Section 1 Glossary

Chapter 1 Definitions

A
Accepting unit/controller Air Traffic Control unit/Air Traffic Controller next to take control of an
aircraft.

Note: See transferring unit/controller.

Accident An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes

place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention
of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which:

a) A person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:

- Being in the aircraft, or
- Direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including
parts which have become detached from the aircraft,
or
- Direct exposure to jet blast.

b) The aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:

- Adversely affects the structural strength, performance

or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and
- Would normally require major repair or replacement
of the affected component.

c) The aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.

Note: An aircraft is considered missing when the official search has

been terminated and the wreckage has not been located.

ADS agreement ADS reporting plan which establishes the conditions of ADS data
reporting (i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit and frequency
of ADS reports which have to be agreed to prior to the provision of ADS
services)

Note: The terms of the agreement will be exchanged between the

ground system and the aircraft by means of a contract, or a
series of contracts.

ADS contract A means by which the terms of an ADS agreement will be exchanged
between the ground system and the aircraft, specifying under what
conditions ADS reports would be initiated, and what data would
contained in the report

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ADS-C agreement A reporting plan which establishes the conditions of ADS-C data
reporting (i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit and frequency
of ADS-C reports which have to be agreed to prior to using ADS-C in
the provision of the air traffic services).

Note: The terms of the agreement will be exchanged between the

ground system and the aircraft by means of a contract, or a
series of contracts.

Automatic dependent surveillance — A means by which the terms of an ADS-C agreement will be
contract (ADS-C). exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft, via a data link,
specifying under what conditions ADS-C reports would be initiated, and
what data would be contained in the reports.

Note: The abbreviated term “ADS contract is commonly used to

refer to ADS event contract, ADS demand contract, ADS
periodic contract or an emergency mode.

Advisory airspace Airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air
traffic advisory service is available.

Advisory route A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.

Aerodrome A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations

and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the
arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

Aerodrome control service Air Traffic Control service for aerodrome traffic.

Aerodrome control tower A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome
traffic.

Aerodrome elevation The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.

Aerodrome traffic All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft
flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome.

Note: In this sense an aircraft is considered to be in the vicinity of an

aerodrome when it is entering or leaving an aerodrome traffic
circuit (5NM's)

Aerodrome traffic circuit The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an
aerodrome.

Aerodrome flight information service A service provided by a radio operator on behalf of the ATS.
(AFIS)

Aerodrome reference Point The designated geographical location of the Aerodrome.

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Aerodrome traffic zone Controlled airspace at an aerodrome where aerodrome control,
established for the protection of aerodrome traffic, is in operation as
published in an AIP, AIC or NOTAM and designated as an aerodrome
traffic zone.

Aeronautical fixed service (AFS) A telecommunication service between specified points (AFS) provided
primarily for the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficient and
economical operation of air services.

Aeronautical fixed station A station in the aeronautical fixed service.

Aeronautical ground light Any light specially provided as an aid to air navigation, other than a
light displayed on an aircraft.

Aeronautical information publication A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing
(AIP) aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air
navigation.

Airborne collision avoidance system An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR)
(ACAS) transponder signals which operates independently of ground-based
equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft
that are quick with SSR transponders.

Aircraft Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the
reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against earth’s
surface.

Aircraft identification A group of letters, figures or a combination thereof which is either

identical to, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign to be used
in the air-ground communications, and which is used to identify the
aircraft in ground-ground air traffic services communications.

Aircraft observation The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from an
aircraft in flight.

Air-ground communications Two-way Communications between aircraft and station or locations on

the surface of the earth

Air report (AIREP) A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with
requirements for position and operational and/or meteorological
reporting.

Air-taxiing A movement of a helicopter / VTOL above the service of an aerodrome,

normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less then 20
kts.

Note: The factual height may vary, and some helicopters may require
air-taxiing above 25ft AGL to reduce ground effects turbulence
or provide clearance for cargo sling loads.

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Air traffic All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an
aerodrome.

Air traffic advisory service Service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so
far as practical between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.

Air traffic control clearance Authorisation for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an
Air Traffic Control Unit.

Air traffic control instruction Directives issued by air traffic for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take
a specified action.

Air traffic control service A service provided for the purpose of:

a) Preventing collisions:

i) Between aircraft, and

ii) On the manoeuvring area between aircraft and

obstructions; and

b) Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

Air traffic control unit A generic term meaning variously, area control centre, approach
control unit or aerodrome control tower.

Air traffic flow management (ATFM) The service established with the objective of contributing to a safe,
orderly and expeditious flow of Air Traffic by ensuring that ATC capacity
is utilised to the maximum extent possible, and that the traffic volume is
compatible with the capacities declared by the appropriate ATS
authority.

Air traffic management (ATM) The dynamic, integrated management of air traffic and airspace
(including air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow
management) – safely, economically and efficiently – through the
provision of facilities and seamless services in collaboration with all
parties and involving airborne and ground-based functions.

Air traffic management system A system that provides ATM through collaborative integration of
humans, information, technology, facilities and services, supported by
air and ground- and/or space-based CNS.

Air traffic service (ATS) A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting
service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area
control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service).

ATS surveillance service Term used to indicate a service provided directly by means of an
ATS surveillance system.

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ATS surveillance system A generic term meaning variously, ADS-B,PSR, SSR or any
comparable ground-based system that enables the identification
of aircraft.

Note: A comparable ground-based system is one that has been

demonstrated, by comparative assessment or other
methodology, to have a level of safety and performance equal to
or better than monopulse SSR.

Air traffic services reporting office A unit established for the office purpose of receiving reports concerning
air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure.

Note: An air traffic service reporting office may be established as a

separate unit or combined with an existing unit, such as another
air traffic services unit, or a unit of the aeronautical information
service.

Air traffic services unit (ATSU) A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight
information centre or air traffic services reporting office.

Air traffic services airspaces Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designed, within which
specific types of flights any operate and for which air traffic services
and rules of operation are specified.

Note: ATS airspaces are classified from A to G.

Airway A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor.

Alerting service A service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft

in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organisations as
required.
Alphanumeric characters A collective term for letters (Alphanumerics) and figures (digits).

Area control service A service for controlled flights in control areas.

Approach control service A service for arriving and departing controlled flights.

Area control centre (ACC) A unit established to provide ATC Service to controlled flights in
controlled airspace and advice and information to other flights under its
jurisdiction.

Area navigation (RNAV) Means a method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any
desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space based
navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self contained
aids, or a combination of these.
Note. - Area navigation includes performance-based navigation as well
as other operations that do not meet the definition of performance-
based navigation.
.

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Area navigation route An ATS route established for the use of aircraft capable of employing
area navigation.

Approach control unit A unit established to provide ATC Service to controlled flights arriving
at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes.

Aerodrome control unit A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome
traffic.

Alternate aerodrome An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either
impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of
intended landing. Alternate aerodromes include the following:

i) Take-off alternate - An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft

can land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and
it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.

ii) En-route alternate - An aerodrome at which an aircraft would be

able to land after experiencing an abnormal or emergency
condition while en-route.

iii) Destination alternate - An alternate aerodrome to which an aircraft

may proceed should it become impossible or inadvisable to land
at the aerodrome of intended landing.

Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be en-
route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight.

Altitude The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a

point, measured from mean sea level.

Approach sequence The order in which two or more aircraft are cleared to approach to land
at the aerodrome.

Appropriate ATS authority The relevant authority designated by the State responsible for providing
air traffic service in the airspace concerned.

Note: In this context the appropriate ATS authority will be the SACAA

Appropriate authority a) Regarding flight over the high seas: the relevant authority of the
State of Registry.

b) Regarding flight other than over the high seas: the relevant authority
of the State having sovereignty over the territory being over flown.

Apron A defined area, on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft

for the purpose of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo,
fuelling, parking or maintenance.

Apron management service A service provided to regulate the activities and the movement of

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 aircraft and vehicles on the apron.

ATS route A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as
necessary for the provision of air traffic services.

Note: The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory
route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route,
etc.

ATS surveillance service Term used to indicate a service provided directly by means of an ATS
surveillance system.

ATS surveillance system A generic term meaning variously, ADS-B, PSR, SSR or any
comparable ground-based system the enables the identification of
aircraft.

Note: A comparable ground-based system is one that has been

demonstrated, by comparative assessment or other
methodology to have a level of safety and performance equal to
or better than monopulse SSRs.

Automatic terminal information services The provision of current, routine information to arriving and departing
(ATIS) and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive
broadcasts throughout the day or a specified portion thereof.

B
Base turn A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the
end of the outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final
approach track. (The tracks are not reciprocal).

Note: Base turns may be designated as being made either in level flight
or while descending, according to the circumstances of each
individual procedure.

Blind transmission A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances

where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is
believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission.

Broadcast A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not

addressed to a specific station or stations. Broadcast by pilots in terms
of VHF radio communication shall mean to talk on the appropriate
frequency and listen out at all times.

Calendar Discrete temporal reference system that provides the basis for
defining temporal position to a resolution of one day. (ISO 191108)

Ceiling and visibility okay (CAVOK) When the visibility is 10km or more and there is no cloud below 5000

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 feet (1 500m) or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever
is the greater and where there has been no weather of significance
reported.

Note: Weather of significance is precipitation (drizzle, rain, snow, hail

etc), obscurations (fog, mist, smoke, haze, dust etc), thunderstorms
and showers.

Ceiling The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of
cloud below 20,000 feet covering more than half the sky.

Clearance limit The point to which an aircraft is granted an Air Traffic Control
Clearance.

Change-over point The point at which an craft navigating on an ATS route segment defend
by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional radio ranges is
expected to transfer it’s primary navigational reference from the facility
behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft.

Code (SSR code) The number assigned to a particular multiple pulse reply signal
transmitted by a transponder in Mode A or Mode C.

Common point A point on the surface of the earth common to the paths of two aircraft
used as a basis for describing longitudinal separation minima the
application of separation(e.g. significant points, waypoints, navigation
aid, fix).

Note: Common point is not used for operational purposes or in pilot/

controller communications.

Control area A controller airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above
the earth.

Controlled aerodrome An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to

aerodrome traffic.

Note: The term “controlled aerodrome” indicates that air traffic control
service is provided to aerodrome traffic but does not necessarily
imply that a control zone exists.

Controlled airspace An airspace of defend diminutions within which air traffic controlled
services is provided in accordance with the airspace classification.

Controlled flight Any flight that is subject to an air traffic control clearance.

Controller-pilot data link A means of communication between controller and pilot, using data link
communications (CPDLC) for ATC communications.

Control zone A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth
to a specified upper limit.

Cruise climb An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude

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 as the aeroplane mass decreases.

Cruising level A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.

Current flight plan (CPL) The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent
clearances.

Current data authority The designated ground system through which a CPDLC dialogue
between a pilot and a controller currently responsible for the flight is
permitted to take place.

Data link communications A form of communication intended for the exchange of

messages via a data link.

Data processing A systematic sequence of operations performed on data.

Data quality A degree or level of confidence that the data provided meets the
requirements of the data user in terms of accuracy, resolution and
integrity.

Day The period of time from fifteen minutes before sunrise to fifteen minutes
after sunset.

Decision altitude (DA)/ height (DH) A specified altitude or height in the precision approach or approach with
vertical guidance at which a missed approach must be initiated if the
required visual reference to continue the approach has not been
established

Note 1: Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sea level (MSL),

and decision height (DH) is referenced to the threshold
elevation.

Note 2: The required visual reference means that section of the

visual aid or of the approach area which should have been in
view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an
assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of
position, in relation to the desired flight path.

Declared capacity A measure of the ability of the ATC system or any of its sub-systems or
operating positions to provide service to aircraft during normal
activities. It is expressed as the number of aircraft entering a specified
portion of airspace in a given of time, taking due account of weather,
ATC unit configuration, staff and equipment available, and any other
factors which may affect the workload of the controller responsible for
the airspace.

Dependent parallel approaches Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallel instrument

runways where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent
extended runway centre lines are prescribed.

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Discrete code A for-digit SSR Code with the last two digits don being “00”

Downstream data authority A designated ground system, different from the current data authority
through which the pilot can contact an appropriate ATC unit for the
purposes of receiving a downstream clearance.

E
Elevation The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of
earth, measured from mean sea level.

Error An action or inaction by an operational person that leads to deviations from

organisational or operational person intentions or expectations.

Error management The process of detecting and responding to errors with countermeasures
that reduce or eliminate the consequences of errors, and mitigate the
probability of further errors or undesired states.

Essential radio navigation service Means a radio navigation service whose disruption has a significant
impact on operations in the affected airspace or aerodrome.

Estimated elapsed time The estimated time required to proceed from one significant point to another.

Estimated off-block time (EOBT) The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement
associated with departure.

Estimated time of arrival (ETA) For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive
over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from
which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be
commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the aerodrome, the
time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the
time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome

Expected approach time (EAT) The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay,
will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing.

Note: The actual time of leaving the holding point will depend upon
the approach clearance.

Emergency Phase A generic term meaning, as a case maybe, uncertainty, alter phase or
distress phase

F
Filed flight plan (FPL) The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or his designated
representative, without any subsequent changes.

Note: When the word “message” is used as a suffix to this term, it

denotes the content and format of the filed flight plan data as

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 transmitted.

Final approach That part of the instrument approach procedure which commences at the
specified final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point is not
specified:
a) At the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a
racetrack procedure, if specified; or
b) At the point of interception of the last track in the approach
procedure;
and ends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which :
i) a landing can be made; or
ii) a missed approach procedure is initiated.
Flight information centre A unit established to provide flight information service and alerting
service.

Flight information region An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service
and alerting service is provided.

Flight information service A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful
for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.

Flight level Surfaces of constant atmospheric pressure, which is related to a specific

pressure datum 1013.2 Hectopascal (hPa) and is separated from other
such surfaces by specific pressure intervals

Flight path monitoring The use of ATS surveillance systems for the purpose of providing aircraft
with information and advice relative to significant deviations from the
nominal flight path, including deviations from the terms of the air traffic
control clearances.

Flight plan Specified information provided to Air Traffic Service units relative to the
intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.

Flight visibility The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight.

Flow control Measures designated to adjust the flow of traffic into a given airspace,
along a given route, or abound for a given aerodrome, so as to ensure the
most effective utilisation of the airspace.

Forecast A statement of expected meteorological conditions for a specified time or

period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace.

G
Glide path A descent profile defined for vertical guidance during a final approach.

Gregorian calendar A Calendar in general use; first introduced in 1582 to define a year
that more closely approximates the typical year than the Julian
calendar (ISO 19108)

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 Note.-In the Gregorian calendar, common years have 365 days and
leap years 366 days divided into twelve sequential months.

Ground effect A condition of improved performance (left) due to the interference of the
surface with the airflow pattern of the rotor system when a helicopter or
other VTOL aircraft is operating near the ground.

Note: Rotor efficiency is increased by ground effect to a height of about

one rotor diameter for most helicopters.

Ground visibility The visibility at an aerodrome, as reported by an accredited observer or

by automatic systems.

H
Heading The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually
expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid).

Height The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point,

measured from a specified datum.

Holding fix A geochemical location that services as a reference for a holding procedure.

Holding procedure A pre-determined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified

airspace while awaiting further clearance.

Hot spot A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history or potential risk
of collision or runway incursion, and where heightened attention by pilots/
drivers is necessary.

I
Identification The situation which exists when the position indication of a particular aircraft
is seen on a situation display and positively identified.

IFR flight A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules.

Incident (Safety Event) An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an
aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.

Independent parallel approaches Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near parallel instrument runways
where radar separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extended
runway centre lines are not prescribed.

Independent parallel departures Simultaneous departures from parallel or near-parallel instrument runways.

Initial approach segment That segment of an instrument approach procedure between the initial
approach fix and the intermediate approach fix, or where applicable, the
final approach fix or point.

Instrument approach procedures A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments

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(IAP) with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or
where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route, to a point
from which a landing can be completed and, thereafter, if a landing is not
completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle criteria apply.

Instrument meteorological Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from

conditions (IMC) could and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological
conditions.

International NOTAM office An office designated by a State for the exchange of NOTAM internationally.

Intermediate approach segment That segment of an instrument approach between either the intermediate
approach fix and the final approach fix or point, or between the end of
reversal, race track or dead reckoning track procedures and the final
approach fix or point, as appropriate.

K
Known traffic Traffic, the current flight details and intentions of which are known to the
controller concerned through direct communication or co-ordination.

L
Landing area That part of the movement area intended for the landing or take-off of
aircraft.

Level A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and
meaning variously height, altitude or flight level.

Location indicator A four letter code group formulated in accordance with rules prescribed by
ICAO and assigned to the location of an aeronautical fixed station.

Local Flight. A flight that originates and terminates at the same aerodrome without a full
stop landing during any portion of the flight, or that remains within the
associated airspace of such an aerodrome, or within the associated General
Flying training areas (as per the SA AIP Part 3) of such aerodromes.

M
Manoeuvring area That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of
aircraft, excluding aprons.

Meteorological information Meteorological report, analysis, forecast and any other statement relating to
existing or expected meteorological conditions.

Meteorological office An office designated to provide meteorological service for international air
navigation.

Meteorological report A statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified

time and location.

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Minimum descent altitude/ height A specified altitude/height in a non-precision approach or circling approach
below which descent may not be made without visual reference.

Minimum sector altitude The lowest altitude which may be used under emergency conditions which
will provide a minimum clearance of 1000ft (300m) above all obsticles
located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 25NM (46km)
radius centered on a radio aid to navigation.

Minimum Fuel. The term is used to describe a situation in which an aircraft’s fuel supply
has reached a state where little or no the flight is committed to land at
a specific aerodrome and no additional delay can be accepted.
Note.— This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates that an
emergency situation is possible, should any delay occur.

Note, - This state shall mean that the aircraft is still able to attempt the
approach and missed approach at the intended destination and if required
divert to an alternative destination and land as required per SA
CAR121.07.9.

Missed approach procedure The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued.

Mode (SSR Mode) The conventional identifier related to specific functions of the interrogational
signals transmitted by an SSR interrogator. There are four modes specified
in Annex 10: A, B, C, S and intermode.

Movement area That part of the aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing
of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

Multilateration (MLAT) system. A group of equipment configured to provide position derived from
the secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals
(replies or squitters) primarily using time difference of arrival
(TDOA) techniques. Additional information, including
identification, can be extracted from the received signals.

Time difference of arrival (TDOA) The difference in relative time that a transponder signal from the
same aircraft (or ground vehicle) is received at different receivers.

Navigation specification Means a set of aircraft and flight crew requirements needed to support
performance-based navigation operations within a defined airspace. There
are two kinds of navigation specifications:

Near-parallel runways Non-intersecting runways whose extended centre lines have an angle of
convergence/divergence of 15 degrees or less.

Next data authority The ground system so designated by the current data authority through
which an onward transfer of communications and control can take place.

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Night Night means the period from fifteen minutes after sunset to fifteen minutes
before sunrise

NOTAM A notice distributed by means of telecommunications containing information

concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical
facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is
essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.

O
Obstacle clearance altitude/ height The lowest altitude (OCA), or alternatively, the lowest height above the
(OCA/H) elevation of the relevant runway threshold, or above the aerodrome
elevation, as applicable (OCH), used in establishing compliance with the
appropriate obstacle clearance criteria.

Onward clearance time (OCT) The time at which it is expected that an aircraft which has been instructed to
hold during the en-route phase of flight will be cleared to resume its flight.

Operational control The exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or
termination of a flight in the interest of safety of the aircraft and the
regularity and efficiency of the flight.

Operator A person, organisation or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an

aircraft operation.

P
Performance-based navigation Means area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft
(PBN) operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a
designated airspace.
Note. – Performance requirements are expressed in navigation
specifications (RNAV specifications, RNP specification) in terms of
accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and functionality needed for the
proposed operation in the context of a particular airspace concept.

Position indication The visual indication, in non-symbolic and/ or symbolic form, on a situation
display, of the position of an aircraft, aerodrome vehicle or other object.

Position symbol The visual indication in symbolic form, on a situation display, of the position
of an aircraft, aerodrome vehicle or other object obtained after automatic
processing of positional data, derived from any source.

Precision approach radar (PAR) Primary radar equipment used to determine the position of an aircraft during
final approach, in terms of lateral and vertical deviations relative to a
nominal approach path, and in range relative to touchdown.

Note: Precision approach radars are designated to enable pilots of aircrafts

to be given guidance by radio communication during the final stages

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 of the approach to land.

Pressure altitude An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds

to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere.

Primary radar A radar system which uses reflected radio signals.

Primary surveillance radar (PSR) A surveillance radar system which uses reflected radio signals

Procedural control Term used to indicate that information derived from an ATS surveillance
system is not required for the provision of air traffic control service.

Procedural separation The separation used when providing procedural control.

Procedure turn A manoeuvre in which a turn is made away from a designated track
followed by a turn in the opposite direction, to permit the aircraft to intercept
and proceed along the reciprocal of the designated track.

Note 1: Procedure turns are designated “left” or “right” according to the

direction of the initial turn.

Note 2: Procedure turns may be designated as being made either in level

flight or while descending, according to the circumstances of each
individual procedure.

Profile The orthogonal projection of a flight path or portion thereof on the vertical
surface containing the nominal track.

PSR blip The visual indication, in non-symbolic form, on a situation display of the
position of an aircraft obtained by primary radar.

R
Radar A radio detection device which provides information on range, azimuth
and/or elevation of objects.

Radar approach An approach in which the final approach phase is executed under the
direction of a controller using radar.

Radar clutter The visual indication on a situation display of unwanted signals.

Radar contact The situation which exists when the radar blip or radar position symbol of a
particular aircraft is seen and identified on a situation display.

Radar control Term used to indicate that radar-derived information is employed directly in
the provision of air traffic control service.

Radar handover Transfer of responsibility for the control of an aircraft between two
controllers using radar, following identification of the aircraft by both
controllers.

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 16 of 32 8 February 2013
Radio navigation service Means a service providing guidance information or position data for the
efficient and safe operation of aircraft supported by one or more radio
navigational aids.

Note: Some applications may require a specific technology e.g. radar, to

support the function of flight path monitoring.

Radar separation The separation used when aircraft position information is derived from radar
sources.

Radar vectoring area A defined area in the vicinity of an aerodrome, in which the minimum safe
levels allocated by a radar controller vectoring IFR flights have been pre-
determined.

Note: Refer to the SA-AIP ENR 1.6 for the radar terrain charts.

Radial A magnetic bearing extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN.

Radiotelephony network A form of radio communication primarily intended for the exchange of
information in the form of speech.

Receiving unit/controller Air Traffic Services unit/air traffic controller to which a message is sent.

Release points The position, time or level at which arriving aircraft will come under the
jurisdiction of approach radar control, in accordance with published
procedures

Repetitive flight plan (RPL) A flight plan related to a series of frequently recurring, regularly operated
individual flights with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for
retention and repetitive use by ATS units.
Reporting point A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an
aircraft can be reported.

RNAV specification Means a navigation specification based on area navigation that does not
include the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting, designated
by the prefix RNAV, e.g. RNAV 5, RNAV 1.
Note. – The performance-based Navigation Manual (Doc 9613), Volume II
contains detailed guidance on navigation specifications.

RNP specification Means a navigation specification based on area navigation that includes the
requirements for performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the
prefix RNP, e.g. RNP 4, RNP APCH.

Required navigation performance A statement of the navigation performance necessary for operation within a
(RNP) defined airspace.

Runway A defined rectangular area, on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing
and take-off of aircraft.

Runway visual range (RVR) The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 17 of 32 8 February 2013
 can see the runways surface marking or the lights delineating the runway or
identify it’s centre line.

Runway-holding position A designated position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle limitation

surface, or an ILS critical/ sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicle
shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorised by the control tower.

Note: In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expression “holding point” is

used to designate the runway-holding position.

Runway incursion Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an

aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for
the landing and takeoff of aircraft.

S
Safety management system (SMS) A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary
organisational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures.

Secondary radar A radar system wherein a radio signal transmitted from the radar station
initiates the transmission of a radio signal from another station.

Secondary surveillance radar A surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/ receivers
(SSR) (interrogators) and transponders.

SSR response The visual indication, in non-symbolic form, on a situation display, of a

response from an SSR transponder in reply to an interrogation.

Segregated parallel operations Simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways in

which one runway is used exclusively for approaches and the other runway
is used exclusively for departures.

Shore line A line following the general contour of the shore, except that in cases of
inlets or bays, less than 30 nautical miles in width, the line shall pass
directly across the inlet or bay to intersect the general contour on the
opposite side.

SIGMET information Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the

occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather
phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations.

Significant point A specified geographical location used in defining an ATS route or the flight
path of an aircraft and for other navigation and ATS purposes.

Note. — There are three categories of significant points: ground-based

navigation aid, intersection and waypoint. In the context of this definition,
intersection is a significant point expressed as radials, bearings and/or
distances from ground-based navigation aids.

Special Air report A report that is disseminated by a pilot to ATC whilst at a

particular position in flight, and which contains updated

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 18 of 32 8 February 2013
 information regarding adverse weather conditions or volcanic
activity that is, or may affect the aircrafts performance at that
time within its proximity.

Special VFR flight A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone
under meteorological conditions below the VMC.

Standard instrument arrival (STAR) A designated instrument flight rule (IFR) arrival route linking a significant
point, normally on an ATS route, with a point from which a published
instrument approach procedure can be commenced.

Standard instrument departure A designated instrument flight rule (IFR) departure route linking the
(SID) aerodrome or a specified runway of the aerodrome with a specified
significant point, normally on a designated ATS route, at which the on-route
phase of a flight commences.

Surveillance radar Radar equipment used to determine the position of an aircraft in range and
azimuth.

T
Terminal arrival altitude (TAA) The lowest altitude that will provide a minimum clearance of 300m (1000
feet) above all objects located in an arc of a circle defined by a 46km
(25NM) radius centred on the initial approach fix (IAF), or where there is no
IAF on the intermediate fix (IF), delimited by straight lines joining the
extremity of the arc to the IF. The combined TAAs associated with an
approach procedure shall account for an area of 360 degrees around the IF.

Note: The purpose of the TAA is to provide a transition from the en-route
structure to an RNAV approach procedure.

Taxiing Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own

power, excluding take-off and landing.

Taxiway A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft
and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and
another, including:

a) Aircraft stand taxi lane A portion of an apron designated as a

taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.

b) Apron taxiway A portion of a taxiway system location an apron

and intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron.

c) Rapid exit taxiway A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute

angle and designated to allow landing aeroplanes to turn off at
higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways and
thereby minimising runway occupancy times.

Terminal control area (TMA) A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the
vicinity of one or more major aerodromes.

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 19 of 32 8 February 2013
Threat Events or errors that occur beyond the influence of an operational person,
increase operational complexity and which must be managed to maintain
the margin of safety.

Threat management The process of detecting and responding to threats with countermeasures
that reduce or eliminate the consequences of threats, and mitigate the
probability of errors or undesired states.

Threshold The beginning of that portion of the runway useable for landing.

Total estimated elapsed time For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrival over that
designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is
intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if
no navigation aid is associated with the destination aerodrome, to arrive
over the destination aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time
required from take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome.

Touchdown point The point where the nominal glide path intercepts the runway.

Track The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an aircraft, direction of
which the path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North
(true, magnetic or grid).

Traffic avoidance advice Advice provided by an Air Traffic Services unit specifying manoeuvres to
assist a pilot to avoid a collision.

Traffic information Information issued by an Air Traffic Services unit to alert a pilot to other
known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to the position or
intended route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision.

Transfer of control point A defined point located along the flight path of an aircraft, at which the
responsibility for providing air traffic control service to the aircraft is
transferred from one control unit or control position to the next

Transferring unit/controller Air Traffic control unit/air traffic controller in the process of transferring the
responsibility for providing air traffic control service to an aircraft to the next
air traffic control unit/air traffic controller along the route of flight.

Transition altitude The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled
by reference to altitudes.

Transition layer The airspace between Transition Altitude and Transition Level

Transition level The lowest flight level available for use above the Transition Altitude.

Transponder A receiver/transmitter which will generate a reply signal upon proper

interrogation (the interrogation and reply being on different frequencies).

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 20 of 32 8 February 2013
Unmanned free balloon A non-power-driven, unmanned lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight.

V
Vectoring Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific
headings, based on the use of an ATS surveillance system.

VFR flight A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules.

Visibility Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of :-

a) The greatest distance at which a black object of suitable

dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognised
when observed against a bright background;

b) The greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000

candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background.

Visual approach An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument
approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed with
visual reference to terrain.

Visual meteorological conditions Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, horizontal and
(VMC) vertical distance from cloud ceiling, equal to or better than the specified
minima.

W
Way-point A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or
the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation, either:

a) Fly-by waypoint – A way point which requires turn anticipation to

allow tangential interception of the next segment from a route or
procedure, or

b) Flyover way point - A way point which a turn is initiated in order to

joint the next segment of a route or procedure.

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 21 of 32 8 February 2013
Chapter 2 Abbreviations

A
ACC - Area control centre. ACAS - Airborne collision avoidance system.

ADR - Advisory route. ADS - Automatic dependent surveillance.

AFIS - Aeronautical flight information AFISU* - AFIS Unit.

service.

AFS - Aeronautical Fixed Service. AFTN - Aeronautical fixed telecommunications

network.

agl - Above ground level. A/G - Air-to-ground.

AIS - Aeronautical information service. amsl - Above mean sea level.

AP - Airport. APP - Approach control centre.

ATA - Actual time of arrival. ASDA - Accelerated stopping distance available.

ATC - Air traffic control. ATCU - Air traffic control unit.

ATD - Actual time of departure. ATFM - Air traffic flow management.

ATIS - Automatic terminal information ATS - Air Traffic Services.

service.

ATM - Aerodrome traffic monitor ATSU - Air traffic service unit.

ATZ - Aerodrome Traffic Zone. AWY - Airway.

C
CAA - Civil Aviation Authority. CAR* - Civil Aviation Regulations

CATS* - Civil Aviation Technical c/s - Callsign

Standards

CPDLC - Controller Pilot Data Link CTA - Control Area

Communications

CTR - Control Zone

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 22 of 32 8 February 2013
 D
DA/H - Decision Altitude / Height DEP - Depart, Departure or Departed

D/F - Direction finding DLA - Delay or Delayed

DME - Distance measuring equipment

E
EAT - Expected Approach Time. ETA - Estimated Time of Arrival

ETD - Estimated Time of Departure

F
FAF - Final Approach Fix FAP - Final Approach Point
-
FIR - Flight Information Region FL Flight Level

FPL - Flight Plan ft - Feet

G
GP - Glide Path GMC - Ground Movement Control

H
HF - High Frequency HPa - Hectopascals

I
IAF - Initial Approach Fix IF - Intermediate Approach Fix

IFR - Instrument Flight Rules ILS - Instrument Landing System

IMC - Instrument MET Conditions

K
km - Kilometre(s) kts - Knots

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 23 of 32 8 February 2013
 L
LAT - Latitude LDA - Landing Distance Available

LLZ - Localizer LONG - Longitude

LVO - Low Visibility Operations LVP - Low Visibility Procedure (South Africa)

M
MAPt - Missed Approach Point MDA/H - Minimum Descent Altitude / Height

MET - Meteorological MHz - Megahertz

MSA - Minimum Sector Altitude MSL - Mean Sea Level

N
NDB - Non-Directional Radio Beacon NM - Nautical Mile

O
OCA/H - Obstacle Clearance Altitude/ OCT - Onward Clearance Time
Height

OHD - Overhead OUBD - Outbound

P
PAPI - Precision Approach Path Indicator PIB - Preflight Information Bulletin

Q
QDM - Magnetic heading. QDR - Magnetic bearing.

QFE - Atmospheric pressure at airfield QNH - Altimeter subscale setting to obtain

elevation (on runway threshold). elevation when on the ground.

R
RCF Radio Communication Failure. RPL Repetitive Flight Plan.

RT* Radiotelephony. RTF Radiotelephone.

RVR Runway Visual Range.

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 24 of 32 8 February 2013
 S
SAR - Search and Rescue SID - Standard Instrument Departure

SMR - Surface Movement Radar SRA - Surveillance Radar Approach

SSR - Secondary Surveillance Radar STAR - Standard Instrument Arrival

T
THR - Threshold. TMA - Terminal Control Area.

TODA - Take-off Distance Available. TORA - Take-off Run Available.

TWR - Aerodrome Control Tower.

U
UHF - Ultra High Frequency u/s - Unserviceable

UTC - Universal Time Constant (Co-

ordinated Universal Time
Constant)

V
VDF - VHF Direction Finding VFR - Visual Flight Rules

VHF - Very High Frequency VMC - Visual MET Conditions

VOR - VHF Omni-Range VORTAC - VOR/ tactical air navigation

W
WEF With Effect From WDI Wind Direction Indicator

WIE With Immediate Effect WIP Work in Progress

Wx Weather

Z
Z In Time Groups Indicates UTC
(Zulu)

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 25 of 32 8 February 2013
Chapter 3 Conversion Tables
3.1 Units of Measurement

The units of measurements to be used by controllers in communication with aircraft are listed in the
table below:-

Measurement of Units used

Distances used in navigation, generally in excess of 2 Nautical miles, spoken as
or 3 nautical miles. “miles”

Relatively short distance such as those relating to an Meters

aerodrome. (e.g. runway lengths, distances of
obstructions from runway or of facilities from
aerodrome).

Radar-position reporting and ranges from touch down. Nautical miles and/or fractions
thereof, spoken as “miles”.
Altitudes, elevations and height. Feet

Depths of standing water, snow and slush. Millimetres

Horizontal speed including wind speed. Knots

Vertical speed. Feet per minute

Wind direction for landing and taking off. Degrees magnetic

Visibility Kilometres or meters

Runway Visual Range Meters

Altimeter setting Hectopascals

Temperature Degrees Celsius

Weight Metric tons or kilograms

Time Hours and minutes, the day of

24 hours beginning at midnight
UTC

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 26 of 32 8 February 2013
3.2a Table for Converting Hectopascals to Inches of Mercury
975.0 - 999.9 HPa

Tenths
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
HPa
HPa Inches Hg
975 28.79 28.79 28.79 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.80 28.81 28.81 28.81
976 28.82 28.82 28.82 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.83 28.84 28.84 28.84
977 28.85 28.85 28.85 28.85 28.86 28.86 28.86 28.87 28.87 28.87
978 28.88 28.88 28.88 28.88 28.89 28.89 28.89 28.90 28.90 28.90
979 28.90 28.91 28.91 28.91 28.92 28.92 28.92 28.93 28.93 28.93
980 28.93 28.94 28.94 28.94 28.95 28.95 28.95 28.96 28.96 28.96
981 28.96 28.97 28.97 28.97 28.98 28.98 28.98 28.98 28.99 28.99
982 28.99 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.01 29.01 29.01 29.01 29.02 29.02
983 29.02 29.03 29.03 29.03 29.03 29.04 29.04 29.04 29.05 29.05
984 29.05 29.06 29.06 29.06 29.06 29.07 29.07 29.07 29.08 29.08
985 29.08 29.09 29.09 29.09 29.09 29.10 29.10 29.10 29.11 29.11
986 29.11 29.11 29.12 29.12 29.12 29.13 29.13 29.13 29.14 29.14
987 29.14 29.14 29.15 29.15 29.15 29.16 29.16 29.16 29.16 29.17
988 29.17 29.17 29.18 29.18 29.18 29.19 29.19 29.19 29.19 29.20
989 29.20 29.20 29.21 29.21 29.21 29.21 29.22 29.22 29.22 29.23
990 29.23 29.23 29.24 29.24 29.24 29.24 29.25 29.25 29.25 29.26
991 29.26 29.26 29.27 29.27 29.27 29.27 29.28 29.28 29.28 29.29
992 29.29 29.29 29.29 29.30 29.30 29.30 29.31 29.31 29.31 29.32
993 29.32 29.32 29.32 29.33 29.33 29.33 29.34 29.34 29.34 29.34
994 29.35 29.35 29.35 29.36 29.36 29.36 29.37 29.37 29.37 29.37
995 29.38 29.38 29.38 29.39 29.39 29.39 29.40 29.40 29.40 29.40
996 29.41 29.41 29.41 29.42 29.42 29.42 29.42 29.43 29.43 29.43
997 29.44 29.44 29.44 29.45 29.45 29.45 29.45 29.46 29.46 29.46
998 29.47 29.47 29.47 29.47 29.48 29.48 29.48 29.49 29.49 29.49
999 29.50 29.50 29.50 29.50 29.51 29.51 29.51 29.52 29.52 29.52

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 27 of 32 8 February 2013
3.2b Table for Converting Hectopascals to Inches of Mercury
1000.0 - 1024.9 HPa

Tenths
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
HPa
HPa Inches Hg
1000 29.53 29.53 29.53 29.53 29.54 29.54 29.54 29.55 29.55 29.55
1001 29.55 29.56 29.56 29.56 29.57 29.57 29.57 29.58 29.58 29.58
1002 29.58 29.59 29.59 29.59 29.60 29.60 29.60 29.60 29.61 29.61
1003 29.61 29.62 29.62 29.62 29.63 29.63 29.63 29.63 29.64 29.64
1004 29.64 29.65 29.65 29.65 29.65 29.66 29.66 29.66 29.67 29.67
1005 29.67 29.68 29.68 29.68 29.68 29.69 29.69 29.69 29.70 29.70
1006 29.70 29.71 29.71 29.71 29.71 29.72 29.72 29.72 29.73 29.73
1007 29.73 29.73 29.74 29.74 29.74 29.75 29.75 29.75 29.76 29.76
1008 29.76 29.76 29.77 29.77 29.77 29.78 29.78 29.78 29.78 29.79
1009 29.79 29.79 29.80 29.80 29.80 29.81 29.81 29.81 29.81 29.82
1010 29.82 29.82 29.83 29.83 29.83 29.84 29.84 29.84 29.84 29.85
1011 29.85 29.85 29.86 29.86 29.86 29.86 29.87 29.87 29.87 29.88
1012 29.88 29.88 29.89 29.89 29.89 29.89 29.90 29.90 29.90 29.91
1013 29.91 29.91 29.91 29.92 29.92 29.92 29.93 29.93 29.93 29.94
1014 29.94 29.94 29.94 29.95 29.95 29.95 29.96 29.96 29.96 29.96
1015 29.97 29.97 29.97 29.98 29.98 29.98 29.99 29.99 29.99 29.99
1016 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.01 30.01 30.01 30.02 30.02 30.02 30.02
1017 30.03 30.03 30.03 30.04 30.04 30.04 30.04 30.05 30.05 30.05
1018 30.06 30.06 30.06 30.07 30.07 30.07 30.07 30.08 30.08 30.08
1019 30.09 30.09 30.09 30.09 30.10 30.10 30.10 30.11 30.11 30.11
1020 30.12 30.12 30.12 30.12 30.13 30.13 30.13 30.14 30.14 30.14
1021 30.15 30.15 30.15 30.15 30.16 30.16 30.16 30.17 30.17 30.17
1022 30.17 30.18 30.18 30.18 30.19 30.19 30.19 30.20 30.20 30.20
1023 30.20 30.21 30.21 30.21 30.22 30.22 30.22 30.22 30.23 30.23
1024 30.23 30.24 30.24 30.24 30.25 30.25 30.25 30.25 30.26 30.26

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 28 of 32 8 February 2013
3.2c Table for Converting Hectopascals to Inches of Mercury
1025.0 - 1049.9 HPa

Tenths
.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
HPa
HPa Inches Hg
1025 30.26 30.27 30.27 30.27 30.28 30.28 30.28 30.28 30.29 30.29
1026 30.29 30.30 30.30 30.30 30.30 30.31 30.31 30.31 30.32 30.32
1027 30.32 30.33 30.33 30.33 30.33 30.34 30.34 30.34 30.35 30.35
1028 30.35 30.35 30.36 30.36 30.36 30.37 30.37 30.37 30.38 30.38
1029 30.38 30.38 30.39 30.39 30.39 30.40 30.40 30.40 30.40 30.41
1030 30.41 30.41 30.42 30.42 30.42 30.43 30.43 30.43 30.43 30.44
1031 30.44 30.44 30.45 30.45 30.45 30.46 30.46 30.46 30.46 30.47
1032 30.47 30.47 30.48 30.48 30.48 30.48 30.49 30.49 30.49 30.50
1033 30.50 30.50 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.52 30.52 30.52 30.53
1034 30.53 30.53 30.53 30.54 30.54 30.54 30.55 30.55 30.55 30.56
1035 30.56 30.56 30.56 30.57 30.57 30.57 30.58 30.58 30.58 30.59
1036 30.59 30.59 30.59 30.60 30.60 30.60 30.61 30.61 30.61 30.61
1037 30.62 30.62 30.62 30.63 30.63 30.63 30.64 30.64 30.64 30.64
1038 30.65 30.65 30.65 30.66 30.66 30.66 30.66 30.67 30.67 30.67
1039 30.68 30.68 30.68 30.69 30.69 30.69 30.69 30.70 30.70 30.70
1040 30.71 30.71 30.71 30.72 30.72 30.72 30.72 30.73 30.73 30.73
1041 30.74 30.74 30.74 30.74 30.75 30.75 30.75 30.76 30.76 30.76
1042 30.77 30.77 30.77 30.77 30.78 30.78 30.78 30.79 30.79 30.79
1043 30.79 30.80 30.80 30.80 30.81 30.81 30.81 30.82 30.82 30.82
1044 30.82 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.84 30.84 30.84 30.84 30.85 30.85
1045 30.85 30.86 30.86 30.86 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.87 30.88 30.88
1046 30.88 30.89 30.89 30.89 30.90 30.90 30.90 30.90 30.91 30.91
1047 30.91 30.92 30.92 30.92 30.92 30.93 30.93 30.93 30.94 30.94
1048 30.94 30.95 30.95 30.95 30.95 30.96 30.96 30.96 30.97 30.97
1049 30.97 30.97 30.98 30.98 30.98 30.99 30.99 30.99 31.00 31.00

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 29 of 32 8 February 2013
3.3 Conversion Tables

Tables for converting values from one unit to another appear below.

Meters/ Feet/Meters Lb/ Kg/ Lb

Meters Feet/ Meters Feet Kg Lb/ Kg Lb
0.305 1 3.281 0.454 1 2.205
0.61 2 6.562 0.907 2 4.409
0.914 3 9.842 1.361 3 6.614
1.219 4 13.123 1.814 4 8.818
1.524 5 16.404 2.268 5 11.023
1.829 6 19.685 2.722 6 13.228
2.134 7 22.966 3.175 7 15.432
2.438 8 26.247 3.629 8 17.637
2.743 9 29.528 4.082 9 19.842
3.048 10 32.809 4.536 10 22.046
6.096 20 65.617 9.072 20 44.092
9.144 30 98.426 13.608 30 66.139
12.192 40 131.234 18.144 40 88.185
15.24 50 164.043 22.680 50 110.231
18.29 60 196.852 1 000kg = 1 metric ton
21.34 70 229.66
24.38 80 262.469 Nautical Miles/ Kilometers/ Statute Miles
27.43 90 295.278 NM Km SM
30.48 100 328.087 0.54 1 0.62
60.96 200 656.1 1.08 2 1.24
91.44 300 984.3 1.62 3 1.86
121.92 400 1,312.3 2.16 4 2.49
152.4 500 1,640.4 2.70 5 3.11
304.8 1,000 3,280.9 3.24 6 3.73
609.6 2,000 6,561.7 3.78 7 4.35
914.4 3,000 9,842.6 4.32 8 4.99
1,219.2 4,000 13,123.5 4.86 9 5.59
1,524.0 5,000 16,404.3 5.40 10 6.21

Nautical Miles/ Statute Miles/ Kilometers Statute Miles/ Nautical Miles/ Kilometers
NM SM Km SM NM Km
0.87 1 1.61 1.15 1 1.85
1.74 2 3.22 2.30 2 3.70
2.61 3 4.83 3.45 3 5.56
3.47 4 6.44 4.61 4 7.41
4.34 5 8.05 5.76 5 9.26
5.21 6 9.66 6.91 6 11.11
6.08 7 11.27 8.06 7 12.96
6.95 8 12.88 9.21 8 14.82
7.82 9 14.49 10.36 9 16.67
8.68 10 16.09 11.52 10 18.52

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 30 of 32 8 February 2013
Chapter 4 Cross-Wind Component Table
4.1 Cross-wind component
The angle between the runway and the crosswind is listed in the “Angle between Wind & Runway”
column on the left of the table. The wind speed is indicated in the top row of the table. To
determine the crosswind component find the value on the table at the intersection of the row
(horizontal) containing the angle between wind and runway and column (vertical) containing the
wind speed.

Example: Runway 24; Surface wind 170˚/25 Kts. The angle between the runway and the wind is 70
degrees. The crosswind component is 24.

Angle
between
Wind Speed in Knots
wind &
runway
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
10 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10
20 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 17 19 20
30 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 25 28 30
40 6 10 13 16 19 23 26 29 32 36 39
50 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35 38 42 46
60 9 13 17 22 26 31 35 39 43 48 52

70 9 14 19 24 28 33 37 42 47 52 56

80 10 15 20 25 30 35 39 44 49 54 59
90 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Note: Under gusty conditions the cross-wind component for the average wind speed and the
cross-wind component for the strongest gusts must be calculated and passed to the
aircraft.

Example: Wind is 40 degrees off runway heading with an average wind speed of 15 knots gusting
35 knots.

Aircraft will be informed that the average cross-wind component calculates at 10 knots
gusting 23 knots.

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 31 of 32 8 February 2013
Angle
between
Wind Speed in Knots
wind &
runway

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
10 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -29 -34 -39 -44 -49 -54 -59 -64 -69
20 -5 -9 -14 -19 -23 -28 -33 -38 -42 -47 -52 -56 -61 -66
30 -4 -9 -13 -17 -22 -26 -30 -35 -39 -43 -48 -52 -56 -61
40 -4 -8 -11 -15 -19 -23 -27 -31 -34 -38 -42 -46 -50 -54
50 -3 -8 -10 -13 -15 -19 -22 -26 -29 -32 -35 -39 -42 -45
60 -3 -5 -8 -10 -13 -15 -18 -20 -23 -25 -28 -30 -33 -35
70 -2 -3 -5 -7 -9 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -19 -21 -22 -24
80 -1 -2 -3 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -9 -10 -11 -12
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 +1 +2 +3 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +9 +10 +11 +12
110 +2 +3 +5 +7 +9 +10 +12 +14 +15 +17 +19 +21 +22 +24
120 +3 +5 +8 +10 +13 +15 +18 +20 +23 +25 +28 +30 +33 +35
130 +3 +8 +10 +13 +15 +19 +22 +26 +29 +32 +35 +39 +42 +45
140 +4 +8 +11 +15 +19 +23 +27 +31 +34 +38 +42 +46 +50 +54
150 +4 +9 +13 +17 +22 +26 +30 +35 +39 +43 +48 +52 +56 +61
160 +5 +9 +14 +19 +23 +28 +33 +38 +42 +47 +52 +56 +61 +66
170 +5 +10 +15 +20 +25 +29 +34 +39 +44 +49 +54 +59 +64 +69

CAA Standards & Procedures (ATCIs) Manual - Section1 Page 32 of 32 8 February 2013