UNIT 1 QUESTIONS Multiple-Choice Questions Use the PES spectrum below to answer questions 1-4. 498 Relative Number of Electrons 108 634 229 oo 7 > Binding Energy (Mimo) 1. What element does this spectrum represent? (A) Boron (B) Nitrogen © Aluminum (D) Phosphorus 2. Which peak represents the 2s subshell? (A) The peak at 104 Mi/mol (B) The peak at 6.84 M¥/mol (©) The peak at 2.29 MI/mol (D) The peak at 1,76 MI/mol 3. Anelectron from which peak would have the greatest velocity after ejection? (A) The peak at 104 Mi/mol (B) The peak at 6.84 MI/mol (©) The peak at 4.98 MI/mol (D) The peak at 1.76 MI/mol 4, How many valence electrons does this atom have? 2 B) 3 o4 ) 5 AP Chemistry Prep V6 Unit Atomic Stutue and Properties |. #482 AP Chemistry Prep For more f ‘Why does an ion of phosphorus, P™, have a larger radius than a neutral atom of phosphorus? (A) There is a greater Coulombic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons in P>. (B) The core electrons in P™ exert a weaker shielding force than those ofa neutral atom. (C) The nuclear charge is weaker in P® than itis in P (D) The electrons in P* have a greater Coulombic repulsion than those in the neutral stom. ‘A compound is entirely made up of silicon and oxygen atoms. If there are 14.0 g of silicon and 32.0 g of oxygen present, what is the empirical formula ofthe compound? (A) SiO, ®) SiO, © Si,0 ©) Si, 7. The diagram below shows the relative atomic sizes of three different elements from the same period. Which of the following statements must be tue? © ©e (A) The effective nuclear charge will be the greatest in element X. (B) The first ionization energy will be greatest in element X. (C) The electron shielding effect will be greatest in element Z. (D) The electronegatvity value will be greatest in element Z. 8. The first ionization energy for a neutral atom of chlorine is 1.25 MJ/mol and the fist ionization ‘energy for a neutral atom of argon is 1.52 Mi/mol. How would the first ionization energy value for a neutral atom of potassium compare to those values? (A) It would be greater than both because potassium carries a greater nuclear charge than either chlorine or argon, (B) It would be greater than both because the size of a potassium atom is smaller than an atom of either chlorine or argon. (© Itwould be less than both because there are more electrons in potassium, meaning they repel each ‘other more effectively and less energy is needed to remove one. (D) It would be less than both because a valence electron of potassium is farther from the nucleus than one of either chlorine or argon 9. Neutral atoms of chlorine are bombarded by high-energy photons, causing the ejection of electrons from the various filled subshells. Electrons originally from which subshell would have the highest velocity after being ejected? Is B) 2%» © » ) 3a 10. ‘The average mass, in grams, of one mole of carbon atoms is equal 10 (A) the average mass ofa single carbon atom, measured in amus (B) the ratio of the number of carbon atoms tothe mass of a single carbon atom (© the number of carbon atoms in one amu of carbon (D) the mass, in grams, of the most abundant isotope of carbon content, vist Princetonfviow com12. 13, 14. 15. Which of the following statements is true regarding sodium and chlorine? (A) Sodium has greater electronegativity and a lager first ionization energy. (B) Sodium has a larger first ionization energy and a larger atomic radius. (©) Chlorine has a larger atomic radius and a greater electronegativit. (D) Chlorine has greater electronegativty and a lager first ionization energy. Approximately how many neutrons are present in a 10 g sample of argon atoms which have a mass ‘number of 40? (A) 3310 (B) 45x10" © 33x10" (D) 60x 10" ‘A photoelectron spectrum for which ofthe following atoms would show peaks at exactly three different binding energies? © (B) o Which of the following can be inferred from examining mass spectroscopy data? (A) The common oxidation sates of elements (B) Atomic size tends within the periodic table (C) Ionization energy tends within the periodic table (D) The existence of isotopes {In general, do metals or nonmetals from the same period have higher ionization energies? Why? (A) Metals have higher ionization energies because they usually have more protons than nonmetas, (B)_Nonmetals have higher ionization energies because they are larger than metals and harder to (C) Metals have higher ionization energies because there is less electron shielding than there isin nonmetal (D)_Nonmetals have higher ionization energies because they are closer to having filled a complete energy level. AP Chemistry Prep V. Unit t: Atomic Structure and Properties | 83AP Chemistry Prep 16. ‘The ionization energies for an element are listed in the table below. First. Second Thin Fourth Fifth BeV 15eV 80eV 109eV MeV. tion energy table, the element is most likely to be (A) sodium (B) magnesium (© aluminum (D) silicon [Nitrogen’s electronegativity value is between those of phosphorus and oxygen. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the three values? (A) The value for nitrogen is less than that of phosphorus because nitrogen i larger, but greater than that of oxygen because nitrogen has a greater effective nuclear charge. (B) The value for nitrogen is less than that of phosphorus because nitrogen has fewer protons, but _greater than that of oxygen because nitrogen has fewer valence electrons. (C) The value for nitrogen is greater than that of phosphorus because nitrogen has fewer electrons, bat less than that of oxygen because nitrogen is smaller. (D) The value for nitrogen is greater than that of phosphorus because nitrogen is smaller, but less than that of oxygen because nitrogen has a smaller effective nuclear charge. |. Which of the following ions would have the most unpaired electrons? (a) Ma (®) NP oO (D) Cr ). Most transition metals share a common oxidation state of +2. Which of the following best explains why? (A) Transition metals all have a minimum of two unpaired electrons. (B) Transition metals have unstable configurations and are very reactive. (C) Transition metals tend to gain electrons when reacting with other elements. (D) Transition metals will lose their outermost s-block electrons when forming bonds. 84 | For more free content, visit PrincetonBeview.comAP Chemistry Prep Free-Response Questions 1. Explain each ofthe following in terms of atomic and molecular structures andlor forces. (a) The first ionization energy for magnesium is greater than the fist ionization energy for calcium, (b) The first and second ionization energies for calcium are comparable, but the thd ionization energy is much greater. () There are three peaks of equal height in the PES of carbon, but on the PES of oxygen the last peak has a height twice as high as all the others. (@)_ The first ionization energy for aluminum is lower than the fist ionization energy for ‘magnesium, 31 Relative ‘abundance 40 45 50 3s 2. The above mass spectrum is for the hypochlorite ion, CIO". Oxygen has only one stable isotope, which has a mass of 16 amu, (a) How many neutrons does the most common isotope of chlorine have? (b) Using the spectrum, calculate the average mass of a hypochlorite ion. (©) Does the negative charge on the ion affect the spectrum? Justify your answer. (@) The negative charge in the ion is located around the oxygen atom. Speculate as to why. V. Unit: Atomic Structure and Properties | 85AP Chemistry Prep 3. The table below gives data on four different elements, in no particular order: Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Chlorine ‘Atomie radius First [onization Energy (pm) (ka/mot") Element 1 170 1086.5 Element 2 180 101 Element 3 175 1251.2 Element 4 152 Ba 6 | Formore ee content, vst nctonevi com (a) Which element is number 3? Justify your answer using both properties. (b) Whats the outermost energy level that has electrons in element 2? How many valence electrons does clement 2 have? (©) Which element would you expect to have the highest electronegativity? Why? (@)_ How many peaks would the PES for element 4 have and what would the relative heights of those peaks be to each other?4. The photoelectron spectrum of an element is given below: Number of Electrons Rel —<— Binding Energy (a) Identify the element this spectrum mos likely belongs to and write out its full electron ‘configuration, (b)_Using your knowledge of atomic structure, explain the following: (i) The reason forthe three discrete areas of ionization energies Gi) The justification for there being a total of five peaks (iii) The relative heights of the peaks when compared to one another AP Chemistry Prep Y, Unit: Atomic Structure and Properties 07