TUTORIAL QUESTION 2: DETERMINE WIND ACTIONS FOR A MULTI-STOREY
OFFICE BUILDING
Location: Brisbane
Terrain: The building (Importance level 2) is in terrain category 4 (TC4) which extends
up to 800 m, afterward terrain category 2 (TC2) for 300 m and then terrain category 3
(TC3) for the direction of wind considered.
Topography: Ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than 5 km in all directions
Shielding: Number of shielding building within 450 radius is 20 with average height= 40
m and average breadth= 30 m
Dimension: Height of the building = 25 m; Plan dimension= 20 m x 22 m
Building orientation: Major axis East-West
Building construction: Reinforced concrete
Calculate the wind forces on windward and leeward walls for the wind from North
25 m 20 m
Elevation of building
22 m
Solution: Plan view
4 steps of calculation of wind speed
(I) Determine site wind speed
(II) Determine design wind speed
(III) Determine design wind pressure
(IV) Calculate wind action
(I) DETERMINE SITE WIND SPEED
Vsit,=VRMd(Mzcat, Ms, Mt) [Equation 2.2]
Determine VR
Consider that it is an Importance Level 2 building
Average recurrence interval for serviceability limit state= 25 years [AS1170.0- 2011
Table 3.1 and 3.3]
Average recurrence interval for ultimate limit state= 500 years [AS1170.0- 2011 Table
3.1 and 3.3]
Wind Region=B [Figure 3.1 AS/NZS 1170.2-2011] for Brisbane
VR= V25= 39 m/s (Serviceability Limit State) [Table 3.1]
VR=V500=57 m/s (Ultimate Limit State) [Table 3.1]
Determine Md
Wind direction Multiplier Md= 0.95 for major structural elements [Section 3.3.2]
Determine Terrain/Height Multiplier (Mz,cat)
(Building height is 25m; hence, a single value of design wind pressure would be
conservative. So, Mz,cat needs to be determined for the total height of the building)
Height of the building= 25 m
Mzcat for terrain categories: (Table 4.1 (A)]
Mz,4= 0.775
Mz,3= 0.97
Mz,2= 1.10
Averaging distance = Max {500 m, 40x h} = 1000 m
Lag distance xi= 20z = 500 m
Hence, xt4= 300 m; xt2= 300 m ; xt3= 400 m
Mz,cat= (Mz4*xt4+Mz2*xt2+ Mz3*xt3)/Averaging distance
=0.951
Determine Shielding Multiplier (Ms)
Average upwind gradient <0.2
Height of the building h= 25 m
Number of shielding building within 450 radius ns= 20
Average height of the shielding building hs= 40m
Average breadth of shielding building bs= 30 m
ls
Shielding parameter s Equation 4.3(1)
h s bs
10
l s h 5 Equation 4.3 (2)
ns
ls= 137.5
s=4.0
Ms=0.833 [Table 4.3]
Determine topographic Multiplier (Mt)
Mt= Mh > Mlee [Section 4.4]
Ground slope less than 1 in 20
Mh= 1.0 [Equation 4.4(2)]
Mlee= 1.0
Hence, Mt=1.0
Calculation of site wind speed
Vsit,= 39*0.95* (0.951*0.833*1.0)= 29.4 m/s [Serviceability Limit Sate]
Vsit,= 57*0.95* (0.951*0.833*1.0)= 42.9 m/s [Ultimate Limit State]
(II) DETERMINE DESIGN WIND SPEED (Vdes)
Vdes= 29.4 m/s [Serviceability Limit State] [Section 2.3]
Vdes= 42.9 m/s [Ultimate Limit State] [Section 2.3]
(III) DETERMINE DESIGN WIND PRESSURE
p 0.5 air [Vdes , ] 2 C fig C dyn [Equation 2.4(2)]
air= 1.2 kg/m3
Cfig=?
Cdyn=?
Determine aerodynamic shape factor Cfig
Cfig= Cp,i Kci (for internal pressure) [Equation 5.2(1)]
Cfig=Cp,e Ka Kce Kl Kp (for external pressure) [Equation 5.2(2)]
Determine Internal Pressure Coefficient (Cp,i)
The building is effectively sealed and having non-opening windows
Cp,i= - 0.2 or 0 (whichever is more severe for combined forces) [Table 5.1(A)]
Determine External Pressure Coefficient (Cp,e)
Windward wall:
Wind speed is taken at roof height (z=h) and h<25 m
Cp,e= 0.7 [Table 5.2(A)]
Leeward wall:
=00<100
d/b=20/22 <1.0
Cp,e= -0.5 [Table 5.2(B)]
Determine area reduction factor (Ka)
Ka= 1.0 (for windward and leeward walls) [Section 5.4.2]
Determine combination factor (Kc)
Kci=1.0 [Table 5.5] considering Case “g’
Kce=0.9 [Table 5.5] Considering Case “g”
Determine local pressure factor (Kl)
Kl=1.0 [Section 5.4.4]
Kl=1.0 in all cases except when determining the wind forces in cladding, their fixing, etc.
Determine permeable cladding reduction factor (Kp)
Kp=1.0 for windward and leeward walls [Section 5.4.5]
Determine External and Internal Pressure Coefficients
For windward wall:
External pressure coefficient= 0.7*1.0*0.9*1.0*1.0=0.63
Internal pressure coefficient= -0.2*1.0 = -0.2 or
0*1.0= 0.0
For Leeward wall:
Internal pressure coefficient= -0.5*1.0*0.9*1.0*1.0=-0.45
Internal pressure coefficient= -0.2*1.0 = -0.2 or
0*1.0= 0.0
Determine dynamic response factor (Cdyn)
Natural frequency of the building = 46/25>0.1 Hz
Hence, Cdyn= 1.0
Calculation of design wind pressure ()
Serviceability Limit State
Windward wall:
External pressurep= 0.5*1.2*29.42*0.63*1.0= 327 Pascal
Internal Pressure p = 0.5*1.2*29.42*(-0.2)*1.0= -104 Pascal
Or, p=0.0
Leeward wall:
External pressurep= =-233 Pascal
Internal Pressure p= = -104 Pascal
Or, p=0.0
Ultimate Limit State
Windward wall:
External pressure p= = 696 Pascal
Internal Pressure p= = -221 Pascal
Or, p=0.0
Leeward wall:
External pressurep= =-497 Pascal
Internal Pressure p= = -221 Pascal
Or, p=0.0
(IV) Calculate wind action
F=pzAz
Serviceability Limit State
Windward wall:
External force= 327* (22*25) = 180 kN
Internal force= -104* (22*25) = -57 kN or, 0 kN
Hence, Resultant force= 180-(-57)=237 kN
Leeward wall:
External force= =-128 kN
Internal force= -57 kN or, 0 kN
Hence, Resultant force= -128 kN
Ultimate Limit State:
Windward wall:
External force= 383 kN
Internal force= = -122 kN or, 0 kN
Hence, Resultant force=) =505 kN
Leeward wall:
External force= =-273 kN
Internal force= = -122 kN or, 0 kN
Hence, Resultant force= =-273 kN
