REGIONAL SETTING OF THE

SUNDA AND ASRI BASINS

A compilation Study

By

R.P.Koesoemadinata

Jakarta February 2, 2004

 REGIONAL SETTING OF THE SUNDA AND ASRI BASINS

A compilation Study
By
R.P.Koesoemadinata
Jakarta February 2, 2004

INTRODUCTION

The Sunda basin is often considered as a Tertiary back-arc basin situated between
Sumatra and Java, north or northeast of the present day volcanic arc. It is roughly
triangular in shape the apex facing south-southwest toward the volcanic cone east of
Merak (G. Karang) (see Fig -1a).
The present study attempts to unravel the relationship of the Sunda basin as back-arc
basin to present day volcanic arc and the related subduction zone south in the Indian
ocean is not clear. The volcanic arc itself if not entirely clear. G. Karang, for example,
which is close to the Sunda basin, is a solitary volcanic cone off the main E-W
trending volcanoes of the magmatic arc about 100 miles more toward the south.

Sunda basin is controlled by the north-south trending graben system, especially during
the Eocene-Oligocene time. The overall structure of the basin is that of a series of
mainly north-south rifts which propagated stepwise towards the northeast into the
Sunda craton, that is the continental crust of the SE Asian plate. Subsidence along the
rifts produced a series of half-grabens, the largest of which (Seribu) dips eastward,
where a large block of Cretaceous continental crust foundered against the northwest
edge of the Seribu Platform (Wight et al, 1986)
Main graben: Seribu Nunung Graben, Hera Graben, and Asri Graben
Minor grabens: Kitty Nora Graben, south west of Nunung Graben and Yani
Graben between Seribu-Nunung and Hera Graben
Surrounding platform: Sunda Shelf (a vast south dipping platform or shield) to the
north, Sundari Platform in the central west, the Lampung Platform in the southwest
and Seribu Platform in the southeast (a northeast tilted block, separating from the
Arjuna Basin). Sunda basin opened mainly during post Oligocene toward the east
into the Northwest Java basin, and presumably toward southwest into the Sunda
Strait. The latter basin contains a thick Neogene sequence, the basin floor has not
been penetrated by the drill. These openings forms passages for marine transgression
during Early Miocene time.

Structural features within the basin consists of domal paleohighs, asymmetric horst
and graben, minor troughs, and numerous normal faults with predominantly north,
north-northeast and northeast orientation (Wight et al, 1986).

The Sunda basin is supposed to be similar to the south Sumatra basin. However, a
Plio-pleistocene compressional system, which is so typical in South Sumatra
superimposed on the Oligocene N-S oriented rift system, consisting of abundant
northwest trendin g anticline and conjugate fault sets oriented north- northwest and
north-northeast, does not have an overprint in the Sunda basin (Wight et al, 1986).
Nor have inversions of the grabens, typical elsewhere in the Western Indonesian
basin, happened here.
N-S crustal cross-section (see Fig-2a) across the Sunda basin and the volcanic island
arc system in the south shows the plate tectonics relationship of the Sunda basin to
the subduction zone and the related volcanic arc in the south as a typical back-arc
basin. In detail (see Fig-2b), however, the Sunda – Asri basinal area is separated by
the Seribu Platform from the Rangkasbitung basin, which is directly adjacent to the
volcanic arc. Gage and Wing (1980) classified the Sunda basin as an Inland Basin,
rather than as a back-arc basin. The regional relationship of the Sunda -Asri basinal to
the volcanic island-arc system will the main topic of this discussion.

CRUSTAL COMPOSITION OF THE NORTHWEST JAVA BASINAL AREA.

The crustal composition of the northwest Java basinal area is interpreted to be

underlain by continental crust, while the central axis of Java and the Southern Mts. of
Java is interpreted to be underlain by an intermediate crust, which is transitional into
the oceanic crust of the Indian Ocean to the south. This is based on the relatively basic
composition of the dominant volcanic rocks, basalts and andesites (calc -alkalines) is
taken to indicate that a silicic continental crust has not yet been built beneath the
volcanic axis of Java. Java has a cr ust of continental thickness which has however,
been only built recently by subduction-accretion plus arc magmatism, and which has
yet to achieve a fully continental, silicic character. That the crust is likely thicker or
more silicic in west Java that in the east is suggested by the young volcanogenic
sediments than in the than in the east and but the progression in strontium isotopic
composition (Hamilton, 1979, p. 41-42). This is in contrast to Sumatra, where large
masses of silicic rocks is present, dacites, rhyodacites predominates over andesites,
with the presence of two large fields of rhyodacitic welded tuffs (South Sumatra and
Toba lake area). This and supported by Strontium isotope ratio composition indicate
a large silicic continental contrib ution to the composition of the volcanics. (Whitford,
1975)
In northwest Java basinal area, granitic composition of basement rocks also indicates
the continental crust. As shown in Fig-.3a, a large granodioritic pluton has been
mapped in the basement around the Seribu Platform, and at other localities (Schiller,
1994). In Banten area south of Sunda basin sheet mapping by the Geological Survey
of Indonesia described the Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics as acidic lavas, such as
rhyolites and liparites, and large amounts of pumice tuffs (Genteng and Bantam tuffs),
indicating that the magma has been contaminated by a silicic crust., and therefore a
underlying continental crust can be interpreted as in Sumatra.

Basement Rock Composition:

The basement rocks of the Northwest Java basinal area has been mapped by Schiller
et al, 1991) and by Hardiman (1987) for the Sunda basin. Basement rock types in the
Sunda basin consists of intrusives (granite and granodiorite), extrusives (basalt,
andesite and trachyte), metamorphics (greenschist, slate and gneiss) and accretionary
mélange. Age of accretionary mélange is assigned as Early Cretaceous (115.8 Ma)
Using additional unpublished Pertamina data, the author compiled the basement rock
map as shown in Fig-3b. The base ment consists mainly of Cretaceous metamorphic
rocks, as gneiss, schists, slates, and marbles, which ranges in age from 87 – 131 Ma,
although a 213 Ma age metamorphics has also been identified. These metamorphics
were intruded by granitic rocks, which ranges in age from 65 to 97 Ma. In addition
Paleocene volcanics have been identified with age range from 58 to 65 Ma. The map
in Fig--4 also indicate the presence of Late Cretaceous – Paleocene melange in
Ciletuh (SW Java ) and in Loh Ulo (Central Java), consisting of schists and ultramafic
rocks, both trending in ENE and WSW direction.
Of interest is the presence of the Cihara Granodiorite and Metamorphics in Southern
Banten, mapped by the Geological Survey of Indonesia in 1972 (present name
Geological Research and Development Center). The metamorphics is described as
gneiss, schists and amphibolites, and is interpreted as the contact aureole of the
granodiorite intrusion. The intrusion has been interpreted to intrude Eocene and
Oligocene rocks, and a late Oligocene age is assigned, but no radiometric dating has
been performed.. However, it is more likely that the gneiss and schists were intruded
by the granodiorite and form as a part of an locally uplifted basement rock. It should
be noted that no Tertiary metamorphics have ever been found in Sumatra or Java.
Nearby a volcanic formation, the Cikotok Formation is found which is interpreted as
to interfinger with the upper part of Eocene the Bayah Fm and the Oligocene
Cijengkol fm, and a Eo-Oligocene age is assigned. However both the Bayah
Formation as well as the Cijengkol Formation is described to consists of quartz
sandstones, conglomerates, breccias, claystones, coals, marls and limestones and
some tuffs, while the Cikotok Fm is described as volcanic breccia, tuffs, lava and
altered rock containing quartz veins. The present author would rather doubt this
interpretation, it is more likely that the Cikotok Fm much older, and is part of the
basement.
In the onshore Northwest Java basin the volcanics of the Jatibarang Formation is
considered as basement. There is some confusion in the use of the name Jatibarang
Formation. A rather detailed description of the Jatibarang Formation is given by
Kaplan et al (1994) based on core samples from wells in the Jatibarang field, onshore
NE West Java. A 1124 m section of volcanics was drilled in the JTB-50 well without
reaching the pre-Tertiary basement. Three rock types are described from bottom to
top; Basaltic/andesitic lavas, consisting of plagioclase felspar, gray, dark gray to
black with a granular porphyritic texture, which has been altered (chlorite, sericite,
iron oxide with zeolites filling occasional vugs and fractures) and weathered. The
second type is tuffs, which is composed mostly of alkali (potassium) felspar and
quartz, often grainy to sandy in a clayey matrix, as the result of felspar phenocrysts
imbedded in microcrystalline to aphanitic matrix of volcanic ash and glass, with
minor chlorite, pyrite and occasional dark minerals (olivine, biotite). Altered tuffs has
been noted in chloritization, divitrification and iron oxyde oxidation.. The third type
which is overlying the volcanics is the so called “detrital volcanics”, which appears to
be sandstone (epiclasctic volcanics?). The Jatibarang volcanics has been dated as
Eocene to Oligocene. They were deposited in the newly developing back-arc basin
during the initiation of the present subduction zone south of Java (Hamilton, 1979).
The Jatibarang Formation as described in the offshore are (Gresko et al, 1995), is not
the exactly the same as the Jatibarang volcanics described above. Here the Jatibarang
Formation is described as “predominantly continental sediments of Late Paleocene
(?) to early Oligocene age (~60-34 Ma) deposited in a syn-rift setting above basement
and below angular unconformity (34 Ma?) recognized on seismic data. The Jatibarang
Formation composed of alternating lacustrine clastics and volcaniclastics deposited in
isolated half-grabens during the Rift-I phase. The Jatibarang volcanics are
predominantly andesitic volcaniclastic flows and tuffs interspersed with reworked
volcanics and basement derived sediments” Further it says: The Jatibarang overlies
the basement within most half-grabens and is absent on most structural highs. It is
unknow n wether the highs were areas of non-deposition or were denuded subsequent
to Jatibarang deposition. Kuntandi and Noble (1997) described the Jatibarang
Formation in the Arjuna basin as deposited in a series of NW-SE trending half-
grabens, during early stages of rifting Syn-rift-I). This sequence consists of
continental lacustrine sediments interbedded with tuffs, andesitic volcaniclastics, and
basement-derived sediments transported from surrounding highs. Nilson (1991), in a
lithofacies study on the Jatibarang Formation from cores in the OO and OW wells,
offshore of the Jatibarang field described the presence of 2 facies, the fluvial or
meander belt facies and alluvial fanglomerate facies, the latter includes
lacustine/marine fines. No volcanics are mentioned, except some of the alluvial fan
deposits are called volcanogenic debris flow.
It can be concluded that the Jatibarang Volcanics are completely different from the
Jatibarang Fm as used by BP/Arco geologists in the offshore of NWJava basin. The
Jatibarang volcanics is mainly distributed onshore, but a few well offshore (called
volcanic basement). The Jatibarang Formation is probably equivalent to the upper part
of the Jatibarang Volcanics (Upper Jatibarang) which consists of volcaniclastics
derived from denudated highs composed of the Jatibarang Volcanics (Lower
Jatibarang). This formation is the initial syn-rift deposits equivalent to the Banuwati
Formation in the Sunda -Asri basin.
The Jatibarang Volcanics appears to be Pre-rift, and belongs to a Paleoc ene volcanic
arc as suggested by Hamilton, 1972), subsequent to the Cretaceous (represented by
the granitic plutons), The Jatibarang Volcanics are not associated with rifting, their
apparent fill of the Jatibarang grabens (Adnan, et al, 1991)) is due to fact they have
been preserved within the graben, while on the high they were mostly denudated.
Based on unpublished Pertamina well data the present author has mapped the
Jatibarang Volcanics much farther westward from Jatibarang subbasin. It has been
identified in wells in the Rangkasbitung basin (onshore south of the Sunda basin).
The Cikotok Volcanics Formation may as well be the equivalent of the Jatibarang
Volcanics. The ENE-WSW lateral distribution of the Jatibarang Volcanics is probably
related to the Late Cretaceous -Paleocene subduction zone represented by the Ciletuh
Melange and the Loh Ulo Melange (see Fig-3b). The ENE lateral termination of the
Jatibarang Volcanics offshore can be explained by the lateral transfer of the Paleocene
subduction zone into a E-W trending crustal strike-slip fault, presently represented by
the Rembang-Madura-Kangean fault zone of Manur and Baraclough (1994). This
hypothesis however has still to be tested by petrographic studies of the Jatibarang
Volcanics and the Cikotok Formation.
Alternative explanation offered by Wight et al suggests that the presence of mélange
in close proximity to plutons of a magmatic arc and a complex of metamorphics and
extrusives indicate rather a suture of a collision zone than an accreted crust. A
subduction took place in Early Cretacous time, followed by a collision in Late
Cretaceous with a microcontinent from the south. This microcontinent underlies
most of the western part of Java (Banten area). Bouger anomaly data shows that the
northern part of the micro-continent is rather thick and form the Seribu Platform. This
Seribu Platform forms a buttress which prevent Plio-pleistocene compressional forces
affecting the Tertiary strata of the Sunda basin. The Banten micro-continent was
probably a passive margin, being rifted and broken apart from the Australian
continent, and no volcanic activity took place at this time.
MAJOR STRUCTURAL FEATURES.
Apart from the north-south trending rift system, basement configuration map of
northwest Java basinal area shows the presence of a rather subdued, but locally
distinct NW-SE fault trend (see Fig-4). In the western part of the Sunda basin this
trend is represented by the east-west Darmi fault, north of Leila field, which toward
the east turns to northwest –southeast trend represented by the Yani and part of the
Yanti faults. This trend can be further followed farther southeast into the Arjuna
basin area, where it separates the northern and southern Arjuna basins. Farther
southeast this trend can be recognized forming the northern side of the Jatibarang
half-graben and farther southeast in Central Java.
This trend seems to be related to the main bounding faults of the half-grabens. A
closer look at these features indicate that the main bounding fa ults of the half-grabens
appears to an southwest facing arcuate to rectangular generally inverted L-shaped
faults rather than pure north-south trending rift system. L-shaped faults can be
recognized in the Asri Basin, while in the Arjuna basin the L is inverted . Arcuate
faults can be explained in a transtensional regime of a wrenching movement. This
wrenching or strike-slip movement was probably the dominating force in Early
Tertiary time, prior to the compressional force effected by the subduction movement
in post-Oligocene time.
Continuing wrenching movement appears to result in the familiar N-S trending
normal basement faults, which controlled the syn-rift deposition in the half-graben
rift-valley basins (see Fig-5)

REGIONAL TECTONIC EVENTS

According to Daly et al, 1987 5 major tectonic events affected the development of
the Northwest Java basinal area:
1. Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene (100-56 Ma): Regional metamorphism
generated by the subduction of the Meratus arc. Deformation, uplift, erosion
and cooling occurred in the Paleocene. Calc-alkali magmatism occurred
throughout the area that is now onshore and offshore Java due to normal
subduction related processes. Andesitic magmatism continued into the Early
Eocene (non Daly)
2. Eocene (50-40 Ma) – Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate which give
rise to major dextral wrenching of the Sunda craton’s southern margin
3. Oligocene (34-30 Ma) – South China Sea rifting and accretion in northern
Kalimantan. The Australian plate collided with several arc complexes.
4. Mid-Miocene (17 – 10 Ma) – South China Sea rifting ceased with the collision
of continental fragments derived from Gondwana (northern Australia – Irian
Jaya) against the eastern Sunda margin.
5. Late Miocene (7-5 Ma) – NW Australia collided with Sunda trench.

Gresko et al, 1995, suggested that extensional tectonic episode (Eocene?) initiated
the first phase of rifting within the Arjuna basin. The initial rift basins formed during
fragmentation, rotation and lateral migration of the Sunda craton. The Jatibarang
volcanics are considered as to accompany the rifting of the initial rift basins
concentrated along a line that trends across the contract area from the Jatibarang in
the southern central Arjuna subbasin to the North Seribu trough in the northwest. Two
normal fault trend affect the initial rift development, one approximately N600W to
N400W and the other trending nearly due N-S. An overall N30E – N70 E extension
agrees well with regional observations by Daly et al (1987) of north-northwest
trending extensional basins in Sumatra being related to northwest- southeast
compression.
During Early Oligocene compression and rifting ceased in the Arjuna area. This
period of tectonic quiescence in Arjuna area stands in contrast with collisional events
recorded in Java and Sumatra fore-arcs during this time (Daly et al, 1987). This
collisional events may have led to a major reorientation of the regional stress field
that generated significant uplift and erosion along the southern margin of the Sunda
craton. An angular unconformity is observed on seismic data and in well logs in all
nearby basins (Vera Graben, Jatibarang Subbasin, Ajuna and Palembang basins
(South Sumatra).
Renewed rifting and reactivation of faults occurred at the end of early Oligocene (Rift
phase II) that is likely to be related to an increased rate of lateral movement of the
Indochina block and the opening of the South China Sea (32 – 30 Ma) (Daly et al,
1987)
During Late Oligocene, displacements along major fault systems in Malay and
Thailand area ceased (Daly, et al, 1987). Uplift and exposure of the Sunda igneous
platform at this time caused a significant provenance change in sediments directed
toward the rift basins from locally derived from basement (Syn-rift Stage) to a later
sediments derived from the denudation of the Sunda craton (post-rift).
The end of Oligocene and the earliest portion of Miocene time was marked by a
tectonic quiescence through the entire Northwest Java basinal area. This tectonic
quiescence may also have coincided with a eustatic sea level high stand during which
the thick limestones of the Baturaja Formation were deposited.

STAGES IN THE FORMATION OF THE SUNDA BASIN

Two main stages can be recognized in the development of the Sunda basin:
1. Paleogene Rift Stage
2. Neogene Post Rift Stage.

The Paleogene Rift stage can be subdivided again into:

1.1. Pre-rift Stage
1.2. Infra-rift Stage or Initial Sag Stage
1.3. Rift Stage.

In this report these tectonic stages can be assumed to be valid for the entire region.
Lithostratigraphic units are interpreted as local response to the these tectonic stages
and are correlated by their ages. Correlation of these lithostratigraphic units in the
areas surrounding the Sunda-Asri basinal area is shown in the accompanying table-
titled: Chronostratigraphic Correlation of Lithostratigraphic Units in the Region
Surrounding the Sunda -Asri Basinal Area

PRE-RIFT STAGE
The Pre-rift stage involves the denudation of the mountain range as the result of
subduction of the Indian Ocean plate under the Sunda continental plate in the Late
Cretaceous time, involving the whole Palaeocene epoch rather than collision of the of
now docked microcontinent in the southern part of Java, for which there are no
evident as envisioned by Wight et al (1986). This subduction was a continuing
process lasting from Cretaceous well into the Paleocene and is trending in a WSW-
ENE direction, with remnants of the latest volcanics of magmatic arc represented by
the same trending Jatibarang Volcanics distribution. The Cretaceous gr anitic plutons
appears to be of the magmatic arc an earlier episode of subduction, which had been
denudated until its root, as the subduction shifted toward SSE. Toward the end of
Paleocene subduction ceased to exist as there was a paucity in plate moveme nts as its
direction shifted more northward, and its force was taken up by the strike-slip
movement of Indian Ocean plate against the Sunda subcontinent along the west coast
of Sumatra

INFRA-RIFT STAGE
The infra-rift stage began in Early Eocene time when wrenching movement took
place, as the Sunda shield was being pushed toward the southeast (extrusion tectonics
of Tapponier et al), while the Indian-Australian oceanic crust was moved toward the
north-northwest. The continental crust underwent tension due to wrenching initially
stretched the continental crust and sagging took place forming broad basins. Initially
fluviatile sedimentation took place in these low areas. As sagging continues and the
surrounding areas became denudated, these broad basins became lakes where only
fine clastics, such as clayshales (Banuwati shale) were deposited with a minimum of
shoreline deposits of coarser clastics (see Fig-6)
It is possible that later at this stage the wrenching movement produced fractures
initially in NW-SE direction, but later developing into arcuate shaped or sharp
rectangular shape. These fractures form the northern bounding fault of the first stage
half-grabens, and alluvial fan deposits can be expected along these faults, such as the
Janti fan.
These lake s were probably drained by rivers towards the south east by way northeast
of the Seribu Platflom, which at this time was a plateau, and to the Sunda Strait
toward the southwest. In the south a delta developed toward the Indian ocean,
depositing the Bayah and the overlying Cicarucup Formation, in which coal were
deposited in the upper delta plain. Some small patch reefs were also deposited at the
outer delta fringes.

RIFT STAGE: (Eocene -Oligocene)

Continued wrenching movement finally broke the stretched crust into arcuate to
rectangular faults. Due to this faulting, topographic relief increased, and coarse
clastics were deposited in a fluviatile environments at topographic levels several
hundred or even over 1000 m above sea level, resulting in the Zelda Formation,
confined to the rift-grabens (see Fig-7) Although rivers flowing in these rift-grabens
fully extended to Indian ocean in the south, sediment accommodation is expected to
be more controlled by the down fault movement rather than by eustatic sea-le vel
changes. Fault movement would come in bursts, each burst would result into tilting of
the graben fill sediments, resulting into local small angular unconformities. A rather
broad area of denudation, erosion and nondepostion between a rather rugged terrain in
the north surrounding the Asri and Sunda basins, and the southern part of Banten area
where the sea transgressed toward the north. Here shallow marine shelf sedimentation
took place represented by the Cijengkol Formation, depositing sand, clays and even
limestones, while deltaic to shore line sedimentation shifted toward the north., but
toward the west a north-south trending rift valley basin (Cipamakalan Graben, Keetly
et al, 1992) developed, presumably in marine environment.
Immediate Post-rift (Late Late Oligocene- Earlymost Miocene)
As the faults ceased to move, an immediate post-rift (or late syn-rift) deposition of the
Gita Formation took place as braided river sand in the Asri basin, and more point bar
alluvial floodplain deposit, in the Sunda basin, in a tide dominated estuarine
environment, as sea level continued to rise in the latest Oligocene to earliest Miocene
(see Fig-8) Eustatic sea level changes takes control of the sedimentation, and cycles
of sealevel rise and fall are recognized within the Gita Fm. Facies pattern in the Asri
and Sunda basin indicates a possible sea entrance from SW (Strait Sunda) see Fig-. In
the Arjuna basin Suria (1991) also concluded a similar condition. During Upper
Talangakar time (~ Gita Fm) the area was an extensive flat lying coastal plain with
the basin floor dipping to the south at less than 1 degree. First the relative sea level
fall and the development of the incised drainage system, where most of the area was
subaerially exposed and the drainage system were developed as fluvial and estuarine
incised valleys caused by fluvial and tidal processes. This followed by a relative sea
level rise and after it reached its maximum high stand system tracts sediments were
deposited, and a new cycle began. In tot al 6 cycles were recognized in the Arjuna area
Fault movements appears to cease as the passive continental margin of the Sunda
shelf was involved in the subduction of oceanic crust, and volcanism in Bayah area.

NEOGENE POST RIFT STAGE

Early Miocene (see Figs -9 and 11)

The post rift stage sedimentation occurs later in the Early Miocene time when a
general transgression the Baturaja Formation was deposited. Tectonic quiescence
appears to continue in the Sunda basinal area, as remnants of the horst blocks
intervening the rift grabens are denudated into small isolated shallow carbonate
platforms on which reefs developed. Clastic sediments source shifted from a local
source into a northerly source from the Sundaland, which was being denudated. In the
Sunda bas in carbonate platform developed in the south, attached to denudated Seribu
Platform, while a similar carbonate platform also is presumed to exist on the southern
slope of in the Rangkasbitung basin. In the north, especially in the Asri basin deltaic
to littoral clastic sedimentation took place, with source from the Sundaland. This
clastic sediments are limited to the shore line of the Sundaland and did not reach the
isolated carbonate platforms to prevent the luxurious growth of coral reefs.
In later Early Miocene time as transgression continued, the reefs were presumably
drowned, while shoreline clastic deposition continued with the deposition of the
Krisna sand. Toward the east in the Arjuna area (ONJW) a similar pattern of clastic
deposition along the northern was recognized by Pontoh et al (1987), referred to as
the Massive Formation (see Fig-11). The basin slope toward the south appears to
increase, an outer neritic facies developed toward the south adjacent to the Bogor
Trough. Of interest is the presence of a small enclosed outer neritic facies at the
transition toward the Sudan basin, and another N-S trending semi enclosed outer
neritic facies east of the Seribu Platform opening toward the Bogor Trough in the
south. In the Bogor trough volcanic debris flows and turbidites deposition took place
(Citarum Fm, Martodjojo, 1987).

Meanwhile in the south Banten area Early Miocene was marked by volcanic activity
depositing volcanic breccias and volcaniclastics of the Cimapag Formation toward the
north into the Rangkabitung basin. Isolated reef limestones are known to occur within
the Cimapag Formation. Volcanic activity reflect a renewed subduction in the
southern Java. The increase in basin slope in Northwest Java basinal area may be due
to the subduction, which downwarped the continental shelf edge incorporating it as
part of the Java back-arc basin.
The time of the renewed subduction in Java is not clear, although Daly et al (1987)
recorded collision of the Australian continent with several arcs in Oligocene time.
Based on 35 radiometric ages of Tertiary volcanic rocks Soeria-Atmadja et al (1994)
placed the earliest volcanic activity to Middle to Late Eocene time (42.73 + 9.78 Ma
and 33.56 + 9.96 Ma), based on samples from East Java. However, the authors
admittedly indicate these figures the least reliable (low K-lavas frequently with high
loss on ignition). The most reliable age of the oldest volcanics is from
Karangsambung area where Late Cretaceous melange occurs, where a 37.55 + 3.31
Ma age is indicated (from a dyke intruding Eocene sediments determined by plantonic
forams), placing it in Early Oligocene. The next group of volcanic age is in Late
Oligocene time, all from Central Java. In the Southern Mountains of West Java
Pertamina reported a 32. 3 + 0.3 Ma K-Ar age of a volcanic rock sample, indicating
that subduction already occurred in early Late Oligocene time. This would fit the
Oligocene age of the volcanics of the Cikotok Formation in South Banten (Bayah
High), except for the incompatible re lationship with the established Eocene to
Oligocene Bayah and Cijengkol Formation.

Middle Miocene (see Figs 10 and 12. )

During this time transgression appears to continue in the Northwest Java basinal area.
At this time the Sunda basin is represented by the deposition of the marine Gumai and
Air Benakat Formation, while in the Arjuna basin it is represented by the Upper
Cibulakan “Main” Fm. Fig-10 shows the extend of the marine deposition towards
the north, with sediments transported from the Sundaland. The presence of an outer
neritic is still apparent although pushed back toward the south Fig-12. Of interest is
the increase in size of the enclosed outer neritic environment at the transition toward
the Sunda basin, while the southern one vanished. In the Bogor trough volcanic debris
flows and turbidites deposition took place (SagulingFm, Martodjojo, 1987).

Meanwhile in Rangkasbitung basin south of the Seribu Platform Middle Miocene is

represented by the clastics and limestones of the Sareweh and Baduy formations,
while farther south the Bayah High appears to be a non depositional area, as there is a
stratigraphic gap between the Baduy Formation and the Pliocene Cimanceuri Fm
Soeria-Atmadja et al (1994) found an unexpected paucity in the Tertiary volca nic
activity between 18-12 Ma, which is Late Early Miocene to Middle Miocene. This
suggests that volcanic edifice built in Early Miocene time was being denuded in the
Bayah area, and presumably also in the Southern Mountains of Java.

Late Miocene (Fig-13)

In the entire Northwest Java basinal area (including the Sunda and Asri basins) the
transition from Middle Miocene to Late Miocene is marked by the development of the
Parigi limestone Formation, which at numerous places developed into small carbonate
build-ups, which were later buried beneath the marine Lower Cisubuh Formation
clastics, which represents the main deposit for Late Miocene. No facies maps are
available for this time interval.
In the Rangkasbitung basin this time interval is represented by the deposition of the
Bojongmanik Formation consisting of clastics with coal intercalations and limestones,
indicating nearshore sedimentation. This formation is widespread covering also the
subbasins in SW Banten, including offshore. At exploration wells UJK-1 a thickening
of this formation is observed overlying the Malingping Low graben. No volcanic
material has been described from this formation. However, numerous small intrusives
of dacite, quartz diorite and andesites are found in the Bayah High, indicating that
magmatic activity had resumed here.

Pliocene-Pleistocene (Fig-14)
This time interval in represented in the entire offshore Northwest Java basin by the
non marine Cisubuh Formation, as regression took place. Source of sediments appears
to change from north to south, as the Bogor Trough began to be folded and uplifted
with increased volcanic activity along the Java axis. In the Rangkasbitung basin
volcanic products dominate the deposition, while nonvolcanic sediments were also
deposited in the Bayah High (Cimanceuri Fm). In the Pleistocene the entire Banten
area was engulf in widespread tuff deposition (the Bantam tuffs)
In Pliocene time volcanic activity shifted from the Southern Mountains of Java to the
Bogor Zone, as sediments of the Bogor Trough were being folded and uplifted toward
Plio-Pleistocene. This in turn provide a new clastic source for the sediments in the
Northwest Java basinal area.

CONCLUSIONS:
1. The Sunda and Asri basinal area is composite basin (poly -basin of Kingston et
al, 1983) stacked vertically.
2. The lower part of the sedimentary column was deposited in a Paleogene rift-
valley basin, represented by the syn-rift deposits of Banuwati Shale and the
fluviatile Gita Formation, controlled by active fault movements. The Sunda
and Asri basin may consist of several half -grabens or graben, each
individually named as subbasins or depocenters, such as the Hera, Nunung
subbasins. Rifting at this stage cannot be considered as the initial phase of a
back-arc basin formation, as rifting has not genetic relationship with
subduction, which did not exist at this stage. Rifting was generated by the
wrenching movement of the Indian Ocean plate against the Sunda continental
plate, as the latter was “extruded” toward SW
3. The upper part of the sedimentary column (Miocene-Present) was deposited
on the shelf part of the Neogene back-arc basin related to the subduction of the
Indian Ocean plate against the accreted intermediate crust of the Sunda
continent. Subduction generated the Bogor Trough on the intermedate crust
directly behind the magmatic arc and depressed the southern edge of the
Sunda continent.. This depression, combined with sealevel rise, resulted
into widespread deposition over the denudated rifted area. Deposition of these
strata are controlled by eustatic sealevel changes. In the Banten area, however,
subduction seems only to affect the continental crust immediately behind the
magmatic arc (Rangkasbitung basin), while the Sunda and Asri basins appear
unaffected.
4. As Neogene sedimentary strata appear to be contiguous throughout the entire
Northwest Java basinal area, ideally all the basins within this area should share
common stratigraphic nomenclature. Different nomenclature for Paleogene
rifts basins are acceptable.
5. Major Paleogene rift basin, the Sunda Asri basins, the Arjuna basin and the
Jatibarang basin are initially related to NW-SE trending arcuate fault system,
 which developed later into a N-S trending transtensional faults resulting into
half grabens.

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FIGURES:

Fig-1. Plate tectonics setting of the Sunda and Asri basin, showing their relation to
subduction zone, accretion zone, magmatic arc, and the Northwest Java basinal area
as a back-arc basin. The Sunda and Asri basins are located in the Northwest Java
basinal area. Fig-1a shows the present-day setting, while Fig-1b shows its Tertiary
(Neogene) configuration. Note the shift of the axis of the volcanic arc.

Fig-1a-
Fig-1b
Fig-2. North-south crustal cross-section of the Sunda and Asri basins (vertical scale
exagerated 10X). Fig-2a shows the basins behind the magmatic arc as related to the
subduction zone in the Java (Sunda) trench. Fig-2b shows the position of the Sunda
and Asri basins being separated by the Seribu Platform from the Rangkasbitung basin
immediately behind the magmatic arc, subject to back-arc thrusting and folding. The
Sunda and Asri basins are unaffected from the lateral stresses exerted by the plate
convergence.
Fig-3. The crustal composition and basement rocks underlying the Sunda and Asri
basins. Fig-3a shows the continental crust distribution consisting mainly of
Cretaceous metamorphic rocks (gneiss, schists, phyllites, crystalline limestones)
intruded by Late Cretaceous granitic rocks, and overlain by Paleocene volcanics in
West Java area (compiled from various sources; Hamilton (1972), Schiller (1991),
and unpublished Pertamina data). Fig-3b shows the author’s interpretation on the
presence of ENE-WSW trending Paleocene subduction zone, relating the Ciletuh
melange (in SW Java) and the Loh Ulo melange (in Central Java) to the Jatibarang
volcanics as remnants of a magmatic arc.
Fig-4. Major basement fault trend in the Northwest Java basinal area, compiled from
CNOOC seismic map. The Sunda-Asri basins, the Arju na (North and Central) basins
and Jatibarang subbasin are aligned along this WNW – ESE trend. Note the presence
of curving or arcuate to L -shaped fault pattern in the all the basins. These faults
appear to be the initial rift (infra-rift?) basins in Eocene time. Also note the shape of
the Neogene Northwest Java basinal area outline which appears to be controlled by
this basement fault trend.
Fig-5. Paleogene rift basins in the Northwest Java basinal area. Hatch lines indicate
normal faults, light brown areas indicate basement highs, light green to light blue
indicates Neogene basin outline, while darker green and blues indicate basin deeps
controlled by the basement normal faults.
Fig-6. Eocene paleogeography in the Sunda Asri basins and surrounding area.
Banuwati Lakes were developed in the rugged highlands of the Sundaland to the
north. These lakes were presumably drained by large rivers across a wide areas of
non-deposition and erosion of granitic rocks to the south, where the quartzitic
sediments of the Bayah Fm were deposited in a deltaic environment in the present
southern coast of Java (South Banten, Bayah High). The presence of a deep marine
fan is indicated more toward the south in the Ciletuh area. (Based on surface geologic
data from the GRDC Java Geologic Sheet maps, Bauman et al, 1973, Schiller et al,
1991, Keetley et al, 1997, and unpublished offshore well data Ujungkulon-1A and
Cipatulah-1)
Fig-7. Oligocene paleogeography of the Sunda- Asri basins and surrounding area
(“Zelda time”). The Sunda and Asri basins are fully developed rift valley basins (half-
grabens), and sedimentation was controlled by the active normal basement faults
(syn-rift deposits). Lakes may have still existed at this time, but sedimentation was
mainly alluvial fans, braided and meandering rivers (Zelda Fm). Connection to the
sea to the south was by rivers over area of non deposition and erosion. The coastline
had shifted more toward the north, where shoreline deposits were deposited as the
Cijengkol Fm. The coastline is interpreted to be trending ENE-WSW. Note: During
this time no volcanic activity appears to be present. The Cikotok Fm volcanics to
which an Eocene to Oligocene age has been assigned (Sujatmiko and Santosa, 1992)
are more likely to be Paleocene in age, related to the Paleocene subduction.
Fig-8. Latest Oligocene-Earliest Miocene paleogeography of Sunda -Asri basins and
surrounding area (“Gita time”). Faulting ceased to be active, but sedimentation was
still confined to within the rift-valleys (immediate post-rift). The sea appears to
encroach farther north entering the Sunda basin from the SW as estuarine. Eustatic sea
level changes controlled sedimentation of the prolific Gita Fm. In the Asri basin
braided river system deposition continued, but controlled by the sealevel changes.
Toward the south a marine shelf developed where littoral to neritic clastics and
carbonate sedimentation took place (Citarate Fm limestones) but area of non
deposition continued to exist. (Based on surface geologic data from the GRDC Java
Geologic Sheet maps, Bauman et al, 1973, Schiller et al, 1991, Keetley et al, 1997
and unpublished offshore well data Ujungkulon-1A and Cipatulah-1).
Fig-9. Early Miocene paleogeography of the Sunda-Asri basins and surrounding area
(“Baturaja time”). The sea had finally engulfed most part of the Sundaland. Clastic
sedimentation was confined to the shoreline to the north in deltaic and nearshore
environment, with source of sediments from the north. Around the Seribu Platform
and to the west carbonate platforms developed, and reefs grew mainly on remnants of
horst blocks intervening the rift grabens. Volcanic activity appeared for the first time
on the Bayah High and farther toward the west represented by the Cimapag Fm. To
the east a deep trough appeared on the intermediate crust (the Bogor Trough), north
of the magmatic arc in the Southern Mountains of West Java. In the Bogor Trough
volcanic debris flows and turbidites deposition took place. The northwest Java are a
has developed into a back-arc basin.
Fig-10. Mid-Miocene to Late Miocene paleogeography of the Sunda -Asri basins and
surrounding area. The northwest Java basinal area was fully established as a back-arc
basin, with the volcanic arc in the Southern Mts of West Java. The back-arc basinal
area consisted of two parts, the Bogor Trough, directly adjacent to the magmatic arc,
and the shelf part covering the entire northwest Java basinal area, extending toward
the Indian Ocean toward the south west. Volcanic activity ceased in the southern
Banten area, and the Bayah High became an area of erosion or non deposition.
Shallow marine shelf sedimentation dominated the Northwest Java basinal area, with
clastic sedimentation confined to the northern shoreline and carbonate deposition
more toward the south (Upper Cibulakan of the Arjuna basin, Gumai and Air Benakat
formations in the Sunda and Asri basins). In the southwest shallow marine shelf
deposition is represented by the clastics and limestones of the Sareweh and Baduy
formations. In the Bogor trough volcanic debris flows and turbidites deposition took
place.
Fig-11. Late Early Miocene paleogeography of the Sunda -Asri basins and
surrounding area. The shelf portion of the Northwest Java basinal area was
downwarped as part of the back-arc basin, developing into an inner and outer shelf
sloping toward the Bogor Trough This shelf portion of the Northwest Java basinal
area formed a ramp type carbonate platform, with carbonate build -ups (“Massive Fm”
in Arjuna basin) alternating with clastic deposition, especially along the northern
shoreline (Krisna sand in the Sunda basin).
Fig-12. Mid-Miocene paleogeography of the Sunda-Asri basins and surrounding area.
At this time the shelf portion of the Northwest Java basinal area became less sloping,
and formed a carbonate platform as the shelf slope moved father south toward the
Bogor trough. Carbonate build -ups were formed on the carbonate platform (Main Fm
in the Arjuna basin). (Adapted from Pontoh and Pranoto, 1987)
Fig-13. Late Miocene paleogeography of the Sunda-Asri basins and surrounding area.
At this time the whole Northwest Java basinal area was the scene of marine fine
clastic depositions forming a thick shale blanket of the Lower Cisubuh Fm. In the
south volcanic activity resumed in the Bayah High, forming a new source of marine
volcanic sediments for the surrounding area represented by the Bojongmanik Fm of
the Banten area. Rather thick deposition took place in the N-S trending Malingping
Low area, west of Bayah High.
Fig-14. Pliocene paleogeography of the Sunda-Asri basins and surrounding area. The
sea withdrew to the south as the Bogor Zone and its extension toward the west were
being folded and uplifted, and became the new source for clastic sediments. In the
Northwest Java basinal area marine to nonmarine shelf deposition of the Upper
Cisubuh Fm took place, while in the southwestern area marine to nonmarine volcanic
clastic deposition took place. A carbonate platform developed on the southern part of
the Bayah High where limestones of the Cimanceuri Fm were deposited.
Data sources :
Paleogeographic maps are constructed based on surface geologic data from the GRDC
Java Geologic Sheet maps, Bauman et al, 1973, Schiller et al, 1991, Keetley et al,
1997 and unpublished offshore well data Ujungkulon-1A and Cipatulah-1, and
CNOOC in -house reports (Pertamina- IIAPCO, 1986, Gardner et al, 2002)
 ENCLOSURES:

SEQ BRY SEISMIC HORIZON ASSOC FM AGE (MA) REFERENCDE

UPPER CISUBUH
SB-6 (PSB-6) Blue 5.50
LOWER CISUBUH
SB-5 (PSB-5) Green 8.50
PARIGI
SB-4 (PSB-4) Terra Cotta 11.00 Wicaksono et al, 1995
AIR BENAKAT Wicaksono et al, 1995
POST-RIFT SB-3 (PSB-3) Red 16.50 Wicaksono et al, 1995
Gumai Wicaksono et al, 1995
SB-2 (PSB-2) Orange 17.50 Wicaksono et al, 1996
UBRM Wicaksono et al, 1997
SB-1 (PSB-1) Dark Green 21.00 Wicaksono et al, 1998
LBRM Wicaksono et al, 1999
SB-0 Dark Blue 22.50
UPPER GITA Armon (1995), CSM (2002)
PS-IV Parasequence Armon (1995), CSM (2002)
PS-III Parasequence Armon (1995), CSM (2002)
PS-II Parasequence Armon (1995), CSM (2002)
PS-I Parasequence Armon (1995), CSM (2002)
Sag phase SB?
POST-RIFT LOWER GITA
SB-1 (SSB-1) Rose 25.50
SYN-RIFT UPPER ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-2 (SSB-2) Light Blue Toha et al (2003)
MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-3 (SSB-3) MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-4 (SSB-4) MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
PASSIVE RIFT FILL MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-5 (SSB-5) MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-6 (SSB-6) MIDDLE ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
LOWER ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-7 (SSB-7) LOWER ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
LOWER ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-8 (SSB-8) Toha et al (2003)
LOWER ZELDA Toha et al (2003)
SB-9 (SSB-9 Green
LATE BANUWATI Aldrich et al. 1995
Unconformity? Aldrich et al. 1995
ACTIVE RIFT-FILL MIDDLE BANUWATI Aldrich et al. 1995
Unconformity? Aldrich et al. 1995
EARLY BANUWATI Aldrich et al. 1995
Aldrich et al. 1995