Bbbbuniversity Questions Bank: Pr8451-Mechanics of Machines

BbbbUNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
BANK
PR8451- MECHANICS OF MACHINES
Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

UNIT I KINEMATICS OF MACHINES 9
Mechanisms - Terminology and definitions – kinematics inversions of 4 bar and slide crank chain–
kinematics analysis in simple mechanisms – velocity and acceleration polygons – Cam and followers
– classifications – displacement diagrams - layout of plate cam profiles – derivatives of follower’s
motion.
2 MARKS:
1. What are binary and quaternary links?
Binary Joint:
When two links are joined at the same connection, joint is known as binary joint.
( Fig.5.10, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 100)
Quaternary Joint:
When four links are joined at the same connection, the joint is called a
Quaternary Joint. ( Fig.5.12, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 101)
2.Differentiate machine and structure.(nov/dec

2006,2011,2010)(May/June 2017) (Nov/Dec 2017)
Machine Structure.
The parts of a machine move relative to The member of a structure do not move
one another. relative to one another.
A machine transforms the available energy In a structure no energy is transformed into
into some useful work. useful work.
The links of a machine may transmit both The members of a structure transmit forces
power and motion. only.
3.What is degree of freedom?(May/June

2007,Nov/Dec 2011)
It is defined as the number of input parameters which must be independently controlled in order
to bring mechanism into a useful engineering purpose. (Or) The minimum number of
independent coordinates required to specify the motion of a system at any instance is known as
degrees of freedom.
4. Define Centroid or centrode
The instantaneous centre of a moving body may be defined as that centre which goes on
changing from one instant to another. The locus of all such instantaneous centres is known as
centrode.
5. Define instantaneous axis and Axode.
A line drawn through the instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane of motion is called
instantaneous axis. The locus of this axis is known as Axode.
6. What is a machine? Giving example, differentiate between a machine and structure.

A machine is a device which receives energy and transforms it into some useful work.
A machine consists of mumber of parts or bodies.
Ex: all mechanical instruments like reciprocating steam engine.

7. Explain grubler‘s criterion for determining degree for freedom for mechanisms.(Apr/may
2011,Nov/Dec 2011, Nov/Dec 2012)
The grupler‘s criterion applies to mechanisms with only single degree of freedom joints where
the overall movability of the mechanism is unity. Substituting n=1,& h=0 in KutzbachEqn
 n=3(L-1)-2j-h
 1= 3(L-1)-2j or 3L-2j-4=0
8. Define a kinematic pair and kinematic chain. (Nov/dec 2013 ,2009) (APR/MAY 2018)
Kinematic pair:
The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are
said to form a pair. If the relative motion between them is completely constrained, the pair is
known as kinematic pair.
Kinematic chain:(Apr/May 2010)
when the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to
the first link to transmit definite motion, it is called a kinemtic chain.
9. What are the types of instantaneous

centre? It has three types
1. Fixed instantaneous centre
2. Permanent instantaneous centre
3. Neither fixed nor permanent instantaneous centre (Fig.6.5, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 123)
10. How are kinematics pair classified? (Nov/dec 2013 )

The kinematic pair may be classified accoding to the following,
1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements.
2. According to the type of contact between the elements.
3. According to the type of closure.
11. What are the inversions of the slider crank chain? (Nov/dec 2012 )
By fixing the different links in a kinematic chain , an inversion is obtained.
Inversions of the single slider crank chain

 Pendulum pump or bull engine
 Oscillating cylinder engine
 Rotary internal combustion engine
 Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
 Whitworth quick return motion mechanism.
Inversions of the Double slider crank chain
 Elliptical trammel
 Scotch yoke mechanism

Oldham‘s coupling
12. What are the important kinematic chains with four kinematic pair?
Kinematic chain may be defined as a combination of kinematic pairs. The four kinematic pair
joined in which each link forms a part of two pairs and the relative motion between the links or
elements is completely constrained. (Ex.Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 98)
13. What is the mechanism of finding acceleration of various points in a mechanism? Name two
different methods of finding acceleration in mechanism?
The acceleration of a particle whose mechanism is finding through radial component and
tangential component of particle at the given instant.
Methods:
 Acceleration of a point on a link
 Acceleration in a slider crank mechanism
 Coriolis component of acceleration
14.What are centripetal and tangential components of acceleration? When do they occur? (APR/MAY
2018)
Centripetal component: which is perpendicular to the velocity or it acts parallel to the space
diagram of the instant.
Tangential component: which is parallel to the velocity or it acts perpendicular to the space
diagram of the instant.
15. Define the term inversion and name of four inversions obtained from a slider crank chain.
By fixing the different links in a kinematic chain ,an inversion is obtained.
Inversions of the single slider crank chain

 Pendulum pump or bull engine
 Oscillating cylinder engine
 Rotary internal combustion engine
 Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
 Whitworth quick return motion mechanism
16. State the difference between lower and higher pair. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Lower pair: when relative motion takes place and the surface of one element slides over
thesurface of the other, the pair formed is known as lower pair. Ex: sliding pair, turning pair,
screw pairs.
Higher pair: when relative motion takes place and the motion between the two elements ispartly
turning and partly sliding, then the pair is known as higher pair. Ex: A pair of friction discs, gear
tooth, belt and rope.
17. State the difference between the following : a fixed link of elliptical trammel and fixed link of an
oldham coupling.
Elliptical Trammel: Link 4 (Slotted plate) is fixed
Link 1& 3 are sliders and form sliding pair with link4
Link 2 is a bar which forms turning pair with links 1& 3
oldham coupling : link 2 (supporting frame) is fixed

link 1&3 (flange) is connected with shaft rigidly fastened, it forms turning
pairs with link 2.
Link 4 (intermediate piece) which is a circular disc.
18. What is cam?

(Nov/Dec 2010)
A cam is a mechanical member used to impact desired motion to a follower by direct contact. The cam
may be rotating or reciprocating whereas the follower may be rotating, reciprocating or oscillating. Cams
are widely used in automatic machines, internal combustion engines, machine tools, and so on.
19. Why a roller follower is preferred to that of knife- Edged follower? Explain
Knife- Edged follower is quite simple, its limited as it produces a great wear of the surface at the point
of contact. But Roller follower is a widely used cam follower and has a cylindrical roller free to rotate
about a pin joint. At low speeds, the follower has a pure rolling action but at high speeds, some sliding
also occurs.
20. What do you understand by the terms cam and follower? Name the essential members of am
mechanism.
A cam and the follower combination belong to the category of higher pairs. Necessary elements of cam
mechanism are,
 A driver member known as the cam
 A driven member called the follower
 A frame which supports the cam and guides the follower
21. Define cam jump phenomena in cam follower mechanism.
As the cam shaft velocity increases, the term involving the square of the velocity increase at a faster =180 and.the
force F becomes zero at a speed when (se+P)+(m -s) e �� =0, this can happen at
At that speed, there will be some impact between the cam and the follower, resulting in a rattling,
clicking and noisy operation. This is usually known as
JUMP. (Ref.P.no 242 of SS RATTAN).
22. Sketch and state the differences between the roller type follower over knife edged follower and flat
faced follower. (Fig. Ref.P.no 212 of SS RATTAN).
23. The types of cams and followers. (Nov/Dec 2017)

Cams are classified according to
1. Shape as wedge and flat cams, radial cams, spiral cams, cylindrical cams, conjugate cams,
cycloidal cams, globoidal cams, spherical cams,
2. Follower movement as rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, dwell-rise-dwell return-dwell
3. Manner of constraint of the follower as pre-loaded spring cam, positive-drive cam, gravity
cam.

Followers are classified according to
1. shape as knife –edge follower, roller follower, mushroom follower,
2. Movement as reciprocating follower, oscillating follower
3. location of line of movement as radial follower, offset follower
24.Differentiate between completely constrained motion and incompletely constrained motion.

(Nov/Dec 2009)
When the relative motion between two links is limited to definite direction ,then the motion is said
to be a completely constrained motion.
When the relative motion between two links can take place in more than one direction ,then the
motion is said to be a incompletely constrained motion.
25.State Grashof’s law for a four bar mechanism? (Nov/Dec 2013)
Grashof’s law States that for a planar four-bar mechanism the sum of the shortwest and
longest links must be less than or equal to the sum of the lengths of two other links,if there is to be
continous rotation between two members.
26.What you mean by inversion of mechanism? (Nov/Dec 2011)
The process of obtaining different mechanism by fixing different links in a kinematic chain is
known as inversion of mechanism.
27.What is the importance of finding accelerations of various points in a

mechanism?(May/June 2007) (May/June 2016)
Since the dynamic forces are functions of accelerations and accelerations are the functions of
velocities ,the determination of velocity and acceleration of various links becomes very important in
the design of any mechanism.
28. What is coriolis component of acceleration?(Nov/Dec 2006)

It occurs when a point on one link is sliding along another rotating link, such as in quick return
mechanism.
29. What are the necessary elements of a cam machine? (Nov/Dec 2010)
i) cam; driving member
ii)follower :driven member
iii)Frame; supports the cam and follower guides.

30. Define the pressure angle and state the best value of pressure angle .(Nov/Dec 2006; Nov/Dec 2011)
Angle between the line of action of the follower and corresponding normal to the pitch curve through trace
point. And the maximum will be less than 300 for cams with reciprocating followers.
31. What are the tangent cams? (May/June 2016)

A cylindrical cam or barrel cam is a cam in which the follower rides on the surface of a cylinder. In the
most common type, the follower rides in a groove cut into the surface of a cylinder. These cams are
principally used to convert rotational motion to linear motion parallel to the rotational axis of the cylinder.
A cylinder may have several grooves cut into the surface and drive several followers. Cylindrical cams can
provide motions that involve more than a single rotation of the cylinder and generally provide positive
positioning, removing the need for a spring or other provision to keep the follower in contact with the
control surface.
32. Define Kinematic chain:(Apr/May 2010)
when the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link
to transmit definite motion, it is called a kinemtic chain.
33. Define statics of machines.

It is that branch of Theory of Machines which deals with the forces and their effects while the machine
parts are at rest. The mass of the parts is assumed to be negligible.
34. Define Polygon law of forces.

It states, “If a number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, their resultant may be represented in magnitude and
direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in opposite order.”
35. Explain Plane Motion.

When the motion of a body is confined to only one plane, the motion is said to be plane motion. The
plane motion may be either rectilinear or curvilinear.
36. Explain the Types of kinematic Links

1. Rigid link. A rigid link is one which does not undergo any deformation while transmitting motion.
Strictly speaking, rigid links do not exist. However, as the deformation of a connecting rod, crank etc.
of a reciprocating steam engine is not appreciable, they can be considered as rigid links.
2. Flexible link. A flexible link is one which is partly deformed in a manner not to affect the
transmission of motion. For example, belts, ropes, chains and wires are flexible links and transmit
tensile forces only.
3. Fluid link. A fluid link is one which is formed by having a fluid in a receptacle and the motion is
transmitted through the fluid by pressure or compression only, as in the case of hydraulic presses,
jacks and brakes.
37. Define kinematic pair

The two links or elements of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a pair. If the
relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained (i.e. in a definite direction), the
pair is known as kinematic pair.
38. Compare the lower pair and higher pair

(a) Lower pair. When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes
place and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair formed is known as
lower pair. It will be seen that sliding pairs, turning pairs and screw pairs form lower pairs.
(b) Higher pair. When the two elements of a pair have a line or point contact when relative motion

takes place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly sliding, then the pair
is known as higher pair. A pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, belt and rope drives, ball and roller
bearings and cam and follower are the examples of higher pairs.
39. Distinguish between Self closed pair and Force - closed pair.
(a) Self closed pair. When the two elements of a pair .are connected together mechanically in such a
way that only required kind of relative motion occurs, it is then known as self closed pair. The lower
pairs are self closed pair.
(b) Force - closed pair. When the two elements of a pair are not connected mechanically but are kept in
contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a force-closed pair. The cam and follower
is an example of force closed pair, as it is kept in contact by the forces exerted by spring and gravity.
40. Establish the relation between link, pair and joints.
If each link is assumed to form two pairs with two adjacent links, then the relation between the number
of pairs ( p ) forming a kinematic chain and the number of links ( l ) may be expressed in the form of
an equation : (i) l=2p-4,Since in a kinematic chain each link forms a part of two pairs, therefore there
will be as many links as the number of pairs. Another relation between the number of links (l) and the
number of joints ( j) which constitute a kinematic chain is given by the expression : j=(3/2 )l-2.
41. What do you mean by quaternary joint

When four links are joined at the same connection, the joint is called a quaternary joint. It is equivalent
to three binary joints. In general, when l number of links are joined at the same connection, the joint is
equivalent to (l – 1) binary joints.
42. Define Degrees of Freedom for Plane Mechanisms.

In the design or analysis of a mechanism, one of the most important concern is the number of degrees
of freedom (also called movability) of the mechanism. It is defined as the number of input parameters
(usually pair variables) which must be independently controlled in order to bring the mechanism into a
useful engineering purpose. It is possible to determine the number of degrees of freedom of a
mechanism directly from the number of links and the number and types of joints which it includes.
43. Classify the followers based on the motion of the follower.

(a) Reciprocating or translating follower. When the follower reciprocates in guides as the cam rotates
uniformly, it is known as reciprocating or translating follower. The followers as shown in Fig. 20.1 (a)
to (d) are all reciprocating or translating followers. (b) Oscillating or rotating follower. When the
uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted into predetermined oscillatory motion of the follower, it
is called oscillating or rotating follower.
44. Classify the cams.

1. Radial or disc cam
2. Cylindrical cam
45. Define Prime circle.

It is the smallest circle that can be drawn from the centre of the cam and tangent to the pitch curve.
For a knife edge and a flat face follower, the prime circle and the base circle are identical. For a roller
follower, the prime circle is larger than the base circle by the radius of the roller.
46. List out the various motion followed by the followers.

1. Uniform velocity, 2. Simple harmonic motion, 3. Uniform acceleration and retardation, and 4.
Cycloidal motion.

47. Draw the displacement, velocity and acceleration diagram for simple harmonic motion.
48. What is circular arc cam

When the flanks of the cam connecting the base circle and nose are of convex circular arcs, then the
cam is known as circular arc cam.
49. List out the cases for the Circular arc cam with flat face of the follower having contact with
the circular flank.
1. When the flat face of the follower has contact on the circular flank,
2. When the flat face of the follower has contact on the nose.
50. Explain the necessity of having cams with special contours.

The design of the profile of a cam when the follower moves with the specified motion. But, the shape
of the cam profile thus obtained may be difficult and costly to manufacture. In actual practice, the
cams with specified contours (cam profiles consisting of circular arcs and straight lines are preferred)
are assumed and then motion of the follower is determined.
51. State the use of kinematic analysis of mechanisms.

Kinematic analysis is the process of measuring the kinematic quantities used to describe motion. In
engineering, for instance, kinematic analysis may be used to find the range of movement for a
given mechanism and working in reverse, using kinematic synthesis to design a mechanism for a
desired range of motion.
52. What is the use of offset follower in cams?

Offsets are required in cam and followers to reduce wear and side thrust. As you can see from figure
that with offset, stroke length of follower will be less as compared to follower with zero offset. Less
stroke length means follower movement will be less.

16 MARKS:
1.For the given mechanism shown in fig., determine the acceleration of the slider F and the angular
acceleration of link BE when crank rotates clockwise at 191 rpm for the given configuration OA = 200mm
AC=BE=EF=800mm BC=300mm. [Apr/May 2008]( Ref. S.S Rattan P.no:93, Ex;3.6 ). [Nov/Dec 2012]
(May/June 2016)
1
2 PQRS is a four bar chain with link PS °is fixed. The lengths of the links are PQ=62.5mm;
QR=175mm; RS=112.5mm; PS=200mm. the crank PQ rotates at 10 rad/s clockwise. Draw the
velocity acceleration diagram when the angle QPS is 60 and Q( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:148, EX: 7.2).
and R lie on the same side of PS. The angular velocityand
angular acceleration of links QR and RS. [Apr/May 2008]( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:184, Ex:
8.4).(nov/dec 2008) [Apr/May 2011] (APR/MAY 2018)
3 In a steam engine mechanism ,shown in fig 1 the crank shaft AB rotates at 200 r.p.m. find the velocities
of C,D,E,F and P. Also find the acceleration of slider at C. the dimension of the various links are
AB=12CM,BC=48CM,CD=18CM,DE=36CM AND EF=12CM AND FP=34CM [Nov/Dec 2008]
[Nov/Dec 2009]
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:93, Ex: 3.6

.
4. The following data refer to the length of the links of the six-link mechanism in which the rotory
motion of the input link 2 is transformed to the horizontal linear motion of the output slide 6. Fixed
link1, AD = 60mm, Input link,AB = 25mm, Coupler link3,BC = 85mm, Follower link4,CD = 55mm
Connecting rod ,EF= 60mm. The pin joint E is the center of the link CD.The horizontal line of the stroke
of the slider passes through the fixed link pivots A and D.Angle DAB is 45(dgree).In position,
(i) Sketch the mechanism and indicate the data. (4)
(ii) Draw the velocity diagram and determine the linear
velocity of the solider, if the input link constant speed (Ref.S.S Rattan P.no:69-71 EX:
is rad/sec. clockwise. (6) 2.20,).
(iii)Draw the acceleration diagram and determine the linear accelearation of the slider, which is
connected at the end of the connecting rod ,EF. (6) [Nov/Dec 2008]
5. A cam with a minimum radius of 25mm be designed for a knife edged follower. The following data:
to raise the follower through 35mm during 60° rotation of cam, dwell for next 40° of the cam rotation.
Descending of the follower through the next 90° of the cam rotation, dwell during the rest of the cam
rotation. Draw the profile of the cam if the ascending and descending of the cam is SHM and the line of
stroke of the follower is offset 10mmfrom the axis of the cam shaft. [May 2010] [Nov/Dec 2009]
6.In a quick return motion mechanism of crank and slotted level type, the ratio of maximum
velocities is 2. If the length of stroke is 250mm find [Apr/May 2008]
(i ) The length of the slotted lever ( 3 )
(ii) The ratio of times of cutting and return strokes ( 3 )
(iii) The maximum cutting velocity per second if the crank rotates at 30 rpm ( 2 )
(iv) Explain various inversions of single and double slider crank chains ( 8 )
7. What do you mean by inversion of a mechanism? Explain any two inversions of single slider crank
mechanism. [Apr/May 2005](May/june 2007)( Nov/Dec 2010) [Apr/May 2011] (APR/MAY 2018)
(Refer class notes or mechanics of machines by jayakumar ;Page no;1.28)
8) Derive an expression for the magnitude of ―coriolis component of acceleration‖.(8 marks) [Nov/Dec 2007] (Re
no;1.28)
9 ) i) draw the acceleration diagram of a slider crank mechanism.explain.(8) [May/June 2007] [Nov/Dec 2012] (Re
no;1.28)

(ii) Explain how the velocities of a slider and the connecting rod are obtained in a slide crank
mechanism. (8)
10)In a slider-crank mechanism, the crank 480mm long and rotates at 20 rad/s in counter-clockwise
direction. The length of connecting rod is 1.6m. When the turn‘s 60° from the inner dead. Determine
( i ) the velocity of the slider [Apr/May 2008] [Apr/May 2011]
( ii ) the velocity of a point E located at a distance of 450mm on the connecting rod from crank
( iii ) the position and velocity of a point F on the connecting rod having least absolute velocity
(Refer class notes or mechanics of machines by jayakumar ;Page no;2.64) (Nov/Dec 2017)
11. .What do you mean by constrained motion?what are the different types of pairs having constrained
motion?Explain each type with examples and neat sketches. [Nov/Dec 2011]
12. In a pin jointed four bar mechanism ABCD, the length of the links are; AB=75mm;BC= 80 mm;CD=
37mm and AD=125 mm. The link AD is fixed and the angle BAD =53 degree,if the velocity B is 100
rad/sec and an angular acceleration of 4400 rad/sec2 in the counter clockwise direction. Find (!)
angular acceleration of BC and (2) linear acceleration of R on the link BC , take BR=28mm.
[May/June 2006] [Nov/Dec 2011] [Apr/May 2011] [Nov/Dec 2013]
13.With a neat sketch explain the inversion of the double slider crank mechanism and four bar mechanism.
. [Nov/Dec 2008) [Nov/Dec 2011] [Nov/Dec 2013]
14. A cam rotating clockwise at a uniform speed of 100 rpm is required to give a mushroom follower the
motion
defined below [Apr/May 2004] [May/June 2007] [Apr/May 2011] (May/June 2016)
(i).the follower to move outwards through 50 mm during 120 degree of cam rotation
(ii).follower to dwell for next 60 degree of cam rotation.
(iii).follower to return to its starting position during 90 degree of cam rotation
(iv).the follower to dwell for the rest of the cam rotation
The minimum radius of the cam is 50 mm and the diameter of roller is 10 mm .
The line of stroke of the follower is offset by 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft. if the displacement
of the follower takes place with uniform and equal acceleration and retardation on both the outward
and return strokes, draw profile of the cam and find the maximum velocity and acceleration during
outstroke and return stroke.. (Nov/Dec 2017)

15.Draw the profile of the cam that gives a lift of 40 mm to a rod carrying a 20 mm diameter roller.
The axis of the roller passes through the centre of the cam. The least radius of the cam is 50 mm.
the rod is to be lifted with simple harmonic motion in a quarter revolution and is to be dropped
suddenly at half revolution. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration during the lifting.
The cam rotates at 60 rpm. [Nov/Dec 2011] [Nov/Dec 2013] (Nov/Dec 2017) (APR/MAY 2018)
16.Explain kinematic links, its types and kinematic pairs with its types based on the relative motion between the
links. (April/May 2019) Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi page 8 - 23
17.Determine the degree of freedom of the mechanisms shown in fig (April/May 2019) Refer Mechanics of
Machines by Khurmi 24 - 71

UNIT II GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
Spur gear – law of toothed gearing – involute gearing – Interchangeable gears – Gear tooth action
interference and undercutting – nonstandard teeth – gear trains – parallel axis gears trains – epicyclic
gear trains.
2 MARKS
1. Define law of gearing. (May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2017)
The common normal point at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always pass through
the pitch point. This is the fundamental condition which must be satisfied while designing the
profiles the teeth of gear wheel is known as law of gearing.
2. What is pressure angle or angle of obliquity?
The angle between pressure line and the common tangent to the pitch circles is known as the pressure
angle. For more power transmission and lesser pressure on the bearings, the pressure angle must be kept
small.
3. A single reduction gear of 120 KW with a pinion 250 mm pith circle diameter and speed 650 rpm is
supported in bearings on either side .Calculate the total load due to power transmitted ,the pressure angle
being 20 degree? Ans :Refer class notes
4. What are various types of gear trains?
 simple gear train
 compound gear train
 Epicyclic gear train
5. Explain module and pressure angle?
Module: It‘s the ratio of pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. Its denoted by m .
m=D/T
Pressure angle: The angle between pressure line and the common tangent to the pitch circles is knownas
the pressure angle. For more power transmission and lesser pressure on the bearings, the pressure angle
must be kept small.
6. What do you mean by interference between two mating gears? (May/June 2016)
The tip of tooth on the pinion will then undercut the tooth on the wheel at the root and remove part of the
involute profile of tooth on the wheel. This effect is known as interference, and occurs when the teeth are
being cut.
7. State and prove law of
gearing. Ref : Ans .1
8. What do you understand by the term interference‖ as applied to
gears?
Spur gear teeth are manufactured by
either involute profile or cycloidal profile. Most of the gears are manufactured by involute profile with 20° pressure
angle. When two gears are in mesh at one instant there is a chance to mate involute portion with non-involute portion
of mating gear. This phenomenon is known as "interference" and occurs when the number of teeth on the smaller of
the two meshing gears is less than a required minimum.

9. Define pressure angle.
The angle between pressure line and the common tangent to the pitch circles is known as the pressure
angle. For more power transmission and lesser pressure on the bearings, the pressure angle must be kept
small.
10. Name the different motions that a follower can have.

 Reciprocating or translating follower
 Oscillating or rotating follower.
11. What is meant by epicyclic gear train? Give a practical example. (APR/MAY 2018)
When the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple and gear A can drive gear B or vice-versa. But if gear
A is fixed and the arm is rotated about the axis of the gear, then the B is forced to rotate upon and
around gear A. such a motion is called epicylic gear train. (Fig.13.6, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 437).
12. What is interference in a gear and how it is prevented? (May/June 2007 ;Nov/Dec 2009)
The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the root on its matting gear is known as
interference. Interference may be avoided if the path of contact does not extend beyond the
interference points.
13. Explain how an epicyclic gear train does from the conventional gear train. (APR/MAY 2018)
The other types of gear trains, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted are fixed
relative to each other. But in case of epicyclic gear trains, the axes of the shafts on which the gears are
mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.
14. Define normal pitch and axial pitch relating to helical gears.
Normal pitch: It is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth, along a helix on the pitch
cylinder normal to the teeth. It is denoted by PN.
Axial pitch: It is the distance measured parallel to the axis, between similar faces of adjacent teeth.
It‘s the same as circular pitch and is denoted by Pc. (Fig.12.15, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 417
15.What is the use of rack and pinion?

It is used to convert rotary motion to translator motion and vice versa.
16. What is herringbone gears?
It is double helical gears, consist of teeth having a right and Left handed helix cut on the same
blank.
17. Explain about skew gears.(Nov/Dec 2013)
They are crossed helical gears to transmit power between two non intersecting non-parallel shafts.
18. Define path of approach and path of recess. (Nov/Dec 2009)

In the line of action the lengths Kp and PL are known as the path of approach and path of recess
respectively.

19.Define path of contact.
The total length (KL=KP+PL) is knoen as path of contact.
20. Define arc of approach and arc of recess. (Nov/Dec 2011)
It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the engagement to the pitch point.
21. Define arc of recess. (Nov/Dec 2011)
It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of the engagement of a
pair of teeth.
22. Explain the term undercutting in gears. (Nov/Dec 2017)

When the tip of the gear teeth undercuts the root of the mating gear tooth, some portion of the flank
will be removed. This process of removal of material due to this is known as undercutting.
23. Explain any two methods of reducing interference. [May/June 2007]

1.By modifying addendum of gear teeth.
2.By increasing the pressure angle.
24 .Define the term train value of gear train.
It is the ratio of the speed of the driven gear to the speed of the driving gear. [May/June 2011]
25 . What is gear train?
It is a combination of gears that is used for transmitting motion from one shaft to another.
26 .Define simple gear train.
When there is only one gear on each shaft ,it is known as simple gear train.
27.What are the various types of torques in an epicyclic gear train? (Nov/Dec 2009)
1.Input torque on the driving gear
2.output torque on the driven gear
3.holding torque on the fixed gear.
28. Explain briefly the use of differential in an automobiles. (Nov/Dec 2010)
1. Transmit motion from engine to rear wheels
2. Rotate the rear wheels at different speeds while the automobile is taking a turn.
29. State the methods to find the velocity ratio of epicyclic gear train.
Tabulation and algebraic method.
30. What are the advantages of epicyclic gear train? (Nov/Dec 2011)
The advantage of epicyclic gear trains over simple or compound gear train is that it can achieve high
speed reductions within a very limited space.
31. List out the Advantages of gear drive.
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio. 2. It may be used to transmit large power. 3. It has high efficiency. 4.
It has reliable service. 5. It has compact layout
32. List out the disadvantages of gear drive.

1. The manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment. 2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations
and noise during operation.
33. Classify the Toothed Wheels According to the position of axes of the shafts.
(a) Parallel, (b) Intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel.
34. What is spur gearing
The two parallel and co-planar shafts connected by the gears .These gears are called spur gears and the
arrangement is known as spur gearing.
35. What is bevel gearing.
The two non-parallel or intersecting, but coplanar shafts connected by gears is shown in Fig. 12.2 (c). These gears
are called bevel gears and the arrangement is known as bevel gearing.
36. What is helical bevel gears.
The bevel gears, like spur gears, may also have their teeth inclined to the face of the bevel, in which case they are
known as helical bevel gears.
37. Define hyperboloid.
A hyperboloid is the solid formed by revolving a straight line about an axis (not in the same plane), such that
every point on the line remains at a constant distance from the axis.
38. Classify the Toothed Wheels According to the type of gearing.
(a) External gearing, (b) Internal gearing, and (c) Rack and pinion.
39. Define pitch diameter.
It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also
known as pitch diameter.
40. What is clearance circle
It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a meshing gear. A circle passing
through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle.
41. What do you mean by backlash.
It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured along the pitch circle.
Theoretically, the backlash should be zero, but in actual practice some backlash must be allowed to prevent
jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal expansion.
42. What do you mean by sliding velocity.
The velocity of sliding is the velocity of one tooth relative to its mating tooth along the common tangent at the
point of contact.
43. Define cycloid.
A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls without slipping on a fixed
straight line.
44. What is involute teeth.
An involute of a circle is a plane curve generated by a point on a tangent, which rolls on the circle without slipping
or by a point on a taut string which in unwrapped from a reel.
45. Explain the purpose of idle gears.

1. To connect gears where a large centre distance is required, and
2. To obtain the desired direction of motion of the driven gear (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise).
46. Define speed ratio.
Speed ratio = Speed of the first driver /Speed of the last driven or follower = Product of the number of teeth on the
drivens / Product of the number of teeth on the drivers.
47. Define Train value
Train value = Speed of the last driven or follower/ Speed of the first driver
48. What is reverted gear train ?
When the axes of the first gear (i.e. first driver) and the last gear (i.e. last driven or follower) are co-axial, then the
gear train is known as reverted gear train
49. Explain compound epicyclic gear train.
It consists of two co-axial shafts S1 and S2, an annulus gear A which is fixed, the compound gear (or planet gear)
B-C, the sun gear D and the arm H. The annulus gear has internal teeth and the compound gear is carried by the
arm and revolves freely on a pin of the arm H. The sun gear is co-axial with the annulus gear and the arm but
independent of them.
50. What are all the uses of Differential gear of an automobile?
(a) to transmit motion from the engine shaft to the rear driving wheels, and (b) to rotate the rear wheels at different
speeds while the automobile is taking a turn.
51. How do you relate interface and undercutting? (April/May 2019)

Undercutting is removing some material from the base of gear tooth to avoid interference. Interference in gears
would basically cause material wear and removal during operation, so we intentionally remove material
by undercutting before operation
52. Distinguish cycloid and involute tooth profile in any 2 aspects. (April/May 2019)
In cycloidal profile, pressure angle varies from maximum at the beginning of engagement, reduces to zero
at the pitch point and again increases to maximum at the end of engagement resulting in improper running of
gears. While in involute profile, pressure angle remains constant throughout the engagement period
Involute tooth profile consists of a single (involute) curve and the track cutter used for regenerating the profile
has straight teeth. ... The cycloidal tooth profile consists of two curves (epicycloid and hypocycloid). The method
of manufacture is more involved and leads to costlier gear tooth

16 MARKS:
1. A pair of gears, having 40 and 20 teeth respectively, are rotating in mesh, the speed of the
smaller being 2000rpm. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear tooth faces at the point
of
engagement, at the pitch point, and at the point disagreement if the smaller gear is the driver. Assume
that the gear teeth are 20° involutes‘form, addendum length is 5mm. Also find the angle through
which the pinion turns while any pairs of teeth are in contact.[Apr/May 2008] [May/June 2006]
(May/June 2016) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 400, EX: 12.5).
2. The following data relate to two spiral in mesh: [May 2010]

Shaft angle=90°; centre distance=16mm; normal circular pitch=8mm; gear=3; friction angle=5°. For
maximum efficiency of the drive, determine ( i ) The spiral angles of the teeth ( ii ) The number of
teeth ( iii ) The center distance ( iv ) efficiency ( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 368, Ex.10.19).
3. Figure 2 shows an epicyclic gear train, Pinion A has 15 teeth and it is rigidly fixed to the motor shaft.
The wheel B 20 teeth and gears with A and also with the annular fixed wheel D. pinion C has 15 teeth
and is integral B(B,C being a compound gear wheel).the gear C meshes with annular wheel E, which is
keyed to machine shaft. The arm rotates about the same shaft on which A is fixed and carries the
compound wheel B, C. If the motor runs at 1000 rpm, find the speed of the machine shaft. Find the
torque exerted on the machine shaft if the motor develops a torque of 100 Nm. [Nov/Dec 2008]
(May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2017) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 463,EX:13.19).
4 . A pair of gears having 60 and 30 teeth respectively , are rotating in mesh, the speed of smaller being
3000rpm determine the velocity of sliding between gear teeth faces at the point of engagement, at the
pitch point and at the point of disengagement if the smaller gear is driver. Assume that the gear teeth are
20º in volute from, addendum length is 6mm and the module is 5mm. also find the angle through which
the pinion turns while any pair of teeth are in contact. [Nov/Dec 2007] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 400, Ex.12.5).
5 .(i) State and prove the law of gearing. [May/June 2007]
(ii) In a reverted Epicyclic gear train the arm A carries two gears B and C and a compound gear D-E. The
gear B meshes with gear E and the gear D.T he number of teeth on gears B,C and D are 75,30 and 90
respectively. Find the speed and direct in of gear B is fixed and the arm a makes 100 r.pm. Clockwise.
(APR/MAY 2018)
6. A pair of 20 degree full depth involute spur gears having 30 and 50 teeth respectively of module 4
mm are in mesh. The smaller gear rotates at 1000 rpm .determine (i) sliding velocities at engagement
and at dis engagement of pair of a teeth and (ii) contact ratio. [Apr/May 2004] (APR/MAY 2018)

7. Two mating involute gears of 20 degree pressure angle have a gear ratio of 2.The number of teeth on the pinion
is 20 and its speed is 250 rpm. The modular pitch of the teeth is 12mm.If the addendum of each wheel is such that
the path of approach and recess on each side are half the maximum possible length each, find
i) the addendum of pinion and gear wheel ii) length of arc of contact iii)the max. velocity of sliding during
approach and recess, assume pinion to be a driver.(Nov/Dec 2017)
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 405, Ex.12.9).
8. Explain the following.i)types of gear trains ii)automotive gear trains
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 389,).
9. Explain the working principle of gears and gear terminology. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 385, ).
10. Derive the expression for the path of contact ,angle of contact, arc of contact, arc of approach. ( Ref. R.S
Kurmi P.no: 410, ).
11. A sun wheel of 28 teeth is in mesh with a planet of 18 teeth and both are held in an arm. The planet wheel is
in contact with an internal wheel of 64 teeth which is coaxial with the sun wheel. Sketch the
arrangement of the gears band compute the angular velocity ratio between arm and the internal wheel if sun
wheel is fixed. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 447, EX: 13.9).
0
12. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and 20 Pressure
angle. The addendum on each wheel is to be made of such a length that the line of contact on each
side of the pitch point has half the maximum possible length. Determine the addendum height for
each gear wheel, length of the path contact, arc of contact. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 406, EX: 12.8).
13. An epicyclic gear train consists of a wheel A with 72 internal teeth and gear C has 32 external teeth.
The gear B meshes with both A and C and is carried on an arm EF which rotates about the centre of A
at 18 rpm. If gear A is fixed, sketch the arrangement and determine the speed of gears B and C. ( Ref.
R.S Kurmi P.no: 443, EX: 13.6).
14. In an epicyclic gear train, the internal wheels A and B and compound wheels C and D
rotate independently about the axis O. The wheels E and F rotate on pins fixed on the arm G. E gears
with A and C and F gears with B and D. All the wheels have the same module and the number of teeth
are TC =28, TD = 26, TE =TF = 18. (i) Sketch the arrangement (ii) find the number of teeth on A and
B (iii) if the arm G makes 100 rpm clockwise and A is fixed, find the speed of B and (iv) if the arm G
makes 100 rpm clockwise and A makes 10 rpm counter clockwise; find the speed of wheel B. ( Ref. R.S
Kurmi P.no: 446, EX: 13.8).
15. In a reverted epicyclic train, the arm F carries two wheels A and D and a compound wheel B-C.
The wheel a meshes with wheel B and the wheel D meshes with wheel C. The numbers of teeth on
wheel A, D and C are 80, 48 and 72 respectively. Find the speed and direction of wheel D when wheel
A is fixed and arm F makes 200 rpm clockwise. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 440, EX: 13.5).
16.The centre distance between two spur gears in a mesh is to be approximately 275 mm. the gear ratio is 10 to 1.
The pinion transmit 360 kW at 1800 rp. The pressure angle of the involute teeth is 20 degree and the addendum is
equal to one module. The limiting value of normal tooth pressure is 1 kN/mm of width. Determine the (April/May
2019) Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi page 417
(i) Nearest standard module so that interference does not occur

(ii) Number of teeth on each gear wheel and
(iii) Width of pinion.
17.The sun and planet gear of an epicyclic gear are shown in fig. the annular gear D has 100 internal teeth, the sun
ear A has 50 external teeth and planet gear B has 25 external teeth. The gear B meshes with gear D and gear A. the
gear B is carried on the arm E, which rotates at 20 r.p.m, the find the speeds of gear A and B. (April/May 2019)
Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi page 417 - 419

UNIT III FRICTION 9
Types of friction – Friction Drives -friction in screw threads – bearings – Friction clutches – Belt
drives
2 MARKS:
1. Explain the term ―limiting angle of friction‖

The reaction R must be equal and opposite to the resultant of W and P and will be inclined angle
∅ to the normal reaction RN. This angle ∅is known as the limiting angle of friction. tan∅=F/ RN
(Fig.10.2, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 262).
2. What is the effect of centrifugal tension in the belt tension ratio?

While in motion the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, resulting some centrifugal force is
caused, whose effect is to increase the tension on both, tight as well as slack slides. The tension caused
by centrifugal is called centrifugal tension.
3. What is dry fraction? Write its classifications.
The friction experienced between two dry and unlubricated surfaces in contact is known as dry or solid
friction. Its due to the surface roughness. It may be classified by sliding friction and rolling friction.
4. Define velocity ratio.
It‘s the ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower or driven.
V2/V1= d1/d2
5. What is mean by limiting friction?
When the external forces acting on the body which does not make any motion towards the applied force
until the applied force leads to the friction. The friction which is acting opposite to the applied force
thus the friction is called the limiting friction. (Fig.10.1, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 260).
6. State any four advantages v –belt drive over flat belt drive.
 The v-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the centre of pulleys.
 The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and pulley groove is negligible.
 The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.
 It can be easily installed and removed.
7. Differentiate between pivot and collar bearing

 The bearing surfaces placed at the end of a shaft to take the axial thrust are known as pivots. It may
have a flat or conical surface.
 The bearing surfaces placed along the length of the shaft to take the axial thrust are known as collars. It
may have a flat or conical surface, but the flat surface is commonly used, in order to reduce the intensity
of pressure.

8. Differentiate between Theory of uniform pressure and theory of uniform wear.
The study of friction of bearings, its assumed that
 The pressure is uniformly distributed throughout the bearing surfaces,
 The wear is uniform throughout the bearing surfaces.
9. Derive from first principles an expression for the effort required to raise a load with screw
jack taking friction into consideration.
Briefly explain and draw fig. (Fig.10.12, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 271).
10. Explain the terms : (a) co-efficient of friction (b) angle of friction
Co-efficient of friction: It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction (F) to the normal reaction (R N)
between the two bodies. = /
Angle of friction: It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction (F) to the normal reaction (RN) between the two
bodies.
Tan Ø = / =
11. What is angle of friction and solid
friction? REF Ans.10 & 3
12. Define slip and creep. (Nov/Dec 2017)

Slip: The belts and shafts assuming a firm frictional grip between the belts and the shafts. But
sometimes, the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the belt
without carrying the driven pulley with it. This is called slip of the belt.
Creep: when the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt extended it
contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side. Due to the changes of length, there
is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. The relative motion is called as creep.
13. Explain the laws of dry friction. (Nov/Dec 2009:. Nov/Dec 2010)
Amontons' First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.
Amontons' Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
Coulomb's Law of Friction: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the v-belt drive over the flat belt
drive? Advantages: Ref answer of Q.6
Disadvantages:
 The v-belt cannot be used with large centre distances.
 The v-belt areot so durable as flat belts.
 The construction of pulleys for v-belts is more complicated than pulleys for flat belts.
.State the laws of static friction
Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other. For example,
static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The coefficient of static friction, typically
denoted as μs, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction
16. Define sliding friction. (May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2017)

The friction that exists when one surface slides over the surface is known as sliding friction
17. Define Rolling friction. (May/June 2016)

The friction that exists when one surface rolls over the surface is known as rolling friction.

18.What you mean by friction angle? (May/June 2007 :. Nov/Dec 2010)
The limiting angle of friction is defined as the angle at which the resultant reaction R makes the normakl
reaction RN.
19.What do you mean by angle of repose? (Nov/Dec 2010)

It is the maximum inclination of a plane at which a body remains in equilibrium over the inclined
plane by the assistance of friction only.
20. Define the term coefficient of friction May/June 2007 :. Nov/Dec 2009)
It is the ratio of the limiting friction to the normal reaction between the two bodies.
21.What do you mean by self locking screws? (Nov/Dec 2006) (APR/MAY 2018)
If ⱷ<α, then torque required to lower the load will be positive,so an effort will be required to lower the load.
this type of screw is termed as self locking screw.
22. What do you mean by overhauling screws? (Nov/Dec 2009)
If ⱷ<α, then torque required to lower the load will be negative,so an effort will be required to lower the load.
this type of screw is termed as self locking screw.
23. classify friction clutches. (Nov/Dec 2012)
1. Disc clutch
2. cone clutch
3. centrifugal clutch.
24. What is the function of frictional clutches? (Nov/Dec 2017)
It is a mechanical device used to connect or disconnect the driven shaft from the driving shaft at the will of
the operator while power is transmitted from driving to driven shaft.
26. What is the difference between cone ane centrifugal clutch?
Cone clutch works on the principle of friction alone ,but centrifugal clutch uses principle of centrifugal
force in addition with it.
27.List the various types of belts used for transmission of power. (Nov/Dec 2006) (May/June 2016)
1.flat belt 2.V-belt and 3.Ropes
28.what are the advantage of the belt drive over the other type of power transmission systems ?
(Nov/Dec 2010)
In belt drives the center distance can be changed conveniently.
Belt drives are used for power transmission over long distance and non-flexible machines for short
distance.
29. what is creep in case of belt? (Nov/Dec 2013)
The relative motion between the belt and the pulley surface due to unequal stretching of the tqwo sides of
the drive.
30. what do you mean by centrifugal tension? (May/June 2007 , Nov/Dec 2011) (APR/MAY 2018)
Since the belt continuously runs over the pulley therefore some centrifugal force is caused.the tension
caused by centrifugal forces is called centrifugal tension.
31. What is self –locking brake?
When the frictional force is sufficient enough to apply the brake with no external force then the brake is
said to be self –locking brake.
32. What is dynamic friction
It is the friction, experienced by a body, when in motion. The dynamic friction is also called kinetic friction.
33. What are all the types of dynamic friction ?
(a).Sliding friction
(b) Rolling friction
(c) Pivot friction
34. What is Pivot friction?
It is the friction, experienced by a body, due to the motion of rotation as in case of foot step bearings.
35. Define Boundary friction.
It is the friction, experienced between the rubbing surfaces, when the surfaces have a very thin layer of
lubricant. The thickness of this very thin layer is of the molecular dimension. In this type of friction, a thin
layer of lubricant forms a bond between the two rubbing surfaces. The lubricant is absorbed on the surfaces
and forms a thin film. This thin film of the lubricant results in less friction between them. The boundary
friction follows the laws of solid friction.
36. Define fluid friction
It is the friction, experienced between the rubbing surfaces, when the surfaces have a thick layer of the
lubrhicant. In this case, the actual surfaces do not come in contact and thus do not rub against each other. It is
thus obvious that fluid friction is not due to the surfaces in contact but it is due to the viscosity and oiliness of
the lubricant.
37. What are all the laws of kinetic or dynamic friction ?
Following are the laws of kinetic or dynamic friction : 1. The force of friction always acts in a direction,
opposite to that in which the body is moving. 2. The magnitude of the kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to
the normal reaction between the two surfaces. But this ratio is slightly less than that in case of limiting
friction. 3. For moderate speeds, the force of friction remains constant. But it decreases slightly with the
increase of speed.
38. What you mean by angle of repose?
Consider that a body A of weight (W) is resting on an inclined plane B, as shown in Fig. 10.3. If the angle of
inclination α of the plane to the horizontal is such that the body begins to move down the plane, then the
angle α is called the angle of repose.
39. Define the efficiency of the inclined plane.
The ratio of the effort required neglecting friction (i.e. P0) to the effort required considering friction (i.e. P) is
known as efficiency of the inclined plane.
40. Define helix.
It is the curve traced by a particle, while describing a circular path at a uniform speed and advancing in the
axial direction at a uniform rate. In other words, it is the curve traced by a particle while moving along a
screw thread.
41. Explain the terms pitch and lead.
1. Pitch. It is the distance from a point of a screw to a corresponding point on the next thread, measured
parallel to the axis of the screw.
2. Lead. It is the distance, a screw thread advances axially in one turn.
42. What you mean by multi-threaded screw?
If more than one thread is cut in one lead distance of a screw, it is known as multi-threaded screw e.g. in a
double threaded screw, two threads are cut in one lead length. In such cases, all the threads run independently
along the length of the rod.
43. Describe the efficiency of a screw jack.
The efficiency of a screw jack may be defined as the ratio between the ideal effort (i.e. the effort required to
move the load, neglecting friction) to the actual effort (i.e. the effort required to move the load taking friction
into account).
44. What are all the conditions for the effective friction clutches?
1. The contact surfaces should develop a frictional force that may pick up and hold the load with reasonably
low pressure between the contact surfaces. 2. The heat of friction should be rapidly dissipated and tendency to
grab should be at a minimum. 3. The surfaces should be backed by a material stiff enough to ensure a
reasonably uniform distribution of pressure.
45. Define centrifugal clutches.
The centrifugal clutches are usually incorporated into the motor pulleys. It consists of a number of shoes on
the inside of a rim of the pulley, as shown in Fig. 10.28. The outer surface of the shoes are covered with a
friction material. These shoes, which can move radially in guides, are held against the boss (or spider) on the
driving shaft by means of springs.
46. List out the factors influencing the power transmitted by belt.
1. The velocity of the belt. 2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys. 3. The arc of contact
between the belt and the smaller pulley. 4. The conditions under which the belt is used.
47. List out the various important factors upon which the selection of a belt drive.
1. Speed of the driving and driven shafts, 2. Speed reduction ratio,
3. Power to be transmitted, 4. Centre distance between the shafts,
5. Positive drive requirements, 6. Shafts layout,
7. Space available, and 8. Service conditions
48. Classify the belt drives.
1. Light drives. These are used to transmit small powers at belt speeds upto about 10 m/s, as in agricultural
machines and small machine tools.
2. Medium drives. These are used to transmit medium power at belt speeds over 10 m/s but up to 22 m/s, as
in machine tools.
3. Heavy drives. These are used to transmit large powers at belt speeds above 22 m/s, as in compressors and
generators.
49. Define slip of belt.

When the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the driver without
carrying the belt with it. This may also cause some forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven
pulley with it. This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed as a percentage.
50. Describe centrifugal tension
Since the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, therefore, some centrifugal force is caused, whose effect is
to increase the tension on both, tight as well as the slack sides. The tension caused by centrifugal force is
called centrifugal tension.
51. Angle of friction and angle of repose are the same. Justify (April/May 2019)
The angle of a plane to the horizontal when a body placed on the plane will just start to slide. The tangent of the angle
of friction is the coefficient of static friction.
The angle that the plane of contact between two bodies makes with the horizontal when the upper body is just on the
point of sliding: the angle whose tangent is the coefficient of friction between the two bodies.
52. When will you go for multi plate clutch? (April/May 2019)
A multi-plate clutch is used in automobiles and in machinery where high torque output is required. In bikes and
scooter multi-plate clutch is used due to the limitation of compact gearbox used in bikes and scooter

16MARKS:
1. (a) ( i ) the following data relate to a screw jack:
Pitch of the threaded screw=8mm, Diameter of the threaded screw=40mm, Coefficient of friction
between screw and nut=0.1, Load=20kN. Assuming that the load rotates with the screw, determine
(1) The ratio of torques required to raise and lower the load (4 ) (APR/MAY 2018) [Apr/May
2008]
( Ref. SS Rattan P.no: 264, Ex.8.8).
(2) The efficiency of the machine ( 4 )
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 260-261)
(3) List the laws of dry or solid friction ( 8 ).

2. The following data relate to rope drive: [May 2010]
Power=0.3transmitted=20kW; diameter of pulley=480mm; speed=80rpm;2 angle of lap on smaller
pulley=160°; number of ropes=8; mass of rope/m length=48 kg; limiting working tension=132; µ ; angle
of groove=44°. If G is girth of rope in m, determine the tension and diameter of each
rope.
3. Any open belt connects two flat pulleys, the smaller pulley being of 400 mm in diameter .the angle of
gap on the smaller pulley is 160 degree and the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.25.
Which of the following alternatives would be more effective in increasing the power that could be
transmitted? [Nov/Dec 2008] (May/June 2016) (Nov/Dec 2017) (APR/MAY 2018)
(i) Increasing the initial tension by 10%
(ii) Increasing the coefficient of friction by 10% by the application of suitable dressing to the
belt?
4. (i) The efficency of a screw is 60%,when a load of 1500N is lifted by an effort applied at the end of
the handle 0.5m.Determine the effort applied if the pitch of the screw thread is 12m. (8)
Kurmi P.no: 272, 279).
(ii) An effort of the 1200N is required to the just move a certain body up an inclined is increased
to 15(degree), then the effort required is 1400N.Find the co-efficient of friction and the weight of the
body. (8) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 272,). [Nov/Dec 2008]
5. Derive the expression for finding the length of the belt drive if it is
(i) Open belt drive (ii) Closed belt drive. (16) ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 334,336,).
[Nov/Dec 2008] (Nov/Dec 2017)
6. A single plate clutch is required to transmit 8kW at 1000rpm. The axial pressure is limited to
70kN/𝑚2. The mean radius of the plate is 4.5 times the radial width of the friction surface. If both the
sides of the plate are effective and μ=0.25, find [May 2010] (May/June 2016) (APR/MAY 2018)
( i ) the inner and outer radii of the plate and the mean radius
( ii ) the width of the friction lining ( 16 )
7. The following data relate to rope drive: [May 2010]

Power transmitted=20kW; diameter of pulley=480mm; speed=80rpm; angle of lap on smaller
pulley=160°; number of ropes=8; mass of rope/m length=48 𝐺2 kg; limiting working tension=132;
μ = 0.3; angle of groove=44°. If G is girth of rope in m, determine the tension and diameter of each
rope. (APR/MAY 2018)
8. The external and internal radii of a friction clutch of a disc type are 90 mm and 50 mm respectively
both sides are friction clutch are effective and coefficient of friction is equal to 0.25.The friction clutch is
used to rotate a machine from a shaft which is rotating at a constant speed of 240 r.p.m. The moment
of inertia of rotating parts of machine is 5.5 kg m2.The intensity of pressure is not exceed 0.8 x105 n/m2 .
Assuming uniform wear, determine the time required for the machine to attain the full speed when the
clutch is suddenly applied. also determine the energy lost in slipping the clutch. [Nov/Dec 2008]

9. A thrust shaft of a ship has 6 collars of 600mm external diameter and 300mm internal diameter. The
total thrust from the propeller is 100KN.If the coefficient of friction is 0.12 and the speed of the engine
90 rpm, find the power absorbed in friction at the thrust block, assuming 1.uniform pressure 2.uniform
wear. . ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 295, ).
10. A single plate clutch, with both sides effective ,has outer and inner diameters 300mm and 200mm
respectively. The maximum intensity of pressure at any point in the contact surface is not to exceed 0.1N/mm 2 .If
the coefficient of friction is 0.3, determine the power transmitted by a clutch at a speed 2500 r.p.m. . ( Ref. R.S
Kurmi P.no: 303, ).
11. A multi plate clutch has three pairs of contact surfaces. The outer and inner radii of the
contact surfaces are 100 mm and 50 mm respectively. The axial spring force is limited to 1KN.
Assuming uniform wear, find the power transmitted at 1500 rpm. Take = 0.35. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi
P.no: 309, ).
12. A V belt drive consists of three V belts in parallel on grooved pulleys of the same size. The
angle of groove is 300 and the co-efficient of friction is 0.12. The cross sectional area of each belt
is 750 mm2 and the permissible safe stress in the materials is 7 Mpa. Calculate the power that can
be transmitted between two pulleys 400 mm in diameter rotating at 960 rpm. Also find the
maximum power that can be transmitted. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 362, ).
13. The trust of a propeller shaft in a marine engine is taken up by a number of collars integral with
a shaft which is 300 mm in diameter. The thrust on the shaft is 200KN and the speed is
75 rpm. Taking µ is equal to 0.05 and assuming intensity of pressure as uniform and equal to 0.3
2
N/mm , find the external diameter of the collars and the number of collars required, if the power
lost in friction is not to exceed 16KW. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 296, ).
14. Derive from first principles the expression for the friction moment of a flat pivot and
truncated conical pivot bearing assuming uniform pressure and uniform wear. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:
286, ).
15. A shaft which rotates at a constant speed of 160 rpm is connected by belting to parallel shaft
720 mm apart, which has to run at 60, 80 and 100 rpm. The smallest pulley on the driving shaft is
40 mm in radius. Determine the remaining radii of the two stepped pulleys for (i) a crossed belt
and (ii) an open belt. Neglect belt thickness and slip. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 337,
16.A square threaded bolt with a core diameter of 25 mm and a pitch of 6 mm is tightened by screwing a nut. The
mean diameter of the bearing surface of the nut is 60 mm. The coefficient of friction for the nut and the bolt is
0.12 and for the nut and bearing surface, it is 0.15. Determine the force required at the end of 400 mm long
spanner if the load on the bolt is 12 kN. (April/May 2019) Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi page 428 -
479
17.Two parallel shafts that are 3.5 m apart are connected by two pulleys of 1 m and 400 mm diameters, the larger
pulley being the driver runs at 220 rpm. The belt weights 1.2 kg per metre length. The maximum tension is the belt
is not to exceed 1.8 kN. The coefficient of friction is 0.28. Owing to slip on one of the pulleys, the velocity of the
driven shaft is 520 rpm only. (April/May 2019)
Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi page 326 - 329
Determine the

(i) Torque on each shaft
(ii) Power transmitted
(iii) Power lost in friction
(iv) Efficiency of the drive

UNIT IV BALANCING AND MECHANISM FOR CONTROL 9
Static and Dynamic balancing – Balancing of revolving and reciprocating masses – Balancing
machines -Balancing a single cylinder engine – Balancing of Multi-cylinder inline, V-engines –
Partial balancing in engines- Governors and Gyroscopic effects.
TWO MARKS:
1. What is partial balancing of locomotives?
A single or uncoupled is a partial balancing of locomotives, in which the effort is transmitted to
one pair of the wheels only; whereas in coupled locomotives, the driving wheels are connected to
the leading and trailing wheel by an outside coupling rod.
2. Differentiate between static and dynamic balancing. (Nov/Dec 2017)
Static balancing: A system of rotating masses is said to be static balance if the combined mass
center of the system lies on the axis of rotation. (Fig.Ref.P.no 478 of Ss Rattan).
Dynamic balancing: A system rotating masses is in dynamic balance when there does not exist
any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
3. What is the method of balancing used in radial engines?

 Direct method
 Reverse cranks method
4. Give factors which ensure complete balanced engine
 Balancing of structural and operational elements within an engine
 Longevity and performance
 Power and efficiency
 Performance and weight/size/cost
 Environmental cost and utility
 Noise/vibration and performance
5. What do you mean by static balancing and dynamic balancing? What are the necessary
conditions to achieve them?
Ref . Answer: Q2
Conditions:
 The resultant centrifugal force must be zero.
 The resultant couple must be zero.
6. Define and explain the term ―Balancing of rotating masses‖. What is the effect of unbalancing of
rotating parts in a high speed engine? (APR/MAY 2018)
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of
the first mass is called Balancing of rotating masses.
7. What are static and dynamic balancing?
Ref . Answer: 2
8. What are primary and secondary force?
The secondary acceleration force is defined as

(Ref.P.no 496 of SS Rattan).

Secondary force = mrw2 cosØ
it‘s the frequency is twice that of the primary force and the magnitude 1/n times the
magnitude of theprimary force.
9. Discuss the crank arrangement for balancing of v-engines.

Consider a symmetrical two cylinder v-engine as shown in fig. (Fig.22.33, Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 899). The
common crank OC is driven by two connecting rods PC and QC. The lines of stroke OP and OQ
are inclined to the vertical OY, at an angle .
10. What is meant by swaying coupling?(May/june 2017)
This couple has swaying effect about a vertical axis, and tends to sway the engine alternately in
clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Hence the couple is known as swaying couple.
11. Define static balancing and dynamic balancing. State the necessary conditions to achieve them.
(May/june 2017)
static balance refers to the balancing of weight and the location of the CG on moving parts.
1. Reciprocating mass - e.g. Piston and connecting rod weight and CG uniformity.
2. Rotating mass - e.g. Crank web weight uniformity and flywheel eccentricity (or lack thereof)
12. Can reciprocating masses can be completely balanced for multi cylinder engines? Justify.
no
13. Why balancing of rotating masses is needed for high speed engines?
In high speed engines, if these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These
forces not only increase the load on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce
unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations.
14. What is meant by ‗Balancing of Rotating
Masses‘? Ref . Answer: 6
15. What do you understand by inside cylinder locomotives?
Inside cylinder can mean: One of the dimensions of a gearwheel, see List of gear nomenclature Inside
cylinder A steam locomotive cylinder positioned in.
16. What do you understand by outside cylinder locomotives?
The design incorporating inclined outside cylinders and a double frame. It was built due to combat the
frequent failure of crank axles on contemporary inside cylinder locomotive designs. The earliest examples were
built by Buddicom at Chartreux for the Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest in 1844 where the type became known as 'Le
Buddicom'
17. Write a short note on primary and secondary balancing.
Primary, "first order" or "first harmonic" balance is supposed to indicate the balancing of items that could shake an
engine once in every rotation of the crankshaft, i.e. having the frequency equal to one crank rotation .
18. Write a short note on secondary balancing.
Secondary or "second order" balance should refer to those items with the frequency of twice in one crank
rotation, so there could be tertiary (third order), quaternary (fourth order), quinary (fifth order), etc. balances as
well.
19. Define simple harmonic motion
It is a special type of periodic motion or oscillation motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to
the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of displacement.

20. Define hammer blow
The maximum magnitude of the unbalance forces along the perpendicular to the line of stroke is
hammer blow.
21. Define tractive force.

The resultant unbalance force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke is known as
tractive force.
22. Define thermal balance.
Thermal balance is crucial for the longevity and durability of an engine, but also has a profound
effect on many of the above balancing categories. For example, it is common for a longitudinally-
mounted inline engine to have the front-most cylinder cooled more than the other cylinders, resulting in
the temperature and torque generated on that cylinder less than on other phase and planes. Also,
thermal imbalance creates variations in tolerance, creating varied sliding frictions.
51. Explain balancing machines.
A balancing machine is a measuring tool used for balancing rotating machine parts such as rotors
for electric motors, fans, turbines, disc brakes, disc drives, propellers and pumps. The machine usually
consists of two rigid pedestals, with suspension and bearings on top supporting a mounting platform. The
unit under test is bolted to the platform and is rotated either with a belt-, air-, or end-drive. As the part is
rotated, the vibration in the suspension is detected with sensors and that information is used to determine the
amount of unbalance in the part. Along with phase information, the machine can determine how much and
where to add or remove weights to balance the part.
52. Explain static balancing machines.
Static balancing machines differ from hard- and soft-bearing machines in that the part is not rotated to
take a measurement. Rather than resting on its bearings, the part rests vertically on its geometric
center. Once at rest, any movement by the part away from its geometric center is detected by two
perpendicular sensors beneath the table and returned as unbalance. Static balancers are often used to
balance parts with a diameter much larger than their length, such as fans. The advantages of using a
static balancer are speed and price. However a static balancer can only correct in one plane, so its
accuracy is limited.
53. Explain the balancing of Reciprocating masses
Piston mass needs to be accelerated and decelerated, resisting a smooth rotation of a crankshaft. In
addition to the up-down movement of a piston, a connecting rod big-end swings left and right and up
and down while it rotates. In order to simplify the motion of a crank/slider mechanism, the connecting
rod/piston assembly is generally divided into two mass groups, a reciprocating mass, and a rotating
mass. The big-end of the rod is generally said to be rotating while the small end is said to be
reciprocating. In truth, however, both ends both reciprocate and rotate.
26. Define critical speed.
The critical speed. This was defined as the speed at which the unbalanced reciprocating parts
reversed the pull of the locomotive. At higher speeds this motion was damped by throttling oil flow
in dashpots. The critical speed varied from 95 rpm for a Baldwin tandem compound to over 310 rpm
for a Cole compound Atlantic.
27. Explain rocking couple.
In a typical V-twin with a shared crank pin, (e.g.Ducati), the strong vibration of the 360°-crank parallel
twin is divided into two different directions and phase separated by the same number of degrees as in the
V angle, with phase. unevenly spaced firing as well as the imbalances Plane imbalance on reciprocating
mass, Plane imbalance on rotating mass, Plane imbalance on torque generation and Plane imbalance on
compression. These four kinds of imbalance are also known as "rocking couple".
28. Explain three cylinder inline engine.
A straight-three engine,[1] also known as an inline-triple, or inline-three , is a reciprocating piston internal
combustion engine with three cylinders arranged in a straight line or plane, side by side.
29. Compare the three cylinder inline engine with four cylinder designs
Compared to three and four cylinder designs, a major advantage in 4-stroke format is the
overlap in power stroke, where the combustion at every 144° of crank rotation ensures a continuous
driving torque, which, while not as much noticeable at high rpm, translates to a much smoother idle.
30. List out the applications of balancing machines.
A balancing machine is a measuring tool used for balancing rotating machine parts such as rotors

for electric motors, fans, turbines, disc brakes, disc drives, propellers and pumps.
31. What is the purpose balancing?
The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a-days. It is, therefore,
very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced as far as
possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These forces not only
increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce unpleasant and even
dangerous vibrations.
32. Define reference plane.
When several masses revolve in different planes, they may be transferred to a reference plane (briefly
written as R.P.), which may be defined as the plane passing through a point on the axis of rotation and
perpendicular to it.
33. What is the effect of transferring a revolving to a reference plane ?
The effect of transferring a revolving mass (in one plane) to a reference plane is to cause a force of
magnitude equal to the centrifugal force of the revolving mass to act in the reference plane, together with
a couple of magnitude equal to the product of the force and the distance between the plane of rotation and
the reference plane.
34. What are all the conditions must be satisfied to ensure the complete balancing?
1. The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couples about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.
35. Define shaking force.
The various forces acting on the reciprocating parts of an engine. The resultant of all the forces acting on
the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
36. Explain the effect of an unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke.
The effect of an unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke is to produce; 1. Variation in tractive
force along the line of stroke ; and 2. Swaying couple.
37. Explain the effect of an unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke
The effect of an unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke is to produce variation in
pressure on the rails, which results in hammering action on the rails. The maximum magnitude of the
unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line of stroke is known as a hammer blow.
38. Define tractive force.
The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders, along the line of stroke, is known as tractive
force.
39. What is the effect of swaying couple?
In order to reduce the magnitude of the swaying couple, revolving balancing masses are introduced. But,
as discussed in the previous article, the revolving balancing masses cause unbalanced forces to act at right
angles to the line of stroke. These forces vary the downward pressure of the wheels on the rails and cause
oscillation of the locomotive in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis. Since a swaying couple is more
harmful than an oscillating couple, therefore a value of ‘c’ from 2/3 to 3/4, in two-cylinder locomotives
with two pairs of coupled wheels, is usually used. But in large four cylinder locomotives with three or
more pairs of coupled wheels, the value of ‘c’ is taken as 2/5.
40. Explain the Balancing of Coupled Balancing .
The uncoupled locomotives as discussed in the previous article, are obsolete now-a-days. In a coupled
locomotive, the driving wheels are connected to the leading and trailing wheels by an outside coupling
rod. By such an arrangement, a greater portion of the engine mass is utilized by tractive purposes. In
coupled locomotives, the coupling rod cranks are placed diametrically opposite to the adjacent main
cranks (i.e. driving cranks). The coupling rods together with cranks and pins may be treated as rotating
masses and completely balanced by masses in the respective wheels.
41. What is meant by In-line engines?
The multi-cylinder engines with the cylinder centre lines in the same plane and on the same side of the
centre line of the crankshaft, are known as In-line engines.
42. What are all the conditions must be satisfied to give the primary balance of the reciprocating
parts of a multi-cylinder engine ?
1. The algebraic sum of the primary forces must be equal to zero. In other words, the primary force
polygon must close
2. The algebraic sum of the couples about any point in the plane of the primary forces must be equal to
zero. In other words, the primary couple polygon must close.

43. How can you perform the primary balancing of the reciprocating parts of a multi-cylinder
engine?
In order to give the primary balance of the reciprocating parts of a multi-cylinder engine, it is convenient
to imagine the reciprocating masses to be transferred to their respective crankpins and to treat the
problem as one of revolving masses.
44. Explain the Balancing of Radial Engines.
The method of direct and reverse cranks is used in balancing of radial or V-engines, in which the
connecting rods are connected to a common crank. Since the plane of rotation of the various cranks (in
radial or V-engines) is same, therefore there is no unbalanced primary or secondary couple.
45. Explain Direct and Reverse Cranks Method.
Consider a reciprocating engine mechanism. Let the crank OC (known as the direct crank) rotates
uniformly at ω radians per second in a clockwise direction. Let at any instant the crank makes an angle θ
with the line of stroke OP. The indirect or reverse crank OC′ is the image of the direct crank OC, when
seen through the mirror placed at the line of stroke. A little consideration will show that when the direct
crank revolves in a clockwise direction, the reverse crank will revolve in the anticlockwise direction. We
shall now discuss the primary and secondary forces due to the mass (m) of the reciprocating parts at P.
46. What is known a dynamic balancing? (April/May 2019)

Dynamic balancing definition: “Dynamic balancing is a way of balancing machines by rotating parts quickly
and measuring the imbalance using electronic equipment. The imbalance measured can then be corrected by
adding or subtracting weight from the rotating parts until the vibration is reduced.”
47. What is the use of mechanical governors? (April/May 2019)

This centrifugal force acts as the controlling force and is used to regulate the fuel supplied to the engine via a
throttling mechanism connected directly to the injection racks

16 MARKS:
1. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D in this order along its axis. The mass A may be
assumed concentrated at a radius of 300mm, B at 375mm, C at 350mm and O at 450mm. the masses A,
C and D are 6.85kg, 4.5kg and 3.6kg respectively. The planes of revolution of A and B are 375mm apart
and B and C are 450mm apart. The angle between the radii of A and C is 90°. Determine
(i) the angles between the radii A, B and D. ( APR/MAY 2018) [Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi
P.no: 412, Ex.12.12).
(ii) The distance between the planes of revolution of C and D
(iii) The valve of mass B so that the shaft may be perfect balance (May/June 2016) (May/june 2017)
(Nov/Dec 2017)
2. Explain the following in detail: (May/june 2017) [Apr/May 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 894,899).
( i ) Balancing of radial engines

( ii ) Balancing of V engines.
3. Three masses of 8kg, 12kg and 15kg attached at radial distances of 80mm, 100mm and 60mm respectively
to a disc on a shaft are in complete balance. Determine the angular positions of the masses
12kg and 15kg relative to 8kg mass. May 2010 ( Ref. S.S Rattan P.no: 485, Ex.14.5).
4. Deduce expression for in tractive force and swaying couple for a locomotive engine. May 2010
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 863,864).
5. Figure 3 shows a long shaft carries 3 pulleys ,two at its ends and third at its mid point.the two end
pulleys have masses 48 kg and 20 kg and centre of gravity are 1.5 cm and 1.25 cm respectively from the
axis of the shaft .the pulleys are so keyed to the shaft that the assembly is in static balance. The shaft

rotates at 300 rpm in two bearings 180 cm apart with equal over hangs on either sides. Determine
relative angular position of the pulleys. [Nov/Dec 2008] ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 853, Ex.21.7).
6. A shaft carries four masses A,B,C and D of magnitude 200 kg,300 kg, 400 kg and 200kg respectively
and revolving at a radius of 80,70,60,80 mm in planes measured from A at 300,400,700 mm. The angles
between the cranks measured clockwise are A to B 450, B to C 700 , C to D 1200. The balancing masses
are to be placed In the planes X and Y .The distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm , between X
and y is 400mm and between Y and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100mm,
find their magnitudes and angular positions. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 843).
7. A, B, C and D are four masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii 100,125,200 and 150 mm respectively. The
planes in which the masses revolve are spaced 600mm apart and the mass of B, c and D are 10kg , 5kg and 4 kg
respectively. Find the required mass A and the relative angular settings of the four masses so that the shaft be in
complete balance. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 847).
8. A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150mm long. The planes of rotation of the first, second and fourth
cranks are 400 mm,200 mm, 200 mm respectively from the third crank and their reciprocating masses are 50,60,
50 kg respectively, find the mass of the reciprocating parts for third cylinder and the relative angular positions of
the cranks in order that the engine may be in complete balance. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 879).
9. The Cranks and the connecting rods of a 4 cylinder in-line engine running bat 188 r.p.m are 60 mm and 240 mm
respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1 to 4 in sequence from one
end, the cranks appear at intervals of 900 in an end view in the order 1-4-2-3.The reciprocating mass corresponding
to each cylinder is 15kg, Determine 1.Unbalanced primary and secondary forces 2. Unbalanced primary and
secondary couples with reference to central plane of the engine. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 882).
10. A five cylinder in line engine running at 750 r.p.m has successive cranks 144 0 apart, the distance between the
cylinder centerline being 375 mm. The piston stroke is 225 mm and the ratio of connecting rod to the crank is 4.
Examine the engine for balance of primary and secondary forces and couples, Find the maximum values of these
and the positions of the central crank at which these maximum values occur. The reciprocating mass for each
cylinder is 15 kg. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 907).
11. The spacing of the 4 – cylinder A, B, C and D of a vertical in –line engine is 650 mm, 500 mm and
o
650 mm. the reciprocating masses of the inner cylinder B and C are 80 kg and their cranks are at 60 to
one another. The stroke is 325 mm and connecting rods are 600 mm long. Find the magnitude
of the reciprocating masses for the outer cylinder A and D and the relative angular positions of all the
cranks if primary forces and couples are to be balanced. What is the maximum unbalanced secondary
force when the speed of engine 375 rpm. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 906).
12. A shaft rotates in two bearings A and B, 180 cm apart and projects 45 cm beyond A and
B. at the extremities, of the shaft are two pulleys of masses 20kg and 48 kg, their centre
of gravity being respectively 1.25 cm and 1.5 cm from the axis of the shaft. Mid way between the
bearings is a third pulley of mass 56 kg, its C.G. being 1.5 cm from the axis of the shaft. If the three
pulleys have been arranged so as to obtain static balance, find the dynamic forces produced on the
bearings when the shaft rotates at 300 rpm. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 882).
13. A four crank engine has the two outer cranks set at 1200 to each other, and their reciprocating
masses are each 400 Kg. The distance between the planes of rotation of adjacent cranks are 450
mm, 750 mm and 600 mm. If the engine is to be in complete primary balance, find the

reciprocating mass and the relative angular position for each of the inner cranks. If the length of
each crank is 300 mm, the length of each connecting rod is 1.2m and the speed of rotation is 240
rpm, what is the maximum secondary unbalanced force? ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 905).
14. A shaft rotates in two bearings A and B, 180 cm apart and projects 45 cm beyond A and
B. at the extremities, of the shaft are two pulleys of masses 20kg and 48 kg, their centre
of gravity being respectively 1.25 cm and 1.5 cm from the axis of the shaft. Mid way between the
bearings is a third pulley of mass 56 kg, its C.G. being 1.5 cm from the axis of the shaft. If the three
pulleys have been arranged so as to obtain static balance, find the dynamic forces produced on the
bearings when the shaft rotates at 300 rpm. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 882).
15. Four masses 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg are attached to a shaft. These masses are
revolving at radii 270 mm, 210 mm, 300 mm and 360 mm respectively in planes measured from A1
o
at 270 mm, 420mm and 720mm respectively. The angles measured anticlockwise are m1 to m2 45 ,
o o
m2 to m3 75 , m3 tom4 135 , and the distance between the planes L and M in which the balance
masses are to be placed is500 mm. the distance between planes A1 and L is 120 mm and M and A4
is 100 mm. if the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 72 mm, find their magnitude and angular
positions. ( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 855).
16. A four cylinder oil engine is in complete primary balance. The arrangement of the reciprocating masses in
different planes is as shown in fig. the stroke of each piston is 2 r mm. determine the reciprocating mass of the
cylinder 2 and the relative crank positions. (April/May 2019) Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi
page 529
17. In a Proell governor the mass of each ball is 8 kg and the mass of the sleeve is 120 kg. each arm is 180 mm
long. The length of extension of lower arms to which the balls are attached is 80 mm. The distance of the
pivots of arms from axis of rotations is 30 mm and the radius of rotation of the balls is 160 mm when the arms
are inclined at 40 degree to the axis of rotation. (April/May 2019) Refer Mechanics of Machines by Khurmi
page 860
Determine the
(i) Equilibrium speed

(ii) Coefficient of insensitiveness if the friction of the mechanism is equivalent to 30 N.
(iii) Range of speed when the governor is inoperative.

UNIT V VIBRATION 9
Free, forced and damped vibrations of single degree of freedom systems – force transmitted to
supports – vibration Isolation – vibration absorption – torsional vibration of shafts – single and multirotor systems
– geared shafts – critical speed of shafts.
1. Define vibration.
Vibrations are produced in machines having unbalanced masses. Thus vibrations will be transmitted to the
foundation upon which the machines are installed. This is usually undesirable. To diminish the transmitted
forces, machines are usually mounted on springs or dampers, or on some other vibration isolating materials.
This process is called vibration isolation.
1.What is the effect of damping in the critical speed of a shaft? (May/June 2016)
A dashpot is a mechanical device, a damper which resists motion via viscous friction.[1] The resulting force
is proportional to the velocity, but acts in the opposite direction, slowing the motion and absorbing energy. It is
commonly used in conjunction with a spring (which acts to resist displacement)
3. Define frequency.
It‘s the number of cycles described in one second. In S.I units, the frequency is expressed in ―Hzǁ which is
equal to the one cycle per second.
4. What is critical speed? (May/June 2016)
The speed, at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of rotation
becomes infinity, is known as critical or whirling speed.
5. What are the causes and effect of vibration?
There are various harmful effects of vibration: (a) Excessive wear of bearings. (b) Formation of cracks in
machines, buildings and structure, etc. (c) Loosening of fasteners in mechanical systems. (d) Structural and
mechanical failures in machines and buildings. (e) Frequent and costly maintenance of machines. (f)
Electronic malfunctions through failure of solder joints. (g) Abrasion of insulation around electric
conductors, causing soots. (h) The occupational exposure of humans to vibration leads to pain, discomfort
and reduction in working efficiency.
6. A shaft of 100 mm diameter and1 meter long has one of its free end fixed and the other end carries a
disc of mass 500 kg at a radius of gyration 450mm.the modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 80
GN/m2.Determine the frequency of the torsional vibration. (Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 947).
7. Prove that the natural angular velocity of a body having free longitudinal vibration is given by
ὠn=square root (s/m) where ὠn=circular frequencs= stiffness of the spring to which mass is
attached
( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no: 911,912).
8. What do you understand by ―torsionally equivalent shaft?

As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference
between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress,
while avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia.

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Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

2.Differentiate machine and structure.(nov/dec

3.What is degree of freedom?(May/June

6. What is a machine? Giving example, differentiate between a machine and structure.

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

9. What are the types of instantaneous

10. How are kinematics pair classified? (Nov/dec 2013 )

By fixing the different links in a kinematic chain , an inversion is obtained.

Inversions of the single slider crank chain

Inversions of the Double slider crank chain

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

By fixing the different links in a kinematic chain ,an inversion is obtained.

Inversions of the single slider crank chain

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

18. What is cam?

23. The types of cams and followers. (Nov/Dec 2017)

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

24.Differentiate between completely constrained motion and incompletely constrained motion.

25.State Grashof’s law for a four bar mechanism? (Nov/Dec 2013)

26.What you mean by inversion of mechanism? (Nov/Dec 2011)

27.What is the importance of finding accelerations of various points in a

28. What is coriolis component of acceleration?(Nov/Dec 2006)

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

31. What are the tangent cams? (May/June 2016)

33. Define statics of machines.

34. Define Polygon law of forces.

35. Explain Plane Motion.

36. Explain the Types of kinematic Links

37. Define kinematic pair

38. Compare the lower pair and higher pair

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

40. Establish the relation between link, pair and joints.

41. What do you mean by quaternary joint

42. Define Degrees of Freedom for Plane Mechanisms.

43. Classify the followers based on the motion of the follower.

44. Classify the cams.

45. Define Prime circle.

46. List out the various motion followed by the followers.

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

48. What is circular arc cam

50. Explain the necessity of having cams with special contours.

51. State the use of kinematic analysis of mechanisms.

52. What is the use of offset follower in cams?

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

( Ref. R.S Kurmi P.no:93, Ex: 3.6

(Refer class notes or mechanics of machines by jayakumar ;Page no;1.28)

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

(Refer class notes or mechanics of machines by jayakumar ;Page no;1.5)

(Refer class notes or mechanics of machines by jayakumar ;Page no;3.52)

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

(Refer class notes or mechanics of machines by jayakumar ;Page no;3.57)

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

Dept. of Aeronautical Engg. JeppiaarEngg. College, Chennai

10. Name the different motions that a follower can have.

15.What is the use of rack and pinion?

18. Define path of approach and path of recess. (Nov/Dec 2009)