Analysis, actions and lo 2.6 Variable actions: wind loads This Section presents a very simple interpretation of Furocode 1!" "land is intended to provide a basic understanding with respect to rectangularplan buildings with fat roofs. In general, maximum values are given. with more information a lower value might be used, The User should be careful to ensure that any information used is within the scope of the application envisaged. The user is referred to more specialist guidancel?> *) or BS EN 1991-1-4l?51 and its UX National Annex!) The National Annex includes clear ané concise flow char for the Getermination of peak velocity pressure, 9, In essence characteristic wind load can be expressed as: MFI) where c= force coefficient, which varies, but is a max. of 13 for overall load pe = Cet Cer where Cay = exP0suTe factor from Figure 2.3 Fett: Gor = town terain factor from Figure 24 4g, = 0:006y,2 kN/m? ESS where where Vomap = fundamental basic wind velocity from Figure 2.2 Ga = altitude factor, conservatively, Cy = 7 ceri a = altitude fact tively, yy= 1+ 0.0014 al where A=altitude amt Symbols abbreviations and some of the caveats are explained in the sections below, which together provide a procedure for determining wind load to BS EN 1981—1-4. B2.6.1 eer 42(1) Note 2 ENAZ425 Fert 422) Note 3 NAZI. Fig. NAZ eer: 42(1) Notes 4&5 ENAZB. Fer 42(1) Note 2 ANA 24 Fig.NAT Fens 42(2) Note 1 ANAZS. 2.6.2 FE 1-4-45(1) Note2 &NAZ18 2.6.3 FL T-4-45(1) Note 1 &NA217 Fee t-445() Note 1,NA217 fig, ANAT ECT-1-4.45(1) Note &NAZI7 Faenar ecura 4st) Note &NAZIT FeNas FeL1-4722(1), Note & NA 226. “ Determine basic wind velocity, v, ¥5 = ivan p%00 where eq = directional factor Conservatively, cg, = 1.0 (8 a minimum of 0,73 ar 0.74 for wind in an easterly cirection, 30° to 120°) Gyeason = S8050n factor For a 6 month return petiod, including winter, or greater, Genon= 109 Gyros = probability factor ‘= 7.00 for return period of 50 years Myo = Yama Sat where Vomap = fundamental basic wind velocity from Figure 22 Gap = altitude factor Conservativly, where 40.0014 ‘A= altitude ofthe site in metres ams ‘Where orograpy is significant (ve. the site is cose toa slope steeper than 0.03), refer to NA 2.5 Calculate basic wind pressure, 4, 47 050%," where ° = as above censity of air 1.226 kgim? (= 12.0 N/m?) for UK Calculate peak wind pressure, 4,4.) 3 9s for country locations 26} Cer dy (0" town locations = asabove “any ~_ exposure factor derived from Figure 2.3 at height (see below) = exposure correction factor for town terrain derived from Figure 2.4 2 = the height at which , is sought For a windward wall and when h < bq, is calculated at the reference height 2,=h. For other aspect ratios hsb of the windward wal, qs calculated at different reference heights for each part (see BS EN 1997-14) where A b eight of building breadth of building For leeward and side walls, z= height of buildingea ‘00 wi 2 ‘ort 1000 Distance upwind to shoreline hm) Note Figure 22 Map of fundamental basie wind Welty ¥ map 98) Figure 23 Exposure factor ¢jy for sites in country or town terrain ec1-1-4:42(1) Note 2 & NA 24: Fig. NA Fc1-1-4:45(1) Note 1 & NA 2.17: Fig. NAT 2.6.4 Calculate characteristic wind load, w, Me Mota where Gyiy = 23 above Gf = force coetfcient for the structure or structural element Generally Sete where Gem (extemal) pressure coefficient dependent on sizeof area considered and zone. For areas above 1 mc, 5 should be used ‘Overall loads For the walls of rectangularplan buileings, Table 71 of 8S EN 1991—1-4. m However, for the determination of overall loads on buildings, the net pressure coefficients given in Table 2.9 may be used. In this case it will be unnecessary to determine internal wind pressure coefficients ‘Cladding loads For areas above 1 m?, cp should be used . 610 Table 7.1 of 85 EN 199% 1-4 See Table 2 10 1p may be determined fram may be determined from Use On ths aren aor . "50 Dietance ede town train em) Generally hg, = 0. Fr terrain category IV (towns ete) see BSEN 1991-1-4:A5. Figure 24 ‘Multiplier for exposure correction for sites in town terrain ec1-1-4:45(1) Note 1 & NA 2.17: Fig. NAB Fev. T.B&NA Ferns T2A(1) Note 2 & NA2z25, Erte T22{2) Note 1 & Nazz7 ren 722(2)Note1& INA2Z7, Tale NAA ecr-t-# 722{2) Note 1 & NAzz7 5EcI-1-4 723,NA228 & NA advisory note 8 6399: Table 8 & Fig, 18 ect NA2Z8 & NA advisory nate Ect-1-4 7.29(6) Note 2 ect NA 227, Table NA EcI-1-4 7.22(2) Table 7.1, Note 1 & NA 227: Tables NAa,NAAb eci-1-4 72,Table 72. & NA 16 Flat roofs. For flat roofs, according to the Advisory Note in the NA some of the values of é gin Table 7.2 of BS EN 1991—1=4 (see Table 2.11) are signiticantly diffewent from current practice in the UK. It recommends that designers should consider using the values in BS 6399.2 to maintain the current levels of safety and economy, See Table 2.12, For other forms of roof refer to BS EN 1991-1-4 and the UK NA. It wil also be necessary to determine internal wind pressure coefficients for the design of cladding, internal pressure coefficient Forno daminant openings c, may be taken as the more onerous of +02 and ~03 Table29 Net pressure coefficient, efor wal of rectangular plan buildings*™ Zz] Core 5 13 1 1 2025 08. Notes 1 in effect these values are force coefficients fr determining overloads on bing. 2 h=height of uldng, 3b =breadth of bulding (perpendicular to wind), lepth of building (parallel to wind). '5 Values may be interpolate, 6 fxcludes tunneling Table 2.10 External pressure coefficient, ¢, x for walls of rectangular-plan buildings Description =12 ZoneA For walls parallel tothe wind direction, areas within amin 2h) of windward edge Zone® For was parallel tothe wine ciection, areas within 8 (2mm 2h) of windward edge Zone For wal parallel tothe wind cirecton, ress fom 5 ©.2min[b; 2h] to min; 2h] of windward edge Zone Windward wall 408 ZoneE Leeward wal 1 ZonesD Net 13 and Notes 1 he height of buiding 2 b= breadth of building (perpendicular to wind) Table 2.11 External pressure coefficient, 49 foF flat roofs” Description (meen cree ree erin ZoneF —_WithinO.1minfb: 2h of windward edge and within -18 (©-2min; 2h of return edge (paral to wind direction) Zone G Within 0.1minfb: 2h of windward edge ond outwith 12 a4 © 2min; 2] of return edge (paral to wind direction) Zone H Roof between 0.*min[ 2h] and OSmin(b 2h] fom -07 7 ‘windward edge Zone! Remainder between 0 Sminb; 2h and leeward edge 202 202 Notes 1+ According to NA to BS EN 1981-1-4, this tables not recommende for use inthe UK eight of building reach of building (perpenicular to win),Analysis, actions and lo 2.6.5 2.7 Table 2.12, External pressure coefficient, Gy Zone | Description Zone A Within O.Imin[5, 2h] of windward edge and within ‘025min[; 2m] of ret edge (paral to wind direction) Zone B Within O.Imin[ 2h] of windward edge and outwith 14 a3 ‘oz5min[; 2h] of ret edge (paral to wind direction) Zone Roof between O min; 2h] and OSmin[b 2h) from 07 7 windward edge Zone D Remainder between OSminf; 2h] and leeward edge 202 102 Notes 1 h= height of bulding. 2 b= breadth of building (perpendicular to wind), Calculate the overall wind force, F,, Fy a celnA, where wy, = as above 6.66 = structural factor, conservatively =10 cor may be derived where size factor «may be derived from Exp. (6.2) or table NA 3. Depending on values of (6 +h) and (2—hg,) and dividing into Zone A, 8 or C, a value of c, (@ factor < 7.00) may be found. ce= Synamic factor gmay be derived f-om Exp, (63) or figure NA 9, Depending on values of 6, (logarithmic decrement of structural damping) and h/b, a value ofc, (a factor > 7.00) may be found, cgmay be taken a8 1.0 for framed buildings with structural walls and masonry internal wals, and for cladding panels and elements Ag = reference area of the structure or structural element Variable actions: others Actions due to construction, traffic, ite, thermal actions, use as silos oF from cranes are outside the scope of this publication and reference should be made to specials literature Fett 723,NA228 & NA advisory note bs 6399, Table 8 & Fig. 18 Fer-ta: 532,69 (54) ANA Ect-t-s: 62(1) a) 62(0)¢) Erte 62{1)«) &NA220 cert 53(1), 6 (62) & NAZ20 able NAS Fert: 63(1), xp. (63) & NA220:Fig. NAS. ecrak 532.69 (54) NA FCI-N6 ECT2, ECL-NZ ECTS, ECL-3 RECT v7