lived. etc.
This is a concern since ifthe waste is staored, perhaps in deep ge H. Health: Climate change related health risks may include :
storage, over many years the fission products decay, asing Injuries and fatalities from severe weather.
radioactivity of the waste and making the plutonium easier to accea 1,
Asthma and cardiovascular disease from air pollution.

5. The undesirable contaminant Pu-240 decays faster than the .200 2
problems from increased allergens.
et
and thus the quality of the bomb material increases with time hough 3. Respiratory
its quantity decreases during that time as wel 4 Diseases from poor water quality.
These all concerns lead to think over the invention of such a technology on Ecosystem:
6.
ii. Negative Impact
that can help in reducing the proliferation of nuclear waste. are interconnected webs of living organisms that belp support
Ecosystems
n
1
Que 5.8.What are the causes and effects of climate change? all kinds of plant and biological life.
2 Climate change is already changing seasonal weather patterns and

disrupting food distribution for plants and animals throughout the world,
u.
Answer nearly 30 bof plant and animal species are at risk of extinction if global
A Causes of Climate Change:
temperatures continue to rise.
i Greenhouse Gases:
iv. Rising Sea Level:
1. Greenhouse gases play a vital role in the earth's climate cycles. As the
ur
planet gets hit with the sun's rays, some of the energy is absorbed, and 1 Rising sea levels could have far reaching effects on coastal cities and
the rest of that energy and heat get reflected into space. habitats. Increasing ocean temperatures and melting ice sheets have
2. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the reflected energy steadily contributed to the rise of sea levels on a global scale.
redirecting it back down to the earth and eventually contributing to 2 It will causing increased flooding and decrease in ocean and wetland
ilg
global warming. habitats.
3. While some of these greenhouse gases, such as water vapour, are v. Shrinking Ice Sheets:
naturaly ocurring, others, such as FCs, are aynthetic. CO,is released While coptributing to rising sea levels, shrinking ice sheets present
nto the atmosphere from both natural and human made causes ánd is Cheir own set of unique problems, including increased global
one of the leading contributors to climate change. Temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions.
iv
ii. Deforestation:
1 does
Deforestation and climate change often go hand in hand. Nov
climate change increase deforestation by way of wildiires
het PART-4
obal
.c
extreme weather, but deforestation is also amajor contributor o Erers Storgge

warming.
eenhouse
Deforestation is the second leading contributor to global gree
gases or cimate change.
uestlons-Answers
w
Queetions
ii Human Activitie
The most significant contributor to climate change 18 ning of
Long A
d MediumAnswer Type
fossil fuels for electricity,
heat, and transportation.
w
2. Ofthese factors, trains, r

transportation in the of cars, trucks,
ships, 8lobal
What do you understand by energy storage
and planes emits the
largest percentage of CO, speeding
warming and remaining a significant cause climate chan
of Answer
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B. Effects of Climate operation of power systems.

Change storage systems are essential to the
i Extreme Weather: gy improve the reliability of
2 They ensure continuity of energy supply and
y
LChanges to weather are perhaps the most noticeable effect of clima the aystem.
change for the avérage person.
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Energy Science & Engineering 5-9G (ESC-Sem-3

&4 (ESC-Sem-3& 4)
3. Energy storage systems can be in many forms and sizes. The 1OG Systems and Synthesis
and scalability of an energy storage system highly depend size. cost
r
on the form n compressed air storage technology also has long life
the stored energy. about 40 years
Energy can be stored as potential, kinetic, chemical, electromano
6
t is considered as long term storage
Bnetitive with the pumped hydro energytechnologies compatible and
gnetic, storage systems.
thermal, etc. Battery Energy Storage System:
5. Some energy storage forms are better suited for H.
small scale systems Batteries are the most common energy 8torage technologies.
and some are used only for large scale storage systems.
The energy is stored in a battery cell as electrochemical energy.
et
6. Forexample, chemical batteries are well suited for
small systems rangino
from watches and computers to building backup system8. The battery cells are connected in series or in parallel to reach the
7. Pumped hydropower storage, on the other hand, desired voltage, current and capacity values.
amounts of energy in the form of potential energywhich stores huge
found only in large power systems. of water, can be 4A battery cell composes two electrodes called anode and cathode,
and
n
the electrolyte.
Que 5.8Briefly explain the different types 5. Several types of the batteries are proposed. All types of batteries
have
of storage systems,. different specifications, theretore, none of them is suitable for all kinds
u.
ARTU 2010-20, Marks10 of applications.
Flow Battery Energy Storage System:
iv.
Ansver Flow batteries which are a kind of rechargeable battery are relatively
1
Different types of storage systems are as follows: recent technology. In this system, there are two electrolyte liquids in
ur
i Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System: separate tanks and an electrochemical cellis present.
1. The operating principle of the pumped hydro storage uses 2 Inthe electrochemical cell, a membrane is held between two electrodes.
energy of water keep in a reservoir. the potential These electrolytes are pumped through the electrochemical cell and ion
Water is pumped from lower reservoir to upper exchange occurs through the membrane.
reservoir to store energy
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3. Today, three types of flow batteries are commercially available in the
when the power demand is low..
3. When the power demand is high, water flows from upper market: the vanadium redox battery, the polysulphide bromide battery
reservoir to and the zinc bromine battery.
lower one, activates the turbine and generates
electrical energy.
Stored energy capacity of this system is proportional to water volume of V.Eydrogenbased Energy Storage System:
upper reservoir and height difference between he hydrogen energy storage system consists of electrolyser, hydrogen
iv
the upper and lower storage, fuel cell and power conversion stage.
reservoirs.
5. This energy storage technology is a large scale ydrogen can be obtained viá water electrolysis, and energy required
and long term energy
storage system. Or this action.can be obtained from renewable energy sources or,
.c
ii. Compressed Air Energy Storage System: conventional energy sources.

obtained hydrogen can be stored in metal or composite tanks as gas
1. In this energy storage technology, conventional
gas turbine technolog heor metal hydrides.
is used. Energy is stored as compressed air in an underground storage
chamber.
w
2. When the power demand is low, the air is pumped

to chamber an
PART-5
excess energy is stored. The compressed
air in the chamber is converted Mergy Conservation Engineerigtor nerE CN
to the electrical energy via gas turbine.
w
3. The compressed air is heated and converted to

via a set of low and high pressure turbines.
the mechanical energy
fuestions-Answers
4. Electrical generators coupled with turbines generate electrical energ)
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Ong Answer Type and Medium Answer 1ype uestion8

Page 60 of 73
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(ESC-Sem-3 & 4) Systems and Synthesis

Energy Science & Engineering 5-11 G (ESC-Sem-3&4 -12 G
Que 5.9. What do you understarnd by enerEy conservation? Answer

Key responsibilities of an energy engineer are as follows:
Answer tdentifying the area of high energy consuming sources and designing
processes in such areas.
Energy conservation refers to the methods of reduction and developing enerEy erticient
consumption by way of elimination of wastage and promot Tntroducing innovative energy efficient processes and implementing
et
On efficiency.
effñiciency. the same in the organization for high energy
2. Energy conservation is the key element or energy management. 3.
Conducting on site and field observations, collecting energy efficiency
3. We can reduce the energy consumption by adopting various data, and analyzing the process of energy efficiency used.
vays
energy conservation which includes efficient use of technologia of Evaluating enerEy etfnciency by reviewing architectural, mechanical,
n
4.
and
avoiding energy wastages. and electrical plans of the organization, consulting the engineers for
4. The various principles involved in energy conservations are installation of energy efficient systems like climate control systems, day
lighting design, etc., and preparing technical reports for implementation
u.
i Optimal control,
of energy efcient designing.
i Optimize capacity,
5. Taking pivotal role in creating awareness about energy efficient systems
Optimize load, installed and actively participating in encouraging the use of alternative
iv. Use efficient processes, energy resources.
ur
V. Reduce losses, &Managing the construction, designing, and development of energy
vi Energy containment, management projects as perthe guidelines from the federal department
vi. Examine energy conservation opportunities, and and the budget requirement, performing energy modelling, verification,
and commissioning as per the large scale industrial process.
vii. Energy storage facilities.
ilg
Coordinating with the project management team for overall analysis of
Que 5.10.Write a short note on energy energy management system installation.
engineering
Answer PART6
L. Energy engineering or energy systems epgineering is a broad Concept of Green Buildings and Green Architecture,a
iv
ield
engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, fac
management, plant engineering, environmental
compliance, sUsta
energy and renewable energy
technologies. Questions-Anawers
.c
Energy engineering combines knowledge

math, and chemistry with economic
from the fields of pnys n Answer lype and iMedium Answer Type tuestions
and environmental engn
practices.
.nerEy engineering is increasingly seen as a major step forwara
is green energy ? What are the benefits of green
w
meeting carbon reduction targets. 2What

Energy minimization is the main iscipline.
energy ? AKTU 2019-20, Marks10
purpose of this growing VAC
Often applied to building design, heavy
consideration
(Heating ventilation and air conditioning), 1S
gVto both
Answe
w
reduce energy loads and increase lighting, refrnigerau

efficiency of current sysv A Green Energy
Que 5.11.What are the key engineer It comes from natural sources
responsibilities of an
in energy ens 8 also known as renewable energy.
geothermal heat.
uch as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, plants, algae and
w
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Energy Science & Engineering 5-13 G (EBC-Sem-3

& 4) F14G (ESC-Bem-3 &4) Systems and Synthesis
2 Green energy is a clean energy, this means that it is produced shade our building, and naturally control storm
or no environmental impact and does not dispense greenho it Minimize site impacts by shrinking the water runoff.
into the air that contribute to global warming. physical footprint of your
development with more compact bilding and parking lot layouts and
3. Green energy can replace fossil fuels in all majior areas of use incl.. oking care of trees and soil conditions during construction. by
electricity, water and space heating and fuel for motor vehiclea g
Types of green energy include solar energy, hydro power, energy
winde
Community :Creen buildings and developments support strong
communities by giving neighbours places to meet, establishing sense
biomass, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc. a
et
of place and safety, and creating spaces for pedestrians and kids,
rather
B. Benefits of Green Bnergy: than cars.
1 Green energy is eco friendly. H. Indoor Air Quality: Achieving a high quality indoor environment
2 It is a reliable source of energy. requires careful design, construction, and materials choices, and thus
n
3. It requires less maintenance. strong coordination among the building team. Indoor air quality centers
on well designed ventilation and moisture control, which goes hand in
4 Improved health conditions.
hand with energy efficieney and building durability.
u.
5. Green energy never runs out.
iv. Energy: Energy efñiciency is the key to making a building finely tuned,
Que 5.13. Define green building. Also lean, green machine. Start using energy modelling software earlyin the
write down the features that design process to take advantage of the sun and wind to heat, light, and
makes a building green cool our building affordably.
ur
v. Materials: Green, high quality building materials that minimize or
Answer eliminate indoor air quality concerns, avoid toxics, and greatly reduce
A Green Building: A green building is a building waste are used in green buildings.
that, in its design,
construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative vi Waste: Reduce, reuse, and recycle construction and demolition waste
can create positive impacts, on our climate impacts, and
and natural environment. to cut costs and improve building quality. Design for eficient use of
ilg
Green buildings preserve precious natural resources materials and for durability, avoiding future waste.
and improve our
quaity of lHfe.
vi. Water : Conserve finite freshwater resources and reduce utility bills by
B. Features of Green Building instaling water eficient appliances and plumbing fixtures, landscaping
1 Efcient use of energy, water with drought resistant plants and effñicient irrigation, and putting
and other resources.
2 Use of renewable energy, such rainwater and greywater to use.
as solar energy.
iv
Pollution and waste reduction measures,

and the enabling of reuse and
gue 515 Discuss about green architecture in detail.
recycling.
4. Good indoor environmental
air quality. Answer
.c
5. Use ofmaterials that

are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable. Green architecture is a sustainable method of green building design. It
Consideration of the environment rati n. ncludes design and construction keeping the environment in mind.
both
7. Consideration
in design, construction and
of the quality of life of occupants in design, con
opn Green architects generally work with the key concepts of creating an
and operation. energy efficient, eco-friendly house.
w
can make a building

8. Adesign that enables adaptation to is both the design and the construction which
a changing environment. the architect should pay careful attention
Que 5.14.What are the various elements of green building
y sustainable and green, and
to both aspects of the entire process.
reen architecture can be wonderful examples of the possibility of
w
Answer LEans living harmoniously within the

environment.
efficient and
Various elements of green
building are as follows: ne opportunities exist to design beautiful, energy our human
and workplaces that demonstrate
Bite Planning and Design Design our oundings o-riendly residencespeacefully
w
live within the ecology of the natural

neighbourhood and to work with naturalsite fit into the
to to adapt to and
features to provide se ty
World.
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Energy Scienoe & Engineering &-15G (E8C-Sem-3&4) (ESC-8em-3&4) Systems and Synthesis
18G
6 The natural ccology of the planet should be tho macro model
architects to use as a model for a groen building. Answor
Architecture can model itscfon the planctary systemto copy the n LEED rating are as follows:
sreen environment, making a now building8, or adapting an exied Four lovels of
building, both eco-friendly, in terms of materials used and the space LEEDcertified: 40-49 points
occupics, and energy cfficient, including solar technology. it Silver level: 60-69 points
Gold level:60-79 points
et
PART-7 Platinum level 80+ points
:
LEED Ratings.
PART-8
n
Question8-Answers Identification of EnerEy Related Enterprises that Represent the
Breath of the Industry and Prioritizing these as Candidates.
u.
Long Answer Type and Modium Angwer Type Questions
CONCEPT OUTLINE
Various Energy Related Enterprises
e 5.16. What do you understand by LEED ? 1 Fossil fuels industries,
ur
2 Nuclear power industries,
Answe
3. Renewable energy industry, and
1 1EED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an 4. Traditional energy industry.
internationally recognized green building certification system, providing
ilg
third party verification that a building or community was designed and
built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the Questions-AnswerTs
metrics that matter most: energy savings, water efficiency, CO, emissions
Questions
reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and sensitivity to Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type
their impacts.
iv
LEED provides building owners and operators a concise framework for

identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building
design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. ue 5.18.What do you mean by energy related enterprises ?
.c
3. It works throughout the building lifecycle - design and construction,

operations and maintenance, and significant retrofit.
Answer involved in
energy enterprise is the totality of all of the industries
4. LEED provides a sustainability framework for design, construetion, *The
The production and sale of
energy, including fuel extraction,
operations, and maintenance of new and existing buildings. refining and distribution.
w
manufacturing,
5 LEED provides a point system to score green building design d and the energy industry
large amounts of fuel,
construction. Modern society consumes infrastructure and maintenance of society in
system is categorized in five basic areas: sustainable sites, wa
8 a crucial part of the
.The door almost all countries.
w
efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, an0 comprises:

on particular, the energy enterprise industries (oil
environmental quality. which include petroleum
The fossil fuel industries, transport and end user sales at
refiners, fuel
Que 6.17. Wite dowa the four levels of LEED ratings companies, petroleum processing) and the
industries (oxtraction and
w
gas
8as stations), coal (natural gas extraction, and coal
natural gas industries
welWas distribution and sales),
manufacture, as
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(ESC-Sem-3& 4)
-18 G Systems and Synthesis
Energy Science & Engineering 8-17 G (Esc-Sem-3
&4)
ii The electrical power industry, including when selecting building materials, the embodied energy should be
electricity generation. considered with respect to:
electric power distribution and sales, on,
ii. The nuclear power industry, i The durability of building materiala,
iv. The renewable energy industry, comprising How easily materials can be separated,
sustainable energy companies, including altermative
energy
and ii Use of locally sourced materials,
power, and solar power generation, hydroelectric power, wind Use ofrecycled materials,
et
iv.
and
distribution and sale of alternative fuels, and the manufacture,
v. Specifying standard sizes of materials,
v. Traditional energy industry based
on the collection and distribution vi Avoiding waste, and
of firewood, the use ofwhich, for cooking
and heating, is particularly vi. Selecting materials that are manufactured using renewable energy
common in poorer countries. sources.
n
PART-9 ue 20 What is the meaning and importance of embodied energw
u.
Embodied snergy Analysis and Use as ag analysis as a measure of sustainability and why we need to develop
widely accepted standards for enmbodied energy?
Measuring Sustainabiity
AEer
While comparing products or services we look at the feature set, quality,
ur
uestions-Answers compare the price, etc.
Long Answer Type 2 Now ifwe are concerned about sustainability, it is also important to look
and Medium Amswer Type Questions
at the impact that the product or service has over its entire life cycle ie.,
from mine to manufacture to market and to end of service life.
ilg
3.
Inother words to look at a given product or service and trace its impacts
ie 5.19. What do you mean by embodied
energy? over its expected service life and the recoverability of the materials that
go together to comprise it. This is known as the sustainability view ofa
Answer product or service.
1 Embodied, energy is the total energy required 4Coming up with the embodied energy analysis is not an exaçt science,
for the extraction,
iv
processing, manufacture and delivery of building materials to but it usually include the energy used throughout the entire production
the building
8ite. value chain ie., from resource acquisition to final packaging and
2 Unlike the life cycle assessment, which evaluates distribution.
all of the impacts over
the whole life of a material or element, embodied Bmbodied energy analysis is valuable and comparing embodied energy
energy only considers
.c
the front end aspect of the impact of a building content of two products or services can help decision makers and
include the operation or disposal of materials.
material. It does not
consumers evaluate and compare products or services. This brings us to
3. Embodied energy must be considered over the the need for standards.
lifespan of a building
and in many situations, a higher embodied A fair number ofenergy eficiency ratings have been created to measure
energy building materiai o
w
system may be justified because it

requirements of the building.
reduces the operating enesg rate the relative energy consumption of products and provide a
dnsumer
4 friendly ranking system, so energy etcient products can use
Embodied energy is measured as the
quantity ofnon-renewable eners t to promote their energy efficieney.
per unit of building material, component system.
or
w
5. The total amount of embodied energy

may account for 20 o the
o
building's energy use, so reducing embodied energy can significa PART-10
reduce the overall environmental impact
6.
of the building. Energy Aiudit of Facilities and Optimizgtion of
Buildings should be designed and materials ied
EnergyConsumption.
w
selected to balance emboai

energy with factors such as climate, availabílity of materials and transp
cOsts.
Page 64 of 73
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Energy Science & Engineering 5-19G (ESC-Sem-3 (ESC-Sem-3 & 4) Systems and Synthesis
&4) 20 G
iv.
Lighting,
Questions-Answers v. Hot water supply, and
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Quentions vi. Air distribution.
This audit also identifies the energy conservation opportunities in each
2
of these areas.
Que 521. What is energy audit Process Audit:
et
?
Answer
1 t urveys the quantity ofenergy required for each process such as
Department-wise process plant and machinery,
i
1. Energy audit is an examination for energy efficiency improvement
through analysis of energy usage. i Heating process,
n
2. It uncovers energy savings opportunities which are assessed to identify ii Ventilation and air conditioning process, and
savings. iv. Furnaces.
u.
3..
A general audit is a comprehensive evaluation of potential energy identifies the energy conservation opportunities in each
conservation measures through detailed information collection, 2 This audit also
process.
in depth interviews with facilities or operations managers and the
analysis of energy profiles created through interval metering. d Transportation Audit:
oftransportation
It siurveys the quantity of energy required for all types
ur
Que 5.22 What are the aims or objectives of energy audit ? systems like vehicles, cars, trucks, and other material handling
equipment in an industry.
AnswerT opportunities for such
2 It also identifies the energy conservation
The objectives of energy audit are as follows: transportation systems.
ilg
To understand the facility's energetic behaviour. a Utility Audit:
To identify the excess of energy consumed. support
1 It surveys the quantity of energy required from each utility or
To find out the motive of this excess. service in an industry.
To propose alternate solutions.
ue Discuss about the optimization of energy consumption.
24
5. To justify them from technical and economical point of view.
iv
6. To determine the ideal energy consumption profiles. Anaye

domain,
Que 5-23.Discussin detail the various types of energy audit. Although energy is critical to systems in the production
with the tools needed to
production planners have not been provided
.c
allocation models for overall

Answer ntegrate energy explicitly in their resource
production efficiency.
Types of eénergy audit are as follows paradigm by enabling
Optimum energy usage (OEU) will change this providing visibility to
a Envelope Audit: It surveys the building or factory envelope 1o Dest practices in energy resource allocation by
w
domain.
determine the energy losses for leakage, construction problem8, energy data throughout the layers of the production
openings, doors and windows defects, lack of insulation, etc. . Realization of OEU requires three approaches to typical use cases for
which are discussed as given below:
b. Functional Audit: the industrial consumers
w
1 It surveys the quantity of energy used for each function such a8 Awareness of Energy Usage :
fundamental
of OEU. It drives
Heating systems, awareness is the foundation
i hergY all layers of the production domain.
DEnavioural changes across
Ventilation and air conditioning systems,
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ii. Building,
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Energy Science & Engineering 6-21 G (ESC-Sem-3.

3&4) && Engineering (2 Marks) SQ-1GESC-Sem-3 &4)
or low cost Energy Science
2 Starting with simple and often free works actions t reduce
consumption, energy awareness itself into the fiberr energy
corporate culture. of th
Production planners will start including energy requirements
production bills of material. into
ii. Emcient Consumption of Energy: Energy and its Usage
1 Eficient energy consumption is the accelerant for OEU.
2. By leveraging automation and manufacturing executionssystems,
UNIT (2 Marks Questions)
et
industrial consumers can consolidate energy information order
in
match overall power consumption levels and timing with speit t
ecific
production requirements.
3. Energy monitoring and management promote efiicient
n
consumption
and multiply the benefits of energy awareness by automating
actions
that reduce energy consumption.
ii Transacting Energy for the Best Result: 1Li What is energy? AKTU 2019-20, Marks 0
u.
1 Transacting energy for the best result is the integrator for OEU. Energy is defined as the capacity to exert a force through a distance
2. By leveraging asset management and internal It exists in various forms like beat energy, chemical energy, nuclear
facility and process energy energy, mechanical energy, ete.
delivery systems, the industrial consumer can interface with the power
grid domain to procure and exchange energy for the best
ur
result. 12 Write down various units of energy.
Various ünits of energy are as follows:
1. Joule,
2. Calorie, and
3. kWh.
ilg
13. Define thermal energy reservoir.

hermal energy reservoir is defined as a large body ofinfinite heat
capacity, which is capable of absorbing or rejecting an unlimited
guantity of heat without suffering appreciable changes in its
iv
termperature.
lA. What is meant by heat engine cycle and heat engine? What
is its function ?
.c
eat thermodynamie
Engine Cycle and Heat Engine : Aheat engine cycle isa
cycle in which there is a net heat tranafer to the
system and a net work transfer from the system. The system which
executes a heat engine cycle is called a heat engine.
w
Function : The function of a heat engine cycle is to produce work

continuously at the expense of heat input to the system.
1.5. Define heat pump.
w
pump is a device which, operating in a cycle, maintains a body

Heataatemperature higher than the temperature of the surroundings.
18 What do you mean by refrigerator ?
w
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SQ-2G (BESC-Sem-3 &4) & Engineering (2 Marks) SQ-3G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)

Energy and
its Usage Energy Science
A Refrigerator is a device which, operating in a cycle, mainto Stirling engunes are n0t Used because the engine requires some
body at a temperature lower than the intaina time to warm up betore it can produce useful power and it cannot
a
surroundings. of the change its power output quickly.
1.7. Define coefficient of performance. 1.15. Define superecapacitor.

3Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of desired eftee Supercapacitor is a high capacity capacitor with a capacitance value
to the work done. much higher than other capacitors.
et
18 What do you mean by Carnot cycle ? 1.16. What is fuel cell ?
ns Carnot cycle is an ideal hypothetical cycle in which all the processes A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical
constituting the cycle are reversible. energy of a fuel into electricity.
n
19. State Carnot theorem. 1.17. Define phase change.
Carnot theorem states that all heat engines operating between SPhase change process is the change of material physical state from
given constant temperature source and a given constanta one state to another ike solid to íquid and vice-versa.
u.
temperature sink, none has a higher efficiency than a reversible
engine.
1.10. Define entropy? ARTU 2019-20, Mark 0

ur
GEntropy is defined as the quantitative measure of disorder or
randomness in a system. It deals with the transfer of heat energy
within a system.
ilg
1.11. What do you mean by entropy principle ?
A According to this principle,the entropy of an isolated system can
never decrease. It always increases and remains constant only
when the process is reversilble.
Mathematically,
iv
ds20
1.12. Classify the IC engines on the basis of cycle of operatio
Onthe basis of cycle of operation, IC engines are classified nw
.c
categories:
1 Constant volume heat addition cycle engine or Otto cycle eng
2. Constant pressure heat addition cycle engine or diesel cycle en
w
1.13. Write the applications of open cyele gas turbine.

Applícations of open cycle gas turbine are as follows:
1. In aireraft, 4. In locomotive,
2. In marine,
w
6. In automobile, and
3. In power generation.
1.14. Why Stirling engines are not used ?

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AKTU 2019-20, Marks

Page 67 of 73
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SQ4G (Esc.Sem-3&4 Nuclear

Energy Energy Science &
Sngineering (2 Marks) SQ-5G (Esc-Sem-3& 4
2
wNuclear a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are
fusion is
combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic
particles (neutrons or protons).
Nuclear Energy 2.9.

Moderator
What are the moderators ?
is a material used to slow down the neutrons from
UNIT (2 Marks Questions) kinetic energy. high
et
2.10. Define thermal neutron.
Thermal neutron is a free neutron
motion corresponding to the
that has an average energy of
average energy of the particles of the
n
21. Write down the various fundamental ambient materials.
forces of nature.
Fundamental forces of nature are as follows
L Gravitational forces, 2.11. What do you mean by nuclear fission ?
u.
2 Weak nuclear forces, A Nuclear fission is defined as
3. Electromagnetic forces, and
a type of nuclear disintegration in
which heavy nucleus splits up into two nuclei of nearly comparable
4. Strong nuclear forces. masses with liberation of energy.
2.2. Define nuclear forces. 2.12. What do you mean by pressurized water reactor
ur
(PWR)?
A Pressurized water reactor is a light water cooled
Nuclear forces are the forces
nucleons. They bind protons andwhich act between two more and moderated
neutrons into atomic or nuclei.
thermal reactor having an unusual core design, using
and highly enriched fuel. both natural
23. What is the binding energy ?
ilg
Binding energy is defined as the energy 2.13.What is a boiling water reactor (BWR) ?
binding forces of required to overcome the oes In a boiling water reactor enrich fuel is used.
nucleus. In this the steam
flowing to the turbine is produced directly in the reactor core
2A. What do you mean by
activity ? 2.14. Define binding
Activity is defined as the intensity of
emitted radiation. This is
energy curve.
iv
directly dependent on the rate of

disintegration of the element. The graphical relationship between binding energy per nucleonn
and mas number is called binding energy curve
2.5 What do you mean by
half life ?
Halflife represents the rate of decay of the radioactive isotopes.
.c
18
the time required for half of the parent nuclei to decay Or
disintegrate.
28. What is average (mean)

life ?
w
Average life indicates the average

of total time for whicp
radioactive nuclei has disintegrated
for several half lives.
2.7. What is a chain reaction ?
w
Chain reaction is the process

keeps on multiplying in which the number ot trons
rapidly (in
fission till whole of the fissionablegeometrical progressionu
material is disintegratea.
w
2.8. What do you mean by

nuclear fusion ?
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Engineering (2 Marks) SQ-7G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)

SolarEnergy Energy Science &
SQ6G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)
3.7. What are the diferent types of solar radiation ?
Different types of solar radiations are as follows
3 Solar Energy
Extraterrestrial solar radiations, and
2. Terrestrial solar radiations.
38. What are the different devices used for measuring the solar
radiations ?
et
UNIT (2 Marks Questions) aDevices used for measuring the solar radiations are as follows:
1. Pyranometer,
2. Pyrheliometer, and
3. Sunshine recorder.
n
3.1. What do you mean by solar energy ? 3.9. Define solar constant.
Therate at which solar radiation strikes at the top ofthe atmosphere
u.
A Solar energy is a clean, cheap and abundant!ly available renewable
energy and it is also the most important of the non-conventional is called the solar constant.
sources ofenergy because it is non-polluting and therefore helps in
decreasing the green house effect. 3.10. What do you mean by beam radiation?
radiation that has not been abeorbed or scattered and reaches
Solarthe ground
ur
3.2. Define solar cell. directly from the sun is called direct radiation or beam
is Solar cells are energy conversion devices radiation.
sunlight to electricity by the use of the which
are used to convert
photovoltaic effect.
311. Define irradiance and albedo.
3.3. Write down the applications of solar energy. Irradiance: The rate of incident energy per unit area ofa surface
ilg
A Applications of solar energy are as follows: is known as irradiance.
1. Solar water heating, Albedo: The earth reflects back nearly 30 % of the total solar
2. Solar distillation, radiant energy to the space by reflection from clouds, by scattering
3. Solar pumping, and by reflection at the earth's surface. This is known as albedo.
4. Solar electric power generation, and
iv
5. Solar thermal power production. 3.12. Define AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02

semiconductors.
A
34. Write down the disadvantages of solar energy' semiconductor is a material whose electrical conductivity lies
between conductor and an insulator.
Disadvantages
.c
of solarenergy are as follows: '
L High capital cost due to requirement of large area. 8.13.

What are the different types of semiconductors ?
2. Limited to sun shine hours.
3. Need of tracking due to change in position of sun. Different types of semiconductors are as follows
materials,
4. There is a need of storage. insiC Semiconductor:'These are pure non-metallic
w
Such as germanium and silicon.

35. What are the materials used in solar rinsic Semiconductor: The intrinsic material when added
A
cells ? Zine with impurity is called extrinsic semiconductor.
Solar cell materials are CulnSe,, CaS, Cd-Te, Cu,S, InP,
Telluride (ZnTe), AlSb (Aluminíum antimonide). n
w
Silhcon 1S the 314 How holes are produced in semiconductors

commonly used material for solar cell.
AKCTU 2019-20, Marks 03
38. What do you understand by solar
marimum efficieney in
are produced when electronswhich atoms move out of the valancea
w
cells ?
Aximum
olesDand into the conduction band,
happens everywhere in
Maximum efficiency of solar cell is defined as the ratio of
electric power output to the incident solar semiconductor.
radiatio
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SQ8G (ESC-Sem-3 &4) Sola Energ & Engineering (2 Marks)

Energy Science SQ-9G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
3.15. Explain attenuation of solar radiation.
AKTU 2019-20,
Marka Conventional and
Attenuation of solar radiation means scattering of radiation
passes through the atmosphere and it 18 caused by interaction it Non-Conventional
radiation with air molecules, water and dust. of
Energy Sources
3.16. What is the principle of solar cell ? UNIT (2 Marks Questions)
et
AKTU 2019-20, Marks
02
An Solar cell works on the principle of conversion of solar energy
electricity by photovoltaic into
effect.
n
41. What are primary energy resources
The resources obtained from the environment are known as
primary energy resources.
u.
Example: Fossil fuels, Solar energy, Hydro energy, and Tidal
energy.
42. What are secondary energy resourees ?

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The resources that do not occur in nature but are derived from
primary energy resources are known as secondary energy resources.
Example: Electrical energy from coal burning, H,obtained from
hydrolysis of H,0, etc.
ilg
4.3. Define wind energy.
The wind energy, which is an indirect source of energy, can be
used to runa wind mill which in turn drives a generator to produce
electricity.
iv
44. What are the advantages of wind energy?

Advantages of wind energy are as follows:
. It is renewable and available at free of cost.
.c
2. Low operating cost.

3. Economically competitive.
4t is reliable and cost effective for large unit.
What is the basic principle of wind energy conversion

w
5. energy
DS The basic principle of wind energy is to convert the kinetic
OT Wind into more useful forms like mechanical
power and electincal
power.
w
46 Define the continuityon equation. conservation oI mass is

based the principle of
The calledequation
w
continuity equation.
47. State the Bernoulli's theorem.

Page 70 of 73
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S0-10G (ESCSem 3 Conventional & Non-Comvertional Energy

Souroes Energy Science
Eingineering (2 Marks) SQ-11GESC-Sem-3&4)
sBernoulli's theorem states that in a steady, ideal flow of an hydropower.
incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid 416. Define
constant.
ia
Hydropower is the power derived from the energy offalling or fast
running water which may be harnessed for useful purpose.
Define viscosity.
Viscosity may be defined as the property ofa fuid which detenmines
What are the main eomponents of wind energy conversion
A.16.
its resistance to shearing stresses. It i8 a measure of the internal system (WECS) ?
fluid friction which causes resistance to flow. The main components of wind energy conversion sBystem are as
et
follows
19 Define wind farms Rotor with blade,
SThe wind farms are open spaces away from forest, 2 Electromagnetic brakes,
mountains so that average annual wind speed should notities and Controller,
be less 4. Mechanical brakes,
n
than 7 m/s and not away from the distribution centre.
5. Gear b0x,
410 Explain the drag and ift. 6. Generator,
7. Shaft, and
u.
2o Drag: The component of the total force ()
in the direction of
motion is called drag. This component is denoted 8. Flap or tail vane.
Lit: The component of the total force (FR) by p
in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of motion is known as lift. This
is
denoted byz
ur
411. Give the sources of geothermal energy.
AKTU 20120, Markr 03
RE1
ilg
Sources of geothermal energy are as follows:
Hydrothermal energ sources,
2. Vapour dominated sources3
3. Hot dry rock sources,
4 Geopressured sources, and
5. Magma sources.
iv
412. Define ocean thermal energy

conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) a means of converting
ocean thermal energy into useful energy.isOTEC
.c
is a technolog
that converts solar radiation into electric energy.
13. How tides are generated 7 ARTU 2018-20, Marks 02

w
Tides are generated by the action of gravitational

and the moon in the ocean, by the forces ofthe s
spinning of the earth abour e
axis and the relative positions of the
earth, moon and the sun
w
414 Write the nanme of devices used

for wave energy conver
rsion.
Devices used for wave energy conversion
Hose pump, are as followS
w
2 Pelamis, and
3. Oscillating water column device.
Page 71 of 73
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SQ-12G (ESC-Sem-3 &4) Systems and Synthesis Engineering (2 Marks)

Energy Science
& sQ-13 G (ESC-Sem-3&4)
3. Battery storage
energy systeem,
4. Flow battery energy storage system, and
5. Hydrogen based energy storage system.
K8. Write down the disadvantages of green energy.
Systems and Synthesis Disadvantages of green energy are as follows:
1. High installation cost.
UNIT (2 Marks Questions) 9 Renewable energy often relies on the weather for its source of
et
power.
5.9. What are the seven principles of green architecture?
The seven principles of green architecture are as follows:
n
5.1. Define nuclear radiation. 1. Site and its surroundings, 2. Energy eticiency,
2 Nuclear radiation refers 3. Water efficiency, 4. Material efficiency,
reactions that involveto
the particles and photons emitted during
the nucleus of the atom. 5. Indoor air quality, 6. Waste reduction, and
u.
5.2. What
7. Low maintenance costs.
are the different types of nuclear radiation ?
A Different types of nuclear radiation are as follows: 5.10. What is LEED certification ?
1. Alpharays, 2. Betarays, LEED certification process is a program for designing and building
3. Gamma rays, and 4. X-rays. energy efcient and water conserving builings for which
ur
5.3. What do you understand by construction will be used green and sustaínable materials and
nuclear waste ? resources.
An Radioactive by products resulting from
or processing of radioactive materials fusion, fission, refinement 5.11. Name some energy related enterprises.
are known as nuclear waste.
54. Write down the name of some Some energy related enterprises are as follows:
ilg
nuclear waste disposal 1. Fossil industry,
fuels
methods. 2. Nuclear power industry, and
Some nuclear waste
1 Geological disposal,
disposal methods are as follows: 3. Renewable energy industry.
3. Transmutation, and 2. Reprocessing 5.12. Define
4. Space disposal. embodied energy.
energy is the energy consumed by all of the processes
iv
5.5. What are the various

factors affecting climate change Embodied
A8SOCiated with the production of a building, from the mining and
An1. Factors affecting climate change are as follows: processing of natural resources to manufacturing, transport and
Latitude,
2. Altitude or height from product delivery.
sea level,
.c
3. Direction of wind,
S13 Write down the sources of nuclear waste
4. Ocean currents, and
5. Forest. Following are the sources of nuclear waste:
Nuclear fuel cycle, waste,
2. Legacy
3. Medicine, and 4. Industry.
w
5.6. Define energy conservation. AKTU 2019-20, Marks 02 5.14. What is green energy
n Energy conservation refers to
the methods of reduction in ene Green energy is a clean energy, this means that it
is produced wiun
greennouse
consumption by way of elimination of wastage le or no environmental impact and does not diSpense
w
and prom0u0
efficiency. gases into the airthat contribute to global warming
5.7. Classify 5.15, What is energy audit ?
various types of energy storage systems. mcovers energy
E 1. Various types of energy storage Energy audit is an examination tore savings
energy Savings
usage. t uncovers
w
Pumped hydro energy storage, systems are rough analysis of energy to identify savings.
2. Compressed air energy Pportunities which are assessed
storage,
Page 72 of 73
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SP-3G C-Sem-3&
Refer Q. 3.10, Page 3-11G, Unit-3.
6 Attempt any one part of the

following:
a. How tidal power plants are classiied and what l0)
the
limitations of tidal power plant ?
AE Refer Q. 4.22, Page 4-23G, Unit-4.
b. What are conventional and non-conventional enen.
en
sources ? Write short notes on classification of energy
source8.
5 Refer Q. 4.3, Page 4-5G, Unit-4.
et
7. Attempt any one part of the following: (10x1=10
a. What is green energy ? WWhat are the
benefits of green
n
energy ?
Refer Q. 5.12, Page 5-12G, Unit-5.
Refer u.
b Briefly explain the different types
of storage system8.
ur
Q 5.8, Page 5-9G, Unit-5.
ilg
iv
.c
w
w
w
TM
Page 73 of 73
www.civil guru.net uantum
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et
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Page 1 of 73

Includes solution of following AKTU Question Papers

Mohd. Aazam Khan

rms noizeoatgnd 9privaa

UANTU M PAGE PVT. LTD.

fuels, Fluid dymamics and power in

1 Edition 2019-20 ocean thermal energy

conservation. Engineering for

as a tool for measuring

Price: Rs. 80/- only (SP-1 G to SP-3 G)

Printed at: Mayank Enterprises, Delhi-11O093.

1-2G (ESC-Sem-3&4) Energy and its Usage

1 UNITT Energy and its Usage

Conversion, Refrigeration &

and Electrie Aspects

Que 13.Define potential energy and also give principle of

CONCEPT OUTLINE Answer

energy remains constant for

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 14.Whatis a heat reservoir or thermal energy reservolr or W Q-2

A Heat Reservoir : It is defined n

on its temperature ie.,

2 This is at high temperature, a system is known as Spurce.

the transformer with

the same amount o without change in generator and transmission line

isolates the expensive generator from the

Energy Science & Engineering 1-9G (ESC-Sem-3 &4)

and X-rays. waves, having wavelength A associated with maving particle

5. The energy of electromagnetic

Que 1.11.Derive time independent

PART 5| Answer associated with particle and

1-11G (ESC-8em-3 &4)

..(111.6) 3. Portable military equipments, etc.

2 Light traction vehicles,

2. Combined heat and power,

11. Now eq. (1.11.7)

2. The manufacturing life cycle and value chain represent

EnsTgy Science & Enginrering

It uses lithium in carbon as

(NiMH) Battery: carbonate ions (CO,

ppruntbes that of lithjum ion. energy density

4feuctiutis of nickel metol hydride N.

battery are: Anode reaction: Co H

Energy Science & Engineering 1-18G (ESC-Bem-34 1-16G(ESC-Sem-3&4)

2 during reversible process

Answer a Process 1-2: It ia reversible isothermal heat addition process in the

4. Heat rejected in process 3-4,

with a heat exchanger, which

transfer through heat exchanger (absorb heat and

So, change process is the change of material

1-19 G (Esc-Sem-3 &4) 1-20 G(ESC-Sem-8&4) Energy and its Usage

2 It is used in transportation of food at a required temperature W

Que 1-30. Write short note on the following: b Refrigerator:

body to a high temperan The

High temperature sink

IC Engines : The engines in which 1. Batteryignition, and

Ignition: Water cooled engine, and

are known as two revolution of cranks

Long Answer 1ype