Group 1

Members: Pham Trung Ky

Nguyen Trong Nghia
Huynh Cong Tao
Luu Hoang Phu
Course: Reservoir Petrophysics
EXERCISE
Chapter 2 - Example 1: An experiment has been performed to determine the porosity of an
irregularly shaped core sample. The cleaned dry sample was weighed in air. It was then
evacuated and fully saturated with an oil with a density of 0.85 gm/cc and then weighed again in
air. Afterwards, the saturated sample was weighed when it was fully immersed in the oil. Here
are the results of the experiment.
Weight of dry sample in air = 42.40 gm
Weight of the saturated sample in air = 45.49 gm
Weight of the saturated sample immersed in the oil = 28.80 gm
a. Calculate the porosity of the core.
b. Is there enough information from this experiment to determine the mineralogy of the sample?
If yes, what is it?
Please justify your answer with appropriate arguments.
Given data:
Wt of dry sample (Wdry) = 42.40 gm
Wt of saturated sample (Wsat) = 45.49 gm
Wt of sample immersed in oil (Wi) = 28.80 gm
Density of saturating oil (ρ) = 0.85 gm/cc

Solution:
a. Required to calculate the porosity of the sample.
Pore volume is:
(W sat – W dry ) ( 45.49 – 42.40)
V p= = =3.64 cc
ρ 0.85
Bulk volume is:
(W sat – W i) (45.49 – 28.80)
V b= = =19.64 cc
ρ 0.85
Porosity of the sample is:
 V p 3.64
Φ= = =0.185
V b 19.64

b. Yes. There is enough information to determine the mineralogy of the sample through the grain
density.
Grain volume is:
V s =V b – V p =19.64 – 3.64=16.00 cc

Alternatively, Grain volume is:

(W dry – W i) 42.4−28.8
V p= = =16 cc
ρ 0.85
Grain density is:
W dry 42.4
ρ s= = =2.65 gms /cc
Vs 16

Specific gravity of mineral is:

ρs 2.65
γ m= = =2.65
ρw 1

Chapter 2 - Example 2: Table shows the data from such an experient

performed on a unconsolidated sandpack using Dow Corning mineral oil.
The fluid and sandpack properties were as follows:
μ = 105.363 cp
L = 115.6 cm
d = 4.961 cm
φ = 37.80%
Calculate the permeability
Solution:
To calculate the permeability (k) of the unconsolidated sandpack, we can use Darcy's Law,
which relates the flow rate (q) of a fluid through a porous medium to the pressure drop (ΔP)
across the medium, and the properties of the fluid and the medium:
kA ∆ P
q=
μ
where:
q is the flow rate [cm3/s]
k is the permeability [Darcy or cm2]
A is the cross-sectional area of the medium [cm2]
ΔP is the pressure drop [Pa]
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid [Pa.s]
We can rearrange this equation to solve for k:
Qμ
k=
A ∆P
We have been given the values of the fluid and sandpack properties:
μ = 105.363 cP = 0.105363 Pa.s
L = 115.6 cm
d = 4.961 cm
φ = 37.80%
qμL
k=
A ∆P
The cross-sectional area:

A=π () (
d 2
2
=π
4.961 2
2 )
=19.33 cm
2

So we have the results as the table:

q (cc/s) ΔP (Pa) k (cm2)

0 0 0
0,0014 0,0476 0,0185
0,0556 1,9284 0,0181
0,0889 3,0573 0,0183
0,1333 4,5439 0,0185
0,2222 7,53 0,0186
0,3111 10,456 0,0187

1 2
So the result is: k =0.01845 ± (cm )
6000

Chapter 2 - Example 3: The permeability of a clean, dry core plug is to be determined. The
core is cylindrical with a diameter of 24 mm and a length of 32 mm. The core was installed in a
gas permeameter, and air was flowed through it at an average rate of 100 cm3 in 2 minutes 20
seconds, measured at atmospheric pressure (Figure 3.8). The pressure differential across the sample
was kept constant at 12 cm of mercury. The upstream gauge pressure (at the inlet of the core) was 76
cm of mercury. The gas viscosity at the test temperature was 0.01808 cp. The barometric pressure
was 76 cm of mercury.

1. Calculate the permeability to air at the test conditions.

2. Does the permeability calculated in part 1 represent the true absolute permeability of this core? If
yes, why? If no, why not?

Given data:
Core diameter (d) = 24 mm = 2.4 cm
Length of cylindrical (L) = 32 mm = 3.2 cm
Average flow rate (q ¿¿ sc )¿ 3
¿ 100 cm /(2 minutes 20 seconds)
The upstream gauge pressure ¿ 76 cm of Hg gauge
The barometric pressure (P¿¿ 1)¿ ¿ 76 cm of Hg gauge
Height of mercury columm = 12 cm
The gas viscosity at the test temperature (μ¿¿ g)¿= 0.01808 cP

Solution:
Fisrt of all, we need convert the unit to the standar condition:
3 3
q sc =100 cm /(2 minutes20 seconds)= (100 /140 ) cm / s.
152
P1=76 cm of Hg gauge=76+76=152 cmof Hg absolute= =2 atm absolute .
76
P2=( P 1−12 )=152−12=140 cm of Hg absolute ¿ 140/76=1.842atm absolute .

1. We have :
2 2
kA P1−P2
q sc = × ,
2 μL P sc

So, the permeability to air at the test conditions is:

 k g=
2 q sc × μ × Psc × L
=
(2)× ( )
100
140
×(0.01808) ×( 1)×( 3.2)
=0.0301 Darcy=30.1 mD .
π(
2 )
2
A × ( P21 −P 22) 2.4 2 2
×(2 −1.842 )

2. No. The calculated permeability to gas of 30.1 md is not the true absolute permeability of
the core because of Klinkenberg effect. It is larger than the absolute permeability of the
core.
Hiệu ứng Klinkenberg là gì? Ad
Chapter 3 – Example 1: A 10 cm long cylindrical core sample was subjected to a laboratory
linear flow test under a pressure differential of 3.4 atm using a fluid of viscosity of 2.5 cP. The
diameter of the core is 4 cm. A flow rate of 0.35 cc/s was obtained. Calculate the permeability of
this core sample.
Flow rate (q) =0.35 cc/s
Pressure differential ( p1− p2 ) =∆ P =3.4 atm
Fluid viscosity (µ) =2.5 cP
The diameter of the core (d) =4 cm
Length of cylindrical core sample =10 cm
(L)
Given data:

Solution:
The equation to calculate flow rate is:
kA ( p1− p2 )
q= ,
μL
The cross – sectional area of this core:

() ()
2 2
d 4 2
A=π =π =12.57 cm
2 2
So, the permeability of this core sample is:

k=
qμL
=
0.35 ( ccs )× 2.5( cP ) × 10(cm) =204 mD
2
A ( p1 − p2 ) 12.57(cm )× 3.4

Chapter 3 – Example 2: A horizontal pipe having 2 in. inside diameter and 12 in. long is filled
with a sand of 24% porosity. This sandpack has an irreducible water saturation of 28% and a
permeability to gas of 245 mD. The viscosity of the gas is 0.015 cP.
1.What is the actual velocity of the gas (in cm/s) under 100 psi pressure differential?
2. What is the average flow rate of the gas in ft3/day and cm3/s?
Give data:
Inside diameter (din) = 2 in = 5.08 cm
Long of the pipe (L) = 12 in = 30.48 cm
Porosity of the sand (φ = 24% = 0.24
)
Water saturation (Swi) = 28% = 0.28
Permeability (k) = 245 mD = 0.245 Darcy
Gas viscosity (µg) = 0.015 cP
Pressure differential = 100 psi = 6.8 atm

Solution:
1.
The apparent velocity is:
k ( p1− p2 ) 0.245 ( Darcy ) ×6.8( atm) cm
v= = =3.64 .
µg L 0.015 ( cP ) ×30.48( cm) s

The actual velocity in a water-wet reservoir is:

v a=
v
=
3.64 ( cms )
=21.1
cm
.
φ(1−S wi ) 0.24 ×(1−0.28) s

2.
The cross-sectional in ft 2 is:

[ ]
2
2 1
A=π r 2 =π × × ( ft ) =0.0128 ft 2
2 12

The average flow rate of the gas in ft3/day is:

−3
6.63 ×10 × k × A × ( p1− p2 ) 6.63 ×10−3 ×245 ( mD ) ×0.0218 ( ft 2) × 100 ( psi )
q= =
µg L 0.015 ( cP ) × 1 ( ft )
3
ft
¿ 225.5 .
day
The average flow rate of the gas in cm3/s is:

( ) ( )
3 3
cm cm
q=225.5 ×0.33 =73.9 .
s s
Sự khác biệt giữa độ rỗng và độ thấm?
+ Ý nghĩa vật lí
Độ rỗng đặc trưng cho khả năng chứa của vỉa
Độ thấm đặc trưng cho khả năng phân phối dòng (thấm qua vỉa hoặc bị đẩy ra khỏi vỉa)
+Đơn vị đo
Độ rỗng là đại lượng vô hướng ( scalar porosity), tensor bậc không
Độ thấm là đại lượng có đơn vị đo, có hướng (tensor bậc 2)
EXAMPLE 3:
A cubic block of a carbonate rock with an intercrystalline intergranular porosity system
has a matrix porosity of 19%. The permeability of the matrix is 1 mD. Calculate:
1. The permeability of the fracture if each square foot contains one fracture in the
direction of fluid flow.
2. The flow rate in field units through the fracture and the fracture-matrix system.
The width of the fracture is 2.5x10 -3in., the viscosity of the flowing fluid is 1.5 cP, and Δp
across this block is 10 psia.
Solution:
1. The permeability of a fracture is:
6 2
k f =8.444 ×10 w f

w f =2.5 ×10−3 ×2.54=6.35 ×10−3 cm

−3 2
k f =8.444 ×10 × ( 6.34 ×10 ) =304.5 Darcy
6

2. The flow rate through the fracture only can be estimated from Darcy’s law:
L = 1ft, ∆ p = 10 psia, k = 304.5 Darcy, μ =1.5 cP
A f =0.025 × 1=¿

340.5× 2.08× 104 ×10

q=1.127 =0.533 bbl/ day
1.5 × 1
The flow rate through the matrix only:
−4 3
Am =A f =1−2.08 × 10 ≈ 1 f t
 −3
10 ( 1× 1× 10 )
q=1.127 × =0.0075 bbl/ day
1.5 ×1
The total flow rate through the block is:
q=0.533+ 0.0075=0.54 bbl/ day

EXAMPLE 4:
A cubic sample of a limestone formation has a matrix permeability of 1 mD and contains
5 solution channels per square foot. The radius of each channel is 0.05 cm. Calculate:
1. The solution-channel permeability assuming a vug-porosity of 3% and an irreducible
water saturation in these channels equal to 18%
2. The average permeability of this rock
Data:
k c = permeability of channels, Darcy

k m = permeability of matrix, Darcy

A = cross-sectional area, cm2

n c = number of channels per unit area

r c = solution channel radius, cm

ϕ c =¿ solution channel porosity

Siwc = irreducible water saturation in the channel

Siwc =18 %=0.18

ϕ c =3 %=0.03

r c =0.05 cm

Solution:
1. The solution-channel permeability:
6 2
k c =12.6 ×10 ( 1−Siwc ) ϕ c r c

¿ 12.6 ×106 ( 1−0.18 ) × 0.03× 0.052=775 Darcy

2. The average permeability of this rock

2 2
A=1 f t =929 c m
k m=1 mD
n c =5

( ) ( )
2 2
nc π r c nc π r c
k mc = k c + 1− km
A A

( ) ( )
2 2
5 π 0.05 5 π 0.05
k mc = × 0.775× 106 + 1− ×1
929 929

¿ 42 ×10 × 0.775 ×10 + ( 1−42 ×10 ) × 1=36.5 mD

−6 6 −6

EXAMPLE 5
1. Calculate the production rate for an oil well in a 160-acre drainage area where the
average pressure is partially maintained at 1850 psia by water injection at the boundary.
The following parameters are available:

2. What is the ideal production, that is, no skin damage?

Solution:
0.00708 kh ( p− pw )
q sc =
μ Bo [ ln ( r e /r w ) −0.75+0.25 f + s ]

The radius of the drainage area is:

( ) ( )
0.5 0.5
43560 A 43560× 160
re= = =1489.46 ft
π π

The production rate of this well:

0.00708(180)(16) ( 1850−1230 ) STB
q sc = =561
(2.2)( 1.1) [ ln ( 1489.46/0.5 )−0.75+(0.25)(0.25)+2 ] D

The ideal production rate of this well is obtained by letting s = 0

0.00708(180)(16) ( 1850−1230 ) STB
q sc = =715
(2.2)( 1.1) [ ln ( 1489.46/0.5 )−0.75+ ( 0.25 ) ( 0.25 ) +0 ] D

This well is treated to remove the skin damage, an additional 154 STB/D will be
produced, an increase of approximately 27%
EXAMPLE 6
A Cartesian plot of pressure data recorded during a constant rate well test in a water-
driven oil reservoir yielded a pseudosteady-state straight line with slope -0.26 psi/h.
Other pertinent reservoir and well data include the following:

Determine the drainage boundary index f. Is the pressure at the drainage boundary
constant?
Solution:
The drainage boundary index f is calculated from a rearranged:

f =1+
[ ct V p
]
0.234 q sc Bo
m
¿

The drainage pore volume is:

6 3
Vp= Ah ϕ=7.72 × 43560× 49 ×0.23=3.79 ×10 f t
The boundary index is:

f =1+ [ 17 ×106 ×3.79 ×10−6

0.234 ×350 ×1.136 ](−0.26 )=0.82

since f < 1, the pressure at the drainage boundary is not constant because either the water
drive is not very strong or only a fraction of the reservoir boundary is open to water drive.
EXAMPLE 7
Given the following properties of a dry sweet gas (gravity = 0.61) at a temperature of 120
° F, calculate the corresponding values of m(p) by the numerical integration

Solution:
Real gas pseudo-pressure function
p
p
m ( p )=2∫ dp
pb μ ( p ) z ( p)

P1 is some arbitrary base pressure, 

μ is gas viscosity
z is gas compressibility
Trapezoidal method can be used to calculate pseudo-pressure:
P
2P
mp=∑ ×∆ p
0 μz

The area of a trapezoid:

b 1+b 2
Area=h
2

At 0 pisa pressure:
2× P
=0 psia/cp
μ× z

At 400 pisa pressure:

2× P 2 × 400
= =70991.21 psia/cp
μ × z 0.0118 × 0.955

At 800 pisa pressure:

2× P 2× 800
= =140043.76 psia/cp
μ × z 0.0125 × 0.914

At 1200 pisa pressure:

2× P 2× 1200
= =203759.36 psia/cp
μ × z 0.0134 × 0.879

The area of a trapezoid:

b 1+b 2
Area=h
2

Between 0 psi and 400 psi pressure:

Trapezoid area=
( 2P
μz
at 400 psi+
2P
μz
at 0 psi ) × ( 400−0 )

2
 (70991.21+0 ) × ( 400−0 )
¿ =14,198,242 psi a2 / cp
2

Pseudo-pressure:
2
¿ 14,198,242 psi a /cp
Between 800 psi and 400 psi pressure:

Trapezoid area=
( 2P
μz
at 800 psi+
2P
μz
at 400 psi) × ( 800−400 )

2
(140043.76+ 70991.21 ) × ( 800−400 )
¿ =42,206,995 psi a 2 /cp
2

Pseudo-pressure:
2
¿ 14,198,242+42,206,995=56,405,238 psi a /cp

Between 1200 psi and 800 psi pressure:

Trapezoid area=
( 2P
μz
at 1200 psi+
2P
μz
at 800 psi )× ( 1200−800 )

2
( 203759.36+140043.76 ) × ( 800−400 )
¿ =68,760,624 psi a2 /cp
2

Pseudo-pressure:
2
¿ 56,405,238+68,760,624=125,165,862 psi a /cp
Similar to the calculation above, we have the following table:
Gas Gas Pressure Pseudo-
Pressure: p Trapezoid area
compressibility viscosity 2p/µgz pressure
[pisa] psia2/cp
factor z µg (cP) (psia/cP) psia2/cp
400 0.955 0.0118 70991.21 14198242.97 14198242.97
800 0.914 0.0125 140043.76 42206995.70 56405238.67
1200 0.879 0.0134 203759.36 68760624.77 125165863.44
1600 0.853 0.0145 258721.75 92496222.61 217662086.05
2000 0.838 0.0156 305978.83 112940115.82 330602201.87
 Plot pseudo-pressure and pressure
350000000

f(x) = 77.725134451077 x² + 10911.2523681828 x − 1160999.52807797

300000000 R² = 0.999858665466674

250000000
Pseudo-pressure [pisa2/cP]

200000000

150000000

100000000

50000000

0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Pressure [psia]

EXAMPLE 8
A well is producing 275 MSCF/day from a gas reservoir under the influence of a partial
water drive with an index of 0.5.
Calculate the wellbore pressure and the pressure at the drainage boundary. The following
reservoir and fluid properties are known:

Solution:
The wellbore pressure:

[ (( )]
0.5
2 r
)
pw = p −m ln e −0.75+ 0.25 f
rw

q sc μ g zT
m=
0.702 ×10−3 kh
Substituting the values of the fluid and reservoir properties gives:
(275)(0.035)(0.95)( 460+130)
m= −3
=43895
0.702×10 × 5× 35

[ )]
0.5
2
pw = 2720 −43895 ln (( )
2640 3 0.25
0.5
− +
4 2
=2655 psia

The pressure at the drainage boundary:

[ )]
0.5
2
pe = 2720 −43895
4(
1+0.5
=2723 psia

EXAMPLE 9
1. Determine the average or effective non-Darcy flow coefficient of a two-layer gas
reservoir, using the following data.

2. In the absence of lab-derived values of β , which of the correlations would have been
applicable in this reservoir
Solution:
1. The fraction f is
10
=0.4∈¿ layer 1
25
15
=0.6∈¿ layer 2
25

∑ β i k 3i f i =5.22× 108 × 35.63 × 0.4+ 3.75× 101 × 1553 × 0.6=93.2× 1012

∑ ( k i f i )2= ( 35.6× 0.4 )2 +( 155 ×0.6 )2=8851.77
∑ k i f i=k=35.6 × 0.4+155 ×0.6=107.24 mD
93.2×10 12 7 −1
β= =9.82× 10 f t
8851.77 ×107.24
0.166+0.138
The arithmetic average porosity of the two layers is =0.152
2
The average permeability is 107.24 mD
10
4.11 ×10 7 −1
β= 4
=8 ×10 f t
3
107.24

4.85 ×10 4
β= =14.8 ×107 f t −1
0.152 × √ 107.24
5.5

EXAMPLE 10
A consolidated sand core 2 cm in diameter and 5 cm long has a permeability of 225 mD
and a porosity of 20%. Air at 75 ° F is injected into this core. The inlet pressure is 100
psia and the outlet pressure 14.7 psia. The viscosity of air is 0.02 cP, and the
compressibility is assumed to be equal to 1.0. Calculate the mass flow rate:
Solution:
The mass flow rate for air can be calculated:
β
a=
μg A

1
b=
k

−MA ( p1− p2 )
2 2

c=
2 zRT μ g L
2
a q m +b q m +c=0
1 0.5
[−b+ ( b −4 ac ) ]
2
q m=
2a
k =225 mD and ϕ =20 %

The value of β 3 ×107 f t−1. In laboratory units [ gc =1013420 (g-cm)/ (atm/cm2) (s2)]
3× 107
β= =0.97 atm-sec2/g
(2.54 )(12)(1013420)

The cross-sectional area is equal to:

π 22 2
A= =3.14 c m
4
g
The other variables in laboratory units for q m in are:
s

M = 29 g/g-mole
μ g=0.02 cP

R = 82.06 cm3-atm/(g-mole) (oK)

T = 297.2 oK
L = 5 cm
p21− p22 =6.82−1=45.28 at m2

k =0.225 Darcy.

The values of the constants a, b, and c are:

0.97
a= =15.44
( 0.02 )( 3.14 )
1
b= =4.44
0.225
29× 3.14 × 45.28
c= =−0.85
2 ×1 ×82.06 ×297.2 ×0.02 ×5
gc = conversion factor: 32.17 lbm-ft/(lbf) (s2)

The equation describing the mass flow rate through the core is:
2
15.44 q m +4.44 qm −0.85=0
1 g
q m=
2× 15.44
{−4.44+ [ 4.44 +4 ( 15.44 ) ( 0.85 ) ] }=0.13
2 0.5
s

To change this mass flow rate to volumetric flow rate, which is more commonly used, the
density of the fluid at some pressure must be calculated and the mass flow divided by the
fluid density.
At an average pressure:
p= (100+ 14.7 ) 12=57.35 pisa or 3.9 atm
Mp
Density of the fluid p=
zRT
(29)(3.9) g
p= =4.46 × 10−3
(1)(82.06)(297.2) cm
3

The volumetric flow rate q, at the average pressure is equal to:

3
0.13 cm
q= −3
=28
4.46 ×10 s
EXAMPLE 11
Calculate the mass flow rate for the core flow test in the previous example 10 using the
above procedure.
Solution:
The values of J 1 and J 2 are first calculated:
2
64 gc ρ A ∆ p 64 × 32.17 ×4.46 × 10−3 ×3.14 2
J 1= = =¿ 18.667
βL 0.97× 5
βk 0.97 ×0.225
J 2= 10
= 10
=5.49023 ×10−11
6.33 ×10 A μ g 6.33× 10 × 3.14 ×0.02

Substituting these values of J 1 and J 2

ln ( qm ) + 1.4253 ( J 2 q m )
2 0.2956
+ ln
( 33.115
J1 )
=0=J ( q m )

J ( q m )=ln ( q2m ) +1.4253 ( 1415.30 qm )

−0.2956
+14.2638

R e pr
q m=
J2
82.06 ×
q m=
5.49023× 10−11

q=
( s )
lb
qm m

2.205× 10 ( ) ρ(
cm )
lb 3 g m
g 3

−4 3
3.3 ×10 cm
q= −3 −3
=32.25
2.205× 10 × 4.46× 10 s

EXAMPLE 12
Consider the graph of permeability versus depth shown in Figure 7.14 for a 27-ft long
core from an oil well in the Rodessa, Determine Texas, the fields. average permeability in
the vicinity of this well for the 6204-6208-ft core segment. What is the average
permeability of the entire sand core?
The average permeability of the formation in this oil well can be approximated by that of
the core, even though it is commonly known that the properties of a core will change.
Solution:
The average permeability in the 6204-6208 ft segment is:
482.5
=120.5 mD
4
27

∑ k j h j=1886 mD−ft
j=1

the average permeability is equal to:

1886
k= =70 mD
27

The in-situ average permeability obtained from pressure tests gives a better
representation of the flow capacity of the reservoir.
1.The total fluid flow rate through this stratified drainage area is the sum of flow rates
through the individual layers separated by infinitely thin impermeable barriers, as
expressed by Equation 7.147. Assuming steady-state conditions, the individual flow rates:
2π ∆ p
q t=
re
( k ht )
μ ln
rw
2π ∆ p
q j= (k h )
re j j
μ ln
rw
n
1
k = ∑ k jh j
ht j=1

This equation is applicable to both oil and gas reservoirs.

EXAMPLE 13
The permeability of a 160-acre light-gas formation drained by a single well is 15 mD.
The well was heavily acidized to a permeability of 25 mD and a radius of 30 ft, and then
completed. During well completion, a 2-ft thick damaged zone developed in the vicinity
of the wellbore. The permeability of this damaged segment is 4 mD. The wellbore radius
is 0.50 ft. Calculate the average permeability of this drainage area.
Solution:

A schematic diagram of the drainage system

 ( )
0.5
r w =0.5 ft and r e = 43560 × 160 =1490 ft
π

The average permeability of this system is:

k=
( 0.5 )
1490
ln
=11.9 mD

4 ( 0.5 ) 250 ( 2.5 ) 15 ( 30 )

1 23 1 30 1 1490
ln + ln + ln

If the well was completed properly without zonal damage, the average permeability
would have been:

k =ln
(
ln
0.5 )
1490
=29 mD

4 ( 0.5 ) 15 ( 30 )
1 23 1 1490
ln + ln

Nearly double the permeability of the f