UNIT TWO
2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF WIND LOAD
Wind as a moving air has an effect on building structures. We use the knowledge of fluid Mechanics to
understand the effect of wind on building structures. Wind actions fluctuate with Time, hence its effect on
different situations and structures should be carefully analyzed. Wind act directly on the external surfaces
of enclosed structures, through porosity of the external Surface, internal surface through opening. Wind
pressure act on areas of the surfaces producing Forces perpendicular to the surface of the structure or on
individual cladding components. The effect of wind on structures is significant on light and dynamic
structures. It does have Considerable effect on vertically standing walls, columns and beams etc.
therefore; its effect can be easily studied on roof structures such as truss structures and flat slabs.
Method of analysis
There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely, the quasi-static method and detailed Dynamic
analysis. The former is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make Them susceptible to
dynamic exaltation. The latter is applied to structures which are likely to be Susceptible to dynamic
excitation. The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of the structure of their dynamic
Coefficient depends on the type of structure, the height of the structure and its breadth. The quasi-static
method is used for structures whose Cd value is less or equal to 1.2. For our case the building variables
are:
✓ Height of building=15m
✓ Width of building =19.5m
From figure 3.7 of EBCS-1, 1995, the value of the dynamic coefficient of this building is, Cd=0.96.that is
Cd<1.2 and height of the building is less than 200m, this implies that the simple Procedure of EBCS
(quasi-static) method of analysis the appropriate method. This is used for Wind load analysis and roof
design.
LATERAL LOAD ON THE BUILDING'S ROOF DESIGN
2.1 Wind load analysis for flat roof
External reference height, Ze=h-15m, Height of the parapet = 0.9m = 0.9/15 = 0.06
Hp/h
Region-jigjiga Terrain Category IV.
2.1.1 External wind Pressure: We = qref Ce(Ze) Cpe
Where qref reference mean wind velocity pressure qref=2*p*Vref 2, Vref=22m/s from EBCS 1, 1995
Ce (Ze) Exposure coefficient accounting for terrain and above the ground level.
The variation of air density with attitude is give in table 3.1 of EBCS, 1995.
Qref=2*p*Vrer, The site is in jigjiga with altitude of 1600m above sea level From table Of EBCS of
altitude level versus air density
Level (m) ρ (kg/m³)
1500 = 1.0
1600 = X
2000 = 0.94 by recommended value ρ = 0.99kg/m³
qref= ρ * V²ref/2 = 0.99 * (22)²/2 = 239.58 N/m² = 0.24 Kg/m³
Terrain category: The area is categorized under category IV and from EBCS-1, Table 3.2 the related
parameters are:
KT = 0.24, Zo= lm, Z mm = 16m
External Reference height (Ze) h=15m & b=19.5 m, , h<b, 15m < 19.5m
Our case is one which is h < b
Roughness Coefficient:
C(z) =KT*ln (Zmin/Zo), for Z-min≤ Z≤200m and C₁(z) = C(Zmun), for Z <Zmin Since Ze = h =15m
<Zmin=16m, we considered the 2nd formula
Cr (16)= 0.24 ln(16/1) = 0.665
Topographic coefficient:
The topographic coefficient for the increase of mean wind speed or isolated hills and escarpments
In Our case it is assumed that the topography is un affected.
Ct=1 , for φ < 0.05 i.e ϴ=0
Exposure coefficient:
Ce(Z) = Cr2(Z) * Ct2(Z) + [1+7KT / Cr(Z) Ct(Z) = (0.665)2* (1)2 *(1+(7*0.24)/ (0.665*1))
Ce (15) = 1.782
Then determine mean wind velocity
Vm(ze) = cr(ze)*ct(ze)*vb = 0.665*(1)*(22m/s) = 14.63m/s
Wind turbulence intensity
k1 1
¿ ¿
Lv(ze) ze take k1 =1 lv(ze) 15 = 0.369
ct ( ze ) . ln ( ) 1. ln ( )
z0 1
Peak velocity pressure (qp(z))
qp= [1+7*lv(ze)]*1/2*p*vm2(ze) = [1+7*0.369]*0.5*0.99*(14.63)2= 379.6 N/M2 = 0.3796 KN/M2
case 1 at 00 wind direction
coefficient of flat roof
Reference height h = 15m & cross wind dimension b = 19.5m
d=
The roof is divided in to zones.
e = b or 2h (smaller) d= 10m
Therefore, e =19.5m mmm12221.12121
e/4 = 19.5/4 = 4.875m
e/10 = 19.5/10 = 1.95 M e/4
F
G H I
wind b = 19.5m
F
e/4
e/10
e/10 e/4
The calculated areas for the zones are:
Zone F: the area for this is rectangle
A = b*h=1.95*4.875 = 9.5m²
Zone G:
A=b’*d’ b’= b-2(e/4) = 19.5 – 2(19.5/4) =9.75m
d’ = e/10 = 19.5/10 = 1.95m
A = 9.75 x 1.95 = 19 m2
Zone H:
A= b’x d’ b’ = b = 19.5m d’ = e/2 – e/10 = (19.5/2)-(19.5/10) = 7.8m
A=19.5*7.8 = 152.1m²
Zone I
A= b’ * d’ b’ = b = 19.5m d’ = d – e/2 = 10-9.75 = 0.25m
A= 19.5 * 0.25 = 4.875 m2
By following this procedure the obtained areas are tabulated in the below table
Table 2.2 area of zones for flat roof
Zone F G H I
Area (m2) 9.5 19 152.1 4.875
Table 2.3 area calculation for hipped roof
Using flat roof , we found cpe1 and cpe10 from the table A1 7.2 of EBCS-1 , 1995, then
cpe = cpe1 ……………………………………… for A ≤ 1m2
cpe = cpe1 + (cpe10-cpe1)log10A ……………… for 1m2 < A < 10m2
cpe = cpe10 ……………………………………….. for A ≥ 10 m2
table 2.4 external pressure coefficients
Zone F G H I
Cpe10 -1.8 -1.2 -0.7 0.2
Cpe 1 -2.5 -2 -1.2 -0.2
Table 2.5 external pressure coefficients for roof
Zone F , A= 9.5m2 < 10m2 , cpe = cpe1 + (cpe10-cpe1)log10A = -2.5 +(-1.8+2.5) log109.5 = -1.82
Zone G ,A= 19M2 > 10m2 , cpe = cpe10 = -1.2
Zone H ,A= 152.1M2 > 10m2 , cpe = cpe10 = -0.7
Zone I ,A= 4.875M2 , cpe = cpe10 = +-0.2
External wind pressure for 00 direction ( we)
We = qp(z)*cpe ………………………………………………we= 0.3796*cpe
ZONE CPe We
F -1.82 -0.691
G -1.2 -0.456
H -0.7 -0.266
I -0.2 -0.076
0.2 0.076
Internal wind pressure for 00 direction ( wi)
Take cpi = 0.8 or – 0.5 ……………………………………….. Wi = qp(z)*cpi= 0.3796*cpi
For cpi = 0.8 Internal wind pressure
ZONE CPi Wi (kN/m2)
F 0.8 0.304
G 0.8 0.304
H 0.8 0.304
I 0.8 0.304
For cpi = -0.5 Internal wind pressure
ZONE CPi Wi (kN/m2)
F -0.5 -0.190
G -0.5 -0.190
H -0.5 -0.190
I -0.5 -0.190
Net wind pressure for case 1 at 00 direction ( wnet)
Zone f g h I
we -0.691 -0.456 -0.266 -0.076
0.076
Wi(+ve) 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304
Wi(-ve) -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190
Wnet(+ve) -0.995 -0.760 -0.570 -0.380
-0.228
Wnet(-ve) -0.501 -0.266 -0.076 0.114
0.266
case 2 at 900 wind direction
coefficient of flat roof
Reference height h = 15m & cross wind dimension b = 19.5m
The roof is divided in to zones.
e = b or 2h (smaller) b= 19.5m
Therefore, e =19.5m
e/4 = 19.5/4 = 4.875m
e/10 = 19.5/10 = 1.95 M e/4
F
G
G H I
H I d = 10m
wind G
F
e/4
e/10
e/10
e/2
Zone F , A= 9.5m2 < 10m2 , cpe = cpe1 + (cpe10-cpe1)log10A = -2.5 +(-1.8+2.5) log109.5 =-1.82
Zone G ,A = 0.49M2 < 10m2 , cpe = cpe1 + (cpe10-cpe1)log10A = -2 +(-1.2+2 ) log100.49 =2.25 we will
use cpe = -2
Zone H ,A= 78M2 > 10m2 , cpe = cpe10 = -0.7
Zone I ,A= 97.5M2 > 10m2 , cpe = cpe10 = +-0.2
External wind pressure for 900 direction ( we)
We = qp(z)*cpe ………………………………………………we= 0.3796*cpe
ZONE CPe We
F -1.82 -0.691
G -2 -0.760
H -0.7 -0.266
I -0.2 -0.076
0.2 0.076
Internal wind pressure for 900 direction ( wi)
Take cpi = 0.8 or – 0.5 ……………………………………….. Wi = qp(z)*cpi= 0.3796*cpi
For cpi = 0.8 Internal wind pressure
ZONE CPi Wi (kN/m2)
F 0.8 0.304
G 0.8 0.304
H 0.8 0.304
I 0.8 0.304
For cpi = -0.5 Internal wind pressure
ZONE CPi Wi (kN/m2)
F -0.5 -0.190
G -0.5 -0.190
H -0.5 -0.190
I -0.5 -0.190
Net wind pressure for case 2 at 900 direction ( wnet)
Zone F G H I
we -0.691 -0.760 -0.266 -0.076
0.076
Wi(+ve) 0.304 0.304 0.304 0.304
Wi(-ve) -0.190 -0.190 -0.190 -0.190
Wnet(+ve) -0.995 -1.064 -0.570 -0.380
-0.228
Wnet(-ve) -0.501 -0.570 -0.076 0.114
0.266
There fore : maximum positive wind pressure = 0.266 kN/m2 and it occurs at Zone I and
maximum
Negative wind pressure = -1.064kN/m2 and it occurs at Zone G
