TRAINING REPORT 2023

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT AT UTTAR PRADESH RAJYA VIDYUT

UTPAADAN NIGAM LIMITED ANPARA, SONEBHADRA
ON

“THERMAL POWER PLANT”

Submitted for partial fulfillment on award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

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UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF: -

Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV
(EXECUTIVE ENGINEER)
EMD-1, DTPS ANPARA

SUBMITTED BY: -

ABHISHEK YADAV
B. TECH EN 3rd YEAR
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEEERING COLLEGE
ROLL. NO. 2000270210006

Acknowledgment
The result of all engineering efforts whatever from they take a direct
outcome of not just an individual’s thinking but represents the organization.
The same view holds good this seminar report. I extended my sincere
gratitude towards Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV SIR (EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
EMD-1, DTPS) for giving us invaluable knowledge & Technical guidance.

I would like to thanks Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV SIR (EXECUTIVE

ENGINEER, EMD-1, DTPS) for giving me their kind co-operation & inspiration to
do my seminar work.

I would like to thanks ASSISTANCE ENGINEER, EMD-1 DTPS for giving

me detailed knowledge about plant and their friendly co-operation & technical
guidance.
I also thank all the staff members and my friends for their endless Help
and support.

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NAME OF STUDENT:-

ABHISHEK YADAV
EN DEPARTMENT
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Certificate
This is certified that ABHISHEK YADAV student of ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS Engineering from Ajay kumar garg engineering college,
Ghaziabad has carried out his summer training work from “13th JULY 2023
tot 9 AUGUST 2023” presented in this report entitled “(THERMAL POWER
PLANT)” under the supervision of Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV (EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER EMD-1, DTPS and his entire team.
During training period his behavior and dedication to subject
entitled is very good. We wish for their happy and prosperous carrier in
future.

Er. MANOJ KUMAR YADAV

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
EMD-1, DTPS ANPARA,
SONEBHADRA

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Abstract
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is
steam driven. Water is heated in Boiler and turns it into steam. This heated
steam spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it
passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and
recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle.
The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to
the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because
such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal
power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district
heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A
large part of human CO2 emissions comes from fossil fueled thermal power
plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.
At present 61.45% or 18624.88 MW (Data Source CEA, as on
31/05/2016) of total electricity production in India is from Coal Based Thermal
Power Station.
A coal based thermal power plant converts the chemical energy of the
coal into electrical energy. This is achieved by raising the steam in the boilers,
expanding it through the turbine and coupling the turbines to the generators
which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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Contents

PROJECT................................................................................................................................ 6
BRIEF HISTORY/INTRODUCTIONOFORGANIZATION… ............................................ 7
ORGANIZATIONALCHART… ........................................................................................... 8
PLANTLAYOUT…----------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
PRODUCTSANDSPECIFICATION…-----------------------------------------------------------12
CHRONOLOGICALTRAININGDIARY… ......................................................................... 13
PRODUCTIONPROCESS .................................................................................................... 14
ELECTRICAL & MAINTAINANCE DIVISION------- -----------------------------------------30
GENERATOR------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
MOTOR (HT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
TRANSFORMER---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
MOTOR (LT) -------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------42
SWITCH GEAR--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
ESP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
DG SET------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
SWITCH YARD ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
CONCLUSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
DECLARATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59

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Project
To study the general concepts and working of thermal power plant,
and its components, especially Boiler, turbine Generator and auxiliary plant
like coal handling, water treatment plant and switch yard auxiliary.

Brief history

This is a project run under Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam
Ltd. UPRVUNL is wholly owned state thermal power utility with present

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generating capacity of 6933MW, operating Five Thermal Power Stations within

Uttar Pradesh. Poised to contribute in the growth of state, they are going to
add further 2500 MW capacity to their existing fleet by year 2023.
Total installed capacity of the Anpara Thermal Power plant at present is
2630 MW. Presently it is thermal power project of UPRVUNL.
This project is thermal based power project in which combustion of coal
is used to convert water into steam and then steam is used to rotate the
turbine the rotation of turbine drives an A.C. generator, thereby producing A.C.
power. The entire thermal power project needs continuous supply of water
and thus they are built near RENU River. A dam has been constructed for this
purpose of collection of water, by the name of RIHAND DAM. The coal to all
these units is fed from Kharia, Kakri and Bina open coal mines of NCL, by
means of a marry-go-round system, maintained by UPRVUNL. At present,
Seven units of Anpara are generating 2630 MW of electricity.
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. was constituted on 25
August 1980 under the company’s act 1956 for construction of new thermal
power projects in the state sector. UP state electricity board, till then
responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power within the
state of Uttar Pradesh, was unbundled and operations of the state sector
thermal power stations was handed over to UPRVUNL.

Anpara Thermal Power Station

Plant Location
The Anpara Power Plant is located near village Anpara on the bank of
Rihand reservoir in the district of Sonebhadra (Uttar Pradesh). It is
about 34 km from Rihand Dam on Pipri-Singrauli road and about 200
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km from Varanasi. Varanasi is connected by air/rail and road route

from other major cities.

Generating Units at Anpara Thermal Power Station

All the units of Anpara TPS are coal-fired thermal power plants,
having a total generating capacity of 2630 mw and consists of
following units –
STAGE UNIT ORIGINAL DATED DATE OF MANUFACTURES
NO. CAPACITY CAPACITY COMMISSIONING
1.(A) 1. 210MW 210MW 24.03.1986 BHART HEAVY
ELECTRICALS
LTD
2. 210MW 210MW 28.02.1987 -DO-
3. 210MW 210MW 12.03.1988 -DO-
2.(B) 4. 500MW 500MW 19.07.1993 M/S MITSUBISHI
CORPN. JAPAN
5. 500MW 500MW 04.07.1994 -DO-
3.(D) 6. 500MW 500MW June 2015 BHART HEAVY
ELECTRICALS
LTD
7. 500MW 500MW March2016 -DO-

Following two are the main products in a thermal power plant:-

1) Electricity
Electricity is produced at approximately 21 KV after which it is
stepped up to 400KV for reduction in losses due to transmission.
Then it is connected to the grid for supply. The main client for
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purchasing electricity of UPRVUNL is UPPCL which is UTTAR PRADESH

POWER CORPORATION LIMITED.
2) Ash
Ash is the byproduct of coal after its combustion. It can be
categorized in two parts:-
A)Fly ash, which is sold to cement manufacturing organizations like
Diamond and Satna. Earlier they were given away to the same, but
since possess certain value; they’re now being sold to them which
generate revenues up to twenty lakhs.
B)Ash slurry, it is a waste product which is generally provided to
construction companies for road-filling etc.

Plant Flow Chart

Procedure for production of electricity is based on modified Rankine
cycle. The four process of Rankine cycle as used in thermal power
plants are as follows:-

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1) Heat addition in boiler.

2) Adiabatic expansion in turbines.
3) Heat rejection in condenser and,
4) Adiabatic compression in boiler feed pumps.

This may seem to be a simple enough process, but every step

employs various circuits to accomplish the required conditions for
the fore told steps. Certain circuits are as follows, Fuel and Ash
Circuit. Air and Gas Circuit. Feed water and Steam Circuit. Cooling
Water Circuit.
Various methods are employed to increase the efficiency of classical
Rankine cycle by adding devices like air-preheater, economizer,
super heater etc.

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Above is the flow chart of production of electricity in a thermal

power plant.

The input at boiler is the DM water and pulverized coal with air.
The DM water is prepared in the water treatment plant facility
where it is deionized and detreated. It prepared in the scale of
neutral liquid i.e. 7ph, although, slightly basic nature is used.

The coal is prepared at coal handling plant, where it first arrives

in wagons. The coal is taken out from wagons with the help of a
machine known as wagon tippler. The coal is the picked and sent to
crushers, where it crushed and then to bunkers. From bunkers the
coal moves on to mills and is finely grounded to a pulverized form
and the fed to the boiler. Then this coal is fed to the boiler and
combustion takes place. The energy of the combustion is helpful in
transforming the water into the steam. This steam is then used to
drive the turbine; the turbine shaft drives the generator. Hence
electricity is developed. The other product, which is ash, is fed into
the ash treatment plant and flue gasses are expelled in the
atmosphere.

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Chronological training diary

13h JULY 2023 to 19th July 2023 (EXCEPT SUNDAY 16 JULY)
This week was dedicated to familiarization with power
plant, a basic understanding was developed of the flow of
various elements in the production cycle, like flow of steam, DM
water, clarified cooling water, coal and flue gases.

20thJUly 2023 to 26thJUly 2023

We spent this week with familiarization with coal handling
plant, learning flow of coal in it and the methods and processes
of converting large sized coal to a form of powder. Turbine area
and steam generation process are also covered.

27th JULY 2023 to 02th AUGUST 2023

This week was dedicated in the study of installed 210 MW
&500 MW Boiler and Their Auxiliary. Various concepts
regarding Boiler were studied like Lit-up of boiler, Fuel firing
and raising of load on Boiler etc.

03th AUGUST 2023 to 09th AUGUST 2023

This week was dedicated in the study of installed 210 MW
&500 MW Turbine and Their Auxiliary. Various concepts
regarding Turbine were studied like Cold & Hot start-up
procedure, Roling and Synchronization of turbine and raising of
load on Turbine etc.
This time also was spent in understanding the importance
and working of ash handling plant& ESP and water treatment
plant and control and instrument division and transmission of
power generated.

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PRODUCTION PROCESS

Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station

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Principal
Coal based thermal power plant works on the principal of
Modified Rankine Cycle.

In a coal based power plant coal is transported from coal mines to

the power plant by railway in wagons or in a merry-go-round system.
Coal is unloaded from the wagons to a moving underground
conveyor belt. This coal from the mines is of no uniform size. So it is
taken to the Crusher house and crushed to a size of 25mm. From the
crusher house the coal is either stored in dead storage ( generally 20
days coal supply) which serves as coal supply in case of coal supply
bottleneck or to the live storage(8 hours coal supply) in the raw coal
bunker in the boiler house. Raw coal from the raw coal bunker is
supplied to the Coal Mills by a Raw Coal Feeder.

The Coal Mills or pulverize pulverizes the coal to 200 mesh size.
The powdered coal from the coal mills is carried to the boiler in coal
pipes by high pressure hot air. The pulverized coal air mixture is
burnt in the boiler in the combustion zone. Generally in modern
boilers tangential firing system is used i.e. the coal nozzles/ guns
formatngent to a circle. The temperature in fire ball is of the order of
1300 deg.C. The boiler is a water tube boiler hanging from the top.
Water is converted to steam in the boiler and steam is separated
from water in the boiler Drum. The saturated steam from the boiler
drum is taken to the Low Temperature Super heater, Platen super
heater and Final super heater respectively for superheating.

The superheated steam from the final super heater is taken to the
High Pressure Steam Turbine. (HPT). In the HPT the steam pressure is
utilized to rotate the turbine and the resultant is rotational energy.
From the HPT the out coming steam is taken to the Reheater in the
boiler to increase its temperature as the steam becomes wet at the
HPT outlet. After reheating this steam is taken to the Intermediate
Pressure Turbine (IPT) and then to the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT).
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The outlet of the LPT is sent to the condenser for condensing back to
water by a cooling water system. This condensed water is collected
in the hot well and is again sent to the boiler in a closed cycle. The
rotational energy imparted to the turbine by high pressure steam is
converted to electrical energy in the Generator.

Components of Coal Fired Thermal Power Station:

Fuel preparation system

In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal
storage area is first crushed into small pieces and then

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conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is

Next pulverized into a very fine powder. The pulverizes may be
ball mills, rotating drum grinders, or other types of grinders.

Air path

External fans are provided to give sufficient air for

combustion. The forced draft fan takes air from the atmosphere
and, first warming it in the air preheater for better combustion,
injects it via the air nozzles on the furnace wall. The induced
draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases
from the furnace, maintaining a slightly negative pressure in
the furnace to avoid backfiring through any opening.

Boiler furnace and steam drum

Once water inside the boiler or steam generator, the process

of adding the latent heat of vaporization or enthalpy is
underway. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the
Chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel. The water
enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called
the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam
drum. Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down the
down comers to the lower inlet water wall headers. From the
inlet headers the water rises through the water walls and is
eventually turned into steam due to the heat being generated
by the burners located on the front and rear water walls
(typically). As the water is turned into steam/vapor in the water
walls, the steam/vapor once again enters the steam drum. The
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steam/vapor is passed through a series of steam and water

separators and then dryers inside the steam drum. The steam
separators and dryers remove water droplets from the steam
and the cycle through the water walls is repeated. This process
is known as natural circulation. The boiler furnace auxiliary
equipment includes coal feed nozzles and igniter guns, soot
blowers, water lancing and observation ports (in the furnace
walls) for observation of the furnace interior. Furnace
explosions due to any accumulation of combustible gases after
a trip-out are avoided by flushing out such gases from the
combustion zone before igniting the coal. The steam drum (as
well as the super heater coils and headers) have air vents and
drains needed for initial startup. The steam drum has internal
devices that removes moisture from the wet steam entering the
drum from the steam generating tubes. The dry steam then
flows into the super heater coils.

Superheater

Coal based power plants can have a superheater and/or

reheater section in the steam generating furnace. Nuclear-
powered steam plants do not have such sections but produce
steam at essentially saturated conditions. In a coal based plant,
after the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment inside
the steam drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into tubes
inside an area of the furnace known as the superheater, which
has an elaborate set up of tubing where the steam vapor picks
up more energy from hot flue gases outside the tubing and its
temperature is now superheated above the saturation
temperature. The superheated steam is then piped through the
main steam lines to the valves before the high pressure turbine.
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Reheater

Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing

tubes heated by hot flue gases outside the tubes. Exhaust steam
from the high pressure turbine is rerouted to go inside the
reheater tubes to pick up more energy to go drive intermediate
or lower pressure turbines. This is what is called as thermal
power.

Fly ash collection

Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by

electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes
both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the
induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the
collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag filters.
Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage
silos for subsequent transport by trucks or railroad cars.

Bottom ash collection and disposal

At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection

of bottom ash. This hopper is always filled with water to quench
the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Some
arrangement is included to crush the clinkers and for conveying
the crushed clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site.

Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage

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Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and

continuous return of condensate to the boiler, losses due to
blow down and leakages have to be made up to maintain a
desired water level in the boiler steam drum. For this,
continuous make-up water is added to the boiler water system.

Impurities in the raw water input to the plant generally

consist of calcium and magnesium salts which impart hardness
to the water. Hardness in the make-up water to the boiler will
form deposits on the tube water surfaces which will lead to
overheating and failure of the tubes.

Thus, the salts have to be removed from the water, and that
is done by a water demineralizing treatment plant (DM). A DM
plant generally consists of cation, anion, and mixed bed
exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process consist
essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which
recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water becomes
highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere
because of its very high affinity for oxygen. The capacity of the
DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw
water input. However, some storage is essential as the DM
plant may be down for maintenance. For this purpose, a
storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously
withdrawn for boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM water
is made from materials not affected by corrosive water, such as
PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel.
Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement or stainless steel
doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank to
avoid contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at
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the steam space of the surface condenser (i.e., the vacuum

side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also DM
water gets de aerated, with the dissolved gases being removed
by an air ejector attached to the condenser.

Steam turbine-driven electric generator

Rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power station

The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems

enabling them to work satisfactorily and safely. The steam
turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has a
heavy, large diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not
only supports but also has to be kept in position while running.
To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft
has a number of bearings. The bearing shells, in which the shaft
rotates, are lined with a low friction material like Babbitt metal.
Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between
shaft and bearing surface and to limit the heat generated.

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Barring gear

Barring gear (or “turning gear”) is the mechanism provided to

rotate the turbine generator shaft at a very low speed after unit
stoppages. Once the unit is “tripped” (i.e., the steam inlet valve
is closed), the turbine coasts down towards standstill. When it
stops completely, there is a tendency for the turbine shaft to
deflect or bend if allowed to remain in one position too long.
This is because the heat inside the turbine casing tends to
concentrate in the top half of the casing, making the top half
portion of the shaft hotter than the bottom half. The shaft
therefore could warp or bend by millionths of inches. This small
shaft deflection, only detectable by eccentricity meters, would
be enough to cause damaging vibrations to the entire steam
turbine generator unit when it is restarted. The shaft is
therefore automatically turned at low speed (about one percent
rated speed) by the barring gear until it has cooled sufficiently
to permit a complete stop.

Condenser

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Diagram of a typical water-cooled surface condenser.

The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in
which cooling water is circulated through the tubes. The
exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell
where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by
flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent diagram. Such
condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven
exhausters for continuous removal of air and gases from the
steam side to maintain vacuum. For best efficiency, the
temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical
in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the
condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost
always be kept significantly below 100 °C where the vapor
pressure of water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the
condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of non-
condensable air into the closed loop must be prevented. Plants
operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their
source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer;
unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high
electrical demand for air conditioning. The condenser generally
uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to
reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through water

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from a river, lake or ocean.

Feed water heater

In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant

utilizing a drum boiler, the surface condenser removes the
latent heat of vaporization from the steam as it changes states
from vapor to liquid. The heat content (joules or Btu) in the
steam is referred to as enthalpy. The condensate pump then
pumps the condensate water through an Air ejector condenser
and Gland steam exhauster condenser. From there the
condensate goes to the deaerator where the condensate system
ends and the Feed water system begins. Preheating the
feed water reduces the irreversibility’s involved in steam
generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic
efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and
also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the
feed water is introduced back into the steam cycle.

Deaerator

A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water

should be devoid of air and other dissolved gases, particularly
corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the
removal of air and other dissolved gases from the boiler feed
water. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed aeration
section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which
serves as the deaerator boiler feed water storage tank.

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Cooling tower

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste

heat to the atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to
a lower temperature. The type of heat rejection in a cooling
tower is termed “evaporative” in that it allows a small portion
of the water being cooled to evaporate into a moving air
stream to provide significant cooling to the rest of that water
stream. The heat from the water stream transferred to the air
stream raises the air’s temperature and its relative humidity to
100%, and this air is discharged to the atmosphere.
Evaporative heat rejection devices such as cooling towers are
commonly used to provide significantly lower water
temperatures than achievable with “air cooled” or “dry” heat
rejection devices, like the radiator in a car, thereby achieving
more cost-effective and energy efficient operation of systems in
need of cooling.

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The cooling towers are of two types: -

1. Natural Draft Cooling Tower

2. Mechanized Draft Cooling Tower

i. Forced Draft cooling tower

ii. Induced Draft cooling tower
iii. Balanced Draft cooling tower

Auxiliary systems

Oil system

An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up

of the steam turbine generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil
system required for steam turbine’s main inlet steam stop
valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil
systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and other mechanisms.
At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven
by the turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the
auxiliary system.

Generator heat dissipation

The electricity generator requires cooling to dissipate the heat

that it generates. While small units may be cooled by air drawn
through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require special
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cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil-sealed

casing, is used because it has the highest known heat transfer
coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity which reduces
windage losses. This system requires special handling during
start-up, with air in the chamber first displaced by carbon
dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the highly
flammable hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air. The
hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly
higher than atmospheric pressure to avoid outside air ingress.
The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage where
the shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the
shaft are installed with a very small annular gap to avoid
rubbing between the shaft and the seals. Seal oil is used to
prevent the hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere. The
generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are
at a potential of about 22 kV and water is conductive, an
insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the
water line and the generator high voltage windings. De
mineralized water of low conductivity is used.

Generator high voltage system

The generator voltage ranges from 11 kV in smaller units to 22

kV in larger units. The generator high voltage leads are
normally large aluminum channels because of their high current
as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are
enclosed in well- grounded aluminum bus ducts and are
supported on suitable insulators. The generator high voltage
channels are connected to step-up transformers for connecting
to a high voltage electrical substation (of the order of 115 kV to
520 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid. The
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necessary protection and metering devices are included for the

high voltage leads. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the
transformer form one unit. In smaller units, generating at 11
kV, a breaker is provided to connect it to a common 11 kV bus
system.

Other systems

Monitoring and alarm system

Most of the power plant operational controls are automatic.

However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus,
the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that
alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters
are seriously deviating fromtheir normal range.

Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication

A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is

provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to
essential items such as the power plant’s control systems,
communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency
lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of
the units in an emergency situation.

MAIN COMPONENTS OF POWER PLANT (COAL)

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1. COAL HANDELING
2. COAL MILLS
3. BOILER AREA
4. ESP AREA
5. TURBINE AREA
6. CONDENSER
7. WATER TREATMENT PLANT
8. ASH SLURY DISPOSAL SYSTEM
9. GENERATOR & TRANSFORMER

CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

(New technologies to maximize power plant efficiency)

In order to operate power stations at an optimum level, power

technology has, over the years, become more and more dependent
on automation and control.
Increasing computerization has enabled the use of some very
sophisticated techniques for controlling and monitoring power
systems. Earlier, control and monitoring systems were usually made
up of simple circuits. Operators supervised processes continuously
and used their judgment to make necessary changes to set values.
Now, monitoring and control in power plants are based almost
entirely on computerized equipment, which has considerably
simplified the control of processes involving multiple variables.

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In fact, control and instrumentation or automation at power

plants has become critical to maximizing efficiency and availability. It
has allowed faster collection and processing of all data from various
parts of the plant and has even provided for remote control of all
devices. It has also helped optimize fuel utilization and lower
operational costs.

ELECTRICAL & MAINTAINANCE DIVISION

Ø GENERATOR
Ø MOTOR (HT)
Ø TRANSFORMER
Ø MOTOR(LT)
Ø SWITCH GEAR
Ø ESP
Ø DG SET

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GENERATOR (A.C.)

A.C. generator specifications

PHASE 3 ( R, Y, B )
POLES 2
R.P.M 3000
VOLTS 21000
KVA 589000
AMPERES 16194
POWER FACTOR 0.85
FREQUENCY 50 Hz

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The synchronous generator is manufactured by THOSHIBA CORPN. JAPAN. The

plant is made by M/S MITSUBISHI CORPN. JAPAN. The first synchronization of
generator set and turbine to the grid at 19 July 1993 for unit 4 & for unit 5, it
was synchronize at 04July1994.
The generator is coupled with the turbine operated by steam at around 3000
rpm. At this high speed the rotor of the generator is also rotates around 3000
rpm. At this stage the stator field winding is already excited with external
mechanism, when the magnetic field created by stator winding is cut by rotor
conductors the electromotive force is induced in the rotor circuit, but the rotor
conductor or internally shorted by slip rings so, the current flowing in the rotor
conductor and it can be collected by the carbon brushes put on the slip ring.
This collected power is transferred to the power transformer by cables.
The synchronization is very important for power plant to connect it with
grid, the grid check the three parameter for synchronizing with the plant.
Ø VOLTAGE SYNCHRONIZATOIN
Ø FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION
Ø PHASE SYNCHRONIZATION
VOLTAGE SYNCHRONIZATOIN:-
First requirement to connect with the grid, the voltage level of the both the
ends is equal. If level is not equal the unit may trip or grid denied to connect
with the unit.
FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION:-
Second requirement to connect with grid, the frequency should be same or
with in a permissible limit, it is about 48.5Hz to 51 Hz. If the frequency is more
vary then unit is trip because the difference in frequency cause the difference
in speed and this speed may damage the rotor shaft.

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PHASE SYNCHRONIZATION:-
Third synchronization is phase, if it is not matched then grid connection is
not established so to make it phase synchronization is required, because
difference in phase cause add or difference in the grid and unit voltage, both
the condition is harmful, so to avoid it phase synchronization is needed.

NOTE: - 0.85 POWER FACTOR IS OPTIMISE FOR LOW LOSSES IN TRANSMISSION

OF POWER, SO GENERATION IS AT 0.85 IS DONE.

FIG: POSITION OF CARBON BRUSHES AT ATPS 3X210MW PLANT

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GENERATOR PROTECTION SYSTEM 2X500 MW

There are five category of protection provided for this 500 MW generator and
generator transformer.
Ø CLASS-A: In this category gen. circuit Breaker or bypass circuit breaker
(if it is in service), field circuit breaker, UAT ‘A’ & ‘B’ 6.6 kV breakers and
turbine tripping signal initiate whenever faults occurs simultaneously.
Ø CLASS-B: in this category first turbine tripping signal initiate, then after 3
seconds tripping signal goes to al circuit breakers that is generator circuit
breaker or bypass circuit breaker ( if it is in service), field circuit breaker,
UAT ‘A’ & ‘B’ 6.6 kV breakers whenever faults occurs simultaneously.
Delayed tripping of generator is provided so that steam entrapped in
turbine goes to condenser to minimize stress on turbine and delayed
tripping can be tolerated for 3 seconds.
Ø CLASS-C: In this category tripping signal goes to only generator that is
generator circuit breaker or bypass circuit breaker (if it is in service), And
machine will run on house load operation when unit auxiliary
transformers are in service.
Ø CLASS-D: In this category tripping signal goes to only generator that is
generator circuit breaker or bypass circuit breaker (if it is in service),
field circuit breaker, UAT ‘A’ & ‘B’ 6.6 kV breakers whenever faults
occurs simultaneously. And turbine will run as usual, and machine can be
synchronized when reason of faults rectified.
Ø CLASS-E: In this category generator will run as usual only UAT 4A & 4B
circuit breaker will trip and signal will go for fast bus transfer of unit 6.6
kV buses from unit auxiliary transformer to reserve. After generator
tripping fast bus transfer of 6.6 kV both unit buses takes place i.e.
reserve supply will resume without any auxiliary tripping.

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MOTOR (HIGH TENSION)

High tension motorsworks at the high voltage level i.e. 6.6 kV. These are
necessary equipment that are required to feed power regularly to run the
plant. They are always connected with the AUT (auxiliary unit transformer)
which is fed with the GRID Supply.

These equipment are

Ø Plant Air Compressor
Ø FD FAN
Ø PA FAN
Ø ID FAN
Ø MILL CRUSHER
Plant Air Compressor
An air compressor is such a device which is used to compress the air and to
raise its pressure. It sucks the air from atmosphere and delivers it at same
temperature but at high pressure.

There are mainly two types of compressor.

Ø Rotary air compressor
Ø Reciprocating air compressor

Rotary air compressor:

It is such type of air compressor where air is entrapped between two set of
engaging surface and the pressure of air is increased by squeezing action or
back flow of air. It is used for large discharge at low pressure.

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Reciprocating air compressor:

It is such type of air compressor in which the pressure of the air is
increased in its cylinder with the help of a moving piston. It is suitable for low
discharge of air at very high speed.
It may be signal action or double actions compressors.

FD FANS
Supplies secondary air to the furnace through APH to assist in combustion.
Supply total air flow to the furnace except where an independent atmospheric
P.A fan is used. Provides air for sealing requirement and excess air requirement
in the furnace. Axial fan-reaction type with blade pitch control is use in the
Pulverized fired boiler (210/250/500 MW).

PA FANS
Supply high pressure primary air through APH needed to dry & transport
coal directly from the coal mills to the furnace. Primary air for mills is divided
into cold & hot primary air. Axial fan-double stage-reaction type with blade
pitch control is use in the Pulverized fired boiler (210/250/500 MW).

ID FANS
Suck the gases out of the furnace and throw them into the stack by creating
sufficient negative pressure in the furnace (5-10 mmwc) in the balanced draft
units. Located in between the ESP and Chimney in the flue gas path. Radial
Fans -double suction-backward curved vane with inlet guide vane (IGV) control

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and VFD control is use in all boilers Handles large volume hot dust/ash laden
flue gas (temp up to 150 deg C) from furnace and all leakages occurring in the
system till the inlet of the fan.
Overcome the pressure drop inside the furnace, Super heater, Re -heater,
Economizer, Gas ducting & ESP. Consumes max. Power in all boiler auxiliaries
as it handles the large volume and heavy pressure drop of the flue gas.

MILL CRUSHER
A mill crusher is a machine designed to reduce large coal into smaller particles,
gravel, and coal dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the
form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or
to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in coal), so that pieces of
different composition can be differentiated. Crushing is the process of
transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material
made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation
more, than those in the material being crushed do. Crushing devices hold
material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient
force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the
material being crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or
change alignment in relation to (deformation), each other. The earliest
crushers were hand-held stones, where the weight of the stone provided a
boost to muscle power, used against a stone anvil. Querns and mortars are
types of these crushing devices.
The coal clinker come from the coal handling plant is 20mm size range, and
the mill crush the 20 mm size into micron level of the coal dust, this dust can
be transferred by high speed fan to the boiler, so this can crush the coal into
powder form.

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TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit
to another without changing frequency. This is a very basic definition of
transformer. Since there is no rotating or moving part so transformer is a static
device. Transformer operates on ac supply. Transformer works on the principle
of mutual induction.
Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective.
Theoretically, this low voltage level power can be transmitted to the receiving
end. This low voltage power if transmitted results in greater line current which
indeed causes more line lossesBut if the voltage level of a power is increased,
the current of the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I2R
losses in the system, reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e.
reduction in capital cost of the system and it also improves the voltage
regulation of the system. Because of these, low level power must be stepped
up for efficient electrical power transmission. This is done by step up
transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this high
voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be
stepped down to the desired level at the receiving end with the help of step
down transformer. Electrical power transformer thus plays a vital role in power
transmission.
Types of Transformer

Transformers can be categorized in different ways, depending upon their

purpose, use, construction etc. The types of transformer are as follows,
Step Up Transformer & Step Down Transformer - Generally used for stepping
up and down the voltage level of power in transmission and distribution power
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system network.
Three Phase Transformer & Single Phase Transformer - Former is generally
used in three phase power system as it is cost effective than later. But when
size matters, it is preferable to use a bank of three single phase transformer as
it is easier to transport than one single three phase transformer unit.

Electrical transformer
Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer & Instrument
Transformer - Power transformers are generally used in transmission network
for stepping up or down the voltage level. It operates mainly during high or
peak loads and has maximum efficiency at or near full load. Distribution
transformer steps down the voltage for distribution purpose to domestic or
commercial users. It has good voltage regulation and operates 24 hrs. a day
with maximum efficiency at 50% of full load. Instrument transformers include
C.T & P.T which are used to reduce high voltages and current to lesser values
which can be measured by conventional instruments.
Two Winding Transformer & Auto Transformer –
Former is generally used where ratio between high voltage and low voltage is
greater than 2. It is cost effective to use later where the ratio between high
voltage and low voltage is less than 2.
Outdoor Transformer & Indoor Transformer–
Transformers that are designed for installing at outdoor are outdoor
transformers and transformers designed for installing at indoor are indoor
transformers.
Oil Cooled & Dry Type Transformer –
In oil cooled transformer the cooling medium is transformer oil whereas the
dry type transformer is air cooled.

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Core type, Shell type & Berry type transformer –

In core type transformer it has two vertical legs or limbs with two horizontal
sections named yoke. Core is rectangular in shape with a common magnetic
circuit. Cylindrical coils (HV & LV) are placed on both the limbs. Shell type
transformer: It has a central limb and two outer limbs. Both HV, LV coils are
placed on the central limb. Double magnetic circuit is present. Berry type
transformer: The core looks like spokes of wheels. Tightly fitted metal sheet
tanks are used for housing this type of transformer with transformer oil filled
inside.
AT Anpara Thermal Power Plant Project the power transformer is used 200
MVA rating, it converts 21kV primary voltage to the 400kV secondary output.
The 500 MW unit consumes three separate 200 MVA transformer for the three
phase respectively. But in small plant 210 MW the single transformer
containing the three phase in a single transformer.
The reason behind this the size of transformer for larger MVA rating required
more protection and cooling capacity, so for better protection and
temperature controlling the generator larger than 200 MW is separated
winding and lower is vice versa.

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MOTOR (LT)
These are designed to work at lower voltage level 0.4 kV. They are taking
power through the UAT (unit auxiliary transformer). These transformers are
directly connected to the main 6.6 kV line and auxiliary 6.6 kV line with a circuit
breaker for protection.
Main component in power plant that uses LT MOTER are-
Ø Inching Motor( Mill)
Ø LP PUMP
Ø HP PUMP
Ø Water Circulation Pump
Ø DM Water Make Up Pump

INCHING MOTOR:
Inching is technique for slowly moving machinery for setup or maintenance
purposes. In practice the distinction between the to may not be so clear, they
are sometimes used interchangeably. It seems that generally; Jogging It is
moving the primary motor a small amount by applying short pulses of power.
Inching may use a separate geared motor and a clutch to drive the machine
slower than normal operation speed.For a standard motor it is the application
of voltage for a short period of time. If the motor is a variable speed such as
one utilized with a drive it involves running the system at a low speed.

LP PUMP:

Low Pressure pump is used to feed the water or steam at the low pressure
rate. It uses the motor that is run on .4 kV or 415 V because to creating the low
pressure the low voltage motor are suitable for the operation of thermal
power plant.

HP PUMP:
High pressure pump is used to feed the water or steam at the high pressure
rate. It uses the motor that is run on the low voltage rating for term of

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efficiency.

WATER CIRCULATION PUMP:

A circulating water plant or circulating water system is an arrangement of flow
of water in fossil-fuel power station, chemical plants and in oil refineries. The
requirement of system is required because various industrial process plants
uses heat exchanger, and also for active fire protection measures. In chemical
plants, for example in caustic soda production, water is needed in bulk
quantity for preparation of brine. The circulating water system in any plant
consists of a circulator pump, which develops an appropriate hydraulic head,
and pipelines to circulate the water in the entire plant.

DM WATER MAKE UP PUMP:

The hot well level is maintained by control valves and that too one is
emergency and one regular. We will not go deep into the emergency and
normal situation, but again the DM water to hot well is supplied through
Condensate Transfer Pumps which are connected to huge Storage Tanks of DM
Water. Now since make up system is a pressurized system having a pressure of
more than 6 Kg/cm2, water is easily dumped into condenser and ultimately
goes to Hot well. Since the pressure difference between Condenser Vacuum
and the pressurized water is very large as close to 7Kg/cm2, air is not allowed
to ingress into the condenser from atmosphere, so no effect on vacuum of the
condenser is observed.
So, in this way the DM WATER is fed to the Hot Well.

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SWITCH GEAR

In an electric power system, switchgear is the combination of electrical

disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and
isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment
to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream. This type of
equipment is directly linked to the reliability of the electricity supply.

The earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted
on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly
escalated, making opening manually operated switches too dangerous for
anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit. Oil-filled equipment
allowed arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th
century, a switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with
electrically operated switching elements, using oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-
filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6
equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by
automatic equipment.

Circuit breaker types

A switchgear may be a simple open-air isolator switch or it may be insulated by

some other substance. An effective although more costly form of switchgear is
the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), where the conductors and contacts are
insulated by pressurized sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6). Other common types are
oil or vacuum insulated switchgear.

The combination of equipment within the switchgear enclosure allows them to

interrupt fault currents of thousands of amps. A circuit breaker (within a
switchgear enclosure) is the primary component that interrupts fault currents.
The quenching of the arc when the circuit breaker pulls apart the contacts
open (disconnects the circuit) requires careful design. Circuit breakers fall into
these five types:

Oil
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Oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil
along the path of the arc. The vapor released by the arcing consists of
hydrogen gas. Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. Whenever
there is a separation of current carrying contacts in the oil, the arc in circuit
breaker is initialized at the moment of separation of contacts, and due to this
arc the oil is vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately
creates a hydrogen bubble around the electric arc. This highly compressed gas
bubble around the arc prevents re-striking of the arc after current reaches zero
crossing of the cycle. The oil circuit breaker is the one of the oldest type of
circuit breakers’

Air
Air circuit breakers may use compressed air (puff) or the magnetic force of the
arc itself to elongate the arc. As the length of the sustainable arc is dependent
on the available voltage, the elongated arc will eventually exhaust itself.
Alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the
escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc.

Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current flow very quickly:
typically between 30 MS and 150 MS depending upon the age and construction
of the device.

Gas
Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakerGas (SF6) circuit breakers sometimes stretch
the arc using a magnetic field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the
SF6 gas to quench the stretched arc.

Hybrid

Hybrid switchgear is a type which combines the components of traditional air-

insulated switchgear (AIS) and SF6 gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) technologies.
It is characterized by a compact and modular design, which encompasses
several different functions in one module.

Vacuum
Circuit breakers with vacuum interrupters have minimal arcing characteristics
(as there is nothing to ionize other than the contact material), so the arc
quenches when it is stretched by a small amount (<2–8 mm). Near zero current
the arc is not hot enough to maintain a plasma, and current ceases; the gap

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can then withstand the rise of voltage. Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently
used in modern medium-voltage switchgear to 40,500 volts. Unlike the other
types, they are inherently unsuitable for interrupting DC faults.[citation
needed] The reason vacuum circuit breakers are unsuitable for breaking high
DC voltages is that with DC there is no "current zero" period. The plasma arc
can feed itself by continuing to gasify the contact material.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Breakers that use carbon dioxide as the insulating and arc extinguishing
medium work on the same principles as a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) breaker.
Because SF6 is a greenhouse gas more potent than CO2, by switching from SF6
to CO2 it is possible to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by 10 tons during
the product lifecycle.

Circuit breakers and fuse

Circuit breakers and fuses disconnect when current exceeds a predetermined
safe level. However they cannot sense other critical faults, such as unbalanced
currents—for example, when a transformer winding contacts ground. By
themselves, circuit breakers and fuses cannot distinguish between short
circuits and high levels of electrical demand.

Merz-Price circulating current scheme

Differential protection depends upon Kirchhoff's current law, which states that
the sum of currents entering or leaving a circuit node must equal zero. Using
this principle to implement differential protection, any section of a conductive
path may be considered a node, the conductive path could be a transmission
line, a winding of a transformer, a winding in a motor, or a winding in the
stator of an alternator. This form of protection works best when both ends of
the conductive path are physically close to each other. This scheme was
invented in Great Britain by Charles Hesterman Merz and Bernard Price.
Two identical current transformers are used for each winding of a transformer,
stator, or other device. The current transformers are placed around opposite
ends of a winding. The current through both ends should be identical. A
protective relay detects any imbalance in currents, and trips circuit breakers to
isolate the device. In the case of a transformer, the circuit breakers on both the
primary and secondary would open.

Distance relays
A short circuit at the end of a long transmission line appears similar to a
normal load, because of the impedance of the transmission line limits the fault

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current. A distance relay detects a fault by comparing the voltage and current
on the transmission line. A large current along with a voltage drop indicates
fault.

A part of switch gear system in the thermal power plant.

ESP (ELECTROSTATE PRECIPATE)

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes fine

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particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.
In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid
medium, an ESP applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected
and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (in the form of
electricity

Plate precipitator

The most basic precipitator contains a row of thin vertical wires, and
followed by a stack of large flat metal plates oriented vertically, with the plates
typically spaced about 1 cm to 18 cm apart, depending on the application. The
air stream flows horizontally through the spaces between the wires, and then
passes through the stack of plates.

A negative voltage of several thousand volts is applied between wire and plate.
If the applied voltage is high enough, an electric corona discharge ionizes the
air around the electrodes, which then ionizes the particles in the air stream.
The ionized particles, due to the electrostatic force, are diverted towards the
grounded plates. Particles build up on the collection plates and are removed
from the air stream.

A two-stage design (separate charging section ahead of collecting section) has

the benefit of minimizing ozone production, [citation needed] which would
adversely affect health of personnel working in enclosed spaces. For shipboard
engine rooms where gearboxes generate an oil mist, two-stage ESP's are used
to clean the air, improving the operating environment and preventing buildup
of flammable oil fog accumulations. Collected oil is returned to the gear
lubricating system.

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HIGH VOLAGE TRANSFORMER FOR CHARGING THE PLATES OF ESP.

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DG SET ( DIESEL GENERATO SET)

IN the condition of GRID FAILURE and unavailability of other power, the

power supply to the plant is interrupted so to again initiate the power from the
plant an emergency power backup is there in the DG SET. So that in time of
power crisis to repair and maintenance of the plant it is required to start the
power on lifts, cabins, air conditioner, and other necessary equipment.

The rating of generator in BTPS is 2x2100 kW for both unit 4 & 5 , it has 16
cylinder engine & it consume about 40 liter of Diesel oil as fuel for running it
about 50 min. on NO LOAD.
For schedule, starting the generator, every Saturday at 10 A.M. the DG SET is
running for 10 minutes.

SWITCH YARD

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The supply is fed to the switchyard by the voltage level of 400 kV. Then it is
fed to the sub stations by thee transmission line. The equipment are required
to transmit the power are
Ø ISOLATORS
Ø CIRCUITBREAKER
Ø INSULATORS
Ø CONDUCTORS
Ø SURGE PROTECTOR
Ø LIGHTING ARRESTER
Ø CUTTENT TRANSFORMERS
Ø POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

ISOLATORS:
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is
used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service
or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and
industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power
removed for adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers,
transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The disconnector is
usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety
isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or automatically
(motorized disconnector).

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CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent or overload or
short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after protective
relays detect a fault. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from
small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. The
generic function of a circuit breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an automatic means of
removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated to ADS (Automatic
Disconnection of Supply).

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INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do

not flow freely, and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct
an electric current under the influence of an electric field. This
contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors,
which conduct electric current more easily. The property that
distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher
resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.

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CONDUCTORS

The resistance of a given conductor depends on the material it is

made of, and on its dimensions. For a given material, the resistance
is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. For example, a
thick copper wire has lower resistance than an otherwise-identical
thin copper wire. Also, for a given material, the resistance is
proportional to the length; for example, a long copper wire has
higher resistance than an otherwise-identical short copper wire.

SURGE PROTECTOR
A surge protector (or surge suppressor or surge diverter) is an appliance or
device designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes. A surge
protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an electric device by either
blocking or shorting to ground any unwanted voltages above a safe threshold.
This article primarily discusses specifications and components relevant to the
type of protector that diverts (shorts) a voltage spike to ground; however,
there is some coverage of other methods.

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LIGHTING ARRESTER

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and

telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and
conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground
terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very
similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from
the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

CUTTENT TRANSFORMERS

A current transformer (CT) is an electric device that produces an

alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the
AC in its primary. Current transformers, together with voltage
transformers (VTs) or potential transformers (PTs), which are
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designed for measurement, are known as instrument transformers.

When a current is too high to measure directly or the voltage of the

circuit is too high, a current transformer can be used to provide an
isolated lower current in its secondary which is proportional to the
current in the primary circuit. The induced secondary current is then
suitable for measuring instruments or processing in electronic
equipment. Current transformers also have little effect on the
primary circuit. Often, in electronic equipment, the isolation
between the primary and secondary circuit is the important
characteristic

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT),

are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured
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and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable

accurate secondary connected metering.

CONCLUSION

The UPRVUNL is the one of the best power generating corporation at

state level, it is generating about more than 50% of power for state
consumption. But there are some requirement for the government

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so that the misuse of power at the generating to the distributing

level is become minimize.
The Anpara Thermal Power Plant is the largest energy generation
center in the UPRVUNL, but due to lack of proper maintenance and
discipline the optimum level of generation is difficult to achieve.

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DECLARATION

This is to hereby declare that I studied in B.Tech

(Electrical and Electronics Engineering) III Year from
Ajay Kumar Garg , GHAZIABAD (Uttar Pradesh), that I
have completed my summer training from Anpara
Thermal Power Station with full dedication & devotion.
I have completed my work without using
any unfair means and collect the information from the
trusted and legal source. It was a real learning
experience gaining partial knowledge.

Report Generated By:

ABHISHEK YADAV
EN 3rd year
AKGEC, GHAZIABAD

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