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2.1. Cell Structure

This document summarizes the structure and components of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It describes the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrioles, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. It also outlines protein transport between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Finally, it lists the main components of prokaryotic cells such as the cell wall, capsule, plasmids, flagellum, pili, and ribosomes.

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Ayesha Aziz
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112 views3 pages

2.1. Cell Structure

This document summarizes the structure and components of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It describes the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, centrioles, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton. It also outlines protein transport between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Finally, it lists the main components of prokaryotic cells such as the cell wall, capsule, plasmids, flagellum, pili, and ribosomes.

Uploaded by

Ayesha Aziz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OCR (A) Biology A-level

Topic 2.1: Cell Structure


Notes

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All living organisms are made of cells, there are several different types of cells, some of them
sharing some common features. Human are made up of eukaryotic cells. All eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. A more detailed structure of cells called
the ultrastructure can be obtained by using a microscope.
Ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells:

• Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the envelope containing pores


which enable molecules to enter and leave the nucleus. The nucleus also contains
chromatin and a nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum which is a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a
membrane with ribosomes on the surface. RER folds and processes proteins made
on the ribosomes.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a system of membrane bound sacs. SER
produces and processes lipids.
• Golgi apparatus is a series of fluid filled, flattened & curved sacs with vesicles
surrounding the edges. Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids.
It also produces lysosomes.
• Mitochondria are usually oval shaped, bound by a double membrane called the
envelope. The inner membrane is folded to form projections called cristae with
matrix on the inside containing all the enzymes needed for respiration.

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• Centrioles are hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules arranged at right
angles to each other. Centrioles are involved in cell division.
• Ribosomes are composed of two sub units and are the site of protein production
• Lysosome is a vesicle containing digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane
• The cytoskeleton of the cell plays an important role in providing mechanical
strength as well as aiding transport within cells and enabling cell movement.
Protein transport:
• Proteins are produced on the ribosomes
• Proteins which are produced on the surface on RER are folded and processed in the
RER
• The proteins are then transported from the RER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles
• They are then modified in the Golgi apparatus
• Golgi apparatus packages proteins into vesicles to be transported around the cells o
where they’re required. Some of the proteins such as extracellular enzymes leave the
cell by exocytosis.

Prokaryotic cells:
• Cell wall –Rigid outer covering
made of peptidoglycan
• Capsule – Protective slimy
layer which helps the cell to
retain moisture and adhere to
surfaces
• Plasmid –Circular piece of
DNA
• Flagellum- a tail like structure
which rotates to move the cell
• Pili- Hair-like structures which
attach to other bacterial cells
• Ribosomes- Site of protein production

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